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{{Infobox monarch
'''Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din''' (reigned [[1488]] - [[1518]]) was a [[sultan]] of [[Adal]].
| name = Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din <br> محمد بن الأزهر اد الدين
| title = [[Sultan]]
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Sultan]] of the [[Adal Sultanate]]
| reign =
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor =
| successor =
⚫
| dynasty = [[Walashma dynasty]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| reign-type1 = 1st reign
| reign1 = 1488–1490<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassen |first=Mohammed |date=2004 |title=Review of Futuh Al-Habaša: The Conquest of Abyssinia [16th Century] |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828848?seq=5 |journal=International Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=177–193 |issn=1543-4133}}</ref>
| predecessor1 = [[Muhammad ibn Badlay]]
| successor1 = [[Mahfuz]]
| reign-type2 = 2nd reign
| reign2 = 1517-1518
| predecessor2 = [[Mahfuz]]
| successor2 = [[Abun Adashe]]|
}}


'''Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din''' ({{langx|ar|محمد بن الأزهر الدين}}) (reigned 1488–1518) was a [[Sultan]] of the [[Adal Sultanate]]. Sihab ad-Din Ahmad states in his ''Futuh al-Habasha'' that he was the son of Azhar, the second son of Abu Bakr, one of the ten sons of [[Sa'ad ad-Din II]], and ruled for 30 years.<ref>Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader, ''Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia'', translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 7f.</ref>
Sultan Muhammad attmpted to remain at peace with the [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] [[Na'od]], but his efforts were foiled by the frequent reaids of [[Mahfuz]]. He was prsent with Imam Mahfuz when Emperor [[Lebna Dengel]] attacked and destroyed the Imam's army in [[Dawaro]] in [[1516]].


==Reign==
Muhammad was murdered upon his return from an expedition against Ethiopia a few years after. He was succeeded as Sultan of Adal by [[al-Jarad Abun ibn Adash]], who was not a member of the Walashma dynasty.<sup>[[#Notes|1]]</sup>
Sultan Muhammad attempted to remain at peace with the [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]] [[Na'od]], but his efforts were foiled by the frequent raids of [[Imam]] [[Mahfuz]]. He was present with Imam Mahfuz when Emperor [[Lebna Dengel]] attacked and destroyed the Imam's army in [[Dawaro]] in 1516. Lebna Dengel would then proceed to lay waste to Muhammad Azhar ad-Din's residence in [[Dakkar]] during his invasion of [[Adal (historical region)|Adal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ullendorff |first1=Edward |title=The Ethiopians; an Introduction to Country and People |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HM1AAAAAYAAJ&q=Lebna+Dengel+exploited+his+victory+to+the+full+%3B+he+invaded+Adal+,+burning+villages+and+fields+and+destroying+the+Sultan%27s+castle+at+Zankar}}</ref>


Muhammad was murdered upon his return from an expedition against Ethiopia a few years after the Imam's death. J. Spencer Trimingham states that he was succeeded as Sultan of Adal by [[Garad]] Abun ibn Adash, who was not a member of the Walashma dynasty; [[Shihab al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Sālim ibn ʿUthmān|Arab Faqīh]], however, writes that it was his relative in marriage, [[Muhammad bin Abu Bakr bin Mahfuz]], who succeeded him as Sultan.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), pp. 82-84.</ref> [[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]] follows Trimingham's general account, noting that Adal "was then torn apart by intestinal struggles, five sultans succeeding one another within two years."<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 125</ref>
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== Notes ==
# J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), pp. 82-84.


==See also==
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{{Succession|office=[[Walashma dynasty]] |
*[[Walashma dynasty]]
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preceded=[[Shams ad-Din ibn Muhammad]] |
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succeeded=[[Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad]]}}


⚫
==Notes==
{{africa-bio-stub}}
{{Reflist}}


{{s-start}}
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[[Category:Walashma dynasty]]
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{{s-bef|before=[[Shams ad-Din ibn Muhammad]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Walashma dynasty]]|years=}}
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{{s-aft|after=[[Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Ibn Azhar Ad-Din}}
[[Category:1518 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Somali people]]
[[Category:16th-century Somali people]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:Sultans of the Adal Sultanate]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People from Harari Region]]

Latest revision as of 18:22, 14 December 2024

Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din
محمد بن الأزهر اد الدين
Sultan
Sultan of the Adal Sultanate
1st reign1488–1490[1]
PredecessorMuhammad ibn Badlay
SuccessorMahfuz
2nd reign1517-1518
PredecessorMahfuz
SuccessorAbun Adashe
DynastyWalashma dynasty
ReligionIslam

Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din (Arabic: محمد بن الأزهر الدين) (reigned 1488–1518) was a Sultan of the Adal Sultanate. Sihab ad-Din Ahmad states in his Futuh al-Habasha that he was the son of Azhar, the second son of Abu Bakr, one of the ten sons of Sa'ad ad-Din II, and ruled for 30 years.[2]

Reign

[edit]

Sultan Muhammad attempted to remain at peace with the Emperor Na'od, but his efforts were foiled by the frequent raids of Imam Mahfuz. He was present with Imam Mahfuz when Emperor Lebna Dengel attacked and destroyed the Imam's army in Dawaro in 1516. Lebna Dengel would then proceed to lay waste to Muhammad Azhar ad-Din's residence in Dakkar during his invasion of Adal.[3]

Muhammad was murdered upon his return from an expedition against Ethiopia a few years after the Imam's death. J. Spencer Trimingham states that he was succeeded as Sultan of Adal by Garad Abun ibn Adash, who was not a member of the Walashma dynasty; Arab Faqīh, however, writes that it was his relative in marriage, Muhammad bin Abu Bakr bin Mahfuz, who succeeded him as Sultan.[4] Richard Pankhurst follows Trimingham's general account, noting that Adal "was then torn apart by intestinal struggles, five sultans succeeding one another within two years."[5]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Hassen, Mohammed (2004). "Review of Futuh Al-Habaša: The Conquest of Abyssinia [16th Century]". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 1 (2): 177–193. ISSN 1543-4133.
  2. ^ Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader, Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia, translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 7f.
  3. ^ Ullendorff, Edward. The Ethiopians; an Introduction to Country and People. Oxford University Press. p. 72.
  4. ^ J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), pp. 82-84.
  5. ^ Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 125
Preceded by Walashma dynasty Succeeded by
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