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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Taxobox
{{Distinguish|Common seadragon}}
| name = Leafy sea dragon
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2017}}
| status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1
{{Speciesbox
| trend = unknown
| name = Leafy seadragon
| image = leafydragon.jpg
| status = LC
| image_width = 250px
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Pollom, R. |date=2017 |title=''Phycodurus eques'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T17096A67622420 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17096A67622420.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| image = Leafy_Seadragon_on_Kangaroo_Island.jpg
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| image_caption = Off [[Kangaroo Island]], [[Australia]]
| ordo = [[Syngnathiformes]]
| parent_authority = [[Theodore Gill|T. N. Gill]], 1896
| familia = [[Syngnathidae]]
| display_parents = 3
| genus = '''''Phycodurus'''''
| genus = Phycodurus
| genus_authority = Gill, [[1896]]
| species = '''''P. eques'''''
| species = eques
| authority = ([[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1865)
| binomial = ''Phycodurus eques''
| range_map = Phycodurus eques range map.png
| binomial_authority = ([[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], [[1865]])
| range_map_caption = ''Phycodurus eques'' range
| synonyms = *''Phycodurus glauerti'' <small>Whitley, 1939</small>
*''Phyllopteryx eques'' <small>Günther, 1865</small>
}}
}}


The '''leafy seadragon''' (''Phycodurus eques'') or '''Glauert's seadragon''', is a marine [[fish]]. It is the [[monotypic|only member]] of the genus '''''Phycodurus''''' in the family [[Syngnathidae]], which includes [[Phyllopteryx|seadragons]], [[pipefish]], and [[seahorse]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/genus/1160 |title= Phycodurus |last1= Gomon |first1= Martin F. |last2= Bray |first2= Dianne J. |date=n.d. |website=Fishes of Australia |publisher= Museums Victoria |access-date= 8 November 2022}}</ref>
The '''leafy sea dragon''', ''Phycodurus eques'', is a marine [[fish]] related to the [[seahorse]]. It is the only member of the genus '''''Phycodurus'''''. These creatures are found around southern and western [[Australia]] and generally remain in shallow, temperate waters. Their name comes from their appearance, with long leaf-like protrusions coming from all over the body. These protrusions are not used for propulsion; they serve only as [[camouflage]]. The leafy sea dragon propels itself by means of a pectoral fin on the ridge of its neck and a dorsal fin on its back closer to the tail end. These small fins are almost completely transparent and difficult to see as they undulate minutely to move the creature sedately through the water, completing the illusion of floating seaweed.


[[Image:Leafy Seadragon Phycodurus eques 2500px.jpg|left|thumb]]
[[File:Leafy seadragon skeleton 2019 1 8.jpg|thumb|Leafy seadragon skeleton]]
It is found along the southern and western coasts of [[Australia (continent)|Australia]]. The name is derived from their appearance, with long leaf-like protrusions coming from all over the body. These protrusions are not used for propulsion; they serve only as [[camouflage]]. The leafy seadragon propels itself utilising a pair of [[pectoral fins]] on the sides of its neck and a [[dorsal fin]] on its back closer to the tail end. These small fins are almost completely transparent and difficult to see as they [[wikt:undulate|undulate]] minutely to move the creature sedately through the water, completing the illusion of floating [[seaweed]].
Much like the seahorse, the leafy sea dragon's name is derived from its resemblance to another creature (in this case, a mythical sea monster from Irish legends, called the "Cler"). While not large by [[sea monster]] standards, they are very large for sea horses, growing at least 18 inches (45 cm). They feed on [[plankton]] and small crustaceans. Females deposit eggs on the tail of the male where they grow to maturity. They have become endangered through [[pollution]] and industrial runoff as well as collection by fascinated divers who are entranced by their unique appearance. In response to these dangers they have been officially protected by the Australian government.


Popularly known as "leafies", they are the [[Symbols of South Australia|marine emblem]] of the state of [[South Australia]] and a focus for local marine conservation.<ref name = "Yankalilla">{{cite web|url=http://www.yankalilla.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Leafy_Sea_Dragon_Information.pdf|title=The Leafy Sea Dragon|publisher=Yankalilla Visitor Information Centre|access-date= 17 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509231926/http://yankalilla.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Leafy_Sea_Dragon_Information.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/sea-dragon/?source=A-to-Z|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520221952/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/sea-dragon/?source=A-to-Z|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2011|title=Animals: Leafy Sea Dragon |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>
A related species is the [[weedy sea dragon]], which is multi-coloured and grows weed-like fins and can be much smaller than the leafy sea dragon. In the November 2006 issue of National Geographic magazine, marine biologist Greg Rouse is reported as investigating the DNA variation of the two sea dragon species across their ranges.


== Taxonomy ==
The leafy sea dragon is the official marine emblem of the state of [[South Australia]]. A biennial [[Leafy Sea Dragon Festival]] is held by the [[District Council of Yankalilla]], [[South Australia]]. It is a festival of the environment, arts and culture of the southern [[Fleurieu Peninsula]], with a theme of celebrating the leafy sea dragon. The inaugural festival in 2005 attracted over 7000 participants and visitors. [http://www.yankalilla.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=199]
The generic name is derived from the Greek words {{lang|el|φῦκος}} ''phûkos'' "seaweed"<ref name="seaweedGEL">{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfu%3Dkos |title=φῦκος |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |work=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |date= 1940 }}</ref> and {{lang|el|δέρμα}} ''derma'' "skin".<ref name="skinGEL">{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=de/rma |title=δέρμα |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |work=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |date= 1940 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fishbase.se/summary/15908 |title=''Phycodurus eques'', Leafy seadragon |date=2022 |editor-last1=Froese |editor-first1=Rainer |editor-last2=Daniel |editor-first2=Pauly |website=FishBase |access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref>


== Description ==
===Keeping sea dragons===
Much like the [[seahorse]], the leafy seadragon's name is derived from its resemblance to another creature (in this case, the mythical [[Chinese dragon|dragon]]). While not large, they are slightly larger than most seahorses, growing to about {{convert|20|–|24|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}}. They feed on [[plankton]] and small [[crustacean]]s.
Sea dragons are protected by Australian law. Obtaining them is often an expensive and difficult process as they must be from captive bred stock, and exporters must prove their broodstock were caught before collecting restrictions went into effect, or that they had the correct licenses to collect them. To date, no successful, closed cycle, captive-breeding program has occurred (ie getting a generation of captive-raised sea dragons to breed). Sea dragons have a specific level of protection under fisheries legislation federally and in most Australian states where they occur, such that it is illegal to take or export them without a permit.


The lobes of skin that grow on the leafy seadragon provide [[camouflage]], giving it the appearance of seaweed.<ref>{{cite book |last= Cott |first= Hugh |author-link= Hugh B. Cott |date= 1940 |title= [[Adaptive Coloration in Animals]] |location= |publisher= Oxford University Press |pages= 341–342 |oclc=5232000}}</ref> It is able to maintain the illusion when swimming, appearing to move through the water like a piece of floating seaweed. It can also change colour to blend in, but this ability depends on the seadragon's diet, age, location, and stress level.
They are very fragile and unstable outside their natural habitats. Success keeping them has been largely in the public aquarium sector, due to funding and knowledge that would not be available to the average aquarium enthusiast.


The leafy seadragon is related to the [[pipefish]] and belongs to the family [[Syngnathidae]], along with the seahorse. It differs from the seahorse in appearance, form of locomotion, and its inability to coil or grasp things with its tail. A related species is the [[weedy seadragon]], which is multicoloured and grows weed-like fins, but is smaller than the leafy seadragon. Another unique feature is the small, circular gill openings covering tufted gills, very unlike the crescent-shaped gill openings and ridged gills of most fish species.<ref>(Lourie 1999).</ref>
Sea dragons are commonly found under the reaths of the australian ocean, they are fascinationg little creatures which roam around.


==Habitat and distribution==
===Reproduction===
[[File:Leafy Sea Dragon SA.jpg|thumb|At Rapid Bay jetty]]
The leafy seadragon is found only in southern Australian waters, from [[Wilson’s Promontory]] in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] at the eastern end of its range, westward to [[Jurien Bay, Western Australia|Jurien Bay]], {{convert|220|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] in [[Western Australia]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name="Storrie">{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=Sue|author2=Storrie, Ann|title=Wonders of Western Waters|publisher=[[Department of Conservation and Land Management]]|location=[[Como, Western Australia]]|year=1999|pages=112|isbn=978-0-7309-6894-8}}</ref> Individuals were once thought to have very restricted ranges; but further research has discovered that seadragons actually travel several hundred metres from their habitual locations, returning to the same spot using a strong sense of direction. They are mostly found over sand patches in waters up to {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep, around kelp-covered rocks and clumps of sea grass.<ref name = "Yankalilla" /> They are commonly sighted by scuba divers near [[Adelaide]] in South Australia, especially at [[Rapid Bay, South Australia|Rapid Bay]], [[Edithburgh, South Australia|Edithburgh]], and [[Victor Harbor, South Australia|Victor Harbor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uwphotographyguide.com/leafy-sea-dragon|title=Leafy sea dragon|publisher=Underwater Photography Guide Website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Victor Harbour (sic)|url=http://www.nevillecoleman.com.au/dive-travel-destinations--scuba-diving---snorkeling/australia-diving/south-australia/victor-harbour/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202114543/http://www.nevillecoleman.com.au/dive-travel-destinations--scuba-diving---snorkeling/australia-diving/south-australia/victor-harbour/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2013 |work=Underwater Australia |publisher=Neville Coleman |access-date=13 February 2013 |author=Neville Coleman |author2=Nigel Marsh }}</ref>


==Ecology==
As with seahorses, the male Leafy Sea Dragon cares for the eggs. The female produces up to 250 bright pink eggs, then passes them on to the male's tail via a long tube. The eggs then attach themselves to a brood patch, which supplies them with oxygen. It takes a total of nine weeks for the eggs to begin to hatch, depending on water conditions. The eggs turn a ripe purple or orange over this period. After this period, the male pumps its tail until the infants emerge, a process which takes place over 24-48 hours. The male aids in the babies hatching by shaking his tail, and rubbing it against the seaweed and rocks. Once born, the [[infant sea dragon]] is completely independent from its parents, eating small [[zooplankton]] until large enough to hunt [[mysids]]. Leafy sea dragons take about one month to reach sexual maturity.[http://www.sims.org.au/research/seadragonsuts.cfm ]


Leafy seadragons usually live a solitary lifestyle. When the time comes, males court the females, they then pair up to breed. From the moment they hatch, leafy seadragons are completely independent. By the age of two, they are typically full grown and ready to breed.<ref name="NEAQ">{{cite web| author=New England Aquarium| title=Leafy Sea Dragon| publisher=New England Aquarium Animals and Exhibits| access-date=9 July 2013| url=http://www.neaq.org/animals_and_exhibits/animals/sea_dragons/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930143620/http://www.neaq.org/animals_and_exhibits/animals/sea_dragons/| archive-date=30 September 2013| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Relatives===


The species feeds by sucking up small crustaceans, such as [[Amphipoda|amphipods]] and [[Mysida|mysid shrimp]], [[plankton]], and [[larval fish]] through its long, pipe-like snout.<ref name = "Yankalilla" />
The Leafy Sea Dragon is a cousin of the [[pipefish]] and belongs to the family Syngnathidae, along with the seahorse. The Leafy Sea Dragon differs from the seahorse in its appearance, form of locomotion, and the Leafy Sea Dragon's inability to coil or grasp things with its tail.

===Reproduction===

As with seahorses, the male leafy seadragon cares for the [[egg (biology)|eggs]]. The female produces up to 250 bright pink eggs, then deposits them onto the male's tail with her [[ovipositor]], a long tube. The eggs then attach themselves to a brood patch, which supplies them with oxygen. After 9 weeks, the eggs begin to hatch, depending on water conditions. The eggs turn a ripe purple or orange over this period, after which the male pumps his tail until the young emerge, a process which takes place over 24–48 hours. The male aids the hatching of the eggs by shaking his tail, and rubbing it against seaweed and rocks. Once born, the young seadragon is completely independent, eating small [[zooplankton]] until large enough to hunt [[mysids]]. Only about 5% of the eggs survive.<ref name = "Yankalilla" /> Each newborn fry begins life with a small, externally-attached yolk-sac. This sac provides them sustenance for their first few days of life. Despite this initial nutrition source, the majority of fry will instinctively learn to hunt and catch prey upon hatching, and will become self-reliant before the sac is gone.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Groves|first=Paul|date=December 1998|title=Leafy Sea Dragons|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1298-84|journal=Scientific American|volume=279|issue=6|pages=84–89|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1298-84|issn=0036-8733}}</ref>


===Movement===
===Movement===


The leafy seadragon uses the fins along the side of its head to allow it to steer and turn. However, its outer skin is fairly rigid, limiting mobility. Individual leafy seadragons have been observed remaining in one location for extended periods of time (up to 68 hours), but will sometimes move for lengthy periods. The tracking of one individual indicated it moved at up to {{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} per hour.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Connolly|first1= R. M.|last2=Melville|first2= A. J.|last3=Preston|first3= K. M.|year=2002|title=Patterns of movement and habitat use by leafy seadragons tracked ultrasonically. |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=61|issue= 3|pages=684–695|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb00904.x|title-link= habitat}}</ref>
The Leafy Sea Dragon uses the fins along the side of its head to allow it to steer and turn. However, its outer skin is solid, limiting its mobility.


===Camouflage===
==Conservation==


Leafy seadragons are subject to many threats, both natural and man-made. They are caught by collectors, and used in [[alternative medicine]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} They are vulnerable when first born, and are slow swimmers, reducing their chance of escaping from a predator. Seadragons are sometimes washed ashore after storms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zooaquarium.org.au/Leafy-Seadragon/default.aspx|title=Zoo and Aquarium Association Inc|publisher=zooaquarium.org.au|access-date=8 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302022157/http://www.zooaquarium.org.au/Leafy-Seadragon/default.aspx|archive-date=2 March 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The lobes of skin that grow on the Leafy Sea Dragon give it the appearance of seaweed, allowing it to blend in easily with its surroundings. Its leafy appearance also allows it to appear to move through the water like a piece of floating seaweed. The Leafy Sea Dragon can also change color to blend in, but this ability relies on the sea dragon's diet, location, and stress levels.


The species has become endangered through [[pollution]] and industrial runoff, as well as collection for the aquarium trade. In response to these dangers, the species has been totally protected in [[South Australia]] since 1987, [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] since at least 1995, and [[Western Australia]] since 1991. Additionally, the species' listing in the [[Government of Australia|Australian government]]'s ''[[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]]'' means that the welfare of the species has to be considered as a part of any developmental project.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Protected Aquatic and Priority Species|url=http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/fisheries/about-fisheries/legislation-and-regulation/protected-aquatic-priority-species|publisher=Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT 1999 - SECT 248|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/epabca1999588/s248.html|publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>
===Threats===


==In captivity==
Leafy Sea Dragons are subject to many threats, both natural and man-made. They are caught by collectors, and used in [[alternative medicine]]. They are vulnerable when first born, and are slow swimmers, reducing their chance of escape from a predator or other threat. They are also very fragile and thus are tossed around easily in storms, and can be ruptured by changes in water pressure.


Due to being protected by law, obtaining seadragons is often an expensive and difficult process as they must be from [[Captive breeding|captive bred]] stock, and exporters must prove their [[broodstock]] were caught before collecting restrictions went into effect, or that they had a license to collect seadragons. Seadragons have a specific level of protection under federal [[Fishery|fisheries]] legislation as well as in most Australian states where they occur.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Seadragons are difficult to maintain in aquaria. Success in keeping them has been largely confined to the public aquarium sector, due to funding and knowledge that would not be available to the average enthusiast. Attempts to breed the leafy seadragon in [[captivity (animal)|captivity]] have so far been unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Branshaw-Carlson|first1=Paula|title=Seadragon husbandry in the new millennium: Lessons learned from the past will create a sustainable future|journal=2012 International Aquarium Congress 9–14 September 2012|date=2012|url=http://www.iac2012.co.za/images/uploads/Seadragon_Husbandry_in_the_New_Millenium_-_Paula_Carlson.pdf|access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref>
===Food===
{{incomplete list|date=September 2014}}


===Australia===
The Leafy Sea Dragon has a long, pipe-like snout that it uses to feed. It primarily eats crustaceans including plankton and mysids, but its diet also includes shrimp and other small fish. It catches its prey using its camouflage ability. Leafy sea dragons oddly enough do not have teeth, which is rare amongst animals that eat small fish and [[shrimp]].


Australian aquaria featuring leafy seadragons include the [[Sydney Aquarium]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sydneyaquarium.com.au/explore/southern-oceans/leafy-sea-dragon/|title=Southern Oceans: Leafy Sea Dragon|publisher=Sydney Aquarium|access-date=6 April 2012}}</ref> the [[Melbourne Aquarium]], and the [[Aquarium of Western Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aqwa.com.au/media/pdf/Leafy%20Seadragon.pdf|title=Aquarium of Western Australia|publisher=aqwa.com.au|access-date=8 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928084129/http://www.aqwa.com.au/media/pdf/Leafy%20Seadragon.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Habitat===


===Canada===
The Leafy Sea Dragon is found only in the waters of Australia from [[Kangaroo Island]] on the Southern shoreline to [[Jurien Bay]]<ref name="Storrie">{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=Sue|coauthors=Storrie, Ann|title=Wonders of Western Waters|publisher=[[Department of Conservation and Land Management]]|location=[[Como, Western Australia]]|date=1999|pages=112|isbn=0 7309 6894 4}}</ref> on the Western shoreline. It was once thought to be very limited in its range; however, further research has discovered that the sea dragon will actually travel several hundreds of meters from its habitat, returning to the same spot using its strong sense of direction. Leafy Sea Dragons are found around clumps of sand in waters up to 50 meters deep, hiding among rocks and sea grass.
[[Ripley's Aquarium of Canada]] in [[Toronto]] displays both leafy and weedy seadragons.<ref>[http://www.ripleyaquariums.com/canada/galleries/the-gallery/ Ripley's Aquarium of Canada > The Gallery] Accessed 29 March 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/dispatches/2013/10/17/aquarium-toronto-ripleys-aquarium-canada/3002657/|title=Discover underwater wonders at Toronto's new aquarium|first=Candyce H.|last=Stapen|date=17 October 2013|publisher=USA TODAY}}</ref>

[[File:Phycodurus eques - Leafy seadragon.webm|thumb|240px|right|Leafy seadragon at the South East Asia Aquarium. Video clip]]

===South East Asia===
[[S.E.A. Aquarium]], located in the [[Marine Life Park]] of [[Singapore]], displays both leafy and weedy seadragons.

===United States===
[[File:Leafy Seadragon JCB.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Leafy seadragon at the Monterey Bay Aquarium]]
A number of aquaria in the United States have leafy seadragon research programs and/or displays. Among these are the [[Adventure Aquarium]] in Camden, New Jersey;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g46340-d135399-i1217178-Adventure_Aquarium-Camden_New_Jersey.html|title=Adventure Aquarium|publisher=Trip Advisor}}</ref> [[Aquarium of the Pacific]] at Long Beach;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/leafy_seadragon|title=Online Learning Center: Leafy Seadragon|publisher=Aquarium of the Pacific|access-date=6 April 2012}}</ref> [[Birch Aquarium]] in San Diego;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aquarium.ucsd.edu/Exhibits/Seahorses/|title=There's something about seahorses|website=aquarium.ucsd.edu|publisher=[[Birch Aquarium]]|access-date=6 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329015329/http://aquarium.ucsd.edu/Exhibits/Seahorses/|archive-date=29 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the [[Minnesota Zoo]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mnzoo.org/blog/animals/sea-dragons-leafy-weedy/|title=Sea Dragons: Leafy and Weedy|publisher=[[Minnesota Zoo]]|website=mnzoo.org|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/AnimalDetails.aspx?enc=n3f4wmcSJaMOCtHyd6DEPA==|title=Leafy sea dragon|publisher=[[Monterey Bay Aquarium]]|access-date=6 September 2011}}</ref> the [[Dallas World Aquarium]] & the [[Children's Aquarium at Fair Park|Dallas Children's Aquarium]], Dallas;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwazoo.com/aquarium-exhibit/?page=4|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724171903/http://www.dwazoo.com/aquarium-exhibit/?page=4|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 July 2012|title=Exhibits of Southern Australia|publisher=Dallas World Aquarium|access-date=6 April 2012}}</ref> the [[New England Aquarium]], Boston;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neaq.org/animals_and_exhibits/animals/sea_dragons/index.php|title=Animals and Exhibits: Leafy Seadragon|publisher=[[New England Aquarium]]|access-date=6 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412105857/http://www.neaq.org/animals_and_exhibits/animals/sea_dragons/index.php|archive-date=12 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the [[Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium]] in Tacoma, Washington;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdza.org/page.php?id=114 |title=Aquariums |publisher=Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium |access-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719053735/http://www.pdza.org/page.php?id=114 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> the [[Newport Aquarium]] in Kentucky,{{citation needed|date= November 2024}} the [[Shedd Aquarium]], Chicago;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheddaquarium.org/pdf/publicrelations/cons_seahorses.pdf|title=Shedd Aquarium Rides Herd On Seahorse Conservation|publisher=[[Shedd Aquarium]]|access-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828233321/http://sheddaquarium.org/pdf/publicrelations/cons_seahorses.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the [[California Academy of Sciences]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calacademy.org/join/pdfs/summer_08_member_pub.pdf|title=Live from the California Academy of Sciences|date=Summer 2008|publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]]|access-date=8 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219060439/http://calacademy.org/join/pdfs/summer_08_member_pub.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the [[Tennessee Aquarium]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnaqua.org/OurAnimals/Fishes/LeafySeadragon.aspx|title=Leafy Seadragon|publisher=[[Tennessee Aquarium]]|access-date=6 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325024700/http://www.tnaqua.org/OurAnimals/Fishes/LeafySeadragon.aspx|archive-date=25 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Sea World Orlando]], Florida; the [[Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium]];,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=RydZ68YolDg |title="Sea Dragons Pittsburgh Zoo" |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies, Gatlinburg, Tennessee;{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}, The Florida Aquarium<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tbo.com/news/environment/wildlife/Three-struggling-seadragons-get-pool-noodles-at-the-Florida-Aquarium_171111688|title=Three struggling seadragons get 'pool noodles' at the Florida Aquarium|date=2018-08-23|work=TBO.com|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref> in Tampa, Florida; the Mote Aquarium in Sarasota, Florida;{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}, and Ripley's Aquarium Broadway at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.{{citation needed|date= February 2016}}

=== Europe ===
The Lisbon Aquarium (Lisboa Oceanarium) has both leafy sea dragons and weedy sea dragons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aquarium |url=https://www.oceanario.pt/en/exhibitions/aquarium/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.oceanario.pt}}</ref>

==Cultural references==

The leafy seadragon is the official marine emblem of the state of South Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premcab.sa.gov.au/emblems/dragon1.htm|title=Leafy Seadragon|publisher=Government of South Australia: Insignia and Emblems|access-date=19 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720122314/http://www.premcab.sa.gov.au/emblems/dragon1.htm|archive-date=20 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It also features in the logos of the following South Australian associations&nbsp;— the [[University of Adelaide|Adelaide University]] Scuba Club Inc. and the [[Marine Life Society of South Australia|Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Adelaide University Skindiving Club|url=http://www.adelaidescuba.com/|publisher=The Adelaide University Skindiving Club|access-date=24 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlssa.asn.au/|title=Marine Life Society of South Australia|publisher=mlssa.asn.au|access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref>

A biennial [[Leafy Sea Dragon Festival]] is held within the boundaries of the [[District Council of Yankalilla]] in South Australia. It is a festival of the environment, arts and culture of the [[Fleurieu Peninsula]], with the theme of celebrating the leafy seadragon. The inaugural festival in 2005 attracted over 7,000 participants including 4000 visitors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leafy Sea Dragon Festival|url=http://www.yankalilla.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=596|publisher=District Council of Yankalilla|access-date=13 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509231747/http://yankalilla.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=596|archive-date=9 May 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2006, an animated short film, ''The Amazing Adventures of Gavin, a Leafy Seadragon'', was made on behalf of several South Australian organisations involved in conserving the marine environment, including the Coast Protection Board, the [[Department for Environment and Natural Resources (South Australia)|Department of Environment and Heritage]] and the Marine Discovery Centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinediscoverycentre.com.au/Marine_Discovery/resources/Newsletter_3_06a.pdf|title=Newsletter|issue=3–06|publisher=Marine Discovery Centre|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premier.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=3603|title=Press release 13/6/2006: ''State's Marine emblem stars in new film''|date=13 June 2006|publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet|access-date=17 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320215139/http://www.premier.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=3603|archive-date=20 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19851376|title=The amazing adventures of Gavin a leafy seadragon|publisher=National Library of Australia|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref> Made through a collaboration of [[The People's Republic of Animation]], Waterline Productions and the [[South Australian Film Corporation|SA Film Corporation]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safilm.com.au/MadeInSa/Detail.aspx?pro=215|title=The amazing adventures of Gavin, a Leafy Seadragon|publisher=SA Film Corporation|access-date=17 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930230147/http://www.safilm.com.au/MadeInSa/Detail.aspx?pro=215|archive-date=30 September 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the film is an introductory guide to marine conservation and the marine [[bioregion]]s of South Australia suitable for 8–12 year olds,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reefwatch.asn.au/PDF/Issue_9_2.pdf|title=Reef Watch: Newsletter|volume=9|issue=2|date=June 2006|publisher=reefwatch.asn.au|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref> and copies were distributed on DVD to all primary schools in the State. An educator's resource kit to accompany the film was released in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinediscoverycentre.com.au/Marine_Discovery/resources/Newsletter_3_08.pdf|title=Marine Discovery Centre > Newsletter 3-08|publisher=MarineDiscoveryCentre.com.au|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premier.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=3603|title=Press release 24/8/2008: ''Gavin goes to school''|publisher=Department of Premier and Cabinet|date=24 August 2008|access-date=17 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320215139/http://www.premier.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=3603|archive-date=20 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sea Dragon (disambiguation)]]
* [[Weedy seadragon]] (Common seadragon)
* [[Ruby seadragon]]
* [[Seahorse]]
* [[Pipefish]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Connolly|year=2006|id=17096|title=Phycodurus eques|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes a range map and a lengthy justification of why this species is near threatened

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Connolly |first1=R. M. |title=Patterns of movement and habitat use by leafy seadragons tracked ultrasonically |journal=Journal of Fish Biology|date=September 2002 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=684–695 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb00904.x}}<!--|access-date=29 April 2015-->


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat|Phycodurus eques}}
{{Commons category|Phycodurus eques}}
* [http://www.premcab.sa.gov.au/emblems/dragon1.htm South Australian Government Marine Emblem] (official website)
* [http://www.divegallery.com/Leafy_Sea_Dragon.htm Dive Gallery: Links and multimedia]
* [http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=31 MarineBio: More information]
* [http://www.amonline.net.au/fishes/students/focus/seadrag.htm Australian Museum Online - Leafy and Weedy Seadragons]
* [http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/rec/broc/fishcard/dragon.html Conservation Page]
* [http://www.fusedjaw.com Seadragons and their relatives]
* [http://www.underwater.com.au/article.php/id/6631 Leafy Seadragon documentary - Vanishing Dragon]
* http://divegallery.com/Leafy_Sea_Dragon.htm
* [http://www.thesea.org/TheSea/leafy_sea_dragon.html Underwater video]of leafy sea dragon (Phycodurus eques)
* http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/docs/pub/fishcards/seadragon.php?0101
* http://home.iprimus.com.au/readman/dragon.htm
* http://www.divegallery.com/Weedy_Sea_Dragon.htm
* http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/fish/event1_4.html


'''Australia'''
[[Category:Syngnathidae]]
* [https://australian.museum/learn/animals/fishes/leafy-seadragon-phycodurus-eques/ Australian Museum > Leafy Seadragon] Retrieved 8 August 2011.
[[Category:Fish of Australia]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110929054351/http://www.mlssa.asn.au/cgi-bin/db_name.cgi?db=fish&search=common_select&common=leafy+seadragon Marine Life Society of South Australia > Leafy Seadragon photos] Retrieved 8 August 2011.
* [http://www.reefwatch.asn.au/dsPhotoLibrary.html Reef Watch > Dragon Search > Photo Library] Retrieved 8 August 2011.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106163948/http://www.seadragonfoundation.org/Phycodurus%20eques.htm Seadragon Foundation Inc > Leafy Seadragon] Archived from the original webpage. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
* [http://www.underwater.com.au/article.php/id/6631 Underwater Australasia > Vanishing Dragon] Article on making of a documentary film and DVD. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuI4ncViU4Y/ Leafy sea dragon documentary film "The Vanishing Dragon" Scuba diving in South Australia], Retrieved 9 January 2013.


'''International'''
[[ar:تنين البحر المورق]]
* [http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/full_description/leafy_seadragon/%20 Aquarium of the Pacific > Online Learning Center > Leafy Seadragon] Retrieved 8 August 2011.
[[zh-min-nan:Hio̍h-á Hái-liông]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222033648/http://www.leafyseadragons.net/ Leafy seadragon information]
[[ca:Cavallet de mar foliaci]]
* [http://www.fishbase.ca/summary/Phycodurus-eques.html FishBase > ''Phycodurus eques'' (Günther, 1865), Leafy seadragon] Retrieved 17 August 2011.
[[da:Pjaltefisk (Phycodurus eques)]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170207164323/http://fusedjaw.com/conservation/keep-a-watchful-eye-on-the-sea-dragons-of-southern-australia/ Fused Jaw > Keep a Watchful Eye on the Sea Dragons of Southern Australia] Retrieved 8 August 2011.
[[de:Großer Fetzenfisch]]
* [http://www.divegallery.com/Leafy_Sea_Dragon.htm Jeffrey N. Jeffords, Dive Gallery > Leafy Sea Dragons] Photo and multimedia gallery. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
[[es:Phycodurus eques]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070518160007/http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=31 MarineBio Conservation Society > ''Phycodurus eques'', Leafy Sea Dragons] Retrieved 8 August 2011.
[[eu:Hostodun itsas dragoi]]

[[fr:Phycodurus]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
[[it:Phycodurus eques]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q501644}}
[[he:סוסון האצה]]
{{Authority control}}
[[ja:リーフィーシードラゴン]]

[[pl:Australopławikonik]]
[[Category:Syngnathidae]]
[[ru:Лиственный морской дракон]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Southern Australia]]
[[scn:Phycodurus eques]]
[[Category:Emblems of South Australia]]
[[sl:Velika avstralska algovnica]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1865|leafy seadragon]]
[[fi:Raitalehvähevonen]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]
[[sv:Flikfisk]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[tr:Yapraklı deniz ejderi]]
[[zh:葉形海龍]]

Latest revision as of 03:01, 15 November 2024

Not to be confused with Common seadragon.

Leafy seadragon
Off Kangaroo Island, Australia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Syngnathiformes
Family: Syngnathidae
Subfamily: Syngnathinae
Genus: Phycodurus
T. N. Gill, 1896
Species:
P. eques
Binomial name
Phycodurus eques
(Günther, 1865)
Phycodurus eques range
Synonyms
  • Phycodurus glauerti Whitley, 1939
  • Phyllopteryx eques Günther, 1865

The leafy seadragon (Phycodurus eques) or Glauert's seadragon, is a marine fish. It is the only member of the genus Phycodurus in the family Syngnathidae, which includes seadragons, pipefish, and seahorses.[2]

Leafy seadragon skeleton

It is found along the southern and western coasts of Australia. The name is derived from their appearance, with long leaf-like protrusions coming from all over the body. These protrusions are not used for propulsion; they serve only as camouflage. The leafy seadragon propels itself utilising a pair of pectoral fins on the sides of its neck and a dorsal fin on its back closer to the tail end. These small fins are almost completely transparent and difficult to see as they undulate minutely to move the creature sedately through the water, completing the illusion of floating seaweed.

Popularly known as "leafies", they are the marine emblem of the state of South Australia and a focus for local marine conservation.[3][4]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The generic name is derived from the Greek words φῦκος phûkos "seaweed"[5] and δέρμα derma "skin".[6][7]

Description

[edit]

Much like the seahorse, the leafy seadragon's name is derived from its resemblance to another creature (in this case, the mythical dragon). While not large, they are slightly larger than most seahorses, growing to about 20–24 cm (8–9.5 in). They feed on plankton and small crustaceans.

The lobes of skin that grow on the leafy seadragon provide camouflage, giving it the appearance of seaweed.[8] It is able to maintain the illusion when swimming, appearing to move through the water like a piece of floating seaweed. It can also change colour to blend in, but this ability depends on the seadragon's diet, age, location, and stress level.

The leafy seadragon is related to the pipefish and belongs to the family Syngnathidae, along with the seahorse. It differs from the seahorse in appearance, form of locomotion, and its inability to coil or grasp things with its tail. A related species is the weedy seadragon, which is multicoloured and grows weed-like fins, but is smaller than the leafy seadragon. Another unique feature is the small, circular gill openings covering tufted gills, very unlike the crescent-shaped gill openings and ridged gills of most fish species.[9]

Habitat and distribution

[edit]
At Rapid Bay jetty

The leafy seadragon is found only in southern Australian waters, from Wilson’s Promontory in Victoria at the eastern end of its range, westward to Jurien Bay, 220 km (140 mi) north of Perth in Western Australia.[1][10] Individuals were once thought to have very restricted ranges; but further research has discovered that seadragons actually travel several hundred metres from their habitual locations, returning to the same spot using a strong sense of direction. They are mostly found over sand patches in waters up to 50 m (160 ft) deep, around kelp-covered rocks and clumps of sea grass.[3] They are commonly sighted by scuba divers near Adelaide in South Australia, especially at Rapid Bay, Edithburgh, and Victor Harbor.[11][12]

Ecology

[edit]

Leafy seadragons usually live a solitary lifestyle. When the time comes, males court the females, they then pair up to breed. From the moment they hatch, leafy seadragons are completely independent. By the age of two, they are typically full grown and ready to breed.[13]

The species feeds by sucking up small crustaceans, such as amphipods and mysid shrimp, plankton, and larval fish through its long, pipe-like snout.[3]

Reproduction

[edit]

As with seahorses, the male leafy seadragon cares for the eggs. The female produces up to 250 bright pink eggs, then deposits them onto the male's tail with her ovipositor, a long tube. The eggs then attach themselves to a brood patch, which supplies them with oxygen. After 9 weeks, the eggs begin to hatch, depending on water conditions. The eggs turn a ripe purple or orange over this period, after which the male pumps his tail until the young emerge, a process which takes place over 24–48 hours. The male aids the hatching of the eggs by shaking his tail, and rubbing it against seaweed and rocks. Once born, the young seadragon is completely independent, eating small zooplankton until large enough to hunt mysids. Only about 5% of the eggs survive.[3] Each newborn fry begins life with a small, externally-attached yolk-sac. This sac provides them sustenance for their first few days of life. Despite this initial nutrition source, the majority of fry will instinctively learn to hunt and catch prey upon hatching, and will become self-reliant before the sac is gone.[14]

Movement

[edit]

The leafy seadragon uses the fins along the side of its head to allow it to steer and turn. However, its outer skin is fairly rigid, limiting mobility. Individual leafy seadragons have been observed remaining in one location for extended periods of time (up to 68 hours), but will sometimes move for lengthy periods. The tracking of one individual indicated it moved at up to 150 m (490 ft) per hour.[15]

Conservation

[edit]

Leafy seadragons are subject to many threats, both natural and man-made. They are caught by collectors, and used in alternative medicine.[citation needed] They are vulnerable when first born, and are slow swimmers, reducing their chance of escaping from a predator. Seadragons are sometimes washed ashore after storms.[16]

The species has become endangered through pollution and industrial runoff, as well as collection for the aquarium trade. In response to these dangers, the species has been totally protected in South Australia since 1987, Victoria since at least 1995, and Western Australia since 1991. Additionally, the species' listing in the Australian government's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 means that the welfare of the species has to be considered as a part of any developmental project.[1][17][18]

In captivity

[edit]

Due to being protected by law, obtaining seadragons is often an expensive and difficult process as they must be from captive bred stock, and exporters must prove their broodstock were caught before collecting restrictions went into effect, or that they had a license to collect seadragons. Seadragons have a specific level of protection under federal fisheries legislation as well as in most Australian states where they occur.[1] Seadragons are difficult to maintain in aquaria. Success in keeping them has been largely confined to the public aquarium sector, due to funding and knowledge that would not be available to the average enthusiast. Attempts to breed the leafy seadragon in captivity have so far been unsuccessful.[19]

Australia

[edit]

Australian aquaria featuring leafy seadragons include the Sydney Aquarium,[20] the Melbourne Aquarium, and the Aquarium of Western Australia.[21]

Canada

[edit]

Ripley's Aquarium of Canada in Toronto displays both leafy and weedy seadragons.[22][23]

Leafy seadragon at the South East Asia Aquarium. Video clip

South East Asia

[edit]

S.E.A. Aquarium, located in the Marine Life Park of Singapore, displays both leafy and weedy seadragons.

United States

[edit]
Leafy seadragon at the Monterey Bay Aquarium

A number of aquaria in the United States have leafy seadragon research programs and/or displays. Among these are the Adventure Aquarium in Camden, New Jersey;[24] Aquarium of the Pacific at Long Beach;[25] Birch Aquarium in San Diego;[26] the Minnesota Zoo;[27] Monterey Bay Aquarium;[28] the Dallas World Aquarium & the Dallas Children's Aquarium, Dallas;[29] the New England Aquarium, Boston;[30] the Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium in Tacoma, Washington;[31] the Newport Aquarium in Kentucky,[citation needed] the Shedd Aquarium, Chicago;[32] the California Academy of Sciences;[33] the Tennessee Aquarium;[34] Sea World Orlando, Florida; the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium;,[35] Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies, Gatlinburg, Tennessee;[citation needed], The Florida Aquarium[36] in Tampa, Florida; the Mote Aquarium in Sarasota, Florida;[citation needed], and Ripley's Aquarium Broadway at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.[citation needed]

Europe

[edit]

The Lisbon Aquarium (Lisboa Oceanarium) has both leafy sea dragons and weedy sea dragons.[37]

Cultural references

[edit]

The leafy seadragon is the official marine emblem of the state of South Australia.[38] It also features in the logos of the following South Australian associations — the Adelaide University Scuba Club Inc. and the Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc.[39][40]

A biennial Leafy Sea Dragon Festival is held within the boundaries of the District Council of Yankalilla in South Australia. It is a festival of the environment, arts and culture of the Fleurieu Peninsula, with the theme of celebrating the leafy seadragon. The inaugural festival in 2005 attracted over 7,000 participants including 4000 visitors.[41]

In 2006, an animated short film, The Amazing Adventures of Gavin, a Leafy Seadragon, was made on behalf of several South Australian organisations involved in conserving the marine environment, including the Coast Protection Board, the Department of Environment and Heritage and the Marine Discovery Centre.[42][43][44] Made through a collaboration of The People's Republic of Animation, Waterline Productions and the SA Film Corporation,[45] the film is an introductory guide to marine conservation and the marine bioregions of South Australia suitable for 8–12 year olds,[46] and copies were distributed on DVD to all primary schools in the State. An educator's resource kit to accompany the film was released in 2008.[47][48]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Pollom, R. (2017). "Phycodurus eques". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T17096A67622420. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17096A67622420.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Gomon, Martin F.; Bray, Dianne J. (n.d.). "Phycodurus". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d "The Leafy Sea Dragon" (PDF). Yankalilla Visitor Information Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  4. ^ "Animals: Leafy Sea Dragon". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  5. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "φῦκος". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
  6. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "δέρμα". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
  7. ^ Froese, Rainer; Daniel, Pauly, eds. (2022). "Phycodurus eques, Leafy seadragon". FishBase. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  8. ^ Cott, Hugh (1940). Adaptive Coloration in Animals. Oxford University Press. pp. 341–342. OCLC 5232000.
  9. ^ (Lourie 1999).
  10. ^ Morrison, Sue; Storrie, Ann (1999). Wonders of Western Waters. Como, Western Australia: Department of Conservation and Land Management. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-7309-6894-8.
  11. ^ "Leafy sea dragon". Underwater Photography Guide Website.
  12. ^ Neville Coleman; Nigel Marsh. "Victor Harbour (sic)". Underwater Australia. Neville Coleman. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  13. ^ New England Aquarium. "Leafy Sea Dragon". New England Aquarium Animals and Exhibits. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  14. ^ Groves, Paul (December 1998). "Leafy Sea Dragons". Scientific American. 279 (6): 84–89. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1298-84. ISSN 0036-8733.
  15. ^ Connolly, R. M.; Melville, A. J.; Preston, K. M. (2002). "Patterns of movement and habitat use by leafy seadragons tracked ultrasonically". Journal of Fish Biology. 61 (3): 684–695. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb00904.x.
  16. ^ "Zoo and Aquarium Association Inc". zooaquarium.org.au. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
  17. ^ "Protected Aquatic and Priority Species". Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  18. ^ "ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT 1999 - SECT 248". Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Connolly, R. M. (September 2002). "Patterns of movement and habitat use by leafy seadragons tracked ultrasonically". Journal of Fish Biology. 61 (3): 684–695. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb00904.x.
[edit]
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