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{{Short description|Roman Catholic order of knighthood}}
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:sanjanstar.jpg|right|thumb|Star of the Order of St. Januarius]] -->
{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
[[Image:Keten van de Orde van Sint-Januarius.jpg|thumb|Collar of the Order of St. Januarius]]
{{Infobox order
'''The Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Januarius''' (Italian: ''L'Insigne Reale Ordine di San Gennaro'') is an order of [[knight|knighthood]] bestowed by the head of the [[Two Sicilies|Royal House of Bourbon of the Two Sicilies]]. It was the last great [[dynasty|dynastic]] collar [[Order (decoration)|order]] to be constituted as a [[chivalry|chivalric fraternity]], with a limitation to [[Roman Catholic]]s, and a direct attachment to the dynasty rather than the state.
| name = Order of Saint Januarius
| image = [[File:Real Ordine di San Gennaro.jpg|150px]]
| caption = Star and badge of the order
| awarded_by = the [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies|House of Two Sicilies]]
| country =
| type = [[Dynastic order]]
| eligibility =
| for =
| campaign =
| status =
| description =
| motto = ''IN SANGUINE FOEDUS'' ({{langx|en|Union in Blood}})
| clasps =
| post-nominals =
| established = 3 July 1738<ref name=Acton>{{cite book|last=Acton|first=Harold|title=The Bourbons of Naples (1731-1825)|year=1957|publisher=Faber and Faber|location=London|isbn=9780571249015}}</ref>
| first_award =
| last_award =
| founder = [[Charles III of Spain|Charles VII of Naples]]
| head_title = [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]]
| head = Disputed:<br>[[Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria]]<br>[[Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro]]
| total =
| posthumous =
| recipients =
| precedence_label =
| individual =
| higher = None
| same =
| lower = [[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George]]
| related =
| image2 = [[File:IT TSic Order Santo Gennaro BAR.svg|100px]]
| caption2 = Ribbon of the order
}}
The '''Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Januarius''' (Italian: ''Insigne Reale Ordine di San Gennaro'') is a [[Roman Catholic]] [[order of knighthood]] founded by [[Charles III of Spain|Charles VII of Naples]] in 1738. It was the last great [[dynastic order]] to be constituted as a [[chivalry|chivalric]] fraternity, with a limitation to Roman Catholics and a direct attachment to the dynasty rather than the state. The founder of the order, Charles VII of Naples, ruled from 1734 until 1759.


The grand magistery of the order is disputed among claimants to the headship of the formerly reigning [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]].
==History of the Order==
The order continues to be bestowed today by the Head of the Royal House of Bourbon of the Two Sicilies. The founder of the Order, [[Charles III of Spain|Charles VII of Naples]], who ruled from [[1734]] until [[1759]], was the first reigning monarch to reside in this kingdom since 1502. As a young [[monarch]], Carlos was considerably influenced by his father [[Felipe V of Spain]], who had proved a capable if erratic ruler, not only bringing peace to his kingdom but ultimately re-establishing [[Spain|Spanish]] influence in [[Italy]]. Although the Order's foundation had been planned for some time, the young king's marriage to [[Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony]] provided a suitable opportunity. Its statutes and foundation both date to [[3 July]] [[1738]] and the first promotions to the Order were announced three days later. These statutes limited membership of the Order to sixty Roman Catholic [[nobility|noblemen]], although non-Catholics have been admitted by successive Grand Masters in exceptional cases and the total complement of the Order has exceeded sixty on several occasions. As an Order of the collar and the highest Order of the Kingdom, it was intended to equal in rank that of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Golden Fleece]], awarded by Charles' father in Spain, and that of the [[Order of the Holy Spirit|Holy Spirit]], given by his cousin in France. Indeed, it was frequent practice for the princes of each branch of the House to receive all three Orders. As they had discussed in their correspondence, King Carlos reserved for his father the right to appoint up to six knights, emphasising the unity of the [[House of Bourbon]].

The Catholic nature of the Order was particularly emphasised in the statutes, which limited the membership to sixty. Article VII laid out the obligations of the knights, beginning with the invocation to the knights to be ready to defend the glory and honour of the Holy Catholic faith at any cost. Knights were required to procure conciliation between members of the Order in dispute with each other; to swear inviolable loyalty to the Grand Master; to try to attend daily [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]; to take [[Eucharist|Communion]] at [[Easter]] and on the Feast of [[Saint Januarius]]; to celebrate a Mass for the souls of deceased knights; not to offer or accept a challenge to a duel but refer the dispute to the Grand Master for his decision; and to attend the chapels of the Order, ranking according to seniority by date of reception. The Pope, [[Pope Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]], confirmed the foundation of the Order in a [[papal bull]] of [[30 May]] [[1741]], whose provisions were then slightly modified in a second bull issued [[27 July]] of the same year. The dynastic and religious character of the Order and the papal authority given to its foundation purportedly served to protect it from abolition by the government of [[Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy]] in 1860.

King Carlos VII inherited the Spanish Crown as [[Carlos III of Spain|King Carlos III]] on [[10 August]] [[1759]]. By Article II of the [[Treaty of Naples]] of [[3 October]] of that year, he was required to establish the Infante D. Ferdinando, his second son (third-born since the exclusion of the eldest who was severely retarded), as King of the Two Sicilies. The new sovereign received the Crown of Naples and Sicily as [[Ferdinando IV of Naples and III of Sicily]] (later, after the reunion of both the kingdoms, Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie) by the Pragmatic Decree of [[6 October]] [[1759]]. This ordained that the succession should pass by male primogeniture among the descendants of King Ferdinando or, failing them, of his younger brothers, unless the Spanish crown should be united with the Sovereignty of the Two Sicilies, in which case the latter had to be ceded to a son, grandson or great-grandson of the prince who so combined both successions. In the event of the male heirs of King Carlos III becoming extinct, the Two Sicilies Crown would pass to the nearest female heiress of the last King.


==Structure of the order==
==Structure of the order==
Originally the order had four principal officers whose duties were to administer its affairs:
Originally, the order had four principal officers, whose duties were to administer its affairs:
* Chancellor
* Chancellor
* Secretary
* Secretary
Line 17: Line 45:
* Master of Ceremonies
* Master of Ceremonies


These duties were limited by a reform of [[August 17]] [[1827]] to certain ceremonial roles at the installation of knights, and no successors were appointed to the then holders of these offices.
A reform of 17 August 1827, limited these duties to certain ceremonial roles at the installation of knights, and no successors were appointed to the then-holders of these offices.


==The order today==
==The order today==
[[File:Divisa.SanGennaro.png|thumb|right|220px|Decoration with collar (left) and with sash and star (right)]]
King Carlo continued to make appointments to the order after leaving Naples, treating it as the second order of his new kingdom while still conferring it upon his former Italian subjects, until he passed the title of grand master to his son, Ferdinand IV and III of Naples and Sicily, on [[9 December]] [[1766]].
[[File:Retrato de D. Diego de Madariaga Zea.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Diego de Madariaga, 2nd Marquess of Villa-Fuerte wearing the mantle and insignia of the order]]


The order continues to be awarded today by the two claimants to the headship of the royal [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]], [[Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria]] and [[Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro]].
Between the death of King Francis II on [[27 December]] [[1894]] and the death of the Count of Caserta on [[May 26]] [[1934]], only thirty-one appointments were made.


Since 1960, the order has been awarded sparingly and total membership has not exceeded eighty, most of the knights being members of royal houses, senior officers of the [[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George]], or Italian grandees.
The order continues to be awarded today by the two claimaints for the headship of the royal [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]], [[Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria|Infante Don Carlos, Duke of Calabria]] and [[Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro]].


===Members===
Since [[1960]], the order has been awarded sparingly and total membership has not exceeded eighty, most of the knights being members of royal houses, senior officers of the Constantinian Order or Italian Grandees.
{{As of|2016}}, the knights appointed by Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria, his father and grandfather, were:


* HM [[King Juan Carlos I]] of Spain, 19-2-1960.
The Infante Don Carlos, Duke of Calabria, and his late father both followed the example of the nineteenth century sovereigns of the Two Sicilies in awarding the order not only to the heads of other royal houses (or reigning sovereigns), but also to their closest advisers, several of whom also hold high office in the Constantinian Order.
* HM King [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II]] of the Bulgarians, 30-3-1960.
* HRH Dom [[Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza]], 2-10-1990.
* HRH [[Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia|Alexander Karageorgevich of Serbia]], 8-1-1991.
* HIRH [[Archduke Simeon of Austria]], 4-11-2002.
* Don [[:it:Capasso (famiglia)|Vincenzo-Capasso Torre, XVI Count delle Pastène]] and V Conte of Caprara, 14-6-1960.
* Don Iñigo de Moreno e Arteaga, 1 [[:es:Marquesado de Laserna|Marquess of Laserna]], 6-1-1961
* [[Hervé Pinoteau]], VI Baron Pinoteau, 13-4-1963.
* [[:es:Marquesado de Villarreal de Álava|Don José-Maria de Palacio y Oriol, IV Marquess of Villarreal de Alava]], 19-9-1972
* HE Don [[Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 19th Duke of Alba]] de Tormes, Berwick, Liria and Xerica, [[Grandee of Spain]], 2-10-1990.
* Count Don [[Agostino Borromeo]], 25-9-2002.
* [[:it:Dentice (famiglia)|Don Roberto Dentice di Accadia, Marquess of Accadia]], 25-9-2002.
* Prince Don Alberto Giovanelli, 25-9-2002.
* HSH [[House of Gonzaga|Prince and Marquess Don Maurizio Ferrante Gonzaga di Vescovato]], 5-9-2002.
* Noble Don Alesandro of the Counts Mariotti Solimani, 25-9-2002.
* [http://www.famiglienobilinapolitane.it/Genealogie/de%20Notaristefani.htm Nobile Don Lorenzo de' Notaristefani], 25-9-2002.
* [http://giuseppebonanno.blogspot.co.uk/p/bonanno-di-linguaglossa-storia-della.html Ambassador Don Giuseppe Bonanno, Prince of Linguaglossa], (... 2003).
* HEm Cardinal [[Dario Castrillón Hoyos]], April 2016.


{{As of|2014}},<ref>[http://www.constantinian.org.uk/illustrious-royal-order-of-saint-januarius/ Web site of Constantinian Order]</ref> the knights appointed by Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, his father and grandfather, were:
==Insignia of the Order==
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:sanjanbdge.jpg|left|thumb|The Ribbon and Badge of the Order of St. Januarius]] -->
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:sanjancollr.jpg|right|thumb|The Collar of the Order of St. Januarius]] -->
The badge, worn suspended from a red riband 100 mm in width over the right shoulder across to the left hip, is a gold, eight-pointed Maltese cross in white enamel with red and gold rays extending along the arms, four gold fleur-de-lis between each arm and the gold image of the Bishop-Martyr Saint Januarius in red, white and blue enamel episcopal vestments rising from a gold cloud and holding in his left hand the open gospels on which rests two phials of his blood. The breast star is a silver, four-pointed star with the fleur-de-lis between the arms and the same image of the Bishop-Martyr as on the badge but with the motto (in gold on blue enamel), IN SANGUINE FOEDUS ("in blood, union") instead of the gold clouds.


* [[Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro]] and Grand Master
The collar of the Order is composed of eighteen gold links between which alternate eight gold fleur de lis, two ornaments composed of the white enamel letter “C” (for “Carlo”) charged on two crossed white enamelled flags (for the Bourbons) on green enamelled leaves, two ornaments composed of a gold and black enamel castellated tower charged on crossed white and red enamelled flags, two ornaments composed of the open gospels in gold on which rest two phials of the Martyr’s blood in red enamel and placed upon green palm fronds, two ornaments composed of a crossed bishop’s crosier and chalice with the Blessed Sacrament all in gold, and one ornament (at the back of the collar) composed of a crowned and armed lion passant mounted on two crossed banners of red and white enamel. In the centre of the collar is a red enamelled bishop’s mitre over a cross and crosier from which is suspended the badge of the Order in gold and enamel. There is also a miniature collar composed of a pair of each of the C, tower and gospels ornaments between three pairs of fleurs-de-lis with the mitre and badge suspended from the centre. The miniature decoration is composed of the badge and mitre suspended from a red ribbon, while there is also a red buttonhole rosette (with the badge mounted in the centre). Officers of the Order who are not knights wear the same decorations but without the collar and with the image of the Bishop Martyr charged on the star in silver and enamels, instead of gold. Some antique breast stars and some modern stars, show the image of the saint in yellow enamel mitre and vestments. Since 24 March 1817, a regulation of the Order has accorded the title of “Excellency” and “D.” to all the members.
* Antonio Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
* Francesco Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
* Gennaro Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
* Luigi Alfonso Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
* Alessandro Enrico Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
* Casimiro Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
* HMSH [[Matthew Festing|Fra' Matthew Festing]], 80th Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
* [[Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza]]
* [[Jean, Count of Paris]] (19 March 2019, installed 13 May 2019)
* [[Renato Raffaele Cardinal Martino]]
* Count Andrzej Ciechanowiecki +2015
* Ambassador Count Carlo Marullo di Condojanni, Prince of Casalnuovo
* Duke and Count Don Ferdinando Gaetani dell’Aquila d’Aragona, Prince of Piedmont, Duke of Laurenzana, Count of Alife,
* Duke Francesco d’Avalos, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Marquess of Pescara and Vasto
* Prince Filippo Massimo, Prince of Arsoli and Duke of Anticoli Corrado
* Prince Carlo Cito Filomarino, Prince of Rocca d’Aspro, Prince of Bitetto, Marquess of Torrecuso
* Prince Gregorio Carafa Cantelmo Stuart, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince of Roccella, Duke of Bruzzano
* Don Roberto Caracciolo, Duke of San Vito
* Prince Giovanni Battista de’Medici, Prince of Ottajano, Duke of Casalnuovo


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit]]
*[[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George]]
* [[Order of Saint George and Reunion]]
* [[Royal Order of Francis I]]
* [[Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.bourbon-two-sicilies.org/english/januarius_history.html Order of St. Januarius] Official pages of the Royal Ilustrious Order of St. Januarius from the Royal House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies website including history, insignia, roll of members, article on succession to the grand magistery and the news on the Order

*[http://www.realcasadiborbone.it Royal Ilustrious Order of St. Januarius] from the Royal House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Website
==External links==
*[http://www.chivalricorders.org/royalty/bourbon/twosicilies/sanjan.htm Almanach de la Cour]
{{Commons category|Order of Saint Januarius}}
* [http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/royal-order-of-saint-januarius/ History of the Order of Saint Januarius]
* [http://www.constantinian.org.uk/illustrious-royal-order-of-saint-januarius/ Order of Saint Januarius webpage] on the Constantinian Order website (including roll of members)


{{Orders of Italian States before unification}}
[[Category:Orders of knighthood of Spain|Januarius, Order of Saint]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of the Two Sicilies|Januarius]]
[[Category:Catholic chivalric orders|Januarius]]
[[Category:Monarchical orders|Januarius]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Order Of Saint Januarius}}
[[es:Orden de San Gennaro]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1738]]
[[nl:Orde van Sint-Januarius]]
[[Category:1738 establishments in Italy]]
[[pl:Order św. Januarego]]
[[Category:Charles III of Spain]]

Latest revision as of 18:29, 26 October 2024

Order of Saint Januarius
Star and badge of the order
Awarded by the House of Two Sicilies
TypeDynastic order
Established3 July 1738[1]
MottoIN SANGUINE FOEDUS (English: Union in Blood)
FounderCharles VII of Naples
Grand MasterDisputed:
Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria
Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro
Precedence
Next (higher)None
Next (lower)Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George

Ribbon of the order

The Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Januarius (Italian: Insigne Reale Ordine di San Gennaro) is a Roman Catholic order of knighthood founded by Charles VII of Naples in 1738. It was the last great dynastic order to be constituted as a chivalric fraternity, with a limitation to Roman Catholics and a direct attachment to the dynasty rather than the state. The founder of the order, Charles VII of Naples, ruled from 1734 until 1759.

The grand magistery of the order is disputed among claimants to the headship of the formerly reigning House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

Structure of the order

[edit]

Originally, the order had four principal officers, whose duties were to administer its affairs:

  • Chancellor
  • Secretary
  • Treasurer
  • Master of Ceremonies

A reform of 17 August 1827, limited these duties to certain ceremonial roles at the installation of knights, and no successors were appointed to the then-holders of these offices.

The order today

[edit]
Decoration with collar (left) and with sash and star (right)
Diego de Madariaga, 2nd Marquess of Villa-Fuerte wearing the mantle and insignia of the order

The order continues to be awarded today by the two claimants to the headship of the royal House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria and Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro.

Since 1960, the order has been awarded sparingly and total membership has not exceeded eighty, most of the knights being members of royal houses, senior officers of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, or Italian grandees.

Members

[edit]

As of 2016, the knights appointed by Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria, his father and grandfather, were:

As of 2014,[2] the knights appointed by Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, his father and grandfather, were:

  • Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro and Grand Master
  • Antonio Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
  • Francesco Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
  • Gennaro Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
  • Luigi Alfonso Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
  • Alessandro Enrico Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
  • Casimiro Maria of Bourbon Two Sicilies
  • HMSH Fra' Matthew Festing, 80th Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
  • Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
  • Jean, Count of Paris (19 March 2019, installed 13 May 2019)
  • Renato Raffaele Cardinal Martino
  • Count Andrzej Ciechanowiecki +2015
  • Ambassador Count Carlo Marullo di Condojanni, Prince of Casalnuovo
  • Duke and Count Don Ferdinando Gaetani dell’Aquila d’Aragona, Prince of Piedmont, Duke of Laurenzana, Count of Alife,
  • Duke Francesco d’Avalos, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Marquess of Pescara and Vasto
  • Prince Filippo Massimo, Prince of Arsoli and Duke of Anticoli Corrado
  • Prince Carlo Cito Filomarino, Prince of Rocca d’Aspro, Prince of Bitetto, Marquess of Torrecuso
  • Prince Gregorio Carafa Cantelmo Stuart, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince of Roccella, Duke of Bruzzano
  • Don Roberto Caracciolo, Duke of San Vito
  • Prince Giovanni Battista de’Medici, Prince of Ottajano, Duke of Casalnuovo

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Acton, Harold (1957). The Bourbons of Naples (1731-1825). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571249015.
  2. ^ Web site of Constantinian Order
[edit]
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