Ficus rubiginosa: Difference between revisions

Ficus rubiginosa
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Moraceae
Genus:	Ficus
Species:	F. rubiginosa
Binomial name
	Ficus rubiginosa; Desf. ex Vent.
	Range in Eastern Australia (in green)
Synonyms
	List Ficus australis Willd. ; Ficus rubiginosa var. glabrescens F.M.Bailey ; Mastosuke rubiginosa (Vent.) Raf. ; Urostigma rubiginosum (Vent.) Gasp. ; Ficus rubiginosa var. lucida Maiden ; Ficus rubiginosa var. variegata Guilf. ; Ficus platypoda (Miq.) A.Cunn. ex Miq. ; Ficus sp. A (aff. rubiginosa) ; Urostigma leichhardtii Miq. ; Ficus leichhardtii var. angustata Miq. ; Ficus leichhardtii (Miq.) Miq. ; Ficus platypoda var. petiolaris Benth. ; Ficus platypoda var. subacuminata Benth. ; Ficus platypoda var. mollis Benth. ; Ficus macrophylla var. pubescens F.M.Bailey ; Ficus baileyana Domin ; Ficus shirleyana Domin ;

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Ficus rubiginosa, the rusty fig or Port Jackson fig (damun in the Dharug language), is a species of flowering plant native to eastern Australia in the genus Ficus. Beginning as a seedling that grows on other plants (hemiepiphyte) or rocks (lithophyte), F. rubiginosa matures into a tree 30 m (100 ft) high and nearly as wide with a yellow-brown buttressed trunk. The leaves are oval and glossy green and measure from 4 to 19.3 cm (1+1⁄2–7+1⁄2 in) long and 1.25 to 13.2 cm (1⁄2–5+1⁄4 in) wide.

The fruits are small, round, and yellow, and can ripen and turn red at any time of year, peaking in spring and summer. Like all figs, the fruit is in the form of a syconium, an inverted inflorescence with the flowers lining an internal cavity. F. rubiginosa is exclusively pollinated by the fig wasp species Pleistodontes imperialis, which may comprise four cryptospecies. The syconia are also home to another fourteen species of wasp, some of which induce galls while others parasitise the pollinator wasps and at least two species of nematode. Many species of bird, including pigeons, parrots, and various passerines, eat the fruit. Ranging along the Australian east coast from Queensland to Bega in southern New South Wales (including the Port Jackson area, leading to its alternative name), F. rubiginosa grows in rainforest margins and rocky outcrops. It is used as a shade tree in parks and public spaces, and when potted is well-suited for use as an indoor plant or in bonsai.

Taxonomy

Ficus rubiginosa was described by French botanist René Louiche Desfontaines in 1804,^[3] from a type specimen whose locality is documented simply as "New Holland". In searching for the type specimen, Australian botanist Dale Dixon found one from the herbarium of Desfontaines at Florence Herbarium and one from the herbarium of Étienne Pierre Ventenat at Geneva. As Ventenat had used Desfontaines' name, Dixon selected the Florence specimen to be the type in 2001.^[4] The specific epithet rubiginosa related to the rusty coloration of the undersides of the leaves.^[5] Indeed, rusty fig is an alternate common name; others include Illawarra fig and Port Jackson fig.^[5] It was known as damun (pron. "tam-mun") to the Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney basin.^[6]

In 1806, German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow gave it the botanical name Ficus australis in Species Plantarum,^[7] but this is a nomen illegitimum as the species already had a validly published name. That link https://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=38740 is now this: https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/511809.^[2] Italian botanist Guglielmo Gasparrini broke up the genus Ficus in 1844, placing the species in the genus Urostigma as U. rubiginosum.^[8] In 1862, Dutch botanist Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel described Urostigma leichhardtii from material collected from Cape Cleveland, Queensland, noting it had affinities to F. rubiginosa.^[9] In 1867, he placed Urostigma as a subgenus in the reunited Ficus, which resulted in the taxon becoming Ficus leichhardtii. Miquel also described Ficus leichhardtii variety angustata from Whitsunday Island,^[10] later classified as F. shirleyana by Czech botanist Karel Domin.^[11] Queensland state botanist Frederick Manson Bailey described Ficus macrophylla variety pubescens in 1911 from Queensland, Domin later renaming it Ficus baileyana.^[12] All these taxa were found to be indistinguishable from (and hence reclassified as) F. rubiginosa by Dixon in 2001.^[4]

In a study published in 2008, Nina Rønsted and colleagues analysed the DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacers, and the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase region, in the first molecular analysis of the section Malvanthera. They found F. rubiginosa to be most closely related to the rainforest species F. watkinsiana and two rock-growing (lithophytic) species of arid northern Australia (F. atricha and F. brachypoda). They classified these species in a new series Rubiginosae in the subsection Platypodeae. Relationships are unclear and it is uncertain into which direction the group radiated (into rainforest or into arid Australia).^[13]

Joseph Maiden described variety lucida in 1902, and Bailey described variety glabrescens in 1913.^[14] Both had diagnosed their varieties on the basis of their hairlessness. Maiden described a taxon totally devoid of hair, while Bailey described his as nearly glabrous (hairless). As Bailey's description more closely matched Dixon's findings (that these variants were only partly and not completely hairless), Dixon retained Bailey's name and reclassified it as Ficus rubiginosa forma glabrescens in 2001 as it differed only in the lack of hairs on new growth from the nominate form.^[4]

Description

A spreading, densely-shading tree when mature, F. rubiginosa may reach 30 m (100 ft) or more in height,^[15] although it rarely exceeds 10 m (30 ft) in the Sydney region.^[16]

The trunk is buttressed and can reach 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in diameter. The bark is yellow-brown.^[5] It can also grow as on other plants as a hemiepiphyte,^[4] or 1–5 m (3–16 ft) high lithophyte.^[17]

Alternately arranged on the stems, the ovate (egg-shaped), obovate (reverse egg-shaped) or oval-shaped leaves are anywhere from 4–19.3 cm (1+5⁄8–7+5⁄8 in) long and 1.25–13.2 cm (1⁄2–5+1⁄4 in) wide, on 7–8.2 cm (2+3⁄4–3+1⁄4 in)-long petioles (stalks that join the leaves to stems). They are smooth or bear tiny rusty hairs. There are 16 to 62 pairs of lateral veins that run off the midvein at an angle of 41.5–84.0°, while distinct basal veins run off the midvein at an angle of 18.5–78.9°.^[4]

As with all figs, the fruit (fig) is actually an inverted inflorescence (compound flower) known as a syconium, with tiny flowers arising from the fig's inner surface into a hollow cavity.^[16] F. rubiginosa is monoecious—both male and female flowers are found on the same plant, and in fact in the same fruit, although they mature at different times.^[18] Often growing in pairs, the figs are yellow initially and measure 4–10 mm (1⁄8–3⁄8 in) across.^[19] Ripening to red in colour, they are tipped with a small nipple and on a 2–5 mm (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) stalk.^[16] Fruits ripen throughout the year, although more so in spring and summer.^[5] Some trees have ripe and unripe fruit at the same time.^[19]

It closely resembles its relative, the Moreton Bay fig (F. macrophylla). Having similar ranges in the wild, they are often confused.

The smaller leaves, shorter fruit stalks, and rusty colour of the undersides of the leaves of F. rubiginosa are the easiest distinguishing features.^[16] It is also confused with the small-leaved fig (F. obliqua), the syconia of which are smaller, measuring 4–12 mm long and 4–11 mm in diameter, compared with 7–17 mm long and 8–17 mm diameter for F. rubiginosa.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

Ficus rubiginosa's range spans the entire eastern coastline of Australia, from the top of the Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland to the vicinity of Bega on the south coast of New South Wales.^[16] The range extends westwards to Porcupine Gorge National Park in Queensland and the far western plains in New South Wales.^[4] F. rubiginosa f. rubiginosa and F. rubiginosa f. glabrescens are found over most of the range, though the latter does not occur south past the New South Wales-Queensland border region. Lithophytic, hemiepiphytic, and tree forms can be found together in local populations of plants.^[4]

F. rubiginosa is found in rainforest,^[4] rainforest margins, gullies,^[16] riverbank habitat, vine thickets,^[4] and rocky hillsides.^[16] It is found on limestone outcrops in Kanangra-Boyd National Park.^[20] Fig seedlings often grow from cracks in stone where seeds have been lodged, in locations such as cliffs and rock faces in natural environments,^[5] or in brickwork on buildings and elsewhere in the urban environment. The soils it grows on are often well-drained and low in nutrients. They are derived from sandstone, quartzite, and basalt. In the Sydney region, F. rubiginosa grows from sea level to 1000 m (3500 ft) altitude, in areas with an average yearly rainfall of 600–1,400 mm (24–55 in).^[19] F. rubiginosa is largely sympatric with F. obliqua, though its range extends further west into dryer regions than the latter species.^[4]

Outside its native range, F. rubiginosa has naturalised to some degree in urban Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, as well as New Zealand, Hawaii and California, and Mediterranean Europe.^[21] F. rubiginosa has been planted widely in Malta since the early 1990s but has not been observed to fruit.^[22]

Ecology

The fruit is consumed by many bird species including the rose-crowned fruit dove (Ptilinopus regina), wompoo fruit dove (P. magnificus), wonga pigeon (Leucosarcia melanoleuca), topknot pigeon (Lopholaimus antarcticus), Pacific koel (Eudynamys orientalis),^[5] Australasian swamphen (Porphyrio melanotus),^[23] Australian king parrot (Alisterus scapularis),^[24] Australasian figbird (Sphecotheres vieilloti), green catbird (Ailuroedus crassirostris), regent bowerbird (Sericulus chrysocephalus), satin bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus) and pied currawong (Strepera graculina),^[5] as well as the mammalian grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus),^[19] and spectacled flying fox (Pteropus conspicillatus).^[25] It is one of several plant species used as food by the endangered Coxen's fig parrot.^[26] Many fruits drop onto the ground around the tree, though others are dispersed by animals that eat them.^[19]

The thrips species Gynaikothrips australis feeds on the underside of new leaves of F. rubiginosa, as well as F. obliqua and F. macrophylla. As plant cells die, nearby cells are induced into forming meristem tissue, and a gall results and the leaves become distorted and curl over. The thrips begin feeding when the tree has flushes of new growth, and live for around six weeks. At other times, thrips reside on old leaves without feeding. The species pupates sheltered in the bark. The thrips remain in the galls at night, wander about in the daytime and return in the evening, possibly to different galls about the tree.^[27] Psyllids have almost defoliated trees in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney in spring.^[19]

P. imperialis crossed the waters between Australia and New Zealand some time between 1960 and 1972, and seedlings of the previously infertile trees of F. rubiginosa began appearing in brick and stone walls, and on other trees, particularly in parks and gardens around Auckland. They have been recorded as far south as Napier.^[28] P. imperialis has been transported to Hawaii, California, and Israel, where it has been observed to pollinate its host.^[29]

They can live to 100 years or more and have been known to resprout after bushfire, bearing fruit within three years.^[19]

Other life in the syconia

As with many other Ficus species, the community of wasps inside the figs of F. rubiginosa is made up mostly of pollinator wasps.^[17] These develop deep inside the syconium, presumably protected there from parasites.^[30] Also present are much smaller numbers of other wasp species, which do not pollinate the fig. At least fourteen species have been recorded,^[a] of which four—two each belonging to the genera Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis—are common while others are rare.^[17] Investigation of F. rubiginosa syconia found that the fig seeds and parasitic wasps develop closer to the wall of the syconium. The wasps of the genera Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis are parasitic and are around the same size as the pollinator species.^[30] Their larvae are thought to feed on the larvae of the pollinator wasp.^[17] Male Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis wasps fight other males of the same species when they encounter each other in a F. rubiginosa fig.^[31] Several genera of uncommon larger wasp species enter the immature figs before other wasps and induce galls, which may impact on numbers of pollinator wasps in the fig later. An example of this is Pseudidarnes minerva,^[17] a metallic green wasp species.^[32]

Nematodes of the genus Schistonchus are found in the syconia (and the pollinator wasps) of many species of fig, with F. rubiginosa hosting two species. They appear to be less species-specific than wasps. S. altermacrophylla is generally associated with F. rubiginosa though it has been recorded on several other fig species.^[33]

Cultivation

Ficus rubiginosa was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1789, where it is grown in glasshouses.^[34] It is commonly used as a large ornamental tree in eastern Australia, in the North Island of New Zealand,^[28] and also in Hawaii and California, where it is also listed as an invasive species in some areas.^[35] It is useful as a shade tree in public parks and on golf courses.^[36] Not as prodigious as other figs, F. rubiginosa is suited to slightly more confined areas, such as lining car parks or suburban streets. However, surface roots can be large and intrusive and the thin bark readily damaged when struck. Tolerant of acid or alkaline soils, it is hardy to US Hardiness Zones 10B and 11, reaching 10 m (30 ft) high in 30 years. Planting trees 8–12 m (30–40 ft) apart will eventually result in a continuous canopy.^[37] The trees are of great value in providing fruit for birds and mammals, though drop large quantities of fruit and leaves, leaving a mess underfoot.^[34]

In a brief description, William Guilfoyle recorded a variegated fig from New South Wales "12–15 ft high" in 1911 as F. rubiginosa variety variegata.^[38] A variegated form is in cultivation on Australia's east coast,^[39] and in the United States.^[40] It is a chimera lacking in chlorophyll in the second layer of the leaf meristem.^[39] The leaves have an irregular central green patch along the midvein with irregular yellow and green elsewhere.^[34] Leaves that grow in winter generally have larger green patches than those that do in summer. The chimera is unstable, and branches of all-green growth appear sporadically.^[39]

Despite the relatively large size of the leaves, it is popular for bonsai work as it is highly forgiving to work with and hard to kill; the leaves reduce readily by leaf-pruning in early summer. Described as the best tree for a beginner to work with, it is one of the most frequently used native species in Australia.^[41] Its bark remains smooth, and does not attain a rugged, aged appearance. Known as "Little Ruby",^[42] a narrow-leaved form with its origins somewhere north of Sydney is also seen in cultivation.^[43]

F. rubiginosa is also suited for use as a houseplant in low, medium or brightly lit spaces, although a variegated form requires brighter light.^[44] It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[45] It is easily propagated by cuttings or aerial layering.^[5]

The light-coloured wood is soft and brittle. Lightweight, it has some value in the making of such items as toys and small boxes.^[15]

Notes

^ These are two species each of the genera Sycoscapter, Philotrypesis and Watshamiella of the subfamily Sycoryctinae, one species each of the genera Eukoebelea and Pseudidarnes in the subfamily Sycophaginae, one species each of the genera Herodotia and Meselatus in the subfamily Epichrysomallinae, all of the family Agaonidae, two species of the genus Sycophila of the family Eurytomidae, one species of Megastigmus of the family Torymidae and a species of the genus Ormyrus of the family Ormyridae.^[17]

References

^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). (2021). "Port Jackson Fig Ficus rubiginosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T73089151A192225828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T73089151A192225828.en. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Ficus rubiginosa". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
^ Ventenat, E.P. (1804). Jardin de la Malmaison (in French). Vol. 2. Paris, France: De l'imprimerie de Crapelet, et se trouve chez l'auteur. p. 114.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Dixon, Dale J.; Jackes, Betsy R.; Bielig, L.M. (2001). "Figuring Out the Figs: the Ficus obliqua-Ficus rubiginosa Complex (Moraceae: Urostigma sect. Malvanthera)". Australian Systematic Botany. 14 (1): 133–54. doi:10.1071/SB99029.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Floyd, Alex G. (2009). Rainforest Trees of Mainland Southeastern Australia. Lismore, New South Wales: Terania Rainforest Publishing. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-9589436-7-3.
^ Troy, Jakelin (1993). The Sydney Language. Canberra: Self-published. p. 61. ISBN 0-646-11015-2.
^ Willdenow, Carl Ludwig (1806). "2". Species Plantarum. Vol. 4 (4 ed.). Berlin, Germany: G.C. Nauk. pp. 1138–39.
^ Gasparrini, Guglielmo (1844). Nova Genera, quae super Nonnullis Fici Speciebus (in Latin). Naples, Italy: Francisci. p. 7. Guglielmo Gasparrini urostigma.
^ Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1862). "Note sur le Figuiers de la Nouvelle-Hollande". Journal de Botanique Neerlandaise (in French). 1: 230–43 [235].
^ Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1867). "Annotationes de Ficus Speciebus". Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi (in Latin). 3: 260–84 [268].
^ "Ficus platypoda variety angustata (Miq.) Corner". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
^ "Ficus baileyana Domin". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
^ Rønsted, Nina; Weiblen, George D.; Savolainen, V.; Cook, James M. (2008). "Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Ecology of Ficus section Malvanthera (Moraceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (1): 12–22. Bibcode:2008MolPE..48...12R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.005. PMID 18490180.
^ Bailey, Frederick Manson (1913). Comprehensive catalogue of Queensland plants, both indigenous and naturalised. Brisbane, Queensland: A. J. Cumming, government printer. p. 486.
^ ^a ^b Lake, Morris (2015). Australian Rainforest Woods: Characteristics, Uses and Identification. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4863-0180-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-7318-1031-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Segar, Simon T.; Dunn, Derek W.; Darwell, Clive T.; Cook, James M. (2014). "How to be a fig wasp down under: The diversity and structure of an Australian fig wasp community". Acta Oecologica. 57: 17–27. Bibcode:2014AcO....57...17S. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2013.03.014.
^ McPherson, John R. (2005). "Phenology of Six Ficus L., Moraceae, Species and its Effects on Pollinator Survival, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia". Geographical Research. 43 (3): 297–305. Bibcode:2005GeoRs..43..297M. doi:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2005.00329.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (1997). "Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 5: Dicotyledon Families Flacourtiaceae to Myrsinaceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 5 (2): 330–544 [525]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2015.
^ Parks and Wildlife Division (2005). "Kowmung River, Kanangra-Boyd National Park: Wild River Assessment" (PDF). Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). Retrieved 23 April 2012.
^ Haine, Eleanor R.; Martin, Joanne; Cook, James M. (2006). "Deep mtDNA Divergences Indicate Cryptic Species in a Fig-pollinating Wasp". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6 (1): 83. Bibcode:2006BMCEE...6...83H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-83. PMC 1626083. PMID 17040562.
^ Mifsud, David; Falzon, Annushka; Malumphy, Chris; De Lillo, Enrico; Vovlas, Nicola; Porcelli, Francesco (2012). "On Some Arthropods Associated with Ficus Species (Moraceae) in the Maltese Islands" (PDF). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta. 5: 5–34.
^ Barker, Robin Dale; Vestjens, Wilhelmus Jacobus Maria (1984). The Food of Australian Birds: (I) Non-passerines. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-643-05007-8.
^ Hornsby Shire Council. "Ficus rubiginosa – Port Jackson Fig" (PDF). Bushland and Biodiversity. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
^ Parsons, Jennifer G.; Cairns, Andi; Johnson, Christopher N. (2006). "Dietary Variation in Spectacled Flying Foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus) of the Australian Wet Tropics". Australian Journal of Zoology. 54 (6): 417–28. doi:10.1071/ZO06092.
^ Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (24 May 2011). "Double-eyed fig-parrot (Coxen's)". Queensland Government. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
^ Tree, Desley J; Walter, G. H. (2009). "Diversity of Host Plant Relationships and Leaf Galling Behaviours within a Small Genus of Thrips –Gynaikothrips and Ficus in South East Queensland, Australia". Australian Journal of Entomology. 48 (4): 269–75. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2009.00706.x.
^ ^a ^b Gardner, Rhys O.; Early, John W. (1996). "The Naturalisation of Banyan Figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their Pollinating Wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 34 (1): 103–10. Bibcode:1996NZJB...34..103G. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1996.10412697. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
^ Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos; Dixon, Dale J.; Cook, James M.; Rasplus, Jean-Yves (2002). "Revision of the Australian species of Pleistodontes (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) Fig-pollinating Wasps and their Host-plant Associations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 136 (4): 637–83. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00040.x.
^ ^a ^b Dunn, Derek W.; Segar, Simon T.; Ridley, Jo; Chan, Ruth; Crozier, Ross H.; Douglas, W. Yu; Cook, James M. (2008). "A Role for Parasites in Stabilising the Fig-pollinator Mutualism". PLOS Biology. 6 (3): e59. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060059. PMC 2265770. PMID 18336072.
^ Moore, Jamie C.; Obbard, Darren J.; Reuter, Caroline; West, Stuart A.; Cook, James M. (2008). "Fighting strategies in two species of fig wasp" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 76 (2): 315–22. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.01.018. S2CID 54429047. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2015.
^ Farache, Fernando; Antoniolli, Henrique; Rasplus, Jean-Yves (2014). "Revision of the Australasian genus Pseudidarnes Girault, 1927 (Hymenoptera, Agaonidae, Sycophaginae)". ZooKeys (404): 31–70. Bibcode:2014ZooK..404...31F. doi:10.3897/zookeys.404.7204. PMC 4023259. PMID 24843270.
^ Davies, Kerrie; Faerlie Bartholomaeus; Weimin Ye; Natsumi Kanzaki; Robin Giblin-Davis (2010). "Schistonchus (Aphelenchoididae) from Ficus (Moraceae) in Australia, with description of S. aculeata sp. n." Nematology. 12 (6): 935–58. doi:10.1163/138855410X498932.
^ ^a ^b ^c Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1986). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Volume 4 (Eu-Go). Port Melbourne, Victoria: Lothian Press. pp. 280, 290–91. ISBN 0-85091-589-9.
^ Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) (12 December 2005). "Ficus rubiginosa". Global Invasive Species Database. IUCN Species Survival Commission. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ Halliday, Ivan (1989). A Field Guide to Australian Trees. Melbourne, Victoria: Hamlyn Australia. p. 200. ISBN 0-947334-08-4.
^ Gilman, Edward F. (1997). Trees for Urban and Suburban Landscapes. Albany, New York: Delmar Publishers. p. 277. ISBN 0-8273-7053-9.
^ Guilfoyle, William R. (1911). Australian Plants suitable for gardens, parks, timber reserves, etc. Christchurch, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs Limited. p. 178.
^ ^a ^b ^c Beardsell, David; Norden, Ulla (2004). "Ficus rubiginosa 'Variegata', a Chlorophyll-deficient Chimera with Mosaic Patterns Created by Cell Divisions from the Outer Meristematic Layer". Annals of Botany. 94 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1093/aob/mch114. PMC 4242370. PMID 15145795.
^ Gilman, Edward F.; Watson, Dennis G. (November 1993). "Ficus rubiginosa 'Variegata'" (PDF). Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
^ McCrone, Mark (2006). "Growing Port Jackson Fig as Bonsai in a Warm Temperate Climate". ASGAP Australian Plants as Bonsai Study Group Newsletter (11): 3–4.
^ Kwong, Hoy Leong (2007). Ficus Bonsai in the Temperate Climate. Caringbah, New South Wales: Bonsai South Nursery. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-646-47970-5.
^ Webber, Len (1991). Rainforest to Bonsai. East Roseville, New South Wales: Simon and Schuster. p. 114. ISBN 0-7318-0237-3.
^ Ratcliffe, David & Patricia (1987). Australian Native Plants for Indoors. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Little Hills Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-949773-49-2.
^ Royal Horticultural Society (2015). "RHS Plant Selector – Ficus rubiginosa". Retrieved 2 July 2020.

External links

Media related to Ficus rubiginosa at Wikimedia Commons
Jared Bernard et al.: New Species Assemblages Disrupt Obligatory Mutualisms Between Figs and Their Pollinators. In: Front. Ecol. Evol., 19 November 2020. doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.564653. See also:

Jared Bernard: Figs show that nonnative species can invade ecosystems by forming unexpected partnerships. On: The Conversation. 19 January 2021. Also on Science^alert

[31] These are two species each of the genera Sycoscapter, Philotrypesis and Watshamiella of the subfamily Sycoryctinae, one species each of the genera Eukoebelea and Pseudidarnes in the subfamily Sycophaginae, one species each of the genera Herodotia and Meselatus in the subfamily Epichrysomallinae, all of the family Agaonidae, two species of the genus Sycophila of the family Eurytomidae, one species of Megastigmus of the family Torymidae and a species of the genus Ormyrus of the family Ormyridae.^[17]

[1] IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). (2021). "Port Jackson Fig Ficus rubiginosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T73089151A192225828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T73089151A192225828.en. Retrieved 24 March 2022.

[APNI-2] "Ficus rubiginosa". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.

[Ventenat_1804-3] Ventenat, E.P. (1804). Jardin de la Malmaison (in French). Vol. 2. Paris, France: De l'imprimerie de Crapelet, et se trouve chez l'auteur. p. 114.

[Dixon2001-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Dixon, Dale J.; Jackes, Betsy R.; Bielig, L.M. (2001). "Figuring Out the Figs: the Ficus obliqua-Ficus rubiginosa Complex (Moraceae: Urostigma sect. Malvanthera)". Australian Systematic Botany. 14 (1): 133–54. doi:10.1071/SB99029.

[Floyd09-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Floyd, Alex G. (2009). Rainforest Trees of Mainland Southeastern Australia. Lismore, New South Wales: Terania Rainforest Publishing. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-9589436-7-3.

[6] Troy, Jakelin (1993). The Sydney Language. Canberra: Self-published. p. 61. ISBN 0-646-11015-2.

[7] Willdenow, Carl Ludwig (1806). "2". Species Plantarum. Vol. 4 (4 ed.). Berlin, Germany: G.C. Nauk. pp. 1138–39.

[8] Gasparrini, Guglielmo (1844). Nova Genera, quae super Nonnullis Fici Speciebus (in Latin). Naples, Italy: Francisci. p. 7. Guglielmo Gasparrini urostigma.

[9] Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1862). "Note sur le Figuiers de la Nouvelle-Hollande". Journal de Botanique Neerlandaise (in French). 1: 230–43 [235].

[10] Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1867). "Annotationes de Ficus Speciebus". Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi (in Latin). 3: 260–84 [268].

[FoAla-11] "Ficus platypoda variety angustata (Miq.) Corner". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.

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[13] Rønsted, Nina; Weiblen, George D.; Savolainen, V.; Cook, James M. (2008). "Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Ecology of Ficus section Malvanthera (Moraceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (1): 12–22. Bibcode:2008MolPE..48...12R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.005. PMID 18490180.

[14] Bailey, Frederick Manson (1913). Comprehensive catalogue of Queensland plants, both indigenous and naturalised. Brisbane, Queensland: A. J. Cumming, government printer. p. 486.

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[Fairley-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-7318-1031-7.

[segar2014-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Segar, Simon T.; Dunn, Derek W.; Darwell, Clive T.; Cook, James M. (2014). "How to be a fig wasp down under: The diversity and structure of an Australian fig wasp community". Acta Oecologica. 57: 17–27. Bibcode:2014AcO....57...17S. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2013.03.014.

[mcpherson05-18] McPherson, John R. (2005). "Phenology of Six Ficus L., Moraceae, Species and its Effects on Pollinator Survival, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia". Geographical Research. 43 (3): 297–305. Bibcode:2005GeoRs..43..297M. doi:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2005.00329.x.

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[DEC-20] Parks and Wildlife Division (2005). "Kowmung River, Kanangra-Boyd National Park: Wild River Assessment" (PDF). Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). Retrieved 23 April 2012.

[Haine2006-21] Haine, Eleanor R.; Martin, Joanne; Cook, James M. (2006). "Deep mtDNA Divergences Indicate Cryptic Species in a Fig-pollinating Wasp". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6 (1): 83. Bibcode:2006BMCEE...6...83H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-83. PMC 1626083. PMID 17040562.

[22] Mifsud, David; Falzon, Annushka; Malumphy, Chris; De Lillo, Enrico; Vovlas, Nicola; Porcelli, Francesco (2012). "On Some Arthropods Associated with Ficus Species (Moraceae) in the Maltese Islands" (PDF). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta. 5: 5–34.

[Barker_1984-23] Barker, Robin Dale; Vestjens, Wilhelmus Jacobus Maria (1984). The Food of Australian Birds: (I) Non-passerines. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-643-05007-8.

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[25] Parsons, Jennifer G.; Cairns, Andi; Johnson, Christopher N. (2006). "Dietary Variation in Spectacled Flying Foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus) of the Australian Wet Tropics". Australian Journal of Zoology. 54 (6): 417–28. doi:10.1071/ZO06092.

[26] Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (24 May 2011). "Double-eyed fig-parrot (Coxen's)". Queensland Government. Retrieved 1 May 2016.

[tree09-27] Tree, Desley J; Walter, G. H. (2009). "Diversity of Host Plant Relationships and Leaf Galling Behaviours within a Small Genus of Thrips –Gynaikothrips and Ficus in South East Queensland, Australia". Australian Journal of Entomology. 48 (4): 269–75. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2009.00706.x.

[ROG-28] Gardner, Rhys O.; Early, John W. (1996). "The Naturalisation of Banyan Figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their Pollinating Wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 34 (1): 103–10. Bibcode:1996NZJB...34..103G. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1996.10412697. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2010.

[Vaamonde2002-29] Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos; Dixon, Dale J.; Cook, James M.; Rasplus, Jean-Yves (2002). "Revision of the Australian species of Pleistodontes (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) Fig-pollinating Wasps and their Host-plant Associations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 136 (4): 637–83. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00040.x.

[dunn08-30] Dunn, Derek W.; Segar, Simon T.; Ridley, Jo; Chan, Ruth; Crozier, Ross H.; Douglas, W. Yu; Cook, James M. (2008). "A Role for Parasites in Stabilising the Fig-pollinator Mutualism". PLOS Biology. 6 (3): e59. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060059. PMC 2265770. PMID 18336072.

[32] Moore, Jamie C.; Obbard, Darren J.; Reuter, Caroline; West, Stuart A.; Cook, James M. (2008). "Fighting strategies in two species of fig wasp" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 76 (2): 315–22. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.01.018. S2CID 54429047. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2015.

[33] Farache, Fernando; Antoniolli, Henrique; Rasplus, Jean-Yves (2014). "Revision of the Australasian genus Pseudidarnes Girault, 1927 (Hymenoptera, Agaonidae, Sycophaginae)". ZooKeys (404): 31–70. Bibcode:2014ZooK..404...31F. doi:10.3897/zookeys.404.7204. PMC 4023259. PMID 24843270.

[34] Davies, Kerrie; Faerlie Bartholomaeus; Weimin Ye; Natsumi Kanzaki; Robin Giblin-Davis (2010). "Schistonchus (Aphelenchoididae) from Ficus (Moraceae) in Australia, with description of S. aculeata sp. n." Nematology. 12 (6): 935–58. doi:10.1163/138855410X498932.

[EJ15-35] Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1986). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Volume 4 (Eu-Go). Port Melbourne, Victoria: Lothian Press. pp. 280, 290–91. ISBN 0-85091-589-9.

[36] Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) (12 December 2005). "Ficus rubiginosa". Global Invasive Species Database. IUCN Species Survival Commission. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[Hallstreet-37] Halliday, Ivan (1989). A Field Guide to Australian Trees. Melbourne, Victoria: Hamlyn Australia. p. 200. ISBN 0-947334-08-4.

[38] Gilman, Edward F. (1997). Trees for Urban and Suburban Landscapes. Albany, New York: Delmar Publishers. p. 277. ISBN 0-8273-7053-9.

[39] Guilfoyle, William R. (1911). Australian Plants suitable for gardens, parks, timber reserves, etc. Christchurch, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs Limited. p. 178.

[beardsell04-40] Beardsell, David; Norden, Ulla (2004). "Ficus rubiginosa 'Variegata', a Chlorophyll-deficient Chimera with Mosaic Patterns Created by Cell Divisions from the Outer Meristematic Layer". Annals of Botany. 94 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1093/aob/mch114. PMC 4242370. PMID 15145795.

[41] Gilman, Edward F.; Watson, Dennis G. (November 1993). "Ficus rubiginosa 'Variegata'" (PDF). Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 11 February 2016.

[Hnat11-42] McCrone, Mark (2006). "Growing Port Jackson Fig as Bonsai in a Warm Temperate Climate". ASGAP Australian Plants as Bonsai Study Group Newsletter (11): 3–4.

[43] Kwong, Hoy Leong (2007). Ficus Bonsai in the Temperate Climate. Caringbah, New South Wales: Bonsai South Nursery. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-646-47970-5.

[44] Webber, Len (1991). Rainforest to Bonsai. East Roseville, New South Wales: Simon and Schuster. p. 114. ISBN 0-7318-0237-3.

[45] Ratcliffe, David & Patricia (1987). Australian Native Plants for Indoors. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Little Hills Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-949773-49-2.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Species of flowering plant}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
-| name = Port Jackson Fig
+{{featured article}}
-| image = Curtis.bay.fig.jpg
+{{Speciesbox
-| image_width = 240px
+| image = FicrubAlamoana (cropped).jpg
-| image_caption = ''Ficus rubiginosa''
+| image_caption =
-| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+| status = LC
-| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
+| status_system = IUCN3.1
-| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
+| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite iucn|title=Port Jackson Fig ''Ficus rubiginosa''|page=e.T73089151A192225828|last=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).|year=2021|access-date=24 March 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T73089151A192225828.en}}</ref>
-| ordo = [[Urticales]]
-| familia = [[Moraceae]]
+| genus = Ficus
+| species = rubiginosa
-| genus = ''[[Ficus]]''
+| authority = [[René Louiche Desfontaines|Desf.]] ex [[Étienne Pierre Ventenat|Vent.]]
-| species = '''''F. rubiginosa'''''
+| range_map = Ficusrubiginosargemap.png
-| binomial = ''Ficus rubiginosa''
+| range_map_caption = Range in Eastern Australia (in green)
-| binomial_authority = [[RenéLouiche Desfontaines|Desf.]] ex [[Étienne Pierre Ventenat|Vent.]]
+| synonyms_ref = <ref name=APNI>{{APNI | name = Ficus rubiginosa | id = 38740}}</ref>
+| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets=true
+|''Ficus australis'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]</small>
+|''Ficus rubiginosa'' var. ''glabrescens'' <small>[[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bailey]]</small>
+|''Mastosuke rubiginosa'' <small>(Vent.) Raf.</small>
+|''Urostigma rubiginosum'' <small>(Vent.) [[Guglielmo Gasparrini|Gasp.]]</small>
+|''Ficus rubiginosa'' var. ''lucida'' <small>[[Joseph Maiden|Maiden]]</small>
+|''Ficus rubiginosa'' var. ''variegata'' <small>Guilf.</small>
+|''Ficus platypoda'' <small>(Miq.) A.Cunn. ex Miq.</small>
+|''Ficus'' sp. A (aff. ''rubiginosa'')
+|''Urostigma leichhardtii'' <small>Miq.</small>
+|''Ficus leichhardtii'' var. ''angustata'' <small>Miq.</small>
+|''Ficus leichhardtii'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small>
+|''Ficus platypoda'' var. ''petiolaris'' <small>Benth.</small>
+|''Ficus platypoda'' var. ''subacuminata'' <small>Benth.</small>
+|''Ficus platypoda'' var. ''mollis'' <small>Benth.</small>
+|''Ficus macrophylla'' var. ''pubescens'' <small>F.M.Bailey</small>
+|''Ficus baileyana''<small> Domin</small>
+|''Ficus shirleyana'' <small>Domin</small>
+ }}
 }}
+'''''Ficus rubiginosa''''', the '''rusty fig''' or '''Port Jackson fig''' (''damun'' in the [[Dharug language]]), is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] [[native plant|native]] to [[Eastern states of Australia|eastern Australia]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Ficus]]''. Beginning as a seedling that grows on other plants ([[hemiepiphyte]]) or rocks ([[lithophyte]]), ''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' matures into a tree {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} high and nearly as wide with a yellow-brown [[buttress root|buttressed]] trunk. The [[leaf|leaves]] are oval and glossy green and measure from {{convert|4|to(-)|19.3|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long and {{convert|1.25|to(-)|13.2|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} wide.
-The '''Port Jackson Fig''' (''Ficus rubiginosa'') , also known as the '''Little-leaf Fig''' or the '''Rusty Fig''', is a native of eastern [[Australia]] and a [[banyan]] of the genus ''[[Ficus]]'' which contains around 750 species worldwide in warm climates, including the [[Common Fig|edible fig]] (''Ficus carica'').
+The [[fruit]]s are small, round, and yellow, and can [[ripening|ripen]] and turn red at any time of year, peaking in spring and summer. Like all figs, the fruit is in the form of a [[syconium]], an inverted [[inflorescence]] with the flowers lining an internal cavity. ''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' is exclusively [[pollination|pollinated]] by the [[fig wasp]] species ''[[Pleistodontes imperialis]]'', which may comprise four [[Species complex|cryptospecies]]. The syconia are also home to another fourteen species of [[wasp]], some of which induce [[gall]]s while others parasitise the pollinator wasps and at least two species of [[nematode]]. Many species of bird, including [[pigeon]]s, [[parrot]]s, and various [[passerine]]s, eat the fruit. Ranging along the Australian east coast from [[Queensland]] to [[Bega, New South Wales|Bega]] in southern [[New South Wales]] (including the [[Port Jackson]] area, leading to its alternative name), ''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' grows in [[rainforest]] margins and rocky [[outcrop]]s. It is used as a [[shade tree]] in parks and public spaces, and when potted is well-suited for use as an [[Houseplant|indoor plant]] or in [[bonsai]].
-Like all figs it requires pollination by a particular wasp species to set seed. This actually occurs fairly readily as fig seedlings are a common sight in walls, cracks, crevices and buildings in urban areas of cities such as [[Sydney]]. Well known in parks and public gardens in east coast towns and cities, it is also a valuable plant for wildlife and habitat. Old specimens can reach tremendous size. Its aggressive root system precludes its use in all but the largest private gardens, although it is highly popular and well-suited for use in [[bonsai]].
-==Taxonomy==
+== Taxonomy ==
+[[File:Port Jackson fig fruit (3392277172).jpg|left|thumb|''Ficus rubiginosa'' figs (syconia) and the rusty undersides of the leaves]]
-The Port Jackson fig was described by French botanist [[René Louiche Desfontaines]]. Its specific epithet ''rubiginosa'' related to its rusty coloration. Indeed, ''rusty fig'' is an alternate common name. It was known as ''damun'' (pron. "tam-mun") to the local [[Eora]] and [[Darug]]
+''Ficus rubiginosa'' was [[Species description|described]] by French botanist [[René Louiche Desfontaines]] in 1804,<ref name="Ventenat 1804">{{cite book|last=Ventenat|first=E.P.|title=Jardin de la Malmaison|publisher=De l'imprimerie de Crapelet, et se trouve chez l'auteur|location=Paris, France|date=1804|volume=2|page=114|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/141244#page/220/mode/1up|language=fr}}</ref> from a [[Type (biology)|type specimen]] whose locality is documented simply as "[[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]". In searching for the type specimen, Australian botanist Dale Dixon found one from the herbarium of Desfontaines at Florence Herbarium and one from the herbarium of [[Étienne Pierre Ventenat]] at Geneva. As Ventenat had used Desfontaines' name, Dixon selected the Florence specimen to be the type in 2001.<ref name = Dixon2001 /><!-- cites previous 3 sentences --> The specific epithet ''rubiginosa'' related to the rusty coloration of the undersides of the leaves.<ref name="Floyd09">{{cite book|last=Floyd|first=Alex G.|title=Rainforest Trees of Mainland Southeastern Australia|publisher=Terania Rainforest Publishing|location=Lismore, New South Wales|year=2009|page=233|isbn=978-0-9589436-7-3}}</ref> Indeed, ''rusty fig'' is an alternate common name; others include ''Illawarra fig'' and ''Port Jackson fig''.<ref name="Floyd09" /> It was known as ''damun'' (pron. "tam-mun") to the [[Eora]] and [[Darug people|Darug]] inhabitants of the [[Sydney]] basin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Troy, Jakelin|year=1993|title=The Sydney Language|publisher=Self-published| location=Canberra|isbn=0-646-11015-2|page=61}}</ref>
-inhabitants of the Sydney basin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Troy, Jakelin|year=1993|title=The sydney language|publisher=Jakelin Troy, Canberra}}</ref>
+In 1806, German botanist [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow]] gave it the [[botanical name]] ''Ficus australis'' in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Willdenow|first=Carl Ludwig|title=Species Plantarum|publisher=G.C. Nauk|location=Berlin, Germany|date=1806|edition=4|volume=4|pages=1138–39|chapter=2|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/566865}}</ref> but this is a ''[[nomen illegitimum]]'' as the species already had a validly published name. That link https://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=38740 is now this: https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/511809.<ref name=APNI /> Italian botanist [[Guglielmo Gasparrini]] broke up the [[genus]] ''Ficus'' in 1844, placing the species in the genus ''Urostigma'' as ''U.&nbsp;rubiginosum''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gasparrini, Guglielmo |year=1844|title= Nova Genera, quae super Nonnullis Fici Speciebus| publisher=Francisci |location=Naples, Italy |language=la| page=7 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w_IR5iqQGzwC|quote=Guglielmo Gasparrini urostigma. }}</ref> In 1862, Dutch botanist [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel]] described ''Urostigma leichhardtii'' from material collected from [[Cape Cleveland, Queensland]], noting it had affinities to ''F. rubiginosa''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm |journal=Journal de Botanique Neerlandaise |volume=1 |pages=230–43 [235] |language=fr |title=Note sur le Figuiers de la ''Nouvelle-Hollande'' |year=1862 |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435019932391;view=1up;seq=249;size=150}}</ref> In 1867, he placed ''Urostigma'' as a [[subgenus]] in the reunited ''Ficus'', which resulted in the [[taxon]] becoming ''Ficus leichhardtii''. Miquel also described ''Ficus leichhardtii'' [[Variety (botany)|variety]] ''angustata'' from [[Whitsunday Island]],<ref>{{cite journal | author=Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm |year=1867 |journal= Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi | volume=3 | title= Annotationes de Ficus Speciebus| language=la| pages=260–84 [268] | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/680905}}</ref> later classified as ''F. shirleyana'' by Czech botanist [[Karel Domin]].<ref name=FoAla>{{Flora of Australia Online | name = ''Ficus platypoda'' variety ''angustata'' (Miq.) Corner | id = 38421}}</ref> Queensland state botanist [[Frederick Manson Bailey]] described ''Ficus macrophylla'' variety ''pubescens'' in 1911 from Queensland, Domin later renaming it ''Ficus baileyana''.<ref name=FoAb>{{Flora of Australia Online | name = ''Ficus baileyana'' Domin | id = 38405}}</ref> All these taxa were found to be indistinguishable from (and hence reclassified as) ''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' by Dixon in 2001.<ref name = Dixon2001 />
+In a study published in 2008, [[Nina Rønsted]] and colleagues analysed the [[Nucleic acid sequence|DNA sequences]] from the nuclear ribosomal [[Internal transcribed spacer|internal]] and [[external transcribed spacer]]s, and the [[glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase]] region, in the first molecular analysis of the [[Section (botany)|section]] ''Malvanthera''. They found ''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' to be most closely related to the [[rainforest]] species ''[[Ficus watkinsiana|F.&nbsp;watkinsiana]]'' and two rock-growing ([[lithophyte|lithophytic]]) species of arid [[northern Australia]] (''[[Ficus atricha|F.&nbsp;atricha]]'' and ''[[Ficus brachypoda|F.&nbsp;brachypoda]]''). They classified these species in a new series ''Rubiginosae'' in the subsection ''Platypodeae''. Relationships are unclear and it is uncertain into which direction the group [[Evolutionary radiation|radiated]] (into rainforest or into arid Australia).<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.005| title=Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Ecology of ''Ficus'' section ''Malvanthera'' (Moraceae) |author1=Rønsted, Nina |author2=Weiblen, George D. |author3=Savolainen, V. |author4=Cook, James M. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=48|issue=1|pages=12–22|year=2008| pmid=18490180| bibcode=2008MolPE..48...12R }}</ref>
+[[Joseph Maiden]] described variety ''lucida'' in 1902, and Bailey described variety ''glabrescens'' in 1913.<ref>{{cite book | author=Bailey, Frederick Manson | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39928845 | page=486 | title=Comprehensive catalogue of Queensland plants, both indigenous and naturalised | year=1913 | publisher=A. J. Cumming, government printer | location=Brisbane, Queensland}}</ref> Both had diagnosed their varieties on the basis of their hairlessness. Maiden described a taxon totally devoid of hair, while Bailey described his as nearly glabrous (hairless). As Bailey's description more closely matched Dixon's findings (that these variants were only partly and not completely hairless), Dixon retained Bailey's name and reclassified it as ''Ficus rubiginosa'' [[Form (botany)|forma]] ''glabrescens'' in 2001 as it differed only in the lack of hairs on new growth from the [[Subspecies#Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms|nominate]] form.<ref name = Dixon2001 /><!-- cites para -->
 ==Description==
+[[File:Ficus rubiginosa ‘Variegata’, Allan Gardens.jpg|thumb|left|Variegated foliage of a cultivar]]
-''Ficus rubiginosa'' forming a spreading densely shading tree when mature, and may reach 30 [[metre|m]] (100 [[foot|ft]]) in height, although it rarely exceeds 10 m (30 ft) in the Sydney region.<ref name=Fairley>{{cite book |author = Fairley A, Moore P |title=Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide |year=2000 |edition= 2nd ed.|publisher=Kangaroo Press |pages=p. 62|location=Kenthurst, NSW |isbn=0-7318-1031-7}}</ref> Its appearance is that of a small version of its relative the [[Moreton Bay Fig]], the Port Jackson being generally smaller, with smaller fruit and leaves. Its ovate to elliptic leaves are 6-10 cm long on 1-4 cm petioles. Often growing in pairs, the figs are yellow ripening to red in colour, tipped with a small nipple and on a 2-5 mm stalk.<ref name=Fairley/>
+[[File:Ficus rubiginosa - Stem with aerial roots.jpg|thumb|Stem with bark and aerial roots]]
+A spreading, densely-shading tree when mature, ''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' may reach {{convert|30|m|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} or more in height,<ref name=morris /> although it rarely exceeds {{convert|10|m|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} in the Sydney region.<ref name=Fairley>{{cite book |author1=Fairley, Alan |author2=Moore, Philip |title=Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide |year=2000 |edition= 2nd|publisher=Kangaroo Press |page=62|location=Kenthurst, New South Wales |isbn=0-7318-1031-7}}</ref>
+The trunk is [[buttress root|buttressed]] and can reach {{convert|1.5|m|abbr=on}} in diameter. The bark is yellow-brown.<ref name="Floyd09" /><!-- cites previous 2 sentences --> It can also grow as on other plants as a [[hemiepiphyte]],<ref name = Dixon2001 /> or {{convert|1|-|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high lithophyte.<ref name=segar2014>{{cite journal |author1=Segar, Simon T. |author2=Dunn, Derek W. |author3=Darwell, Clive T. |author4=Cook, James M. |title=How to be a fig wasp down under: The diversity and structure of an Australian fig wasp community |journal= Acta Oecologica |volume=57 |year=2014|pages= 17–27 | doi=10.1016/j.actao.2013.03.014|bibcode=2014AcO....57...17S }}</ref>
-Having similar ranges in the wild they are often confused, the smaller leaves, shorter fruit stalks, and rusty colour of the undersides of the leaves of the Port Jackson Fig being the easiest distinguishing feature.<ref name=Fairley/>
+[[Phyllotaxis|Alternately arranged]] on the stems, the [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ovate|ovate]] (egg-shaped), [[wikt:obovate|obovate]] (reverse egg-shaped) or oval-shaped leaves are anywhere from {{convert|4|-|19.3|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.25|-|13.2|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} wide, on {{convert|7|-|8.2|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}}-long [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] (stalks that join the leaves to stems). They are smooth or bear tiny rusty hairs. There are 16 to 62 pairs of lateral [[Leaf#Veins|veins]] that run off the midvein at an angle of 41.5–84.0°, while distinct basal veins run off the midvein at an angle of 18.5–78.9°.<ref name = Dixon2001 />
-In tropical and humid climates, the lower branches of the Port Jackson Fig may form aerial roots which  strike root upon reaching to the ground, forming secondary root systems. This process is known as ''banyaning'' after the [[banyan]] tree of which it is a characteristic.
+As with all figs, the fruit (fig) is actually an inverted [[inflorescence]] (compound flower) known as a [[syconium]], with tiny flowers arising from the fig's inner surface into a hollow cavity.<ref name=Fairley /> ''F. rubiginosa'' is [[Plant reproductive morphology#Terminology|monoecious]]—both male and female flowers are found on the same plant, and in fact in the same fruit, although they mature at different times.<ref name=mcpherson05>{{Cite journal | last1 = McPherson | first1 = John R. | title = Phenology of Six ''Ficus'' L., Moraceae, Species and its Effects on Pollinator Survival, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia | doi = 10.1111/j.1745-5871.2005.00329.x | journal = Geographical Research | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 297–305 | year = 2005| bibcode = 2005GeoRs..43..297M }}</ref> Often growing in pairs, the figs are yellow initially and measure {{convert|4|-|10|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} across.<ref name=Benson1997 /> Ripening to red in colour, they are tipped with a small nipple and on a {{convert|2|-|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} stalk.<ref name=Fairley /> Fruits ripen throughout the year, although more so in spring and summer.<ref name="Floyd09" /> Some trees have ripe and unripe fruit at the same time.<ref name=Benson1997 />
+It closely resembles its relative, the Moreton Bay fig (''[[Ficus macrophylla|F. macrophylla]]''). Having similar ranges in the wild, they are often confused.
+The smaller leaves, shorter fruit stalks, and rusty colour of the undersides of the leaves of ''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' are the easiest distinguishing features.<ref name=Fairley /> It is also confused with the small-leaved fig (''[[Ficus obliqua|F.&nbsp;obliqua]]''), the syconia of which are smaller, measuring 4–12&nbsp;mm long and 4–11&nbsp;mm in diameter, compared with 7–17&nbsp;mm long and 8–17&nbsp;mm diameter for ''F. rubiginosa''.<ref name = Dixon2001>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1071/SB99029 | last = Dixon | first = Dale J.|author2=Jackes, Betsy R. |author3=Bielig, L.M. | year = 2001 | title = Figuring Out the Figs: the ''Ficus obliqua-Ficus rubiginosa'' Complex (Moraceae: Urostigma sect. Malvanthera) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany| volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–54}}</ref>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
+[[File:Ficus rubiginosa at Barrenjoey.JPG|thumb|right|Lithophytic ''Ficus rubiginosa'' growing on [[Narrabeen Group|Narrabeen sandstone]] at [[Barrenjoey, New South Wales]]]]
-''Ficus rubiginosa'' occurs from north Queensland southwards along the eastern coastline of Australia to the vicinity of [[Bega, New South Wales|Bega]] on the [[South Coast (New South Wales)|South Coast]] of New South Wales.<ref name=Fairley/> It is found on the edges of rainforest and gullies and rocky  hillsides.<ref name=Fairley/>
+''Ficus rubiginosa''{{'}}s range spans the entire eastern coastline of Australia, from the top of the [[Cape York Peninsula]] in north Queensland to the vicinity of [[Bega, New South Wales|Bega]] on the south coast of New South Wales.<ref name=Fairley /> The range extends westwards to [[Porcupine Gorge National Park]] in Queensland and the far western plains in New South Wales.<ref name = Dixon2001 /> ''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' f. ''rubiginosa'' and ''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' f. ''glabrescens'' are found over most of the range, though the latter does not occur south past the New South Wales-Queensland border region. Lithophytic, hemiepiphytic, and tree forms can be found together in local populations of plants.<ref name = Dixon2001 />
+''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' is found in rainforest,<ref name = Dixon2001 /> rainforest margins, gullies,<ref name=Fairley /> riverbank habitat, vine thickets,<ref name = Dixon2001 /> and rocky hillsides.<ref name=Fairley /> It is found on [[limestone]] [[outcrop]]s in [[Kanangra-Boyd National Park]].<ref name=DEC>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/protectedareas/kowmungwra08366.pdf|title=Kowmung River, Kanangra-Boyd National Park: Wild River Assessment|last=Parks and Wildlife Division |year=2005|publisher=Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW)|access-date=23 April 2012}}</ref> Fig seedlings often grow from cracks in stone where seeds have been lodged, in locations such as cliffs and rock faces in natural environments,<ref name="Floyd09" /> or in brickwork on buildings and elsewhere in the urban environment. The soils it grows on are often well-drained and low in nutrients. They are derived from [[sandstone]], [[quartzite]], and [[basalt]]. In the Sydney region, ''F. rubiginosa'' grows from sea level to 1000&nbsp;m (3500&nbsp;ft) altitude, in areas with an average yearly rainfall of {{convert|600-1400|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}.<ref name=Benson1997 /><!-- cites previous 4 sentences --> ''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' is largely [[Sympatry|sympatric]] with ''F.&nbsp;obliqua'', though its range extends further west into dryer regions than the latter species.<ref name = Dixon2001 />
+Outside its native range, ''F.&nbsp;rubiginosa'' has [[Introduced species|naturalised]] to some degree in urban [[Melbourne]] and [[Adelaide]] in Australia, as well as [[New Zealand]], [[Hawaii]] and [[California]], and [[Southern Europe|Mediterranean Europe]].<ref name=Haine2006>{{cite journal |author1=Haine, Eleanor R. |author2=Martin, Joanne |author3=Cook, James M. |title=Deep mtDNA Divergences Indicate Cryptic Species in a Fig-pollinating Wasp |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume=6 |issue=1 |year=2006 | page= 83 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-83 | pmid=17040562 | pmc=1626083 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2006BMCEE...6...83H }}</ref> ''F. rubiginosa'' has been planted widely in [[Malta]] since the early 1990s but has not been observed to fruit.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mifsud, David |author2=Falzon, Annushka |author3=Malumphy, Chris |author4=De Lillo, Enrico |author5=Vovlas, Nicola |author6=Porcelli, Francesco |title=On Some Arthropods Associated with ''Ficus'' Species (Moraceae) in the Maltese Islands|journal=Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta |volume=5 |year=2012 |pages= 5–34 |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources/research-curation/projects/chalcidoids/pdf_X/MifsudFaMa2012.pdf}}</ref>
 ==Ecology==
+The fruit is consumed by many bird species including the [[rose-crowned fruit dove]] (''Ptilinopus regina''), [[wompoo fruit dove]] (''P. magnificus''), [[wonga pigeon]] (''Leucosarcia melanoleuca''), [[topknot pigeon]] (''Lopholaimus antarcticus''), [[Pacific koel]] (''Eudynamys orientalis''),<ref name="Floyd09" /> [[Australasian swamphen]] (''Porphyrio melanotus''),<ref name="Barker 1984">{{cite book |author1=Barker, Robin Dale |author2=Vestjens, Wilhelmus Jacobus Maria | year = 1984 | title = The Food of Australian Birds: (I) Non-passerines | publisher = Melbourne University Press |location=Carlton, Victoria | isbn = 0-643-05007-8 | page = 207 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fh0RYPeTOz8C&pg=PA207}}</ref> [[Australian king parrot]] (''Alisterus scapularis''),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hornsby.nsw.gov.au/media/documents/environment-and-waste/bushland-and-biodiversity/native-tree-database-fact-sheets/Fact-sheet-Ficus-rubiginosa-Port-Jackson-Fig.pdf | title=Ficus rubiginosa – Port Jackson Fig | work=Bushland and Biodiversity | author=Hornsby Shire Council | access-date=1 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319104608/http://www.hornsby.nsw.gov.au/media/documents/environment-and-waste/bushland-and-biodiversity/native-tree-database-fact-sheets/Fact-sheet-Ficus-rubiginosa-Port-Jackson-Fig.pdf | archive-date=19 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Australasian figbird]] (''Sphecotheres vieilloti''), [[green catbird]] (''Ailuroedus crassirostris''), [[regent bowerbird]] (''Sericulus chrysocephalus''), [[satin bowerbird]] (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'') and [[pied currawong]] (''Strepera graculina''),<ref name="Floyd09" /> as well as the mammalian [[grey-headed flying fox]] (''Pteropus poliocephalus''),<ref name=Benson1997>{{cite journal|author1=Benson, Doug|author2=McDougall, Lyn|year=1997|title=Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 5: Dicotyledon Families Flacourtiaceae to Myrsinaceae|journal=Cunninghamia|volume=5|issue=2|pages=330–544 [525]|url=https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/RoyalBotanicGarden/media/RBG/Science/Cunninghamia/Volume%205%20-%201997/Volume-5%282%29-1997-Cun5Ben330-544.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223140112/https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/RoyalBotanicGarden/media/RBG/Science/Cunninghamia/Volume%205%20-%201997/Volume-5(2)-1997-Cun5Ben330-544.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> and [[spectacled flying fox]] (''Pteropus conspicillatus'').<ref>{{cite journal|title=Dietary Variation in Spectacled Flying Foxes (''Pteropus conspicillatus'') of the Australian Wet Tropics|author1=Parsons, Jennifer G. |author2=Cairns, Andi |author3=Johnson, Christopher N. |journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|volume= 54|issue=6|pages= 417–28|year=2006|doi=10.1071/ZO06092|url=https://jamescook.academia.edu/JenniferParsons/Papers/136738/Dietary-variation-in-spectacled-flying-foxes--Pteropus-conspicillatus--of-the-Australian-Wet-Tropics}}</ref> It is one of several plant species used as food by the endangered [[Coxen's fig parrot]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals-az/doubleeyed_figparrot_coxens.html | title=Double-eyed fig-parrot (Coxen's) | date=24 May 2011 | access-date=1 May 2016 | author=Department of Environment and Heritage Protection |publisher= Queensland Government}}</ref> Many fruits drop onto the ground around the tree, though others are dispersed by animals that eat them.<ref name=Benson1997 />
-[[Image:Port Jackson Fig detail.jpg|thumb|Port Jackson Fig leaves and fruit]]
-It is [[pollination|pollinated]] by a [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] relationship with a [[fig wasp]] species (''Pleistodontes imperialis'')  The fertilised female wasp enters the receptive 'fig' (the syconium) through a tiny hole at the crown (the ostiole).  She crawls around the [[inflorescence]]d interior of the fig, pollinating some of the female flowers.  She then lays her eggs inside some of the flowers and dies. After several weeks development in their galls, the male wasps emerge before the females. They chew holes in the galls containing females and fertilise them through the hole they have just chewed. Males return later to mated females, and enlarge the mating holes to enable the females to emerge. Some males then chew their way through the syconium wall, which allows the females to disperse after collecting pollen from the now fully developed male flowers. Females then have a short time (< 48 hours) to find a tree with receptive syconia to successfully reproduce and disperse pollen.
+The [[thrips]] species ''[[Gynaikothrips australis]]'' feeds on the underside of new leaves of ''F. rubiginosa'', as well as ''F. obliqua'' and ''F. macrophylla''. As [[plant cell]]s die, nearby cells are induced into forming [[meristem]] tissue, and a [[gall]] results and the leaves become distorted and curl over. The thrips begin feeding when the tree has flushes of new growth, and live for around six weeks. At other times, thrips reside on old leaves without feeding. The species [[pupa]]tes sheltered in the bark. The thrips remain in the galls at night, wander about in the daytime and return in the evening, possibly to different galls about the tree.<ref name="tree09">{{cite journal|title=Diversity of Host Plant Relationships and Leaf Galling Behaviours within a Small Genus of Thrips –''Gynaikothrips'' and ''Ficus'' in South East Queensland, Australia|author1=Tree, Desley J |author2=Walter, G. H. |journal=Australian Journal of Entomology |volume=48| issue=4 | pages=269–75|year=2009|doi=10.1111/j.1440-6055.2009.00706.x}}</ref> [[Psyllidae|Psyllids]] have almost defoliated trees in the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]] in Sydney in spring.<ref name=Benson1997 />
+''P. imperialis'' crossed the waters between Australia and New Zealand some time between 1960 and 1972, and seedlings of the previously infertile trees of ''F. rubiginosa'' began appearing in brick and stone walls, and on other trees, particularly in parks and gardens around [[Auckland]]. They have been recorded as far south as [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]].<ref name=ROG>{{cite journal|author1=Gardner, Rhys O. |author2=Early, John W. |title=The Naturalisation of Banyan Figs (''Ficus'' spp., Moraceae) and their Pollinating Wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) in New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |year=1996 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=103–10 |url=http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1996/115.php |access-date=26 July 2010 |doi=10.1080/0028825x.1996.10412697 |bibcode=1996NZJB...34..103G |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719032605/http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1996/115.php |archive-date=19 July 2008}}</ref> ''P. imperialis'' has been transported to Hawaii, California, and [[Israel]], where it has been observed to pollinate its host.<ref name = Vaamonde2002>{{cite journal | last = Lopez-Vaamonde | first = Carlos | author2 = Dixon, Dale J.| author3 = Cook, James M.| author4 = Rasplus, Jean-Yves | year = 2002 | title = Revision of the Australian species of ''Pleistodontes'' (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) Fig-pollinating Wasps and their Host-plant Associations | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 136 | issue = 4 | pages = 637–83 | doi = 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00040.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>
+They can live to 100 years or more and have been known to resprout after [[Bushfires in Australia|bushfire]], bearing fruit within three years.<ref name=Benson1997 />
+===Other life in the syconia===
+As with many other ''Ficus'' species, the community of wasps inside the figs of ''F. rubiginosa'' is made up mostly of pollinator wasps.<ref name=segar2014 /> These develop deep inside the syconium, presumably protected there from parasites.<ref name=dunn08 /> Also present are much smaller numbers of other wasp species, which do not pollinate the fig. At least fourteen species have been recorded,{{efn|1=These are two species each of the genera ''[[Sycoscapter]]'', ''[[Philotrypesis]]'' and ''[[Watshamiella]]'' of the subfamily Sycoryctinae, one species each of the genera ''[[Eukoebelea]]'' and ''[[Pseudidarnes]]'' in the subfamily Sycophaginae, one species each of the genera ''[[Herodotia (insect)|Herodotia]]'' and ''[[Meselatus]]'' in the subfamily Epichrysomallinae, all of the family Agaonidae, two species of the genus ''[[Sycophila]]'' of the family [[Eurytomidae]], one species of ''[[Megastigmus]]'' of the family [[Torymidae]] and a species of the genus ''[[Ormyrus]]'' of the family [[Ormyridae]].<ref name=segar2014 />}} of which four—two each belonging to the genera ''[[Sycoscapter]]'' and ''[[Philotrypesis]]''—are common while others are rare.<ref name=segar2014 /> Investigation of ''F. rubiginosa'' syconia found that the fig seeds and parasitic wasps develop closer to the wall of the syconium. The wasps of the genera ''Sycoscapter'' and ''Philotrypesis'' are parasitic and are around the same size as the pollinator species.<ref name=dunn08>{{cite journal |author1=Dunn, Derek W. |author2=Segar, Simon T. |author3=Ridley, Jo |author4=Chan, Ruth |author5=Crozier, Ross H. |author6=Douglas, W. Yu |author7=Cook, James M. | title=A Role for Parasites in Stabilising the Fig-pollinator Mutualism |journal= PLOS Biology |volume= 6|issue= 3 |year=2008 |page= e59 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0060059 |pmid=18336072 |pmc=2265770 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Their larvae are thought to feed on the larvae of the pollinator wasp.<ref name=segar2014 /> Male ''Sycoscapter'' and ''Philotrypesis'' wasps fight other males of the same species when they encounter each other in a ''F. rubiginosa'' fig.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Moore, Jamie C. |author2=Obbard, Darren J. |author3=Reuter, Caroline |author4=West, Stuart A. |author5=Cook, James M. |title=Fighting strategies in two species of fig wasp |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=76 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=315–22 |url=http://www.zoo.ox.ac.uk/group/west/pdf/Moore_etal_08.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.01.018 |s2cid=54429047 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221061322/http://www.zoo.ox.ac.uk/group/west/pdf/Moore_etal_08.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> Several genera of uncommon larger wasp species enter the immature figs before other wasps and induce galls, which may impact on numbers of pollinator wasps in the fig later. An example of this is ''[[Pseudidarnes minerva]]'',<ref name=segar2014 /> a metallic green wasp species.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Farache, Fernando |author2=Antoniolli, Henrique |author3=Rasplus, Jean-Yves |title=Revision of the Australasian genus ''Pseudidarnes'' Girault, 1927 (Hymenoptera, Agaonidae, Sycophaginae)| journal= ZooKeys |issue=404 |year=2014 |pages= 31–70 |pmc=4023259 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.404.7204 |pmid=24843270|doi-access=free |bibcode=2014ZooK..404...31F }}</ref>
+[[Nematode]]s of the genus ''[[Schistonchus]]'' are found in the syconia (and the pollinator wasps) of many species of fig, with ''F. rubiginosa'' hosting two species. They appear to be less species-specific than wasps. ''S. altermacrophylla'' is generally associated with ''F. rubiginosa'' though it has been recorded on several other fig species.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Davies, Kerrie |author2=Faerlie Bartholomaeus |author3=Weimin Ye |author4=Natsumi Kanzaki |author5=Robin Giblin-Davis|date=2010|title=''Schistonchus'' (Aphelenchoididae) from ''Ficus'' (Moraceae) in Australia, with description of ''S. aculeata'' sp. n.|journal=Nematology|volume=12|issue=6|pages=935–58|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233576705 | doi=10.1163/138855410X498932|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 ==Cultivation==
+[[File:Pjfigbonsai.jpg|thumb|right|As bonsai, [[Auburn Botanic Gardens]]]]
-It is commonly used as a large [[ornamental plant|ornamental tree]] in eastern Australia, in parts of New Zealand, and also in [[Hawaii]] and [[California]] in the [[USA]], where it is also listed as an [[invasive species]] in some areas. It is useful as a shade tree in public parks and golf courses.<ref name=Hallstreet>{{cite book |title=A Field Guide to Australian Trees |last=Halliday |first=Ivan |year=1989 |publisher=Hamlyn Australia |location=Melbourne |isbn=0-947334-08-4 |pages=p. 200}}</ref> Despite the size of the leaves, it is popular for [[bonsai]] work as it is extremely forgiving to work with and hard to kill; the leaves reduce readily by leaf-pruning in early summer. It has been described as the best tree for a beginner to work with, and is one of the most frequently used native species in Australia.<ref name="Hnat11">{{cite journal | last = McCrone| first = Mark | year = 2006 | title = Growing Port Jackson Fig as Bonsai in a Warm Temperate Climate | journal = [[Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants|ASGAP]] Australian Plants As Bonsai Study Group Newsletter | issue = 11 | pages = 3-4}}</ref> A narrow leaved form with its origins somewhere north of Sydney is also seen in cultivation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rainforest to Bonsai |last=Webber |first=Len |year=1991 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=East Roseville, NSW |isbn=0-7318-0237-3 |pages=p. 114}}</ref>
+''Ficus rubiginosa'' was first cultivated in the [[United Kingdom]] in 1789, where it is grown in glasshouses.<ref name=EJ15 /> It is commonly used as a large [[ornamental plant|ornamental tree]] in eastern Australia, in the [[North Island]] of New Zealand,<ref name=ROG /> and also in Hawaii and California, where it is also listed as an [[invasive species]] in some areas.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=805&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN | title=Ficus rubiginosa | date=12 December 2005 | work=Global Invasive Species Database | author=Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) | publisher=IUCN Species Survival Commission | access-date=3 April 2016 | archive-date=28 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328024959/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=805&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN | url-status=dead }}</ref> It is useful as a shade tree in public parks and on golf courses.<ref name=Hallstreet>{{cite book |title=A Field Guide to Australian Trees |last=Halliday |first=Ivan |year=1989 |publisher=Hamlyn Australia |location=Melbourne, Victoria |isbn=0-947334-08-4 |page=200}}</ref> Not as prodigious as other figs, ''F. rubiginosa'' is suited to slightly more confined areas, such as lining car parks or suburban streets. However, surface roots can be large and intrusive and the thin bark readily damaged when struck. Tolerant of [[Soil pH|acid or alkaline]] soils, it is hardy to [[Hardiness zone#USDA hardiness zones|US Hardiness Zones]] 10B and 11, reaching {{convert|10|m|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} high in 30 years. Planting trees {{convert|8|-|12|m|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} apart will eventually result in a continuous [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]].<ref>{{cite book | title= Trees for Urban and Suburban Landscapes | author=Gilman, Edward F. | page=277 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldjIp0WBnw0C&pg=PA277 | publisher=Delmar Publishers | year= 1997 | isbn= 0-8273-7053-9 | location=Albany, New York}}</ref><!-- cites previous 4 sentences --> The trees are of great value in providing fruit for birds and mammals, though drop large quantities of fruit and leaves, leaving a mess underfoot.<ref name=EJ15>{{cite book|author1=Elliot, Rodger W. |author2=Jones, David L. |author3=Blake, Trevor |title=Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Volume 4 (Eu-Go)|year=1986|pages=280, 290–91 |publisher=Lothian Press |location=Port Melbourne, Victoria |isbn=0-85091-589-9}}</ref>
+In a brief description, [[William Guilfoyle]] recorded a variegated fig from New South Wales "12–15&nbsp;ft high" in 1911 as ''F. rubiginosa'' variety ''variegata''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Guilfoyle, William R. | year=1911 |title= Australian Plants suitable for gardens, parks, timber reserves, etc | url=https://archive.org/details/australianplant00guil | page=[https://archive.org/details/australianplant00guil/page/178 178] |publisher=Whitcombe and Tombs Limited | location=Christchurch, New Zealand}}</ref> A variegated form is in cultivation on Australia's east coast,<ref name=beardsell04 /> and in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hort.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/ficrubb.pdf|title=Ficus rubiginosa 'Variegata' |author1=Gilman, Edward F. |author2=Watson, Dennis G. |date=November 1993|publisher=Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref> It is a [[Chimera (genetics)|chimera]] lacking in chlorophyll in the second layer of the leaf meristem.<ref name=beardsell04 /> The leaves have an irregular central green patch along the midvein with irregular yellow and green elsewhere.<ref name=EJ15 /> Leaves that grow in winter generally have larger green patches than those that do in summer. The chimera is unstable, and branches of all-green growth appear sporadically.<ref name=beardsell04>{{cite journal |author1=Beardsell, David |author2=Norden, Ulla | title=''Ficus rubiginosa'' 'Variegata', a Chlorophyll-deficient Chimera with Mosaic Patterns Created by Cell Divisions from the Outer Meristematic Layer | journal= Annals of Botany | year=2004 |volume= 94|issue=1|pages= 51–58 | doi= 10.1093/aob/mch114 | pmid=15145795 | pmc=4242370}}</ref><!-- cites previous three sentences -->
-''Ficus rubiginosa'' is also suited for use as an indoor plant in low, medium or brightly-lit indoor spaces, although a variegated form requires brighter light.<ref>{{cite book |title=Australian Native Plants for Indoors |last=Ratcliffe |first=David & Patricia|year=1987 |publisher=Little Hills Press |location=Crows Nest, NSW |isbn=0-949773-49-2 |pages= p. 90}}</ref>
+Despite the relatively large size of the leaves, it is popular for [[bonsai]] work as it is highly forgiving to work with and hard to kill; the leaves reduce readily by leaf-pruning in early summer. Described as the best tree for a beginner to work with, it is one of the most frequently used native species in Australia.<ref name="Hnat11">{{cite journal | last = McCrone| first = Mark | year = 2006 | title = Growing Port Jackson Fig as Bonsai in a Warm Temperate Climate | journal = ASGAP Australian Plants as Bonsai Study Group Newsletter | issue = 11 | pages = 3–4}}</ref> Its bark remains smooth, and does not attain a rugged, aged appearance. Known as "Little Ruby",<ref>{{cite book | author=Kwong, Hoy Leong | title= Ficus Bonsai in the Temperate Climate | year= 2007 | isbn=978-0-646-47970-5 | publisher=Bonsai South Nursery |location=Caringbah, New South Wales| page=180}}</ref> a narrow-leaved form with its origins somewhere north of Sydney is also seen in cultivation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rainforest to Bonsai |last=Webber |first=Len |year=1991 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=East Roseville, New South Wales |isbn=0-7318-0237-3 |page=114}}</ref>
-It is very easily propagated by cuttings.
+''F. rubiginosa'' is also suited for use as a [[houseplant]] in low, medium or brightly lit spaces, although a variegated form requires brighter light.<ref>{{cite book |title=Australian Native Plants for Indoors |last=Ratcliffe |first=David & Patricia|year=1987 |publisher=Little Hills Press |location=Crows Nest, New South Wales |isbn=0-949773-49-2 |page= 90}}</ref> It has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Ficus rubiginosa'' |author=Royal Horticultural Society |date=2015 |url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/32860/Ficus-rubiginosa/Details |access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref> It is easily [[plant propagation|propagated]] by [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]] or [[Vegetative reproduction|aerial layering]].<ref name="Floyd09" />
+The light-coloured [[wood]] is soft and brittle. Lightweight, it has some value in the making of such items as toys and small boxes.<ref name=morris>{{cite book | author=Lake, Morris | title= Australian Rainforest Woods: Characteristics, Uses and Identification | page=84 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pymCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |year=2015 | publisher=CSIRO Publishing | location=Collingwood, Victoria | isbn=978-1-4863-0180-5}}</ref>
 ==See also==
+*''[[Ficus macrophylla]]''
-[[image:Port Jackson Fig.jpg|thumb|Port Jackson Fig]]
-*Gardner R.O., Early J.W. [http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1996/115.php ''The naturalisation of banyan figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) in New Zealand'']  New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1996, Vol. 34: 103-110
-== References ==
+==Notes==
+{{Notelist}}
-<div class="references-small">
-<references/>
+==References ==
-*[http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2003/archives/2003/in_the_garden/gardening_tips,_books,_techniques_and_tools/figs_with_maggots2 Burke's Backyard 2003 - Figs with Maggots] (sic.)
+{{Reflist}}
-* http://www.anbg.gov.au/images/photo_cd/732131822186/084.html
-*[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/sydney_gardens_domain/visitor_information/walks_and_tours/aboriginal_walk#port Uses of Port Jackson Fig to Aboriginal Australians]
-*http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=507896 ITIS 507896
-</div>
 ==External links==
-*{{APNI | name = Ficus rubiginosa | id = 38740}}
+*{{Commons category-inline|Ficus rubiginosa|''Ficus rubiginosa''}}
+*Jared Bernard ''et&nbsp;al.'': [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2020.564653/full New Species Assemblages Disrupt Obligatory Mutualisms Between Figs and Their Pollinators]. In: Front. Ecol. Evol., 19 November 2020. [[doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.564653]]. See also:
+:*Jared Bernard: [https://theconversation.com/figs-show-that-nonnative-species-can-invade-ecosystems-by-forming-unexpected-partnerships-151655 Figs show that nonnative species can invade ecosystems by forming unexpected partnerships]. On: The Conversation. 19 January 2021. Also on [https://www.sciencealert.com/non-native-figs-survive-in-hawaii-thanks-to-unusual-wasp-partnerships Science<sup>alert</sup>]
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q2740464}}
+[[Category:Ficus|Rubiginosa]]
 [[Category:Rosales of Australia]]
-[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
 [[Category:Trees of Australia]]
+[[Category:Flora of New South Wales]]
+[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
+[[Category:Ficus sect. Malvanthera|Rubiginosa]]
 [[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
-[[Category:Ficus sect. Malvanthera]]
+[[Category:Garden plants of Australia]]
 [[Category:Ornamental trees]]
+[[Category:Lithophytes]]
+[[Category:Least concern flora of Australia]]
-[[fr:Ficus rubiginosa]]
-[[sq:Ficus rubiginosa]]