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The term sixth chord refers to two different kinds of chord, the first in classical music and the second in modern popular music.^[1]^[2]

The original meaning of the term is a chord in first inversion, in other words with its third in the bass and its root a sixth above it. This is how the term is still used in classical music today, and in this sense it is called also a chord of the sixth.^[3]

In modern popular music, a sixth chord is any triad with an added sixth above the root as a chord factor.^[4] This was traditionally (and in classical music is still today) called an added sixth chord or triad with added sixth^[5] since Jean-Philippe Rameau (sixte ajoutée) in the 18th century. It is not common to designate chord inversions in popular music, so there is no need for a term designating the first inversion of a chord, and so the term sixth chord in popular music is a short way of saying added sixth chord. There are three main types of added sixth chords: major sixth, minor sixth and minor flat sixth.

Triad inversion

In early music, what is today called a sixth chord or first inversion in classical music was considered an autonomous harmonic entity with the root named by the bass, while it was later simply considered an inversion of a chord with the bass being the third (not the root) and the root being the sixth (not the bass). A first-inversion C major chord is shown below.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \time 4/4 <e g c>1 } }$

Alternatively, rather than as a six three chord, the note may be analyzed as a suspension or appoggiatura, "first resolved and later... retained as a part of the chord, no resolution taking place."^[6]

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c'' { \time 4/4 \voiceOne a2( g) } \new Voice \relative c' { \time 4/4 \voiceTwo <c e>1 <c e g a> } >> }$

The dominant chord's fifth may be substituted by the chord's sixth, analyzed as its thirteenth:^[7]

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \time 4/4 <f g b e~>1 <e g c e> } }$

Added sixth chords

In jazz, what is called a sixth chord was traditionally called an "added sixth chord". As the name suggests, this is a triad with an added sixth interval.

Major sixth

The major sixth chord is a major triad and the additional sixth interval is major. For example, a major sixth chord built on C (denoted by C⁶, or CM⁶) consists of the notes C, E, G, and the added major sixth A.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \time 4/4 <c e g a>1 } }$

These are the same notes as those of an A minor seventh chord – whether such a chord should be regarded as an added sixth chord or a seventh depends on its context and harmonic function. To explain the analyses as added sixth chords, against common practice period theory,^[8] provides the example of the final tonic chord of some popular music being traditionally analyzable as a "submediant six-five chord" (added sixth chords by popular terminology), or a first inversion seventh chord (possibly the dominant of the supertonic V/ii). According to the interval strengths of the added sixth chord, the root of the strongest interval of the chord in first inversion (CEGA), the perfect fifth (C–G), is the root (C).

Minor sixth

The minor sixth chord (sometimes: minor major sixth, or minor/major sixth) consists of a minor triad with a tone added a major sixth above the root. Thus in C, it contains the notes C, E♭, G, and A.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \time 4/4 <c es g a>1 } }$

This chord might be notated Cm⁶, Cm^M6, Cmin/maj⁶, Cmin^(maj6), etc. Note that Cm⁶ has the same notes as F⁹ with the root omitted, i.e. the notes F (omitted), A, E♭, C, and G. These notes form a tetrad with several enharmonic equivalents: C–E♭–G–A might be written as Cm⁶, F⁹, F⁹ (no root), Am^7♭5, B^7♭9, A♭^Maj7♭9, or B^alt. Many jazz chord charts use these chord notations indiscriminately, particularly in the choice of minor sixth versus dominant ninth chords. Thus, in some cases when a Cm⁶ is indicated, the F⁹ is in fact a better harmonic choice, i.e. closer to the composer's harmonic intent; or vice versa. Analysis of the movement of the root, in the presence of dominant-functioning harmonies, will generally indicate which enharmonic chord is the appropriate notation choice. In some cases, the harmony is ambiguous.

Unlike the major sixth chord which is often substituted for a major triad, the minor sixth is more versatile and plays a number of different harmonic roles due to its identity as an inversion of the half-diminished seventh chord. The presence of the perfect fifth interval over the root also means that this voicing is more stable than the half-diminished seventh chord. An extension of the concepts of major and minor to tetrads, referred to as otonality and utonality respectively, considers this chord to be the utonality to the dominant seventh chord.

Minor flat sixth

The minor flat sixth chord is a minor triad and the additional sixth interval is minor, which is referred to as a flat sixth. Thus in C, it contains the notes C, E♭, G, and A♭.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \time 4/4 <c es g as>1 } }$

This chord might be notated Cm^♭6. It also shares identity as an inversion of the major seventh chord.

In popular music

Instances of the sixth chord crop up in popular music towards the end of the 19th century, for example in Johann Strauss II’s "The Blue Danube" waltz.^[9] Richard Taruskin sees Strauss’s use of the added sixth chord as the “one stylistic idiosyncrasy… that went from him into the general idiom of European (or European-style) music, and that is the freedom with which the sixth degree of the scale is harmonized.” ^[10]

Johann Strauss II, the Blue Danube Waltz

The sixth chord was a common feature of the harmony of jazz and popular music during the entire twentieth century. One of the attractions of the chord is its tonal ambiguity. The harmony contains within it aspects that are both major and minor. Kurt Weill’s song "Mack the Knife" from the Threepenny Opera (1928) uses the chord from the start, resulting in "a sort of bitonality: A minor in the melody, C major in the harmony."^[11]

The trombone riff that opens Glenn Miller’s "Tuxedo Junction" (1940) is a well-known example from the Swing era.^[12] Later popular songs that feature sixth chords include: The Beatles' "She Loves You" (1963),^[13]^[14] "Help!" (1965) ^[15] and "The Fool on the Hill" (1967),^[16] Arthur Kent and Sylvia Dee's "Bring Me Sunshine" (1968),^[17] The Young Rascals' "Groovin'" (1967), Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" (1975),^[18] Steely Dan's "Bad Sneakers" (1975) and Styx's "Babe" (1979).

The minor flat sixth chord is arpeggiated in the first chord of the dungeon music from the first Legend of Zelda game.

In classical music

An unusual use of this chord at the start of a work occurs in Beethoven’s Piano Sonata in E♭ major, Op 31 No. 3 (1802):

Beethoven Sonata in E♭, Op 31 No 3 opening

According to Denis Matthews, "the most striking moment in the sonata is its opening, where an ambiguous added-sixth chord on the subdominant resolves itself through a series of halting steps, rhythmically and harmonically, towards the tonic."^[19]

In the opening section of his Fantasy-Overture, Romeo and Juliet, Tchaikovsky uses the minor added sixth chord to striking effect:

Tchaikovsky Romeo & Juliet bars 28-33

Debussy frequently used the sixth chord, for example in his piano prelude General Lavine-Eccentric (1913), whose idiom alludes to the popular idioms of cakewalk and ragtime of the early 1900s. The following passage "is in F major; its seeming pentatonicism (C–D–F–G–A) is found to be the outline of the tonic added sixth chord, plus the G as passing tone…"^[20]

Debussy, from 'General Lavine - eccentric'

Maurice Ravel’s 1920 ballet La Valse, which contains subtle echoes of the late 19th century Viennese Waltz,^[21] incorporates added sixth chords in its harmony:

From Ravel, La Valse

The timeless, meditative closing bars of Gustav Mahler’s song "Abschied" from Das Lied von der Erde (1909) fully exploit the expressive power and ambiguity of the sixth chord. "The final sonority, the famous added-sixth chord, is particularly ingenious... because it fuses the two principal keys of Das Lied (A minor and C major)."^[22]

Mahler, Das Lied von der Erde, final chord

Alban Berg’s Violin Concerto (1935) ends with a "tonic triad of B flat, with added sixth [that] follows a harmonic progression found frequently in 1930s dance-band arrangements."^[23] However, Richard Taruskin points out that Berg's "chord thus created, B flat, D, F, G had an important poetic resonance", as it echoes the ending of Mahler's "Abschied."^[24] Stravinsky’s Symphony in Three Movements (1945) "incorporates elements of American popular music, most famously the final chord, a Hollywood added-sixth chord of ever there was one."^[25] (Stravinsky himself later criticized his choice of the final D♭ sixth chord as ‘commercial.’ ^[26]) Messiaen’s "Louange à l’immortalité de Jésus", the final movement of his Quartet for the End of Time (1941) opens with a meditative theme "played entirely over a 6-4 chord with added sixth" ^[27]

Special kinds of sixth chords

The Neapolitan sixth is the first inversion of a major triad built on the flattened supertonic (second degree of the scale) – a Neapolitan sixth in C major, therefore, consists of the notes F, A♭, and D♭.

${ \relative c' { \time 4/4 <f aes des>1 <g b> <e g c> } }$

There are a number of augmented sixth chords. Each of them has a major third and augmented sixth above the bass. When these are the only three notes present, the chord is an Italian sixth; when an augmented fourth is added above the bass, the chord is a French sixth; while adding a perfect fifth above the bass of an Italian sixth makes it a German sixth (the etymology of all these names is unclear). All usually have the ♭ (sixth degree of the scale, A♭ in C major, for example) as the bass note – in this case, they tend to resolve to the dominant.

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 \textLengthOn <c fis>1^\markup { "Italian" } <d fis>^\markup { "French" } <es fis>^\markup { "German" } } >> \new Staff << \relative c' { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 <aes c>1 \bar "||" <aes c> \bar "||" <aes c> \bar "||" } >> >> }$

Sixth factor

The sixth factor of a chord is six scale degrees above the root. Conventionally, the sixth is third in importance to the root, fifth, and third, being an added tone. It is generally not allowed as the root since that inversion resembles a seventh chord on the sixth rather than an added tone on the original note. In jazz chords and theory, the sixth is required due to it being an added tone.

The quality of the sixth may be determined by the scale or may be indicated. For example, in a major scale, a diatonic sixth added to the tonic chord will be major (C–E–G–A) while in minor it will be minor (C–E♭–G–A♭).

The sixth is octave equivalent to the thirteenth. If one could cut out the notes in between the fifth and the thirteenth and then drop the thirteenth down an octave to a sixth, one would have an added sixth chord (C–E–G–B♭–D′–F′–A′ minus B♭–D′–F′ = C–E–G–A).

References

^ Music: The Listener's Art, p. 113
^ Keith Wyatt and Carl Schroeder (1998). Harmony and Theory: A Comprehensive Source for All Musicians, p. 82. ISBN 0-7935-7991-0.
^ Piston, Walter (1987). Harmony, p. 66. ISBN 0-393-95480-3.
^ Miller, Michael (2005). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory, p. 119. ISBN 978-1-59257-437-7.
^ Piston, p. 359
^ Miller, Horace Alden (1930). New Harmonic Devices, p. 51.
^ Miller (1930), p. 52.
^ Cope (1997). Techniques of the Contemporary Composer, p.40-41. New York, New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864737-8.
^ Van der Merwe, P. (1989, p.231) The Popular Style; the Antecedents of Twentieth Century Popular Music. Oxford University Press.
^ Taruskin, R. (2010, p. 649) The Oxford History of Western Music, Volume 3, The Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press.
^ Van der Merwe, P. (1989, p.232) The Popular Style; the Antecedents of Twentieth Century Popular Music. Oxford University Press.
^ Schuller, G. (1989, p.674) The Swing Era: The development of Jazz 1930-1945. Oxford University Press
^ Mellers, W. (1973, p.33). Twilight of the Gods: the Beatles in Retrospect. London, Faber
^ Brown, C. (2020, p.122) One Two Three Four: The Beatles in Time. London, 4th Estate.
^ Fujita, T., Hagino, Y., Kubo, H. and Sato, G. (1989, p.376) The Beatles Complete Scores. Milwaukee, Hal Leonard
^ Fujita, T., Hagino, Y., Kubo, H. and Sato, G. (1989, p.282) The Beatles Complete Scores. Milwaukee, Hal Leonard
^ Derek B. Scott, Sounds of the metropolis: the nineteenth-century popular music revolution in London, New York, Paris, and Vienna, Publisher: Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-19-530946-4, ISBN 978-0-19-530946-1, 304 pages (page 7)
^ "Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody with score". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05.
^ Matthews, Denis. (1967, p.31) Beethoven Piano Sonatas. London, BBC.
^ Schmitz, E.R. (1950, p. 74) The Piano Works of Claude Debussy. New York, Dover.
^ Benjamin, George (1992). "Last Dance". The Musical Times. 135 (1817): 432–435. doi:10.2307/1003252. JSTOR 1003252.
^ Deruchie, A. (2009, p. 97) "Mahler’s farewell or The Earth’s Song? Death, Orientalism and Mahler’s ‘Der Abschied’", Austrian Studies, Vol. 17, Words and Music, pp. 75-97.
^ Pople, A. (1991, p.60) Berg Violin Concerto, Cambridge University Press.
^ Taruskin, R. (2010, p717) The Oxford History of Western Music: Music in the Early Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press.
^ Cross, J. (2015, p. 144) Igor Stravinsky. London, Reaktion Books.
^ Stravinsky I., and Craft, R. (1968, p.51) Dialogues and a Diary. London, Faber.
^ Griffiths, P. (1985, p.103) Olivier Messiaen and the Music of Time. London, Faber.

External links

Media related to Sixth chords at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Music: The Listener's Art, p. 113

[2] Keith Wyatt and Carl Schroeder (1998). Harmony and Theory: A Comprehensive Source for All Musicians, p. 82. ISBN 0-7935-7991-0.

[3] Piston, Walter (1987). Harmony, p. 66. ISBN 0-393-95480-3.

[4] Miller, Michael (2005). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory, p. 119. ISBN 978-1-59257-437-7.

[5] Piston, p. 359

[6] Miller, Horace Alden (1930). New Harmonic Devices, p. 51.

[7] Miller (1930), p. 52.

[8] Cope (1997). Techniques of the Contemporary Composer, p.40-41. New York, New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864737-8.

[9] Van der Merwe, P. (1989, p.231) The Popular Style; the Antecedents of Twentieth Century Popular Music. Oxford University Press.

[10] Taruskin, R. (2010, p. 649) The Oxford History of Western Music, Volume 3, The Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press.

[11] Van der Merwe, P. (1989, p.232) The Popular Style; the Antecedents of Twentieth Century Popular Music. Oxford University Press.

[12] Schuller, G. (1989, p.674) The Swing Era: The development of Jazz 1930-1945. Oxford University Press

[13] Mellers, W. (1973, p.33). Twilight of the Gods: the Beatles in Retrospect. London, Faber

[14] Brown, C. (2020, p.122) One Two Three Four: The Beatles in Time. London, 4th Estate.

[15] Fujita, T., Hagino, Y., Kubo, H. and Sato, G. (1989, p.376) The Beatles Complete Scores. Milwaukee, Hal Leonard

[16] Fujita, T., Hagino, Y., Kubo, H. and Sato, G. (1989, p.282) The Beatles Complete Scores. Milwaukee, Hal Leonard

[17] Derek B. Scott, Sounds of the metropolis: the nineteenth-century popular music revolution in London, New York, Paris, and Vienna, Publisher: Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-19-530946-4, ISBN 978-0-19-530946-1, 304 pages (page 7)

[18] "Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody with score". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05.

[19] Matthews, Denis. (1967, p.31) Beethoven Piano Sonatas. London, BBC.

[20] Schmitz, E.R. (1950, p. 74) The Piano Works of Claude Debussy. New York, Dover.

[21] Benjamin, George (1992). "Last Dance". The Musical Times. 135 (1817): 432–435. doi:10.2307/1003252. JSTOR 1003252.

[22] Deruchie, A. (2009, p. 97) "Mahler’s farewell or The Earth’s Song? Death, Orientalism and Mahler’s ‘Der Abschied’", Austrian Studies, Vol. 17, Words and Music, pp. 75-97.

[23] Pople, A. (1991, p.60) Berg Violin Concerto, Cambridge University Press.

[24] Taruskin, R. (2010, p717) The Oxford History of Western Music: Music in the Early Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press.

[25] Cross, J. (2015, p. 144) Igor Stravinsky. London, Reaktion Books.

[26] Stravinsky I., and Craft, R. (1968, p.51) Dialogues and a Diary. London, Faber.

[27] Griffiths, P. (1985, p.103) Olivier Messiaen and the Music of Time. London, Faber.

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