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{{Short description|List of every preposition from each category}}
{{Redirect|With|the [[D.N.Angel]] character|With (character)}}
{{See also|English prepositions}}
This is a '''list of English prepositions'''. In [[English language|English]], some [[prepositions]] are short, typically containing five letters or fewer. There are, however, a significant number of multi-word prepositions. Throughout the [[history of the English language]], new prepositions have come into use, old ones fallen out of use, and the meaning of existing prepositions changed. Nonetheless, the prepositions are by and large a [[closed class]].


This is a '''list of English [[Preposition and postposition|prepositions]]'''.
== Single words ==


==Prototypical prepositions==
*''[[wikt:aboard|aboard]]''
The following are single-word prepositions that can take a noun phrase complement following the preposition. Prepositions in this section may also take other kinds of complements in addition to noun phrase complements. Prepositions marked with an asterisk can be used transitively or intransitively; that is, they can take noun phrase complements (e.g., ''he was <u>in the house</u>'') or not (e.g., ''he was <u>in</u>'').
*''[[wikt:about|about]]''
*''[[wikt:above|above]]''
*''[[wikt:across|across]]''
*''[[wikt:after|after]]''
*''[[wikt:against|against]]''
*''[[wikt:along|along]]''
*''[[wikt:among|among]]''
*''[[wikt:around|around]]''
*''[[wikt:at|at]]''
*''[[wikt:athwart|athwart]]''
*''[[wikt:atop|atop]]''
*''[[wikt:barring|barring]]''
*''[[wikt:before|before]]''
*''[[wikt:behind|behind]]''
*''[[wikt:below|below]]''
*''[[wikt:beneath|beneath]]''
*''[[wikt:beside|beside]]''
*''[[wikt:besides|besides]]''
*''[[wikt:between|between]]''
*''[[wikt:beyond|beyond]]''
*''[[wikt:but|but]]''
*''[[wikt:by|by]]''
*''[[wikt:concerning|concerning]]''
*''[[wikt:despite|despite]]''
*''[[wikt:down|down]]''
*''[[wikt:during|during]]''
*''[[wikt:except|except]]''
*''[[wikt:failing|failing]]''
*''[[wikt:following|following]]''
*''[[wikt:for|for]]''
*''[[wikt:from|from]]''
*''[[wikt:in|in]]''
*''[[wikt:inside|inside]]''
*''[[wikt:inside|into]]''
*''[[wikt:like|like]]''
*''[[wikt:mid|mid]]'' (from "amid". Usually used poetically.)
*''[[wikt:minus|minus]]''
*''[[wikt:near|near]]''
*''[[wikt:next|next]]''
*''[[wikt:notwithstanding|notwithstanding]]'' (also used postpositionally)
*''[[wikt:of|of]]''
*''[[wikt:off|off]]''
*''[[wikt:on|on]]''
*''[[wikt:onto|onto]]''
*''[[wikt:opposite|opposite]]''
*''[[wikt:out|out]]''
*''[[wikt:outside|outside]]''
*''[[wikt:over|over]]''
*''[[wikt:past|past]]''
*''[[wikt:per|per]]''
*''[[wikt:plus|plus]]''
*''[[wikt:regarding|regarding]]''
*''[[wikt:round|round]]''
*''[[wikt:save|save]]''
*''[[wikt:since|since]]''
*''[[wikt:than|than]]''
*''[[wikt:through|through]]''
*''[[wikt:throughout|throughout]]''
*''[[wikt:till|till]]''
*''[[wikt:times|times]]''
*''[[wikt:to|to]]''
*''[[wikt:toward|toward]]''
*''[[wikt:towards|towards]]''
*''[[wikt:under|under]]''
*''[[wikt:underneath|underneath]]''
*''[[wikt:unlike|unlike]]''
*''[[wikt:until|until]]''
*''[[wikt:up|up]]''
*''[[wikt:upon|upon]]''
*''[[wikt:via|via]]''
*''[[wikt:with|with]]''
*''[[wikt:within|within]]''
*''[[wikt:without|without]]''
*''[[wikt:worth|worth]]''


{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
== Multi words ==
* [[wikt:a#Preposition|a]]<ref>"a 3." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=a+3. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
=== Two words ===
* [[wikt:aboard#Preposition|aboard]]*<ref name="Aarts76">Aarts, Bas.''Oxford Modern English Grammar''. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 76-77.</ref>
*''[[wikt:according to|according to]]''
* [[wikt:about#Preposition|about]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7">Quirk, Randolph, et al. ''A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language''. Longman, 1985. pp. 665-67.</ref>
*''[[wikt:ahead of|ahead of]]''
** [[wikt:about#Preposition|abt.]] (''written abbreviation'')<ref>"abt., prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
*''[[wikt:aside from|aside from]]''
* [[wikt:above#Preposition|above]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
*''[[wikt:because of|because of]]''
* [[wikt:abreast#Preposition|abreast]]<ref>"abreast." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=abreast. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
*''[[wikt:close to|close to]]''
* [[wikt:absent#Preposition|absent]]<ref name="CGEL610">Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language''. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 610. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}.</ref>
*''[[wikt:due to|due to]]''
* [[wikt:across#Preposition|across]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
*''[[wikt:except for|except for]]''
* [[wikt:after#Preposition|after]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL613">Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language''. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 613. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}.</ref>
*''[[[[wikt:far from|far from]]''
* [[wikt:against#Preposition|against]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
*''[[wikt:in to|in to]]'' (contracted as ''into'')
* [[wikt:aloft|aloft]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref>"aloft." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=aloft. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*''[[wikt:inside of|inside of]]'' (note that ''[[wikt:inside out|inside out]]'' is an [[adjective]], not a preposition)
* [[wikt:along#Preposition|along]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
*''[[wikt:instead of|instead of]]''
* [[wikt:alongside#Preposition|alongside]]*<ref name="Aarts76" />
*''[[wikt:near to|near to]]''
* [[wikt:amid#Preposition|amid]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635">Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language''. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 635. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}.</ref>
*''[[wikt:next to|next to]]''
** [[wikt:amidst#Preposition|amidst]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
*''[[wikt:on to|on to]]'' (contracted as ''onto'')
** [[wikt:mid#Preposition|mid]]<ref name="Aarts76" />
*''[[wikt: out from|out from]]''
** [[wikt:midst#Preposition|midst]]<ref name="Aarts76" />
*''[[wikt:out of|out of]]''
* [[wikt:among#Preposition|among]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
*''[[wikt:outside of|outside of]]''
** [[wikt:amongst#Preposition|amongst]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
*''[[wikt:owing to|owing to]]'']]
* [[wikt:anti#Preposition|anti]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref>"anti." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=anti. Accessed 22 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:apropos#Preposition|apropos]]*<ref name="CGEL613" /><ref>"apropos." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=apropos. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:around#Preposition|around]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
** [[wikt:round#Preposition|round]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:as#Preposition|as]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:aslant#Preposition|aslant]]<ref>"aslant." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=aslant. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:astride#Preposition|astride]]<ref>"astride." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=astride. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:at#Preposition|at]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
** [[wikt:@#Preposition|@]] (''written alternative'')<ref>"at sign." ''Dictionary.com Pop Culture Dictionary'', Dictionary.com, 2020, www.dictionary.com/e/pop-culture/at-sign/. Accessed 20 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:atop#Preposition|atop]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref>"atop." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=atop. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
** [[wikt:ontop#Preposition|ontop]] (''nonstandard''){{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:bar#Preposition|bar]]<ref name="CGEL635" /><ref>"bar 1." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=bar. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:barring#Preposition|barring]]<ref name="Aarts80">Aarts, Bas.''Oxford Modern English Grammar''. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 80. {{ISBN|978-0-19-953319-0}}. OCLC 663438373</ref><ref name="CGEL611">Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language''. Cambridge UP, 2002. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}.</ref>
* [[wikt:before#Preposition|before]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
** [[wikt:B4#Preposition|B4]] (''written abbreviation'')<ref>"B4." ''Collins COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary'', HarperCollins, 2020, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/b4. Accessed 20 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:behind#Preposition|behind]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:below#Preposition|below]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:beneath#Preposition|beneath]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
** [[wikt:neath#Preposition|neath]]<ref>"neath." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=neath. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:beside#Preposition|beside]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:besides#Preposition|besides]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
* [[wikt:between#Preposition|between]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
** [[wikt:*'tween#Preposition|'tween]]<ref>"'tween, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:beyond#Preposition|beyond]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:but#Preposition|but]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref>"but." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=but. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:by#Preposition|by]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
* [[wikt:chez#Preposition|chez]]<ref name="CGEL635" /><ref>"chez." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=chez. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:circa#Preposition|circa]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" /><ref name="American Heritage Dictionary 2020">"circa." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=circa. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
** [[wikt:c.#Preposition|c.]], [[wikt:ca.#Preposition|ca.]] (''abbreviations'')<ref name="American Heritage Dictionary 2020"/>
* [[wikt:come#Preposition|come]]<ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:concerning#Preposition|concerning]]<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:contra#Preposition|contra]]<ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:counting|counting]]<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:cum#Preposition|cum]]<ref>"cum 1." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=cum+1. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:despite#Preposition|despite]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
** [[wikt:spite#Preposition|spite]] (''abbreviation''){{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:down#Preposition|down]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:during#Preposition|during]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:effective|effective]]<ref name="CGEL610" />
* [[wikt:ere#Preposition|ere]]<ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:except#Preposition|except]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:excepting#Preposition|excepting]]<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:excluding#Preposition|excluding]]<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:failing#Preposition|failing]]<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:following#Preposition|following]]<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:for#Preposition|for]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
** [[wikt:4#Preposition|4]] (''abbreviation''){{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:from#Preposition|from]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:in#Preposition|in]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:including#Preposition|including]]<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:inside#Preposition|inside]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:into#Preposition|into]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:less#Preposition|less]]<ref name="CGEL635" /><ref>"less." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=less. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:like#Preposition|like]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:minus#Preposition|minus]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:modulo#Preposition|modulo]]<ref name="CGEL635" />
** [[wikt:mod#Preposition|mod]] (''abbreviation'')<ref>"mod 2." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=mod+2. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:near#Preposition|near]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
** [[wikt:nearer#Preposition|nearer]] (''comparative'')<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref>Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language''. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 609. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}.</ref>
** [[wikt:nearest#Preposition|nearest]] (''superlative'')<ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:next#Preposition|next]]<ref name="Aarts76" />
* [[wikt:notwithstanding#Preposition|notwithstanding]]* (''also postpositional'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:of#Preposition|of]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
** [[wikt:o'#Preposition|o']] (''written alternative; informal'')<ref>"o'." ''Collins COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary'', HarperCollins, 2020, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/o. Accessed 20 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:off#Preposition|off]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:offshore#Preposition|offshore]]<ref>"offshore, adv., adj., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:on#Preposition|on]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
* [[wikt:onto#Preposition|onto]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:opposite#Preposition|opposite]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL610" />
* [[wikt:out#Preposition|out]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref>"out." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=out. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:outside#Preposition|outside]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:over#Preposition|over]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
** [[wikt:o'er#Preposition|o'er]]<ref>"o’er." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=o%27er. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:pace#Preposition|pace]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" /><ref>"pace 2." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=pace. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:past#Preposition|past]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:pending#Preposition|pending]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref>"pending." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q= pending. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:per#Preposition|per]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" /><ref>"per." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=per. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:plus#Preposition|plus]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:post#Preposition|post]]<ref>"post, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:pre#Preposition|pre]]<ref>"pre, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:pro#Preposition|pro]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref>"pro, n.1, adj.1, and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:qua#Preposition|qua]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref>"qua, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:re#Preposition|re]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:regarding#Preposition|regarding]]<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:respecting#Preposition|respecting]]<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:sans#Preposition|sans]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:save#Preposition|save]]<ref name="CGEL635" /><ref>"save 2." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=save. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:saving#Preposition|saving]]<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:short#Preposition|short]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:since#Preposition|since]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
* [[wikt:sub#Preposition|sub]]<ref>"sub, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:than#Preposition|than]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:through#Preposition|through]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
** [[wikt:thru#Preposition|thru]] (''informal'')<ref>"thru." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=thru. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:throughout#Preposition|throughout]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
** [[wikt:thruout#Preposition|thruout]] (''simplified spelling'')<ref>"thruout." ''The Century Dictionary'', vol. IX, Century Co., 1911, p. 870, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036876855&view=1up&seq=870. Accessed 20 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:till#Preposition|till]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" /><ref>"till 2." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=till. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:times#Preposition|times]]<ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:to#Preposition|to]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
** [[wikt:t'#Preposition|t']] (''abbreviation'')<ref>"t', prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
** [[wikt:2#Preposition|2]] (''abbreviation''){{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:touching#Preposition|touching]] (''archaic'')<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" /><ref>"touching, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:toward#Preposition|toward]], [[wikt:towards#Preposition|towards]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:under#Preposition|under]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:underneath#Preposition|underneath]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:unlike#Preposition|unlike]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:until#Preposition|until]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:unto#Preposition|unto]] (poetic)<ref>"unto, prep. and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:up#Preposition|up]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:upon#Preposition|upon]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
* [[wikt:versus#Preposition|versus]]<ref name="CGEL635" /><ref name="versus">"versus." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=versus. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref>
** [[wikt:vs.#Preposition|vs.]], [[wikt:v.#Preposition|v.]] (''abbreviations'')<ref name="versus" />
* [[wikt:via#Preposition|via]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
* [[wikt:vice#Preposition|vice]]<ref>"vice 3." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=vice. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref> (''formal''){{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:vis-à-vis#Preposition|vis-à-vis]]<ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" /><ref>"vis-à-vis." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=vis-à-vis. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref> (''formal''){{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:wanting#Preposition|wanting]]<ref name="Aarts80" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:with#Preposition|with]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL635" />
** [[wikt:w/#Preposition|w/]], [[wikt:w.#Preposition|w.]] (''abbreviation'')<ref>"w." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=w. Accessed 20 July 2020.</ref>
** [[wikt:c̄#Preposition|c̄]] (''abbreviation in prescriptions'')<ref>"c̄" ''Dictionary.com Unabridged'', Dictionary.com, 2020, www.dictionary.com/browse/-c-. Accessed 20 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:within#Preposition|within]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" />
** [[wikt:w/i#Preposition|w/i]] (''abbreviation''){{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:without#Preposition|without]]*<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="Quirk9.7" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
** [[wikt:'thout#Preposition|'thout]]<ref>"'thout, prep. and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.</ref>
** [[wikt:w/o#Adverb|w/o]] (''abbreviation'')<ref>"w/o." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=w%2Fo. Accessed 20 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:worth|worth]]<ref>"Worth." Merriam-Webster.com, Merriam-Webster, n.d., https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/worth. Accessed 4 Jan. 2024.</ref>
{{div col end}}


== Intransitive prepositions ==
==
The following are single-word intransitive prepositions. This portion of the list includes only prepositions that are always intransitive; prepositions that can occur with or without noun phrase complements (that is, transitively or intransitively) are listed with the prototypical prepositions. Note that dictionaries and grammars informed by concepts from [[traditional grammar]] may categorize these intransitive prepositions as adverbs.
= Headline text =
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[wikt:abroad|abroad]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614">Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language''. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 614. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}.</ref>{{efn|''Abroad'' can also be used transitively in a rare sense of the term: "We scatter abroad the face of the earth."<ref>"abroad, adv., prep., and n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>}}
*[[wikt:adrift|adrift]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:aft|aft]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:afterward|afterward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL615">Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language''. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 615. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}.</ref>
*[[wikt:ahead|ahead]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />{{efn|''Ahead'' can also be used transitively in a rare sense of the term: "I saw the figure of my friend ahead me."<ref>"ahead, adv., prep., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>}}
*[[wikt:apart|apart]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:ashore|ashore]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:aside|aside]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />{{efn|''Aside'' can also be used transitively in certain regional varieties: "The boys were often seated aside the girls."<ref>"aside (of) prep." ''Dictionary of American Regional English'', digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 11 Aug. 2020.</ref>}}
*[[wikt:away|away]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:back|back]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:backward|backward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:beforehand|beforehand]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:downhill|downhill]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:downstage|downstage]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:downstairs|downstairs]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:downstream|downstream]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:downward|downward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:downwind|downwind]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:east|east]]<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:eastward|eastward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:forth|forth]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />{{efn|''Forth'' can also be used transitively in a rare sense of the term: "I may fetch you from forth this loathsome prison house."<ref>"forth, adv., prep., and n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>}}
*[[wikt:forward|forward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:heavenward|heavenward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:hence|hence]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:henceforth|henceforth]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:here|here]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:hereby|hereby]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:herein|herein]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:hereof|hereof]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:hereto|hereto]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:herewith|herewith]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:home|home]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:homeward|homeward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:indoors|indoors]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:inward|inward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:leftward|leftward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:north|north]]<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:northeast|northeast]]<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:northward|northward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:northwest|northwest]]<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:now|now]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:onward|onward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />{{efn|''Onward'' could also be used transitively in an obsolete sense of the term: "Two of that troupe conducted him onward the way to Babylon."<ref>"onward, prep., adv., and adj.2" ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>}}
*[[wikt:outdoors|outdoors]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:outward|outward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:overboard|overboard]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:overhead|overhead]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:overland|overland]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:overseas|overseas]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:rightward|rightward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:seaward|seaward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:skyward|skyward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:south|south]]<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:southeast|southeast]]<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:southward|southward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:southwest|southwest]]<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:then|then]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:thence|thence]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:thenceforth|thenceforth]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:there|there]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:thereby|thereby]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:therein|therein]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:thereof|thereof]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:thereto|thereto]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:therewith|therewith]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:together|together]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />{{efn|''Together'' could also be used transitively in an obsolete sense of the term: "You will find the worth and value of it together the whole process of the great work of sugar making."<ref>"together, adv., prep., n., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>}}
*[[wikt:underfoot|underfoot]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:underground|underground]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:uphill|uphill]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:upstage|upstage]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:upstairs|upstairs]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:upstream|upstream]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:upward|upward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />{{efn|''Upward'' could also be used transitively in an obsolete sense of the term: "Whether to surprise the squatted hare or flit upward ragged precipices."<ref>"upward, adv., prep., adj., and n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>}}
*[[wikt:upwind|upwind]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:west|west]]<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:westward|westward(s)]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:when|when]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:whence|whence]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:where|where]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" />
*[[wikt:whereby|whereby]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:wherein|wherein]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:whereto|whereto]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
*[[wikt:wherewith|wherewith]]<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" />
{{div col end}}


== Conjunctive prepositions ==
*''[[wikt:prior to|prior to]]''
The following are single-word prepositions that take clauses as complements. Prepositions marked with an asterisk in this section can only take [[non-finite clause]]s as complements. Note that dictionaries and grammars informed by concepts from traditional grammar may categorize these conjunctive prepositions as subordinating conjunctions.
*''[[wikt:pursuant to|pursuant to]]''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[wikt:regardless of|regardless of]]''
*[[wikt:after|after]]<ref name="Aarts154">Aarts, Bas.''Oxford Modern English Grammar''. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 154.</ref><ref name="CGEL971">Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. “4.8 Complement of a Preposition or Adverb.” ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language''. Cambridge UP, 2002, pp. 971-72. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}.</ref>
*''[[wikt:subsequent to|subsequent to ]]''
*[[wikt:although|although]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:as|as]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:at|at]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:because|because]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:before|before]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:beside|beside]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:besides|besides]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:between|between]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:by|by]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:considering|considering]]<ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:despite|despite]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:except|except]]<ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:for|for]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:from|from]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />{{efn|An obsolete sense of ''from'' could also take a finite clause: "From we rise till we go to bed."<ref>"from, prep., adv., and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 July 2020.</ref>}}
*[[wikt:given|given]]<ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:granted|granted]]<ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:if|if]] (conditional sense)<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:into|into]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:lest|lest]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:like|like]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:notwithstanding|notwithstanding]]<ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:now|now]]<ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:of|of]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:on|on]]*<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:once|once]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:provided|provided]]<ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:providing|providing]]<ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:save|save]]<ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:seeing|seeing]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:since|since]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:so|so]] (purpose or result sense)<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:supposing|supposing]]<ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:than|than]]<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:though|though]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:till|till]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:to|to]]*<ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:unless|unless]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:until|until]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:upon|upon]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:when|when]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:whenever|whenever]]<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:where|where]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:whereas|whereas]]<ref name="Aarts154" /><ref name="CGEL971" />
*[[wikt:wherever|wherever]]
*[[wikt:while|while]]<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:whilst|whilst]]<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:with|with]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />
*[[wikt:without|without]]*<ref name="Aarts154" />{{efn|An obsolete sense of ''without'' could also take a finite clause: "Man can put up with only so much without he descends a rung or two on the old evolutionary ladder."<ref>"without, adv., prep., conj., and n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 July 2020.</ref>}}


{{div col end}}
=== Three words ===


== Postpositions ==
*''[[wikt:as far as|as far as]]''
The following are postpositions, prepositions whose complements typically precede them. Note that some grammars classify prepositions and postpositions as different kinds of adpositions while other grammars categorize both under the heading of the more common variety in the language.
*''[[wikt:as well as|as well as]]''
*[[wikt:ago#Postposition|ago]]<ref name="Aarts79">Aarts, Bas.''Oxford Modern English Grammar''. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 79.</ref><ref name="CGEL631">Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language''. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 631-32. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}.</ref>
*''[[wikt:by means of|by means of]]''
*[[wikt:apart#Preposition|apart]]<ref name="Aarts79" /><ref name="CGEL631" />
*''[[wikt:in accordance with|in accordance with]]''
*[[wikt:aside#Postposition|aside]]<ref name="Aarts79" /><ref name="CGEL631" />
*''[[wikt:in addition to|in addition to]]''
*[[wikt:aslant#Preposition|aslant]] (''archaic''){{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}
*''[[wikt:in case of|in case of]]''
*[[wikt:away#Preposition|away]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
*''[[wikt:in front of|in front of]]''
*[[wikt:hence#Preposition|hence]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
*''[[wikt:in lieu of|in lieu of]]''
*[[wikt:notwithstanding#Preposition|notwithstanding]] (also prepositional)<ref name="Aarts79" /><ref name="CGEL631" />
*''[[wikt:in place of|in place of]]''
*[[wikt:on#Preposition|on]] (usually prepositional but occurs in phrases like "ten years on")<ref name="CGEL631" />
*''[[wikt:in spite of|in spite of]]''
*[[wikt:over#Preposition|over]] (usually prepositional but occurs in phrases like "the world over")<ref name="CGEL631" />
*''[[wikt:on account of|on account of]]''
*[[wikt:short#Preposition|short]] (also prepositional){{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}
*''[[wikt:on behalf of|on behalf of]]''
*[[wikt:through#Preposition|through]] (usually prepositional but occurs in phrases like "the whole day through")<ref name="Aarts79" />
*''[[wikt:on top of|on top of]]''


==Complex prepositions==
== Archaic or infrequently used ==
The following are prepositions that consist of multiple words. They are categorized according to their structure.


===Preposition + preposition===
*''[[wikt:anent|anent]]''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[wikt:anti|anti]]'' ([[loan word]])
* [[wikt:according to#Preposition|according to]]<ref name="Aarts78">Aarts, Bas. ''Oxford Modern English Grammar''. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 78. {{ISBN|978-0-19-953319-0}}. OCLC 663438373</ref><ref name="CGEL611" />
*''[[wikt:behither|behither]]''
* [[wikt:across from#Preposition|across from]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
*''[[wikt:betwixt|betwixt]]''
* [[wikt:ahead of#Preposition|ahead of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"ahead of." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=ahead+of. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
*''[[wikt:circa|circa]]'' (loan word)
* [[wikt:along with#Preposition|along with]]<ref name="Aarts78" />
*''[[wikt:cum|cum]]'' (loan word)
* [[wikt:apart from#Preposition|apart from]]<ref>"apart from." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=apart+from. Accessed 20 July 2020.</ref>
*''[[wikt:lieu|in lieu of]]'' (loan word)
* [[wikt:as for#Preposition|as for]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL624">Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 624-26. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}.</ref><ref name="OEDas">"as, adv. and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
*''[[wikt:pro|pro]]'' (loan word)
* [[wikt:as from#Preposition|as from]] (''formal'')<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL624" /><ref name="OEDas" />
*''[[wikt:qua|qua]]'' (loan word)
*''[[wikt:re|re]]'' (loan word)
* [[wikt:as of#Preposition|as of]]<ref name="OEDas" />
* [[wikt:as per#Preposition|as per]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL624" />
*''[[wikt:sans|sans]]'' (loan word)
* [[wikt:as regards#Preposition|as regards]]<ref>"as regards." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=as+regards. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
*''[[wikt:unto|unto]]'' (largely supplanted by ''to''; used in some formal, religious, and/or archaic contexts)
* [[wikt:as to#Preposition|as to]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL624" /><ref name="OEDas" />
*''[[wikt:versus|versus]]'' (loan word)
* [[wikt:aside from#Preposition|aside from]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"aside, adv., prep., adj., and n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
*''[[wikt:vis-à-vis|vis-à-vis]]'' (loan word)
* [[wikt:away from#Preposition|away from]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"away, adv., adj., and n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:back to#Preposition|back to]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:because of#Preposition|because of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL624" />
* [[wikt:counter to#Preposition|counter to]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:except for#Preposition|except for]]<ref>"except." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=except. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:in between#Preposition|in between]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL624" />
* [[wikt:instead of#Preposition|instead of]] (''informal'')<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"instead of." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=instead+of. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:near to#Preposition|near to]]<ref name="Aarts78" />
* [[wikt:next to#Preposition|next to]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"next." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=next. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:opposite of#Preposition|opposite of]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:out from#Preposition|out from]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:out of#Preposition|out of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL624" />
* [[wikt:outside of#Preposition|outside of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"outside of." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=outside+of. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:owing to#Preposition|owing to]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL611" />
* [[wikt:pertaining to#Preposition|pertaining to]]<ref name="CGEL611" /><ref>"pertain, v." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:round about#Preposition|round about]]<ref>"round about, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref><ref>"round about." ''Collins English Dictionary'', HarperCollins, 2020, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/round-about. Accessed 30 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:up against#Preposition|up against]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL624" />
* [[wikt:up to#Preposition|up to]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL624" />
{{div col end}}


===Preposition + (article) + noun + preposition===
== Not fully grammaticalised ==
English has many idiomatic expressions that act as prepositions that can be analyzed as a preposition followed by a noun (sometimes preceded by the definite or, occasionally, indefinite [[English articles|article]]) followed by another preposition.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=chapter 7 §3.1|pages=618–620|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-521-43146-8|author=Rodney Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum|title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Common examples include:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[wikt:behest|at the behest of]]<ref name="CGEL618">Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 618-20. {{ISBN|0-521-43146-8}}.</ref>
* [[wikt:expense|at the expense of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:hands|at the hands of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:risk|at (the) risk of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:variance|at variance with]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:by dint of|by dint of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:by means of|by means of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:by virtue of#Preposition|by virtue of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:by way of|by way of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:for the sake of|for (the) sake of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:for lack of|for lack of]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:for want of|for/from want of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in accordance with|in accordance with]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in addition to|in addition to]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in case of|in case of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in charge|in charge of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:compliance|in compliance with]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:conformity|in conformity with]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:contact|in contact with]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in exchange|in exchange for]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in favor of|in favor of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in front of|in front of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in lieu of|in lieu of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in the light of|in (the) light of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in line|in line with]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in place of|in place of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in point of|in point of]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:quest|in quest of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in relation to|in relation to]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:with regard to|in/with regard to]]<ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:with respect to|in/with respect to]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in return|in return for]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:search|in search of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in spite of|in spite of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in step|in step with]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in touch|in touch with]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in terms of|in terms of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in the name of|in the name of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:in view of|in view of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:on account of|on account of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:on behalf of|on behalf of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:ground|on (the) grounds of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:part|on the part of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:on top of|on top of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:with a view to|with a view to]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
* [[wikt:with the exception of|with the exception of]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref name="CGEL618" />
{{div col end}}


===Other complex prepositions===
*''[[wikt:concerning|concerning]]''
The following complex prepositions do not follow either of the common structures for complex prepositions.
*''[[wikt:considering|considering]]''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[wikt:regarding|regarding]]''
* [[wikt:a la#Preposition|à la]] (or ''a la'')<ref name="CGEL635" /><ref>"à la." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=à+la. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:as soon as#Preposition|as soon as]]<ref>"soon, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:as well as#Preposition|as well as]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"as well as." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=as+well+as. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:close to#Preposition|close to]]<ref name="Aarts78" />
* [[wikt:due to#Preposition|due to]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"due to." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=due+to. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:far from#Preposition|far from]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"far." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=far. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:in case#Preposition|in case]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"in case, conj. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:other than#Preposition|other than]]<ref>"other than." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=other+than. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:per pro#Preposition|per pro]]<ref>"per pro., prep. (adv. and adj.)." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:prior to#Preposition|prior to]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"prior to." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=prior+to. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:pursuant to#Preposition|pursuant to]]<ref>"pursuant to." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=pursuant+to. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:rather than#Preposition|rather than]]<ref>"rather than." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=rather+than. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:regardless of#Preposition|regardless of]]<ref>"regardless of." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=regardless+of. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:subsequent to#Preposition|subsequent to]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"subsequent to." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=subsequent+to. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:such as#Preposition|such as]]<ref name="Aarts78" /><ref>"such." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=such. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
{{div col end}}


==Archaic, dialectal, or specialized==
== Preposition-like modifiers of quantified noun phrases ==
The following prepositions are not widely used in Present-Day English. Some, such as ''bating'' and ''forby'', are archaic and typically only used to convey the tone of a bygone era. Others, such as ''ayond'' and ''side'', are generally used only by speakers of a particular variety of English. Yet others are generally only used in specialized contexts, such as ''abaft'' in nautical settings and ''dehors'' in law.


===Prototypical prepositions===
*''[[wikt:apart from|apart by]]''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[wikt:but|but]]''
* [[wikt:abaft#Preposition|abaft]] (''nautical'')<ref>"abaft." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=abaft. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
*''[[wikt:except|except]]''
* [[wikt:abating#Preposition|abating]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"abating, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
*''[[wikt:plus|plus]]''
* [[wikt:abeam#Preposition|abeam]] (''nautical'')<ref>"abeam." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=abeam. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
*''[[wikt:save|save]]''
* [[wikt:ablow#Preposition|ablow]] (''Scottish and Irish English'')<ref name="Oxford English Dictionary 2020">"ablow, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:aboon#Preposition|aboon]] (''rare'')<ref name="MWaboon">"Aboon, and Other Prepositions You’ve Never Heard." ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'', 2020, www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/prepositions-youve-never-heard-of. Accessed 16 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:abouts#Preposition|abouts]] (''regional, U.S.'')<ref>"abouts, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:acrost#Preposition|acrost]] (''regional, Australia, England, and U.S.'')<ref>"acrost, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:adown#Preposition|adown]] (''archaic; poetic; rare'')<ref>"adown, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:a-eastell#Preposition|a-eastell]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"a-eastell, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:afore#Preposition|afore]] (''archaic; regional, Southern and Midland U.S.; nautical'')<ref>"afore, adv., prep., and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref><ref>"afore." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=afore. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:afornent#Preposition|afornent]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"afornent, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:afront#Preposition|afront]] (''obsolete; regional'')<ref>"afront, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:afterhand#Preposition|afterhand]] (''rare; regional'')<ref>"afterhand, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:again#Preposition|again]] (''regional'')<ref>"again, adv., prep., and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:ahind#Preposition|ahind]] (''dialectal; archaic'')<ref>"ahind, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:ajax#Preposition|ajax]] ([[Polari]]){{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:alength#Preposition|alength]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"alength, adv. (and adj.) and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:alongst#Preposition|alongst]] (''regional, Scotland and U.S.'')<ref>"alongst, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:aloof#Preposition|aloof]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"aloof, adv., int., adj., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:alow#Preposition|alow]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref name="Oxford English Dictionary 2020"/>
* [[wikt:imell#Preposition|amell]] (''rare; regional, Northern England'')<ref>"amell, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:amidmost#Preposition|amidmost]] (''poetic'')<ref>"amidmost, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:anear#Preposition|anear]] (''archaic; regional'')<ref>"anear, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:aneath#Preposition|aneath]] (''poetic; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"aneath, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:anent#Preposition|anent]] (''obsolete; rare; regional, Scotland and Yorkshire'')<ref name="MWaboon" /><ref>"anent, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:anewst#Preposition|anewst]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"anewst, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:anunder#Preposition|anunder]] (''regional, Northern England, Ireland, and Scotland'')<ref>"anunder, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:askant#Preposition|askant]] (''archaic'')<ref>"askant." ''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/askant. Accessed 18 Aug. 2020.</ref><ref>"askant, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:asklent#Preposition|asklent]] (''regional, Northern England, Northern Ireland, and Scotland'')<ref>"asklent, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:astern#Preposition|astern]] (''nautical'')<ref>"astern, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:athwart#Preposition|athwart]] (''obsolete; dialectal; nautical'')<ref>"athwart, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:atour#Preposition|atour]] (''regional, Scotland'')<ref>"atour, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:atter#Preposition|atter]] (''regional, Northern England, Southern U.S.'')<ref>"atter, prep., conj., and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:atween#Preposition|atween]] (''archaic; dialectal'')<ref>"atween, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:atwixt#Preposition|atwixt]] (''archaic; dialectal'')<ref>"atwixt, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:a-weather#Preposition|a-weather]] (''nautical; obsolete'')<ref>"a-weather, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:a-west#Preposition|a-west]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"a-west, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:awestell#Preposition|awestell]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"awestell, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:ayond#Preposition|ayond]], [[wikt:ayont#Preposition|ayont]] (''dialectal'')<ref>"ayond | ayont, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:bating#Preposition|bating]] (''archaic'')<ref>"bating." ''Webster's New World College Dictionary'', 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/bating. Accessed 18 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:bedown#Preposition|bedown]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"bedown, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:be-east#Preposition|be-east]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"'be-east, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:beforrow#Preposition|beforrow]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"beforrow, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:behither#Preposition|behither]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"behither, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:ben#Preposition|ben]] (''dialectal, [[Scots language|Scots]]'')<ref>"ben." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=ben. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:benorth#Preposition|benorth]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"'benorth, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:besouth#Preposition|besouth]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"'besouth, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:betwixt#Preposition|betwixt]] (archaic; poetical; dialectal)<ref>"betwixt, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
** [[wikt:'twixt#Preposition|'twixt]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"'twixt, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:bewest#Preposition|bewest]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"'bewest, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:bongre#Preposition|bongre]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"bongre, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:bout#Preposition|bout]] (''regional'')<ref>"about prep, adv." ''Dictionary of American Regional English'', digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 11 Aug. 2020.</ref><ref>"bout, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:bove#Preposition|bove]] (''poetic; regional'')<ref>"bove, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:'cept#Preposition|'cept]] (''colloquial'')<ref>"'cept, prep. and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:contrair#Preposition|contrair]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"contrair, adj., n., adv., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:contrary#Preposition|contrary]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"contrary, adj., n., adv., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:cross#Preposition|cross]] (''dialectal; poetic'')<ref>"cross, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:dehors|dehors]] (''law; rare'')<ref name="MWaboon" /><ref>"dehors, prep. and n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:dot#Preposition|dot]] (''mathematics'')<ref>"dot, n.1 and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:durante#Preposition|durante]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"durante, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:effore#Preposition|effore]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"effore, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:emong#Preposition|emong]], [[wikt:emongest#Preposition|emonges(t)]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"emong, prep. and adv. " ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref><ref>"emonges(t), prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:endlong#Preposition|endlong]], [[wikt:endlonges#Preposition|endlonges]], [[wikt:endlongs#Preposition|endlongs]] (''dialectal; obsolete'')<ref>"endlong, prep., adv., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref><ref>"endlonges | endlongs, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:enduring#Preposition|enduring]] (''obsolete; rare, South and South Midland U.S.'')<ref>"enduring, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref><ref>"enduring prep." ''Dictionary of American Regional English'', digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 11 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:ensuing#Preposition|ensuing]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"ensuing, adj. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:emforth#Preposition|even-forth]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"even-forth, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:ex#Preposition|ex]] (''commerce'')<ref>"ex, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:excepted#Preposition|excepted]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"excepted, adj. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:extra#Preposition|extra]] (''rare'')<ref>"extra, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:fae#Preposition|fae]] (''dialectal, [[Scots language|Scots]]'')<ref>"fae, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:forby#Preposition|forby(e)]] (''archaic'')<ref name="MWaboon" /><ref>"forby(e, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:fore#Preposition|fore]] (''regional, U.S.'')<ref>"fore prep." ''Dictionary of American Regional English'', digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 11 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:fornent#Preposition|fornent]], [[wikt:fornenst#Preposition|fornenst]] (''obsolete; regional, Northern England and Scotland'')<ref>"fornent | fornenst, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:foregain#Preposition|foregain]], [[wikt:foregainst#Preposition|foregains]], [[wikt:foregainst#Preposition|foregainst]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"foregain | foregains(t, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:forne#Preposition|forne]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"forne, adv., adj., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:forout#Preposition|forout]], [[wikt:forouten#Preposition|forouten]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"forout | forouten, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:forrow#Preposition|forrow]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"forrow, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:forth#Preposition|forth]] (''archaic'')<ref>"forth." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=forth. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:fro|fro]] (''dialectal, [[Scots language|Scots]]'')<ref>"fro." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=forth. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:fromward#Preposition|fromward]], [[wikt:fromwards#Preposition|fromwards]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"fromward, adj., adv., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:froward#Preposition|froward]] (''archaic'')<ref>"froward, adj., adv., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:furth#Preposition|furth]] (''[[Scottish English|Scotland]]''){{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:gain#Preposition|gain]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"gain, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:gainst#Preposition|gainst]] (''informal; poetic'')<ref>"gainst." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=gainst. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref><ref>"gainst." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:gainward#Preposition|gainward]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"gainward, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:gin#Preposition|gin]] (''regional, Northern England, Ireland, and Scotland'')<ref>"gin, prep. and conj.2." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:half-way#Preposition|half-way]], [[wikt:halfway#Preposition|halfway]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"half-way | halfway, adv., adj., n., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:hent#Preposition|hent]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"hent, prep. and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:inboard#Preposition|inboard]] (''nautical'')<ref>"inboard, adv., prep., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:incontrair#Preposition|incontrair]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"incontrair, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:indurand#Preposition|indurand]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"indurand, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:inmid#Preposition|inmid]], [[wikt:inmiddes#Preposition|inmiddes]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:inter#Preposition|inter]] (''obsolete; rare'')<ref>"inter, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:inthrough#Preposition|inthrough]] (''regional, Scotland'')<ref>"inthrough, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:intil|intil]], [[wikt:intill|intill]] (''rare; dialectal, [[Scots language|Scots]]'')<ref name="MWaboon" /><ref>"intill | intil, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:inwith#Preposition|inwith]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"inwith, prep., adv. (and adj.), and n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:i'th'#Preposition|i'th']] (''archaic; poetic; regional'')<ref>"i'th', prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:'long#Preposition|'long]] (''regional'')<ref>"'long, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:longs#Preposition|longs]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"longs, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:longst#Preposition|longst]] (''obsolete; poetic'')<ref>"longst, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:longways#Preposition|longways]] (''rare'')<ref>"longways, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:malgrado#Preposition|malgrado]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"malgrado, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:malgré|malgré]] (''archaic; rare'')<ref name="MWaboon" /><ref>"malgré, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:mang#Preposition|mang]] (''[[West Country English|Devon]]''){{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[wikt:maugre#Preposition|maugre]] (''archaic'')<ref>"maugre." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=maugre. Accessed 13 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:midmost#Preposition|midmost]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"midmost, adj., n., adv., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:mids#Preposition|mids]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"mids, n., adv., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:midward#Preposition|midward]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"midward, adj., n., adv., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:midway#Preposition|midway]] (''rare'')<ref>"midway, n., adv., adj., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:'mong#Preposition|'mong]] (''poetic or dialectal'')<ref>"'mong, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:'mongst#Preposition|'mongst]] (''poetic or dialectal'')<ref>"'mongst, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:more#Preposition|more]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"more, adj., pron., adv., n.3, and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:moreover#Preposition|moreover]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"moreover, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:moyening#Preposition|moyening]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"moyening, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:natheless|natheless]], [[wikt:nathless|nathless]] (''archaic; literary; rare'')<ref name="MWaboon" /><ref>"natheless, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:nearabout#Preposition|nearabout]], [[wikt:nearbout#Preposition|nearbout]] (''colloquial; regional'')<ref>"nearabout, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref><ref>"nearbout, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:nearby#Preposition|nearby]] (''regional, Scotland'')<ref>"nearby, adv., prep., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:nearhand#Preposition|nearhand]] (''regional, Northern England, Northern Ireland, and Scotland'')<ref>"nearhand, adv., prep., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:'neath#Preposition|'neath]] (''poetic'')<ref>"'neath, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:nigh#Preposition|nigh]], [[wikt:anigh#Preposition|anigh]], [[wikt:anighst#Preposition|anighst]] (''archaic of regional'')<ref>"nigh, adv. (and prep.), adj., and n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.</ref><ref>"anigh, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.</ref><ref>"anighst, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:nigh-hand#Preposition|nigh-hand]] (''regional, Northern and Midland England, Ireland, and Scotland'')<ref>"nigh hand, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:nobbut#Preposition|nobbut]] (''rare; regional, Northern England'')<ref>"nobbut, prep., conj., and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:non-obstant#Preposition|non-obstant]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"non-obstant, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:notwithstand#Preposition|notwithstand]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"notwithstand, conj., prep., and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:noughtwithstanding#Preposition|noughtwithstanding]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"noughtwithstanding, prep., adv., and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:offa#Preposition|offa]] (''colloquial; regional'')<ref>"offa, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:offen#Preposition|offen]] (''regional'')<ref>"offen, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:only#Preposition|only]] (''regional, Southern U.S. and South Midland U.S.'')<ref>"only adj, adv, prep." ''Dictionary of American Regional English'', digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:or#Preposition|or]] (''archaic'')<ref>"or 2." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=or. Accessed 13 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:otherside#Preposition|otherside]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"otherside, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:outcept#Preposition|outcept]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"outcept, prep. and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:outen#Preposition|outen]] (''regional'')<ref>"outen, adv., adj., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:out-over#Preposition|out-over]] (''regional, Scotland'')<ref>"out-over, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:outta#Preposition|outta]] (''colloquial; regional, U.S.'')<ref>"outta, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:out-taken#Preposition|out-taken]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"out-taken, prep. and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:out-taking#Preposition|out-taking]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"out-taking, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:out-through#Preposition|out-through]] (''regional, Scotland'')<ref>"out-through, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:outwith#Preposition|outwith]] (''regional, Scotland'')<ref>"outwith, prep., adv., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:overcross#Preposition|overcross]] (''archaic; rare'')<ref>"overcross, prep., adv., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:over-right#Preposition|over-right]] (''regional, Scotland, Southern England, Ireland, Newfoundland'')<ref>"over-right, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:overthorter#Preposition|overthorter]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"overthorter, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:overthwart#Preposition|overthwart]] (''archaic; regional, Eastern, Midland, and Northern England'')<ref>"overthwart, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:overtop#Preposition|overtop]] (''regional, North America'')<ref>"overtop, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:pan#Preposition|pan]] (''regional, Jamaica'')<ref>"pan, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:pass#Preposition|pass]] (''regional, Caribbean'')<ref>"pass, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:pon#Preposition|pon]] (''archaic; regional, Caribbean and Southwestern England'')<ref>"pon, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:quoad#Preposition|quoad]] (''law'')<ref>"quoad, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:reserved#Preposition|reserved]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"reserved, conj. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:reserving#Preposition|reserving]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"reserving, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:sauf#Preposition|sauf]] (''archaic'') <ref>"sauf, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:seen#Preposition|seen]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"seen, conj. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:sen#Preposition|sen]] (''rare; regional, Northern England and Scotland'')<ref>"sen, adv., prep., and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:senza#Preposition|senza]] (''music'')<ref>"senza, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:side#Preposition|side]] (''dialectal, [[African-American English]]'')<ref>"side, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:sidelings#Preposition|sidelings]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"sidelings, adv., prep., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:sidelong#Preposition|sidelong]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"sidelong, adv.1, prep., and adj.2" ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:sides#Preposition|sides]] (''dialectal, African-American English'')<ref>"sides adv, prep." ''Dictionary of American Regional English'', digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:sin#Preposition|sin]] (''dialectal, [[English language in Northern England|Northern England English]] and Scots'')<ref>"sin, adv., prep., and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:sineth#Preposition|sineth]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"sineth, adv., prep., and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:sith#Preposition|sith]] (''archaic'')<ref>"sith." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=sith. Accessed 30 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:sithen#Preposition|sithen]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"sithen, adv., conj., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:sithence#Preposition|sithence]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"sithence, adv., conj., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:ter#Preposition|ter]] (''regional'')<ref>"ter, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:thorough#Preposition|thorough]] (''archaic; poetic; rare'')<ref>"thorough, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:thorter#Preposition|thorter]] (''regional, Scotland'')<ref>"thorter, adv., prep., adj., and n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:thwart#Preposition|thwart]] (''archaic; nautical; poetic'')<ref>"thwart, adv., prep., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:thwart-over#Preposition|thwart-over]] (''dialectal; obsolete'')<ref>"thwart-over, prep., adv., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:tiv#Preposition|tiv]] (''dialectal, Northern England English'')<ref>"tiv, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:touchant#Preposition|touchant]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"touchant, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:transverse#Preposition|transverse]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"transverse, adj., n., adv., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:traverse#Preposition|traverse]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"traverse, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:twell#Preposition|twel(l)]], [[wikt:twill#Preposition|twill]] (''dialectal, African-American English'')<ref>"till prep, conj." ''Dictionary of American Regional English'', digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:ultra#Preposition|ultra]] (''obsolete; poetic'')<ref>"ultra, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:umbe#Preposition|umbe]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"umbe, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.</ref><ref>"umbe." ''The Century Dictionary'', vol. X, Century Co., 1911, p. 6572, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036876848&view=1up&seq=214. Accessed 30 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:unneath#Preposition|unneath]] (''obsolete; poetic'')<ref>"unneath, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:upo’#Preposition|upo’]] (''dialectal, Northern England English and Scots'')<ref>"upo', prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:upside#Preposition|upside]] (''slang'')<ref>"upside." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=upside. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref>{{efn|This sense of ''upside'' seems limited to discussion of strikes to the head: "He went upside her head with a meat mallet." "A white cop comes up and go upside your knot."<ref>"upside, n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.</ref>}}
* [[wikt:upsy#Preposition|upsy]], [[wikt:upsees#Preposition|upsees]] (''archaic; obsolete'')<ref>"upsy, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref><ref>"upsees, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:uptill#Preposition|uptill]]<ref>"uptill." ''The Century Dictionary'', vol. X, Century Co., 1911, p. 6664, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036876848&view=1up&seq=306. Accessed 20 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:utouth#Preposition|utouth]] (''obsolete; regional, Scotland'')<ref>"utouth, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:wid#Preposition|wid]] (''dialectal, African-American English'')<ref name="DAREwith">"with, adv, prep." ''Dictionary of American Regional English'', digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:withinside#Preposition|withinside]] (''archaic; dialectal'')<ref>"withinside, adv., prep., and n." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:withoutside#Preposition|withoutside]] (''obsolete; rare'')<ref>"withoutside, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:wiv#Preposition|wiv]] (''dialectal, African-American English and [[Cockney#Dialect|Cockney]]'')<ref name="DAREwith" /><ref>"wiv, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:ymong#Preposition|ymong]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"ymong, prep. and conj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:yond#Preposition|yond]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"yond, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:yonside#Preposition|yonside]] (''regional, South Midland U.S.'')<ref>"yonside, adv, prep." ''Dictionary of American Regional English'', digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>
{{div col end}}


===Intransitive prepositions===
== Postpositions ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[wikt:aground|aground]] (''archaic; poetic'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL614" /><ref>"aground, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*[[wikt:bush|bush]] (''regional, Australia'')<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:hereat|hereat]] (''archaic; obsolete'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" /><ref>"hereat, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*[[wikt:herefrom|herefrom]] (''rare'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" /><ref>"herefrom, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*[[wikt:hereon|hereon]] (''rare'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" /><ref>"hereon, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*[[wikt:hither|hither]] (''archaic'')<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:thereat|thereat]] (''archaic; formal'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" /><ref>"thereat, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*[[wikt:therefrom|therefrom]] (''archaic; formal'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" /><ref>"therefrom, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*[[wikt:thereon|thereon]] (''archaic; formal'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" /><ref>"thereon, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*[[wikt:thither|thither]] (''archaic'')<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:whereat|whereat]] (''archaic; formal'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" /><ref>"whereat, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*[[wikt:wherefrom|wherefrom]] (''archaic; formal'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" /><ref>"wherefrom, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*[[wikt:whereof|whereof]] (''archaic; formal'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" /><ref>"whereof." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=whereof. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*[[wikt:whereon|whereon]] (''archaic; formal'')<ref name="Aarts76" /><ref name="CGEL613" /><ref>"whereon, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.</ref>
*[[wikt:whither|whither]] (''archaic'')<ref name="CGEL615" />
*[[wikt:yonder|yonder]] (''archaic; dialectal'')<ref name="CGEL615" />
{{div col end}}

===Conjunctive prepositions===
*[[wikt:but|but]] (''archaic'' in uses such as "There wasn't one among them but would have taken my place.")<ref name="CGEL971" />

===Postpositions===
*[[wikt:withal#Postposition|withal]] (''archaic'')<ref>"withal, adv. and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.</ref>

===Complex prepositions===
* [[wikt:at after#Preposition|at after]] (''regional, England'')<ref>"at after, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 19 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:down on#Preposition|down on]] (''colloquial'')<ref>"down, adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:ex relatione#Preposition|ex relatione]] (''law'')<ref>"ex relatione, prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 19 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:hard by#Preposition|hard by]] (''archaic'')<ref>"hard by, prep. and adv." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:inside of#Preposition|inside of]] (''colloquial; regional, Australia and U.S.'')<ref>"inside, n., adj., adv., and prep." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:non obstante#Preposition|non obstante]] (''law'')<ref>"non obstante." ''American Heritage Dictionary'', 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=non+obstante. Accessed 19 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:nigh by#Preposition|nigh by]] (''obsolete'')<ref>"nigh by, adv., prep., and adj." ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 19 Aug. 2020.</ref>
* [[wikt:opposite to#Preposition|opposite to]] (''regional, Britain'')<ref>"opposite to." ''Collins English Dictionary'', HarperCollins, 2020, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/opposite-to. Accessed 26 Aug. 2020.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Preposition and postposition]]
* [[Preposition stranding]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References==
*''[[wikt:ago|ago]]'' as in "five years ago", sometimes considered an adverb rather than a postposition
<references/>
*''[[wikt:apart|apart]]'' as in "this apart", also used prepositionally ("apart from this")
*''[[wikt:aside|aside]]'' as in "such examples aside", also used prepositionally ("aside from such examples")
*''[[wikt:away|away]]'' as in "five light years away", sometimes considered an adverb or an adjective rather than a postposition
*''[[wikt:hence|hence]]'' as in "five years hence", sometimes considered an adverb rather than a postposition
*''[[wikt:notwithstanding|notwithstanding]]'' also used prepositionally
*''[[wikt:on|on]]'' as in "five years on", also used prepositionally
*''[[wikt:through|through]]'' as in "the whole night through", also used prepositionally
*''[[wikt:withal|withal]]'' archaic as a postposition meaning ''with''


==External links==
[[Category:English grammar| ]]
* [[wikt:Category:English prepositions|Wiktionary list of English prepositions]]
* [https://www.grammarcheck.net/prepositions-place-direction/ The Visual Guide to English Prepositions Part 1/2: Place & Direction (Infographic)]
* [https://www.grammarcheck.net/prepositions-time/ The Visual Guide to English Prepositions Part 2/2: Time (Infographic)]


[[Category:English grammar]]
[[pl:Angielskie przyimki]]

Latest revision as of 06:31, 19 July 2024

See also: English prepositions

This is a list of English prepositions.

Prototypical prepositions

[edit]

The following are single-word prepositions that can take a noun phrase complement following the preposition. Prepositions in this section may also take other kinds of complements in addition to noun phrase complements. Prepositions marked with an asterisk can be used transitively or intransitively; that is, they can take noun phrase complements (e.g., he was in the house) or not (e.g., he was in).

Intransitive prepositions

[edit]

The following are single-word intransitive prepositions. This portion of the list includes only prepositions that are always intransitive; prepositions that can occur with or without noun phrase complements (that is, transitively or intransitively) are listed with the prototypical prepositions. Note that dictionaries and grammars informed by concepts from traditional grammar may categorize these intransitive prepositions as adverbs.

Conjunctive prepositions

[edit]

The following are single-word prepositions that take clauses as complements. Prepositions marked with an asterisk in this section can only take non-finite clauses as complements. Note that dictionaries and grammars informed by concepts from traditional grammar may categorize these conjunctive prepositions as subordinating conjunctions.

Postpositions

[edit]

The following are postpositions, prepositions whose complements typically precede them. Note that some grammars classify prepositions and postpositions as different kinds of adpositions while other grammars categorize both under the heading of the more common variety in the language.

Complex prepositions

[edit]

The following are prepositions that consist of multiple words. They are categorized according to their structure.

Preposition + preposition

[edit]

Preposition + (article) + noun + preposition

[edit]

English has many idiomatic expressions that act as prepositions that can be analyzed as a preposition followed by a noun (sometimes preceded by the definite or, occasionally, indefinite article) followed by another preposition.[86] Common examples include:

Other complex prepositions

[edit]

The following complex prepositions do not follow either of the common structures for complex prepositions.

Archaic, dialectal, or specialized

[edit]

The following prepositions are not widely used in Present-Day English. Some, such as bating and forby, are archaic and typically only used to convey the tone of a bygone era. Others, such as ayond and side, are generally used only by speakers of a particular variety of English. Yet others are generally only used in specialized contexts, such as abaft in nautical settings and dehors in law.

Prototypical prepositions

[edit]

Intransitive prepositions

[edit]

Conjunctive prepositions

[edit]
  • but (archaic in uses such as "There wasn't one among them but would have taken my place.")[66]

Postpositions

[edit]

Complex prepositions

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Abroad can also be used transitively in a rare sense of the term: "We scatter abroad the face of the earth."[57]
  2. ^ Ahead can also be used transitively in a rare sense of the term: "I saw the figure of my friend ahead me."[59]
  3. ^ Aside can also be used transitively in certain regional varieties: "The boys were often seated aside the girls."[60]
  4. ^ Forth can also be used transitively in a rare sense of the term: "I may fetch you from forth this loathsome prison house."[61]
  5. ^ Onward could also be used transitively in an obsolete sense of the term: "Two of that troupe conducted him onward the way to Babylon."[62]
  6. ^ Together could also be used transitively in an obsolete sense of the term: "You will find the worth and value of it together the whole process of the great work of sugar making."[63]
  7. ^ Upward could also be used transitively in an obsolete sense of the term: "Whether to surprise the squatted hare or flit upward ragged precipices."[64]
  8. ^ An obsolete sense of from could also take a finite clause: "From we rise till we go to bed."[67]
  9. ^ An obsolete sense of without could also take a finite clause: "Man can put up with only so much without he descends a rung or two on the old evolutionary ladder."[68]
  10. ^ This sense of upside seems limited to discussion of strikes to the head: "He went upside her head with a meat mallet." "A white cop comes up and go upside your knot."[285]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev Aarts, Bas.Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 76-77.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv Quirk, Randolph, et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman, 1985. pp. 665-67.
  4. ^ "abt., prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.
  5. ^ "abreast." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=abreast. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.
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  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 635. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
  10. ^ "anti." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=anti. Accessed 22 Aug. 2020.
  11. ^ "apropos." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=apropos. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  12. ^ "aslant." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=aslant. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.
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  19. ^ "B4." Collins COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary, HarperCollins, 2020, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/b4. Accessed 20 July 2020.
  20. ^ "neath." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=neath. Accessed 6 July 2020.
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  22. ^ "but." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=but. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  23. ^ "chez." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=chez. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  24. ^ a b "circa." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=circa. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  25. ^ "cum 1." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=cum+1. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.
  26. ^ "less." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=less. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  27. ^ "mod 2." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=mod+2. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.
  28. ^ Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 609. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
  29. ^ "o'." Collins COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary, HarperCollins, 2020, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/o. Accessed 20 July 2020.
  30. ^ "offshore, adv., adj., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.
  31. ^ "out." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=out. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  32. ^ "o’er." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=o%27er. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  33. ^ "pace 2." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=pace. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  34. ^ "pending." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q= pending. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.
  35. ^ "per." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=per. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  36. ^ "post, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  37. ^ "pre, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  38. ^ "pro, n.1, adj.1, and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  39. ^ "qua, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  40. ^ "save 2." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=save. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  41. ^ "sub, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.
  42. ^ "thru." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=thru. Accessed 7 July 2020.
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  44. ^ "till 2." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=till. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  45. ^ "t', prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 20 Aug. 2020.
  46. ^ "touching, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  47. ^ "unto, prep. and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  48. ^ a b "versus." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=versus. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  49. ^ "vice 3." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=vice. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  50. ^ "vis-à-vis." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=vis-à-vis. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  51. ^ "w." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=w. Accessed 20 July 2020.
  52. ^ "c̄" Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, 2020, www.dictionary.com/browse/-c-. Accessed 20 July 2020.
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  54. ^ "w/o." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=w%2Fo. Accessed 20 July 2020.
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  59. ^ "ahead, adv., prep., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  60. ^ "aside (of) prep." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 11 Aug. 2020.
  61. ^ "forth, adv., prep., and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  62. ^ "onward, prep., adv., and adj.2" Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  63. ^ "together, adv., prep., n., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  64. ^ "upward, adv., prep., adj., and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
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  66. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. “4.8 Complement of a Preposition or Adverb.” The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge UP, 2002, pp. 971-72. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
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  81. ^ "next." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=next. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  82. ^ "outside of." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=outside+of. Accessed 12 July 2020.
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  88. ^ "à la." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=à+la. Accessed 12 July 2020.
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  101. ^ "such." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=such. Accessed 12 July 2020.
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  104. ^ "abeam." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=abeam. Accessed 12 July 2020.
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  108. ^ "acrost, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  109. ^ "adown, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  110. ^ "a-eastell, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
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  112. ^ "afore." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=afore. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  113. ^ "afornent, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  114. ^ "afront, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  115. ^ "afterhand, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  116. ^ "again, adv., prep., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  117. ^ "ahind, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  118. ^ "alength, adv. (and adj.) and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  119. ^ "alongst, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  120. ^ "aloof, adv., int., adj., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  121. ^ "amell, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  122. ^ "amidmost, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  123. ^ "anear, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  124. ^ "aneath, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  125. ^ "anent, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  126. ^ "anewst, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  127. ^ "anunder, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  128. ^ "askant." Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/askant. Accessed 18 Aug. 2020.
  129. ^ "askant, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  130. ^ "asklent, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  131. ^ "astern, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  132. ^ "athwart, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  133. ^ "atour, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  134. ^ "atter, prep., conj., and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  135. ^ "atween, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  136. ^ "atwixt, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  137. ^ "a-weather, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  138. ^ "a-west, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  139. ^ "awestell, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  140. ^ "ayond | ayont, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  141. ^ "bating." Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/bating. Accessed 18 Aug. 2020.
  142. ^ "bedown, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  143. ^ "'be-east, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  144. ^ "beforrow, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  145. ^ "behither, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  146. ^ "ben." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=ben. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  147. ^ "'benorth, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  148. ^ "'besouth, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  149. ^ "betwixt, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  150. ^ "'twixt, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  151. ^ "'bewest, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  152. ^ "bongre, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  153. ^ "about prep, adv." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 11 Aug. 2020.
  154. ^ "bout, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  155. ^ "bove, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  156. ^ "'cept, prep. and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  157. ^ "contrair, adj., n., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  158. ^ "contrary, adj., n., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  159. ^ "cross, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  160. ^ "dehors, prep. and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.
  161. ^ "dot, n.1 and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  162. ^ "durante, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  163. ^ "effore, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  164. ^ "emong, prep. and adv. " Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  165. ^ "emonges(t), prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  166. ^ "endlong, prep., adv., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  167. ^ "endlonges | endlongs, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  168. ^ "enduring, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  169. ^ "enduring prep." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 11 Aug. 2020.
  170. ^ "ensuing, adj. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  171. ^ "even-forth, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  172. ^ "ex, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  173. ^ "excepted, adj. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  174. ^ "extra, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  175. ^ "fae, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  176. ^ "forby(e, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  177. ^ "fore prep." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 11 Aug. 2020.
  178. ^ "fornent | fornenst, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  179. ^ "foregain | foregains(t, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  180. ^ "forne, adv., adj., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  181. ^ "forout | forouten, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  182. ^ "forrow, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  183. ^ "forth." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=forth. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  184. ^ "fro." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=forth. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  185. ^ "fromward, adj., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  186. ^ "froward, adj., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  187. ^ "gain, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  188. ^ "gainst." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=gainst. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  189. ^ "gainst." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  190. ^ "gainward, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  191. ^ "gin, prep. and conj.2." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  192. ^ "half-way | halfway, adv., adj., n., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  193. ^ "hent, prep. and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  194. ^ "inboard, adv., prep., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  195. ^ "incontrair, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  196. ^ "indurand, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  197. ^ "inter, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  198. ^ "inthrough, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  199. ^ "intill | intil, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.
  200. ^ "inwith, prep., adv. (and adj.), and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  201. ^ "i'th', prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  202. ^ "'long, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  203. ^ "longs, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  204. ^ "longst, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  205. ^ "longways, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  206. ^ "malgrado, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  207. ^ "malgré, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.
  208. ^ "maugre." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=maugre. Accessed 13 July 2020.
  209. ^ "midmost, adj., n., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  210. ^ "mids, n., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  211. ^ "midward, adj., n., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  212. ^ "midway, n., adv., adj., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  213. ^ "'mong, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  214. ^ "'mongst, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  215. ^ "more, adj., pron., adv., n.3, and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  216. ^ "moreover, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  217. ^ "moyening, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  218. ^ "natheless, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 16 July 2020.
  219. ^ "nearabout, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  220. ^ "nearbout, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  221. ^ "nearby, adv., prep., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  222. ^ "nearhand, adv., prep., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
  223. ^ "'neath, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  224. ^ "nigh, adv. (and prep.), adj., and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
  225. ^ "anigh, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
  226. ^ "anighst, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
  227. ^ "nigh hand, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  228. ^ "nobbut, prep., conj., and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  229. ^ "non-obstant, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  230. ^ "notwithstand, conj., prep., and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  231. ^ "noughtwithstanding, prep., adv., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  232. ^ "offa, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  233. ^ "offen, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  234. ^ "only adj, adv, prep." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  235. ^ "or 2." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=or. Accessed 13 July 2020.
  236. ^ "otherside, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  237. ^ "outcept, prep. and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  238. ^ "outen, adv., adj., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  239. ^ "out-over, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  240. ^ "outta, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  241. ^ "out-taken, prep. and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  242. ^ "out-taking, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  243. ^ "out-through, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  244. ^ "outwith, prep., adv., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
  245. ^ "overcross, prep., adv., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  246. ^ "over-right, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  247. ^ "overthorter, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  248. ^ "overthwart, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
  249. ^ "overtop, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  250. ^ "pan, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  251. ^ "pass, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  252. ^ "pon, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  253. ^ "quoad, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
  254. ^ "reserved, conj. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  255. ^ "reserving, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  256. ^ "sauf, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  257. ^ "seen, conj. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  258. ^ "sen, adv., prep., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  259. ^ "senza, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  260. ^ "side, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  261. ^ "sidelings, adv., prep., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  262. ^ "sidelong, adv.1, prep., and adj.2" Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  263. ^ "sides adv, prep." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  264. ^ "sin, adv., prep., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  265. ^ "sineth, adv., prep., and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  266. ^ "sith." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=sith. Accessed 30 July 2020.
  267. ^ "sithen, adv., conj., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  268. ^ "sithence, adv., conj., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  269. ^ "ter, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  270. ^ "thorough, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  271. ^ "thorter, adv., prep., adj., and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  272. ^ "thwart, adv., prep., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  273. ^ "thwart-over, prep., adv., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  274. ^ "tiv, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  275. ^ "touchant, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  276. ^ "transverse, adj., n., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  277. ^ "traverse, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  278. ^ "till prep, conj." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  279. ^ "ultra, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  280. ^ "umbe, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 13 July 2020.
  281. ^ "umbe." The Century Dictionary, vol. X, Century Co., 1911, p. 6572, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036876848&view=1up&seq=214. Accessed 30 July 2020.
  282. ^ "unneath, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  283. ^ "upo', prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  284. ^ "upside." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=upside. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  285. ^ "upside, n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  286. ^ "upsy, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  287. ^ "upsees, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  288. ^ "uptill." The Century Dictionary, vol. X, Century Co., 1911, p. 6664, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015036876848&view=1up&seq=306. Accessed 20 July 2020.
  289. ^ "utouth, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  290. ^ a b "with, adv, prep." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  291. ^ "withinside, adv., prep., and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  292. ^ "withoutside, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  293. ^ "wiv, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  294. ^ "ymong, prep. and conj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  295. ^ "yond, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  296. ^ "yonside, adv, prep." Dictionary of American Regional English, digital version, Harvard UP, 2013. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  297. ^ "aground, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
  298. ^ "hereat, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
  299. ^ "herefrom, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
  300. ^ "hereon, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
  301. ^ "thereat, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
  302. ^ "therefrom, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
  303. ^ "thereon, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
  304. ^ "whereat, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
  305. ^ "wherefrom, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
  306. ^ "whereof." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=whereof. Accessed 18 July 2020.
  307. ^ "whereon, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 18 July 2020.
  308. ^ "withal, adv. and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 28 July 2020.
  309. ^ "at after, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 19 Aug. 2020.
  310. ^ "down, adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  311. ^ "ex relatione, prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 19 Aug. 2020.
  312. ^ "hard by, prep. and adv." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 8 Aug. 2020.
  313. ^ "inside, n., adj., adv., and prep." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 12 July 2020.
  314. ^ "non obstante." American Heritage Dictionary, 5th ed., Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2020, ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=non+obstante. Accessed 19 Aug. 2020.
  315. ^ "nigh by, adv., prep., and adj." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2020. Accessed 19 Aug. 2020.
  316. ^ "opposite to." Collins English Dictionary, HarperCollins, 2020, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/opposite-to. Accessed 26 Aug. 2020.
[edit]
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