Strawberry: Difference between revisions

Top Strawberry producers
Top Strawberry producers
in 2022
Numbers in million tonnes
1. China	3.35 (35.01%)
2. United States	1.26 (13.17%)
3. Turkey	0.73 (7.63%)
4. Egypt	0.64 (6.69%)
5. Mexico	0.57 (5.96%)
6. Spain	0.33 (3.45%)
World total	9.57
	Source: FAOSTAT

Nutrition
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	136 kJ (33 kcal)
Carbohydrates	7.68 g
Sugars	4.89 g
Dietary fiber	2 g
Fat	0.3 g
Protein	0.67 g
Vitamins
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins	Quantity %DV†
Thiamine (B1)	2% 0.024 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	2% 0.022 mg
Niacin (B3)	2% 0.386 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)	3% 0.125 mg
Vitamin B6	3% 0.047 mg
Folate (B9)	6% 24 μg
Choline	1% 5.7 mg
Vitamin C	65% 58.8 mg
Vitamin E	2% 0.29 mg
Vitamin K	2% 2.2 μg
Minerals	Quantity %DV†
Calcium	1% 16 mg
Iron	2% 0.41 mg
Magnesium	3% 13 mg
Manganese	17% 0.386 mg
Phosphorus	2% 24 mg
Potassium	5% 154 mg
Sodium	0% 1 mg
Zinc	1% 0.14 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	90.95 g
	Link to USDA Database entry
	†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.

Strawberry Fragaria × ananassa
	Strawberry fruit
	Halved strawberry
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Fragaria
Species:	F. × ananassa
Binomial name
	Fragaria × ananassa; Duchesne

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The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry; Fragaria × ananassa)^[1] is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria in the rose family, Rosaceae, collectively known as the strawberries, which are cultivated worldwide for their fruit. This is appreciated for its aroma, bright red colour, juicy texture, and sweetness. It is eaten either fresh or in prepared foods such as jam, juice, pies, ice cream, milkshakes, and chocolates. Artificial strawberry flavourings and aromas are widely used in commercial products. Botanically, the strawberry is not a berry but an aggregate accessory fruit; each apparent 'seed' on the outside of the strawberry is actually an achene, a botanical fruit with a seed inside it.

The garden strawberry was first bred in Brittany, France, in the 1750s via a cross of F. virginiana from eastern North America and F. chiloensis, which was brought from Chile by Amédée-François Frézier in 1714. Cultivars of F. × ananassa have replaced the woodland strawberry F. vesca in commercial production. In 2022, world production of strawberries exceeded nine million tons, led by China with 35% of the total.

Strawberries have appeared in literature and art from Roman times; Virgil wrote about the snake lurking beneath the strawberry, an image reinterpreted by later writers including Shakespeare. Strawberries appear in Italian, Flemish, and German paintings, including Hieronymus Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights. It has been understood to symbolize the ephemerality of earthly joys, or the benefit that blessed souls get from religion, or to allegorize death and resurrection; by the late 20th century, it had come to symbolize female sexuality.

Evolution

History and taxonomy

In Europe, until the 17th century cultivated plants were obtained by transplanting strawberries from the forests; the plants were propagated asexually by pegging down the runners, allowing them to root, and then separating the new plants.^[2] F. virginiana, the Virginia strawberry, was brought to Europe from eastern North America; F. chiloensis, the Chilean strawberry, was brought from Chile by Amédée-François Frézier in 1714.^[3] At first introduction to Europe, the Chilean strawberry plants grew vigorously, but produced no fruit.^[3] French gardeners in Brittany in the 1750s noticed that the Chilean plants bore only female flowers. They planted the wild woodland strawberry F. vesca among the Chilean plants to provide pollen; the Chilean strawberry plants then bore abundant fruits.^[3]

In 1766, Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, in the gardens of the Palace of Versailles, France, found that F. ananassa was a hybrid of the recently arrived F. chiloensis and F. virginiana.^[1] In 1759, Philip Miller recorded the 'pine strawberry' (F. ananassa) in Chelsea, England. In 1806, also in England, Michael Keens of Isleworth selected the Keens Imperial cultivar from many hybrids,^[4] winning the Royal Horticultural Society's Silver Cup.^[3] Both the names 'pine' and 'ananassa' meant "pineapple", for the fruit's flavour.^[4] Modern strawberries and both parent species are octoploid (8N, meaning they have 8 sets of 7 chromosomes).^[5] The genome sequence of the garden strawberry was published in 2019.^[6]

Further breeding in the following centuries produced varieties with a longer cropping season and more fruit.^[3] During the Green Revolution of the 1950s, agronomists used selective breeding to expand phenotypic diversity of the garden strawberry. Adoption of perpetual flowering hybrids not sensitive to changes in photoperiod gave higher yields and enabled production in California to expand.^[1]

Fragaria vesca, a wild woodland strawberry, was cultivated until the 17th century.
Antoine Nicolas Duchesne discovered that the cultivated strawberry ('Gariguette' pictured) was a hybrid of F. chiloensis and F. virginiana.^[1]

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of the cultivated strawberry within the genus Fragaria of the Rosaceae family was determined by chloroplast genomics in 2021. The polyploidy (number of sets of chromosomes) is shown as "2N" etc. by each species.^[7]

Rosaceae

Rosa and other genera

Potentilla (cinquefoils)

Fragaria

at least 11 other species

F. viridis 2N (green strawberry)

	F. orientalis 4N (eastern strawberry)

	F. moschata 6N (musk strawberry)

F. mandshurica

F. vesca ssp. vesca 2N (wild strawberry)

F. vesca ssp. bracteata 2N

F. virginiana 8N (Virginia strawberry, parent species)

	F. chiloensis 8N (Chilean strawberry, parent species)

	*F. x ananassa* 8N (the hybrid garden strawberry)**

Description

In culinary terms, a strawberry is an edible fruit. From a botanical point of view, it is not a berry but an aggregate accessory fruit, because the fleshy part is derived from the receptacle. Each apparent seed on the outside of the strawberry is actually an achene, a botanical fruit with a seed inside it.^[8]

Leaves
Flower
Achenes (botanical fruits)
Growth (video)

Composition

Nutrition

Raw strawberries are 91% water, 8% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contain negligible fat (table). A reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz) supplies 33 kilocalories, is a rich source of vitamin C (65% of the Daily Value, DV), and a good source of manganese (17% DV), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table). Strawberries contain a modest amount of essential unsaturated fatty acids in the achene (seed) oil.^[11]

Phytochemicals

Garden strawberries contain diverse phytochemicals, including the dimeric ellagitannin agrimoniin, which is an isomer of sanguiin H-6.^[12]^[13] Other polyphenols present include flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols and phenolic acids, such as hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid.^[11] Although achenes comprise only about 1% of the total fresh weight of a strawberry, they contribute 11% of all polyphenols in the whole fruit; achene phytochemicals include ellagic acid, ellagic acid glycosides, and ellagitannins.^[14]

Pelargonidin-3-glucoside is the major anthocyanin pigment in strawberries, giving them their red colour, with cyanidin-3-glucoside in smaller amounts.^[15] Strawberries also contain purple minor pigments, such as dimeric anthocyanins.^[15]

Flavour and fragrance

Furaneol contributes to the fragrance of strawberries.

Sweetness, fragrance and complex flavour are important attributes of strawberries.^[16] In plant breeding and farming, emphasis is placed on sugars, acids, and volatile compounds, which improve the taste and fragrance of the ripe fruit.^[17] Esters, terpenes, and furans are the chemical compounds having the strongest relationships to strawberry flavour, sweetness and fragrance, with a total of 31 out of some 360 volatile compounds significantly correlated to desirable flavour and fragrance.^[17]^[18]^[19] In breeding strawberries for the commercial market in the United States, the volatile compounds methyl anthranilate and gamma-decalactone, prominent in aromatic wild strawberries, are especially desired for their "sweet and fruity" aroma characteristics.^[18]^[19] As strawberry flavour and fragrance appeal to consumers,^[18]^[19]^[20] they are used widely in manufacturing, including foods, beverages, perfumes and cosmetics.^[21]^[22]

Allergy

Some people experience an anaphylactoid reaction to eating strawberries.^[23] The most common form of this reaction is oral allergy syndrome, but symptoms may also mimic hay fever or include dermatitis or hives, and, in severe cases, may cause breathing problems.^[24] Proteomic studies indicate that the allergen may be tied to a protein for the red anthocyanin biosynthesis expressed in strawberry ripening, named Fra a1 (Fragaria allergen1).^[25] White-fruited strawberry cultivars, lacking Fra a1, may be an option for strawberry allergy sufferers.^[25] They ripen but remain pale, appearing like immature berries. A virtually allergen-free cultivar named 'Sofar' is available.^[26]^[27]

Varieties

Strawberries are often grouped according to their flowering habit.^[28]^[29] Traditionally in the Northern Hemisphere, this has consisted of a division between "June-bearing" strawberries, which bear their fruit in the early summer and "ever-bearing" strawberries, which often bear several crops of fruit throughout the season.^[29] One plant throughout a season may produce 50 to 60 times or roughly once every three days.^[30] Strawberries occur in three basic flowering habits: short-day, long-day, and day-neutral. These describe the day-length sensitivity of the plant and the type of photoperiod that induces flower formation. Day-neutral cultivars produce flowers regardless of the photoperiod.^[31] Strawberry cultivars vary widely in size, colour, flavour, shape, degree of fertility, season of ripening, liability to disease and constitution of plant.^[28]

Cultivation

Production

In 2022, world production of strawberries was 9.6 million tonnes, led by China with 35% of the total and the United States and Turkey as other significant producers.^[32]

Due to the relatively fragile nature of the strawberry, approximately 35 percent of the $2.2 billion United States crop was spoiled in 2020. An Idaho company announced plans to launch more durable gene-edited strawberries. In the U.S., as of 2021^[update], it cost growers around $35,000 per acre to plant and $35,000 per acre to harvest strawberries.^[33]

For commercial production, plants can be propagated from bare root plants or plugs. One method of cultivation uses annual plasticulture;^[34] another is a perennial system of matted rows or mounds which has been used in cold growing regions for many years.^[35] In some areas, greenhouses are used; in principle they could provide strawberries during the off season for field crops.^[36]

In the plasticulture system, raised beds are covered with plastic to prevent weed growth and erosion. Plants are planted through holes punched in this covering. Irrigation tubing can be run underneath if necessary.^[34]^[37]

Another method uses a compost sock. Plants grown in compost socks have been shown to produce significantly more flavonoids, anthocyanins, fructose, glucose, sucrose, malic acid, and citric acid than fruit produced in the black plastic mulch or matted row systems.^[38] Similar results in an earlier study conducted by USDA confirms how compost plays a role in the bioactive qualities of two strawberry cultivars.^[39]

Strawberries may be propagated by seed.^[40] Strawberries can be grown indoors in pots.^[41] Strawberries will not grow indoors in winter though an experiment using a combination of blue and red LED lamps shows that this could be achieved in principle.^[42] In Florida, winter is the natural growing season and harvesting begins in mid-November.^[30]

Strawberry field in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
A field using the plasticulture method

Manuring and harvesting

Nitrogen fertilizer is often needed at the beginning of every planting year. There are normally adequate levels of phosphorus and potash when fields have been fertilized for other crops in preceding years. To provide more organic matter, a cover crop of wheat or rye can be planted in the year before planting the strawberries. Strawberries prefer a somewhat acidic pH from 5.5 to 6.5, so lime is usually not required.^[43]

To achieve top quality, berries are harvested at least every other day. The berries are picked with the caps and a section of the stem still attached. Strawberries need to remain on the plant until fully ripe, because they do not continue to ripen after being picked.^[44] The harvesting and cleaning process has not changed substantially over time. As they are delicate, strawberries are still often harvested by hand and packed in the field.^[45]

Domestic cultivation

Strawberries are popular in home gardens, and numerous cultivars have been selected for consumption and for exhibition purposes.^[46] The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

'Cambridge Favourite'^[47]
'Hapil'^[48]
'Honeoye' (/ˈhʌniɔɪ/ HUN-ee-oy)^[49]
'Pegasus'^[50]
'Rhapsody'^[51]
'Symphony'^[52]

Pests and diseases

Around 200 species of pest arthropods attack strawberries.^[53] These include moths, fruit flies, chafers, strawberry root weevils, strawberry thrips, strawberry sap beetles, strawberry crown moth, mites, and aphids. Non-arthropod pests include slugs.^[53]^[54] Some are vectors of plant diseases; for instance, the strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii,^[55] can carry the strawberry mild yellow-edge virus.^[56]

Strawberry plants are subject to many diseases, especially when subjected to stress.^[57]^[58] The leaves may be infected by powdery mildew, leaf spot (caused by the fungus Sphaerella fragariae), leaf blight (caused by the fungus Phomopsis obscurans), and by a variety of slime molds.^[57] The crown and roots may fall victim to red stele, verticillium wilt, black root rot, and nematodes.^[57] The fruits are subject to damage from gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), rhizopus rot, and leather rot.^[57]

Disease resistance and protection

The NPR1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtNPR1, confers A. thaliana's broad-spectrum resistance when transexpressed in F. ananassa.^[59] This includes resistance to anthracnose, powdery mildew, and angular leaf spot.^[59]

A 1997 study found that many wound volatiles were effective against gray mold (B. cinerea).^[60] Both Tribute and Chandler varieties benefited from the treatments, although the effects vary widely with substance and variety.^[60] Strawberry plants metabolize these volatiles, more rapidly than do either blackberry or grape.^[60]

Culinary use

Strawberries were eaten fresh with cream in the time of Thomas Wolsey in the court of King Henry VIII.^[61] Strawberries can be frozen or made into jam or preserves,^[62] as well as dried and used in prepared foods, such as cereal bars.^[63] In the United Kingdom, strawberries and cream is a popular dessert at the Wimbledon tennis tournament.^[61] Desserts using strawberries include pavlova,^[64] fraisier,^[65]^[66] and strawberry shortcake.^[67]

In art and literature

The Roman poet Ovid wrote that in the past Golden Age, people had lived on wild fruits such as mountain strawberries.^[68] Virgil wrote in his Eclogues that "Ye who cull flowers and low-growing strawberries, / Away from here lads; a chill snake lurks in the grass", and his imagery was taken up by medieval and early modern writers, the snake beneath the strawberry standing for dangerous literature, or beautiful but unfaithful women, or eventually any risky pleasure. In this vein, Shakespeare's King Richard III asks for a dish of strawberries while feigning friendship to his enemy; while in Othello, Iago shows Desdemona's handkerchief "spotted with strawberries", implying she has been unfaithful and hinting at Iago's own devious plans.^[68]

The strawberry is found in Italian, Flemish, and German art, and in English miniatures.^[69] In medieval depictions, the strawberry often appears in the Virgin Mary's garden, while in the Madonna of the Strawberries, she is seated on a strawberry bed and garlanded with strawberry leaves.^[68]

In the work of the late medieval painter Hieronymus Bosch, strawberries feature in The Garden of Earthly Delights amongst "frolicking male nudes".^[68] Fray Jose de Siguenza described the painting as embodying the strawberry as a symbol of the ephemerality of earthly joys.^[68] Modern scholars have seen the symbolism entirely differently: Clement Wertheim-Aymes believed it meant the blessed souls' benefit from religion; Pater Gerlach supposed it meant spiritual love; and Laurinda Dixon asserted it was part of an allegory of death and resurrection.^[68] By the late 20th century, the strawberry (and the raspberry) had become "traditional symbols of the mouth and female sexuality".^[70]

Madonna of the Strawberries,
the Upper Rhenish Master, 1420–1430
The Garden of Earthly Delights, man eating a strawberry (detail),
Hieronymus Bosch, 1490–1500
The strawberry girl,
Ammi Phillips, c. 1830
Still Life with Strawberry Basket,
Severin Roesen, 1860–1871
Strawberry gatherers,
William Gunning King, 1880
'Strawberry Thief' textile pattern,
William Morris, 1883^[71]
Still Life with Strawberries,
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1914

References

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^ "Fragaria × ananassa 'Cambridge Favourite' (F) strawberry 'Cambridge Favourite'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^ "Fragaria × ananassa 'Hapil' (F) strawberry 'Hapil'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^ "Fragaria × ananassa 'Honeoye' (F) strawberry 'Honeoye'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^ "Fragaria 'Pegasus' strawberry 'Pegasus'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^ "Fragaria × ananassa 'Rhapsody' (F) strawberry 'Rhapsody'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^ "Fragaria × ananassa 'Symphony' PBR (F) strawberry 'Symphony'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Insect Pests of Strawberries and Their Management". Virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu. 3 May 2000. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
^ "Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook | CFANS | University of Minnesota". Ipmworld.umn.edu. 20 November 2009. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
^ Cédola, C.; Grecob, N. (2010). "Presence of the aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, on strawberry in Argentina". Journal of Insect Science. 10 (9): 9. doi:10.1673/031.010.0901. PMC 3014655. PMID 20569141.
^ "Potexvirus fragariae(SMYEV0)". EPPO Global Database. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Strawberry Diseases". Extension.umn.edu. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009.
^ "Strawberry Diseases". Colorado State University. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b
- Li, Wei; Deng, Yiwen; Ning, Yuese; He, Zuhua; Wang, Guo-Liang (2020). "Exploiting Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops: From Molecular Dissection to Breeding". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 71 (1). Annual Reviews: 575–603. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-010720-022215. PMID 32197052. S2CID 214600762.
- Silva, Katchen Julliany P.; Brunings, Asha; Peres, Natalia A.; Mou, Zhonglin; Folta, Kevin M. (27 March 2015). "The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene confers broad-spectrum disease resistance in strawberry". Transgenic Research. 24 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 693–704. doi:10.1007/s11248-015-9869-5. PMID 25812515.
^ ^a ^b ^c
- Inamdar, Arati A.; Morath, Shannon; Bennett, Joan W. (2020). "Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds: More Than Just a Funky Smell?". Annual Review of Microbiology. 74 (1). Annual Reviews: 101–116. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-012420-080428. PMID 32905756. S2CID 221624018.
- Archbold, D. D.; Hamilton-Kemp, T. R.; Barth, M. M.; Langlois, B. E. (1997). "Identifying Natural Volatile Compounds That Control Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) during Postharvest Storage of Strawberry, Blackberry, and Grape". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 45 (10). American Chemical Society (ACS): 4032–4037. Bibcode:1997JAFC...45.4032A. doi:10.1021/jf970332w. S2CID 84686620.
^ ^a ^b "Wimbledon's strawberries and cream has Tudor roots". BBC News. 9 June 2015.
^ Giampieri, Francesca; Alvarez-Suarez, Josè M.; Mazzoni, Luca; Romandini, Stefania; Bompadre, Stefano; et al. (2013). "The potential impact of strawberry on human health". Natural Product Research. 27 (4–5). Informa UK: 448–455. doi:10.1080/14786419.2012.706294. PMID 22788743.
^ Drummond, Ree (2011). "Strawberry Oatmeal Bars". Food Network. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
^ "Contains Pavlova Toppings". InMamasKitchen.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
^ Boyle, T. (2015). Flavorful: 150 Irresistible Desserts in All-time Favorite Flavors. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-118-52355-1. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ Greenspan, D. (2014). Baking Chez Moi: Recipes from My Paris Home to Your Home Anywhere. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-547-70832-4. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ "Strawberry Shortcake Through the Years". Driscoll's. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gibson, Walter S. (2003). "The Strawberries of Hieronymus Bosch" (PDF). Cleveland Studies in the History of Art. 8 (8): 24–33. JSTOR 20079728.
^ Ross, Lawrence J. (1960). "The Meaning of Strawberries in Shakespeare". Studies in the Renaissance. 7: 225–240. doi:10.2307/2857136. JSTOR 2857136.
^ Varney, Wendy (1996). "The briar around the strawberry patch". Women's Studies International Forum. 19 (3): 267–276. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(96)00010-6.
^ Hill, Michele (2010). William Morris Strawberry Thief. Country Bumpkin Publications. ISBN 978-0-9805753-1-6.

External links

[Feldmann_2024-1] Feldmann, Mitchell J.; Pincot, Dominique D. A.; Cole, Glenn S.; Knapp, Steven J. (19 March 2024). "Genetic gains underpinning a little-known strawberry Green Revolution". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 2468. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.2468F. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46421-6. PMC 10951273. PMID 38504104.

[welsh1-2] Welsh, Martin. "Strawberries". Nvsuk.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008.

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[Johnson_1990-4] Johnson, Harold A. (August 1990). "The Contributions of Private Strawberry Breeders" (PDF). HortScience. 25 (8): 897–902. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.25.8.897.

[5] Hirakawa, H.; Shirasawa, K.; Kosugi, S.; et al. (2014). "Dissection of the octoploid strawberry genome by deep sequencing of the genomes of fragaria species". DNA Research. 21 (2): 169–181. doi:10.1093/dnares/dst049. PMC 3989489. PMID 24282021.

[6] Edger, Patrick P.; Poorten, Thomas J.; VanBuren, Robert; Hardigan, Michael A.; Colle, Marivi; et al. (March 2019). "Origin and evolution of the octoploid strawberry genome". Nature Genetics. 51 (3): 541–547. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0356-4. PMC 6882729. PMID 30804557.

[Sun_Sun_Liu_2021-7] Sun, Jian; Sun, Rui; Liu, Huabo; et al. (2021). "Complete chloroplast genome sequencing of ten wild Fragaria species in China provides evidence for phylogenetic evolution of Fragaria". Genomics. 113 (3): 1170–1179. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.01.027. PMID 33705887.

[Parrucci_Eubanks_1997-8] Parrucci, Lynn; Eubanks, Amy (1997). "The Strawberry: A Multiple Fruit". Carnegie Museums. Retrieved 6 November 2024.

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[NationalAcademiesPotassium-10] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 5 December 2024.

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[52] "Fragaria × ananassa 'Symphony' PBR (F) strawberry 'Symphony'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 20 January 2023.

[strawmaster-53] "Insect Pests of Strawberries and Their Management". Virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu. 3 May 2000. Retrieved 5 December 2009.

[54] "Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook | CFANS | University of Minnesota". Ipmworld.umn.edu. 20 November 2009. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2009.

[55] Cédola, C.; Grecob, N. (2010). "Presence of the aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, on strawberry in Argentina". Journal of Insect Science. 10 (9): 9. doi:10.1673/031.010.0901. PMC 3014655. PMID 20569141.

[56] "Potexvirus fragariae(SMYEV0)". EPPO Global Database. Retrieved 23 October 2024.

[umn-1148-57] "Strawberry Diseases". Extension.umn.edu. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009.

[58] "Strawberry Diseases". Colorado State University. Retrieved 28 March 2018.

[NPR-trans-59] 
Li, Wei; Deng, Yiwen; Ning, Yuese; He, Zuhua; Wang, Guo-Liang (2020). "Exploiting Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops: From Molecular Dissection to Breeding". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 71 (1). Annual Reviews: 575–603. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-010720-022215. PMID 32197052. S2CID 214600762.
Silva, Katchen Julliany P.; Brunings, Asha; Peres, Natalia A.; Mou, Zhonglin; Folta, Kevin M. (27 March 2015). "The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene confers broad-spectrum disease resistance in strawberry". Transgenic Research. 24 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 693–704. doi:10.1007/s11248-015-9869-5. PMID 25812515.

[60] Li, Wei; Deng, Yiwen; Ning, Yuese; He, Zuhua; Wang, Guo-Liang (2020). "Exploiting Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops: From Molecular Dissection to Breeding". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 71 (1). Annual Reviews: 575–603. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-010720-022215. PMID 32197052. S2CID 214600762.

[61] Silva, Katchen Julliany P.; Brunings, Asha; Peres, Natalia A.; Mou, Zhonglin; Folta, Kevin M. (27 March 2015). "The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene confers broad-spectrum disease resistance in strawberry". Transgenic Research. 24 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 693–704. doi:10.1007/s11248-015-9869-5. PMID 25812515.

[Wound-Volatile-60] 
Inamdar, Arati A.; Morath, Shannon; Bennett, Joan W. (2020). "Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds: More Than Just a Funky Smell?". Annual Review of Microbiology. 74 (1). Annual Reviews: 101–116. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-012420-080428. PMID 32905756. S2CID 221624018.
Archbold, D. D.; Hamilton-Kemp, T. R.; Barth, M. M.; Langlois, B. E. (1997). "Identifying Natural Volatile Compounds That Control Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) during Postharvest Storage of Strawberry, Blackberry, and Grape". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 45 (10). American Chemical Society (ACS): 4032–4037. Bibcode:1997JAFC...45.4032A. doi:10.1021/jf970332w. S2CID 84686620.

[63] Inamdar, Arati A.; Morath, Shannon; Bennett, Joan W. (2020). "Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds: More Than Just a Funky Smell?". Annual Review of Microbiology. 74 (1). Annual Reviews: 101–116. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-012420-080428. PMID 32905756. S2CID 221624018.

[64] Archbold, D. D.; Hamilton-Kemp, T. R.; Barth, M. M.; Langlois, B. E. (1997). "Identifying Natural Volatile Compounds That Control Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) during Postharvest Storage of Strawberry, Blackberry, and Grape". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 45 (10). American Chemical Society (ACS): 4032–4037. Bibcode:1997JAFC...45.4032A. doi:10.1021/jf970332w. S2CID 84686620.

[Wimbledon-61] "Wimbledon's strawberries and cream has Tudor roots". BBC News. 9 June 2015.

[Giampieri2013-62] Giampieri, Francesca; Alvarez-Suarez, Josè M.; Mazzoni, Luca; Romandini, Stefania; Bompadre, Stefano; et al. (2013). "The potential impact of strawberry on human health". Natural Product Research. 27 (4–5). Informa UK: 448–455. doi:10.1080/14786419.2012.706294. PMID 22788743.

[StrawberryOatmealBarsRecipeFoodNetwork-63] Drummond, Ree (2011). "Strawberry Oatmeal Bars". Food Network. Retrieved 27 March 2013.

[64] "Contains Pavlova Toppings". InMamasKitchen.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010.

[65] Boyle, T. (2015). Flavorful: 150 Irresistible Desserts in All-time Favorite Flavors. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-118-52355-1. Retrieved 1 November 2015.

[Greenspan_2014_p._103-66] Greenspan, D. (2014). Baking Chez Moi: Recipes from My Paris Home to Your Home Anywhere. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-547-70832-4. Retrieved 1 November 2015.

[67] "Strawberry Shortcake Through the Years". Driscoll's. Retrieved 1 November 2015.

[Gibson_2003-68] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gibson, Walter S. (2003). "The Strawberries of Hieronymus Bosch" (PDF). Cleveland Studies in the History of Art. 8 (8): 24–33. JSTOR 20079728.

[Ross_1960-69] Ross, Lawrence J. (1960). "The Meaning of Strawberries in Shakespeare". Studies in the Renaissance. 7: 225–240. doi:10.2307/2857136. JSTOR 2857136.

[Varney_1996-70] Varney, Wendy (1996). "The briar around the strawberry patch". Women's Studies International Forum. 19 (3): 267–276. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(96)00010-6.

[71] Hill, Michele (2010). William Morris Strawberry Thief. Country Bumpkin Publications. ISBN 978-0-9805753-1-6.

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v t e Strawberries
Species	F. daltoniana F. iinumae F. nilgerrensis F. nipponica F. nubicola F. pentaphylla F. vesca F. viridis F. yezoensis F. moupinensis F. orientalis F. moschata F. chiloensis F. iturupensis F. virginiana F. cascadensis Hybrids: F. × ananassa F. × bringhurstii F. × vescana Intergeneric hybrids: Fragaria × Comarum hybrids
Strawberry cultivars	Pineberry Strasberry List of strawberry cultivars
Breeders	George M. Darrow Driscoll's California Strawberry Commission Breeding of strawberries
Dishes	Bubu Lubu Fraise Tagada Fraisier Strawberry cake Strawberry delight Strawberry ice cream Strawberry milk Strawberry pie Strawberry rhubarb pie Little Scarlet preserve
Pest and diseases	List of diseases
See also	Outline of strawberries Strawberry festival
Category: Strawberries