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{{Short description|City in Bushehr province, Iran}} |
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{{Infobox Settlement |
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{{redirect|Bushir|the village in Hormozgan province|Bushir, Hormozgan}}{{for multi|the administrative divisions|Bushehr province|and|Bushehr County}} |
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|official_name = Bushehr |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}} |
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|native_name = بوشهر |
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{{Infobox settlement |
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|nickname = |
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| official_name = Bushehr |
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| native_name = {{langx|fa|بوشهر}} |
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|province_name = [[Bushehr province]] |
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| settlement_type = City |
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| nickname = |
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|image_skyline = Bushehr_Barry_Kent.JPG |
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| other_name = |
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| motto = |
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| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |
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| photo1a =Bushehr City.jpg {{!}} |
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|image_seal = |
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| photo2a = فلکه ساعت در شب - panoramio (2).jpg{{!}} |
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|image_map = |
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| photo2b =Malek palace.jpg{{!}} |
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|mapsize = |
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|photo3a = عمارت امیریه ی بوشهر.jpg |
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|map_caption = |
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| photo3b = مدرسه ی سعادت بوشهر 2.jpg |
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|pushpin_map = Iran <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |
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| spacing = 2 |
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|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |
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| size = 266 |
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|pushpin_map_caption = |
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| foot_montage = |
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|pushpin_mapsize = |
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|subdivision_type = |
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|subdivision_name = |
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|leader_title = |
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|leader_name = |
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|established_title = |
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|established_date = |
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|area_magnitude = |
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|area_total_km2 = |
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|area_total_sq_mi = |
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|area_land_km2 = |
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|area_land_sq_mi = |
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|area_water_km2 = |
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|area_water_sq_mi = |
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|area_water_percent = |
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|area_urban_km2 = |
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|area_urban_sq_mi = |
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|area_metro_km2 = |
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|area_metro_sq_mi = |
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|population_total = 165377 |
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|population_as_of = 2005 |
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|population_note = |
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|population_metro = |
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|population_urban = |
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|population_density_km2 = |
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|population_density_sq_mi = |
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|timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] |
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|utc_offset = +3:30 |
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|timezone_DST = ''not observed'' |
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|utc_offset_DST = +3:30 |
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|latd = 28 | latm = 59 | lats = | latNS = N |
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|longd = 50 | longm = 49 | longs = | longEW = E |
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|elevation_m = |
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|elevation_ft = |
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|website = |
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|footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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| imagesize = |
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'''Bushehr''' or '''Bushire''' ([[Persian alphabet|Persian]]:بوشهر), pop. 165,377 (in 2005 <small>[http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/2005_world_city_populations/Iran.html]</small>), is a city on the southwestern coast of [[Iran]], on the [[Persian Gulf]]. It is the chief [[seaport]] of the country and the administrative centre of [[Bushehr province]]. Its location is 28° 59' N, 50° 49' E, about 400 km south of [[Tehran]]. The local climate is hot and humid. |
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| image_caption = Panoramic, Clock tower at night, Malek Palace, Amiriya Mansion, Saadat school |
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| image_flag = |
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| image_seal = |
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| image_map = |
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| mapsize = |
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| map_caption = |
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| pushpin_map = Iran#Persian Gulf#Asia |
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| pushpin_label_position = |
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| pushpin_map_caption = |
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| pushpin_mapsize = |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_name = [[Iran]] |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Bushehr province|Bushehr]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Iran|County]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Bushehr County|Bushehr]] |
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| subdivision_type3 = [[Bakhsh|District]] |
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| subdivision_name3 = [[Central District (Bushehr County)|Central]] |
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| subdivision_type4 = |
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| subdivision_name4 = |
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| leader_title = Mayor |
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| leader_name = Hossein Heydari |
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| established_title = |
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| established_date = |
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| area_magnitude = |
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| area_total_km2 = |
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| area_total_sq_mi = |
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| area_land_km2 = |
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| area_land_sq_mi = |
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| area_water_km2 = |
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| area_water_sq_mi = |
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| area_water_percent = |
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| area_urban_km2 = |
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| area_urban_sq_mi = |
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| area_metro_km2 = |
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| area_metro_sq_mi = |
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| population_as_of = 2016 |
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| population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 Bushehr Province"/> |
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|population_total = 223504 |
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| population_est = |
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| population_est_as_of = |
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| population_note = |
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| population_metro = 398581 |
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| population_urban = |
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| population_density_km2 = |
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| population_density_sq_mi = |
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| timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] |
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| utc_offset = +3:30 |
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| coordinates = {{coord|28|55|35|N|50|51|05|E|dim:4km|display=inline,title}} |
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|coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map|author=((OpenStreetMap contributors))|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=28.926389&mlon=50.851389&zoom=13#map=13/28.92639/50.85139|website=openstreetmap.org (OpenStreetMap)|title=Bushehr, Bushehr County|date=25 August 2024|access-date=25 August 2024|lang=fa}}</ref> |
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| elevation_m = 18 |
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| elevation_ft = |
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| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |
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| blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|BSh]] |
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| website = {{URL|http://www.bushehrcity.ir/en}}<br> {{URL|www.bushehrcity.ir}} |
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| footnotes = |
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| name = |
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| image_map1 = |
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{{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|zoom=10|frame-lat=28.9275|frame-long=50.8279 |
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|type=shape-inverse|id=Q158928|title=City map interactive |
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|type2=point|id2=Q158928|stroke-width=3|stroke-color=#7e7e7e|fill=#7e7e7e|title2=zones|marker=city |
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}} |
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}} |
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'''Bushehr''' ({{langx|fa|بوشهر}}; {{IPA|fa|buːˈʃe(h)ɾ||fa-Bushehr.ogg}}){{efn|Also [[romanize]]d as '''Būshehr'''; also known as '''Abu Shehr''', '''Abuschehr''', '''Bandar Abu Shehr''', '''Bouchehr''', '''Buschir''', '''Busehr''', and '''Bushire'''; also '''Bandar Bushehr''' and '''Bandar-e-Bushehr''' (بندر بوشهر), also romanized as '''Bandar Būshehr''' and '''Bandar-e Būshehr'''<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3057164}}</ref>}} is a port city in the [[Central District (Bushehr County)|Central District]] of [[Bushehr County]], [[Bushehr province|Bushehr]] province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.<ref name="Bushehr Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of elements and units of the national divisions of Bushehr province centered on Bushehr city|language=fa|website=lamtakam.com|via=Lam ta Kam|url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113031|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424211507/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113031|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Political Defense Commission of the Government Board|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|date=c. 2024|archive-date=24 April 2024|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|access-date=24 April 2024|id=Notification 82824/T138K}}</ref> |
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== |
== Etymology == |
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The roots of the name "Bushehr" are uncertain. It is unlikely that it is derived from ''Abū Šahr'' ("father of the city"), a theory which remains popular. It may be an abbreviation of [[Bokht-Ardashir]] ("Ardashir has given"), though this is not backed by conclusive evidence.{{sfn|Perry|2017}}{{sfn|de Planhol|1990}} [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008730547]. |
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== History == |
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Bushehr was founded in 1736 by [[Nadir Shah]] but bushehr city built in 5000 or 6000 age ago in ilam age. Prior to that, it was called [[Reeshehr]], and was the seat of the [[Nestorian]] [[Christian]] expansion of the 5th century. |
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===Origins=== |
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A number of alleged premodern references to Bushehr, including the first made by an [[Arab]] geographer in 1225, have been disputed as perhaps alluding to the modern city of [[Reishahr]], a harbor 10 km to the south, where archaeological evidence points to the presence of a much older settlement.{{sfn|Perry|2017}} Reishahr is also most likely equivalent to the town of Mesambria, a place the [[Greeks]] knew since the campaign of [[Nearchus]] (died 300 BC), and which also has been occasionally identified with Bushehr.{{sfn|de Planhol|1990}} |
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=== Rise === |
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In [[1737]] the [[Dutch East India Company]] opened a trading post in Bushehr, which lasted until [[1753]]. |
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In 1734, the Iranian military commander [[Nader Shah|Nader]] made Bushehr (then still a minor fishing village) the headquarters of the Persian Gulf fleet that he sought to create.{{sfn|de Planhol|1990}}{{sfn|Perry|2017}} This marked the start of Bushehr's rising importance. In order to build a massive warship, Nader even brought heavy wood from [[Mazandaran]]'s forests, which was 1,000 km away from Bushehr. The shell of this ship drew notice from European travelers for the next 50 years. The naval aspirations of Nader ended when he was murdered in 1747, but Bushehr continued to serve as a prominent port for at least the following 150 years. Between 1737–1753, the [[Dutch East India Company]] ran a trading facility there.{{sfn|Perry|2017}} |
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Aside from Bushehr's strategic significance—being situated 300 km from [[Shiraz]] and 600 km from that of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]-ruled [[Basra]]—the place offered few benefits and numerous drawbacks. The town and its surrounding area were somewhat shielded by the interior's hilly terrain and narrow gorges, but were still vulnerable to pirate intrusion. In the 19th century, European ships had to dock around four kilometers offshore and transfer freight and passengers through small boats due to the shallow path to both the shoreline and the bay. Despite the numerous [[windcatcher]]s on top of the houses, the water in the wells was salty, and the summer heat and humidity were unbearable.{{sfn|Perry|2017}} |
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In 1763 the Persian ruler [[Karim Khan]] granted the [[British East India Company]] the right to build a base and trading post there. It was used as a base by the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Navy]] in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, Bushehr became an important commercial port. It was occupied by British forces in 1856, during the [[Anglo-Persian War]] 1856-1857. Bushehr surrendered to the British on [[December 9]], [[1856]]. |
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===The main commercial port of Iran=== |
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{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bushire}} |
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Bushehr soon replaced [[Bandar Abbas]] as the country's most important commercial port. This was because of Iran's political and economic centre being moved to Shiraz under the [[Zand dynasty|Zand]] ruler [[Karim Khan Zand]] ({{reign|1751|1779}}), who had established his authority in western Iran.{{sfn|Perry|2017}}{{sfn|de Planhol|1990}} |
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It was occupied by the British again in 1915, the second time due to [[Germany|German]] intrigue, most notably by [[Wilhelm Wassmuss]]. |
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[[File:BUSHIRE.jpg|thumb|Map of Bushehr and surrounding areas in 1923]] |
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==Demographics== |
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In previous centuries, many Africans settled in Bushehr. Although there is no discernible linguistic influence from Africa in Bushehr, there are cultural and genetic influences. |
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=== Language === |
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Linguistic composition of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Language distribution: Bushehr Province|url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.bushehr#eyJ0IjoieCIsImkiOiI5MTIyOTFmNDM3Yjg4NzkxNThkOTQ2ZTNhNjE5NGU3OSIsInMiOjE2NzUxNjc3MDcyMjR9|access-date=31 January 2023|website=Iran Atlas}}</ref>{{bar box|title=Bushehr, Iran linguistic composition|titlebar=#ddd|left1=language|right1=percent|float=|bars= |
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{{bar percent|Mixed|red|50}} |
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{{bar percent|[[Dialects of Fars|Bushehri]]|orange|25}} |
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{{bar percent|[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani Persian]]|yellow|15}} |
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{{bar percent|[[Arabic]]|blue|2.23}} |
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{{bar percent|[[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi Balochi]]|brown|0.05}} |
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}} |
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===Population=== |
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Industries include [[fishing]] and a [[thermoelectric power|thermoelectric]] [[power plant]], while the inland area (also called Bushehr) produces [[Shiraz wine]], [[metalwork]], [[rug]]s and other [[textiles]], [[cement]], and [[fertilizer]]. The Iranian [[navy]] maintains a base here. |
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At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 161,674 people in 25,158 households.<ref name="2006 Bushehr Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Bushehr Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/18.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920093422/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/18.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The census in 2011 counted 195,222 people in 52,204 households.<ref name="2011 Bushehr Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Bushehr Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Bushehr.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403085236/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Bushehr.xls |archive-date=3 April 2023| access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 223,504 people in 63,820 households.<ref name="2016 Bushehr Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Bushehr Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_18.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212745/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_18.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> |
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== Climate == |
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Bushehr has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSh'') with a precipitation pattern resembling a [[Mediterranean climate]], albeit it is both too hot and dry for too long to qualify as such, by a wide margin, due to the threshold for hot climates being much higher in terms of required rainfall. |
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{{Weather box |
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|location = Bushehr (1951–2010) |
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|metric first = Y |
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|single line = Y |
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|Jan record high C = 30.0 |
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|Feb record high C = 32.0 |
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|Mar record high C = 38.0 |
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|Apr record high C = 42.5 |
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|May record high C = 47.0 |
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|Jun record high C = 48.6 |
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|Jul record high C = 50.0 |
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|Aug record high C = 47.0 |
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|Sep record high C = 46.0 |
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|Oct record high C = 41.0 |
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|Nov record high C = 34.5 |
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|Dec record high C = 32.0 |
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|year record high C = 50.0 |
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|Jan high C = 18.6 |
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|Feb high C = 20.2 |
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|Mar high C = 24.2 |
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|Apr high C = 29.6 |
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|May high C = 34.5 |
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|Jun high C = 36.4 |
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|Jul high C = 37.8 |
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|Aug high C = 38.1 |
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|Sep high C = 36.6 |
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|Oct high C = 32.9 |
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|Nov high C = 26.6 |
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|Dec high C = 21.0 |
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|year high C = 29.7 |
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|Jan mean C = 14.5 |
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|Feb mean C = 15.8 |
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|Mar mean C = 19.3 |
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|Apr mean C = 24.3 |
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|May mean C = 29.0 |
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|Jun mean C = 31.4 |
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|Jul mean C = 33.1 |
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|Aug mean C = 33.3 |
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|Sep mean C = 30.8 |
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|Oct mean C = 26.9 |
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|Nov mean C = 21.3 |
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|Dec mean C = 16.5 |
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|year mean C = 24.7 |
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|Jan low C = 10.3 |
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|Feb low C = 11.4 |
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|Mar low C = 14.4 |
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|Apr low C = 18.9 |
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|May low C = 23.6 |
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|Jun low C = 26.3 |
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|Jul low C = 28.4 |
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|Aug low C = 28.4 |
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|Sep low C = 25.1 |
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|Oct low C = 20.9 |
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|Nov low C = 16.0 |
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|Dec low C = 12.0 |
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|year low C = 19.6 |
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|Jan record low C = -1.0 |
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|Feb record low C = 2.5 |
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|Mar record low C = 5.0 |
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|Apr record low C = 8.0 |
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|May record low C = 14.0 |
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|Jun record low C = 18.0 |
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|Jul record low C = 21.0 |
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|Aug record low C = 22.0 |
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|Sep record low C = 17.0 |
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|Oct record low C = 12.0 |
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|Nov record low C = 5.0 |
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|Dec record low C = 2.0 |
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|year record low C = -1.0 |
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|precipitation colour = green |
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|Jan precipitation mm = 78.5 |
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|Feb precipitation mm = 31.8 |
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|Mar precipitation mm = 22.4 |
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|Apr precipitation mm = 8.6 |
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|May precipitation mm = 2.6 |
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|Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 |
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|Jul precipitation mm = 0.0 |
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|Aug precipitation mm = 0.3 |
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|Sep precipitation mm = 0.0 |
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|Oct precipitation mm = 5.7 |
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|Nov precipitation mm = 39.4 |
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|Dec precipitation mm = 78.7 |
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|year precipitation mm = 268.0 |
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|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |
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|Jan precipitation days = 5.9 |
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|Feb precipitation days = 3.4 |
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|Mar precipitation days = 3.1 |
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|Apr precipitation days = 1.7 |
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|May precipitation days = 0.4 |
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|Jun precipitation days = 0.0 |
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|Jul precipitation days = 0.0 |
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|Aug precipitation days = 0.0 |
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|Sep precipitation days = 0.0 |
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|Oct precipitation days = 0.5 |
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|Nov precipitation days = 2.7 |
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|Dec precipitation days = 5.3 |
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|year precipitation days = 22.0 |
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|Jan humidity = 75 |
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|Feb humidity = 72 |
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|Mar humidity = 66 |
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|Apr humidity = 60 |
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|May humidity = 56 |
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|Jun humidity = 58 |
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|Jul humidity = 61 |
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|Aug humidity = 65 |
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|Sep humidity = 65 |
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|Oct humidity = 66 |
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|Nov humidity = 66 |
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|Dec humidity = 73 |
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|year humidity = 65 |
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|Jan sun = 199.1 |
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|Feb sun = 195.4 |
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|Mar sun = 217.4 |
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|Apr sun = 232.0 |
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|May sun = 292.5 |
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|Jun sun = 329.7 |
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|Jul sun = 314.0 |
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|Aug sun = 320.9 |
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|Sep sun = 293.8 |
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|Oct sun = 279.0 |
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|Nov sun = 227.3 |
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|Dec sun = 193.5 |
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|year sun = 3094.6 |
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|source 1 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records),<ref name= records>*{{cite web |url= http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/7.asp |title= Highest record temperature in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 8, 2015 |archive-date= October 5, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181005185553/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/7.asp |url-status= dead }} |
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*{{cite web |url= http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/6.asp |title= Lowest record temperature in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 8, 2015 |archive-date= October 5, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181005185540/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/6.asp |url-status= dead }}</ref> (temperatures),<ref name=temperatures>*{{cite web |url= http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/3.asp |title= Average Maximum temperature in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 8, 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306115031/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/3.asp |archive-date= March 6, 2016 }} |
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*{{cite web |url= http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/5.asp |title= Average Mean Daily temperature in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 8, 2015 |archive-date= April 27, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180427003040/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/5.asp |url-status= dead }} |
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*{{cite web |url= http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/2.asp |title= Average Minimum temperature in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 8, 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306113824/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/2.asp |archive-date= March 6, 2016 }}</ref> (precipitation),<ref name= precipitation>{{cite web |url= http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/25.asp |title= Monthly Total Precipitation in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 8, 2015 |archive-date= May 16, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180516225623/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/25.asp |url-status= dead }}</ref> (humidity),<ref name=humidity> |
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{{cite web |url= http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/14.asp |title= Average relative humidity in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 8, 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306122133/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/14.asp |archive-date= March 6, 2016 }}</ref> (days with precipitation),<ref name=precipdays> |
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{{cite web |url= http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/29.asp |title= No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 8, 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306115503/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/29.asp |archive-date= March 6, 2016 }}</ref> (sunshine)<ref name=sunshine> |
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{{cite web |url= http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/42.asp |title= Monthly total sunshine hours in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |access-date= April 8, 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306115248/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/bos/BUSHEHR/42.asp |archive-date= March 6, 2016 }}</ref> |
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|date=March 2016 |
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}} |
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==Nuclear development== |
==Nuclear development== |
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{{main|Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant}} |
{{main|Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant}} |
||
Bushehr is twelve kilometres from the site of the [[Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant]] being built in cooperation with [[Russia]]. The work was begun by the [[Bonn]] firm [[Kraftwerk-Union]] A.G., a unit of [[Siemens AG]], which contracted to build two nuclear reactors based on a contract worth $4 to $6 billion, signed in 1975. |
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Bushehr is twelve kilometres from the site of the [[Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant]] being built in cooperation with [[Russia]]. The work was begun by the [[Bonn]] firm {{ill|Kraftwerk Union|de}} A.G., a unit of [[Siemens AG]], which contracted to build two nuclear reactors based on a contract worth $4 to $6 billion, signed in 1975. |
|||
Work stopped in January 1979, and Kraftwerk-Union fully withdrew from the project in July 1979, with one reactor 50% complete, and the other reactor 85% complete. They said they based their action on Iran's non-payment of $450 million in overdue payments. The company had received $2.5 billion of the total contract. Their cancellation came following the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]]. Iran subsequently requested that Siemens finish construction, but Siemens declined. Shortly afterwards [[Iraq]] invaded Iran and the nuclear programme was stopped until the end of the war. The reactors were damaged by multiple Iraqi air strikes between February 1985 and 1988. |
|||
Work stopped in January 1979, and Kraftwerk Union fully withdrew from the project in July 1979, with one reactor 50% complete, and the other reactor 85% complete. They said they based their action on Iran's non-payment of $450 million in overdue payments. The company had received $2.5 billion of the total contract. Their cancellation came following the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]]. Iran subsequently requested that Siemens finish construction, but Siemens declined. Shortly afterward [[Iraq]] invaded Iran and the nuclear programme was stopped until the end of the war. The reactors were damaged by multiple Iraqi airstrikes between March 1984 and 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iran/bushehr-intro.htm|title=Bushehr - Iran Nuclear Reactor|first=John|last=Pike|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> |
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In 1995, Russia signed a contract to supply a [[light water reactor]] for the plant (the contract is believed to be valued between $700 [[million]] and $1.2 [[1,000,000,000 (number)|billion]] USD). Although the agreement calls for the spent [[fuel rod]]s to be sent back to Russia for reprocessing, the US has expressed concern that Iran can reprocess the rods itself, in order to obtain [[plutonium]] for [[atomic bomb]]s. |
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In 1995, Russia signed a contract to supply a [[light water reactor]] for the plant (the contract is believed to be valued between $700 [[million]] and $1.2 [[1,000,000,000 (number)|billion]] USD). The agreement calls for the spent [[fuel rod]]s to be sent back to Russia for reprocessing. The plant started adding electricity to the national grid on 3 September 2011,<ref name=guardian-20110904>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/04/iran-nuclear-power-bushehr-plant |title=Iranian nuclear power station 'begins generating electricity' |agency=Reuters |work=The Guardian |date=4 September 2011 |access-date=4 September 2011 |location=London}}</ref> and was officially opened in a ceremony on 12 September 2011.{{cn|date=March 2023}} |
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==Colleges and Universities== |
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*[[Persian Gulf University]] |
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*[[Bushehr University of Medical Sciences]] |
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*[http://www.iaubushehr.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Bushehr] |
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*[[Iran Nuclear Energy College]] |
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==See also== |
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== Postage stamps ==<!-- This section is linked from [[List of entities that have issued postage stamps (A - E)]] --> |
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{{Commons category-inline}} |
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See : [[Postage stamps of Bushire under British occupation]] |
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{{Wikivoyage-inline}} |
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{{clear}} |
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== Notes == |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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* {{EI3|last=Perry|first=John R.|year=2017|title=Bushire|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/bushire-COM_24027}} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Būšehr i. The City | last = de Planhol | first = Xavier | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bushehr-01-city | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = 1990 | isbn = }} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100328095911/http://www.lovelyiran.com/bushehr/ Bushehr Travel Guide] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225025649/http://www.thepersiangulf.org/cities/bushehr.html Bushehr, The Persian Gulf] |
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*[http://w4.siemens.de/archiv/en/beteiligungen/beteiligungen_hist.html] |
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*[http://digitalspirit.blogspot.com/2007/11/history-of-bushehr-bushehr-is-port.html Bushehr's travel review] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081002204932/http://digitalspirit.blogspot.com/2007/11/history-of-bushehr-bushehr-is-port.html Bushehr's travel review] |
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* https://www.citypopulation.de/mapinex.html |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Provincial capitals of Iran}} |
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[[Category:Cities in Bushehr province]] |
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[[Category:Populated places in Bushehr County]] |
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[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Bushehr Province]] |
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[[Category:Iranian provincial capitals]] |
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[[Category:Settlements established in 1736]] |
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[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Persian Gulf]] |
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[[Category:Port cities and towns in Iran]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:54, 14 November 2024
Bushehr
Persian: بوشهر | |
|---|---|
City | |
 .jpg)    Panoramic, Clock tower at night, Malek Palace, Amiriya Mansion, Saadat school | |
 | |
  Bushehr  Bushehr  Bushehr | |
| Coordinates: 28°55′35″N 50°51′05″E / 28.92639°N 50.85139°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Bushehr |
| County | Bushehr |
| District | Central |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Hossein Heydari |
| Elevation | 18 m (59 ft) |
| Population (2016)[2] | |
• City | 223,504 |
| • Metro | 398,581 |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Climate | BSh |
| Website | www www |
Bushehr (Persian: بوشهر; [buːˈʃe(h)ɾ] ⓘ)[a] is a port city in the Central District of Bushehr County, Bushehr province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[4]
Etymology
[edit]The roots of the name "Bushehr" are uncertain. It is unlikely that it is derived from Abū Šahr ("father of the city"), a theory which remains popular. It may be an abbreviation of Bokht-Ardashir ("Ardashir has given"), though this is not backed by conclusive evidence.[5][6] [1].
History
[edit]Origins
[edit]A number of alleged premodern references to Bushehr, including the first made by an Arab geographer in 1225, have been disputed as perhaps alluding to the modern city of Reishahr, a harbor 10 km to the south, where archaeological evidence points to the presence of a much older settlement.[5] Reishahr is also most likely equivalent to the town of Mesambria, a place the Greeks knew since the campaign of Nearchus (died 300 BC), and which also has been occasionally identified with Bushehr.[6]
Rise
[edit]In 1734, the Iranian military commander Nader made Bushehr (then still a minor fishing village) the headquarters of the Persian Gulf fleet that he sought to create.[6][5] This marked the start of Bushehr's rising importance. In order to build a massive warship, Nader even brought heavy wood from Mazandaran's forests, which was 1,000 km away from Bushehr. The shell of this ship drew notice from European travelers for the next 50 years. The naval aspirations of Nader ended when he was murdered in 1747, but Bushehr continued to serve as a prominent port for at least the following 150 years. Between 1737–1753, the Dutch East India Company ran a trading facility there.[5]
Aside from Bushehr's strategic significance—being situated 300 km from Shiraz and 600 km from that of Ottoman-ruled Basra—the place offered few benefits and numerous drawbacks. The town and its surrounding area were somewhat shielded by the interior's hilly terrain and narrow gorges, but were still vulnerable to pirate intrusion. In the 19th century, European ships had to dock around four kilometers offshore and transfer freight and passengers through small boats due to the shallow path to both the shoreline and the bay. Despite the numerous windcatchers on top of the houses, the water in the wells was salty, and the summer heat and humidity were unbearable.[5]
The main commercial port of Iran
[edit]Bushehr soon replaced Bandar Abbas as the country's most important commercial port. This was because of Iran's political and economic centre being moved to Shiraz under the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand (r. 1751–1779), who had established his authority in western Iran.[5][6]
Demographics
[edit]Language
[edit]Linguistic composition of the city.[7]
Population
[edit]At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 161,674 people in 25,158 households.[8] The census in 2011 counted 195,222 people in 52,204 households.[9] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 223,504 people in 63,820 households.[2]
Climate
[edit]Bushehr has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh) with a precipitation pattern resembling a Mediterranean climate, albeit it is both too hot and dry for too long to qualify as such, by a wide margin, due to the threshold for hot climates being much higher in terms of required rainfall.
| Climate data for Bushehr (1951–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
42.5 (108.5) |
47.0 (116.6) |
48.6 (119.5) |
50.0 (122.0) |
47.0 (116.6) |
46.0 (114.8) |
41.0 (105.8) |
34.5 (94.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
50.0 (122.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
20.2 (68.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
29.6 (85.3) |
34.5 (94.1) |
36.4 (97.5) |
37.8 (100.0) |
38.1 (100.6) |
36.6 (97.9) |
32.9 (91.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
29.7 (85.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.3 (66.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
29.0 (84.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.3 (91.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
21.3 (70.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
26.3 (79.3) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.4 (83.1) |
25.1 (77.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
14.0 (57.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 78.5 (3.09) |
31.8 (1.25) |
22.4 (0.88) |
8.6 (0.34) |
2.6 (0.10) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
5.7 (0.22) |
39.4 (1.55) |
78.7 (3.10) |
268.0 (10.55) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.9 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 5.3 | 22.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 72 | 66 | 60 | 56 | 58 | 61 | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 73 | 65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 199.1 | 195.4 | 217.4 | 232.0 | 292.5 | 329.7 | 314.0 | 320.9 | 293.8 | 279.0 | 227.3 | 193.5 | 3,094.6 |
| Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[10] (temperatures),[11] (precipitation),[12] (humidity),[13] (days with precipitation),[14] (sunshine)[15] | |||||||||||||
Nuclear development
[edit]Bushehr is twelve kilometres from the site of the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant being built in cooperation with Russia. The work was begun by the Bonn firm Kraftwerk Union A.G., a unit of Siemens AG, which contracted to build two nuclear reactors based on a contract worth $4 to $6 billion, signed in 1975.
Work stopped in January 1979, and Kraftwerk Union fully withdrew from the project in July 1979, with one reactor 50% complete, and the other reactor 85% complete. They said they based their action on Iran's non-payment of $450 million in overdue payments. The company had received $2.5 billion of the total contract. Their cancellation came following the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Iran subsequently requested that Siemens finish construction, but Siemens declined. Shortly afterward Iraq invaded Iran and the nuclear programme was stopped until the end of the war. The reactors were damaged by multiple Iraqi airstrikes between March 1984 and 1988.[16]
In 1995, Russia signed a contract to supply a light water reactor for the plant (the contract is believed to be valued between $700 million and $1.2 billion USD). The agreement calls for the spent fuel rods to be sent back to Russia for reprocessing. The plant started adding electricity to the national grid on 3 September 2011,[17] and was officially opened in a ceremony on 12 September 2011.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]
Media related to Bushehr at Wikimedia Commons
Bushehr travel guide from Wikivoyage
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (25 August 2024). "Bushehr, Bushehr County" (Map). openstreetmap.org (OpenStreetMap) (in Persian). Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Bushehr Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Bushehr can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3057164" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^ Habibi, Hassan (c. 2024) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of elements and units of the national divisions of Bushehr province centered on Bushehr city. lamtakam.com (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Political Defense Commission of the Government Board. Notification 82824/T138K. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024 – via Lam ta Kam.
- ^ a b c d e f Perry 2017.
- ^ a b c d de Planhol 1990.
- ^ "Language distribution: Bushehr Province". Iran Atlas. 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
- ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Bushehr Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Bushehr Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
- ^ *"Highest record temperature in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- "Lowest record temperature in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ *"Average Maximum temperature in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- "Average Mean Daily temperature in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- "Average Minimum temperature in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Monthly Total Precipitation in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Average relative humidity in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ "Monthly total sunshine hours in Bushehr by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^ Pike, John. "Bushehr - Iran Nuclear Reactor". www.globalsecurity.org.
- ^ "Iranian nuclear power station 'begins generating electricity'". The Guardian. London. Reuters. 4 September 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
Sources
[edit]- Perry, John R. (2017). "Bushire". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
- de Planhol, Xavier (1990). "Būšehr i. The City". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
External links
[edit]- Bushehr Travel Guide
- Bushehr, The Persian Gulf
- Bushehr's travel review
- https://www.citypopulation.de/mapinex.html
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