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#REDIRECT [[Ojibwe language]]
{{Contains Canadian text}}
{{Infobox Language
|name=Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language
|nativename=ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ ''Anishinaabemowin''
|pronunciation=/ənɪʃʰɪnaːpeːmowɪn/ or /ənɪʰʃɪnaːpeːmowɪn/
|states={{Flag|Canada}}, <br />{{Flag|United States}}
|region=western [[Quebec]], [[Ontario]], [[Manitoba]] and into [[Saskatchewan]], with outlying groups as far west as [[British Columbia]]; in the [[United States]], from [[Michigan]] westward to [[Montana]]
|speakers=70,606 (Ojibwe: 32,460, Oji-Cree: 12,600 and Algonquin: 2,680, Ottawa: 7,128; Potawatomi: 30 in [[Canada]];<ref name="census"/> Ojibwe: 13,838, Ottawa: 872 and Potawatomi: 998 in the [[United States]]<ref name="2000USCensus"/>)
|familycolor=American
|fam1=[[Algic languages|Algic]]
|fam2=[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
|fam3=[[Central Algonquian languages|Central Algonquian]]
|script=[[Ojibwe writing systems#Romanized Ojibwe systems|Latin alphabet]] of various orthographies in [[Canada]] and the [[United States]], and [[Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics|Ojibwe syllabics]] in [[Canada]], and formerly, [[Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe "hieroglyphs"|pictographs]], and [[Great Lakes Algonquian syllabary]] in the [[United States]].
|iso1=
|iso2=


{{Redirect category shell|
|lc1=alq|ld1=Algonquin|ll1=Algonquin language
{{R from move}}
|lc2=oji|ld2=Ojibwa (generic)|ll2=none
{{R from merge}}
|lc3=ojs|ld3=Severn Ojibwa|ll3=Oji-Cree language
{{R from long name}}
|lc4=ojg|ld4=Eastern Ojibwa|ll4=Eastern Ojibwa language
{{R printworthy}}
|lc5=ojc|ld5=Central Ojibwa|ll5=Central Ojibwa language
|lc6=ojb|ld6=Northwestern Ojibwa|ll6=Northwestern Ojibwa language
|lc7=ojw|ld7=Western Ojibwa|ll7=Western Ojibwa language
|lc8=ciw|ld8=Chippewa|ll8=Chippewa language
|lc9=otw|ld9=Ottawa|ll9=Ottawa language
|lc10=pot|ld10=Potawatomi|ll10=Potawatomi language
|map=<br>[[Image:Anishinaabewaki.jpg|center|300px]]<center><small>Location of all Anishinaabe Reservations/Reserves and cities with an Anishinaabe population in North America, with diffusion rings about communities speaking the Anishinaabe language</small></center>
}}
}}

The '''Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language''' (also called the '''Anishinaabe language''' or '''''Anishinaabemowin''''', {{unicode|'''ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ}}''' in Eastern Algonquian syllabics) is the second most commonly spoken [[First Nations]] language in [[Canada]] (after [[Cree language|Cree]]),<ref name="census">[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837928 Statistics Canada 2006]</ref> and the third most spoken in North America (behind [[Navajo language|Navajo]] and Cree). It is spoken by the [[Anishinaabe]]g who are the [[Algonquin]], [[Nipissing First Nation|Nipissing]], [[Ojibwa|Ojibwa (Chippewa)]], [[Saulteaux]], [[Mississaugas]] and [[Ottawa (tribe)|Odawa (Ottawa)]]. Very closely related to ''Anishinaabe'' peoples, and speakers included in this group are the [[Anishinini language]] and the [[Potawatomi language]]. As their fur trading with the French increased the Ojibwas’ power, the Anishinaabe language became the trade language of the [[Great Lakes]] region, and was for hundreds of years an extremely significant presence in the northern [[United States]].

==Classification==
The Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language is divided into two major groups—the [[Ojibwa-Ottawa language]], often referred to as the "Ojibwa language" though Ojibwa language is just one component of the language, and the [[Potawatomi language]]. The Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language is an [[Algonquian language]], of the [[Algic]] family of languages, and is descended from [[Proto-Algonquian language|Proto-Algonquian]]. Among its sister languages are [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot]], [[Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]], [[Cree language|Cree]], [[Fox language|Fox]], [[Menominee language|Menominee]], [[Potawatomi language|Potawatomi]], and [[Shawnee language|Shawnee]]. The Algic family contains the Algonquian languages and the so-called "[[Ritwan languages|Ritwan]]" languages, [[Wiyot language|Wiyot]] and [[Yurok language|Yurok]]. Ojibwe group of languages is frequently referred to as a "[[Central Algonquian languages|Central Algonquian]]" language; however, Central Algonquian is an areal grouping rather than a genetic one. Among Algonquian languages, only the [[Eastern Algonquian languages]] constitute a true genetic subgroup. This article deals primarily with the Southwestern Ojibwe dialect spoken in the northern United States, around [[Minnesota]] and [[Wisconsin]]. Therefore, some of the descriptions given here will not necessarily hold true for other dialects of the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language, unless an example is specifically given here. Otherwise, for specific detail on an individual language belonging to the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language, please see the individual language's article.

{{col-start}}{{col-2}}
*[[Algic languages]]
**[[Algonquian languages]]
***[[Central Algonquian languages]]
****[[Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language]]{{col-2}}
*[[Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language]]
** [[Ojibwa-Ottawa language]] ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=oji oji])
*** Northern group
**** [[Algonquin language]] ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=alq alq])
**** [[Oji-Cree language]] ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=alq ojs])
*** Southern group
**** [[Ojibwa language]]
***** [[Saulteaux language]] ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ojw ojw])
***** [[Chippewa language]] ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ciw ciw])
***** [[Northwestern Ojibwa language]] ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ojb ojb])
***** [[Central Ojibwa language]] ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ojc ojc])
***** [[Mississauga language]] ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ojg ojg])
**** [[Ottawa language]] ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=otw otw])
** [[Potawatomi language]] ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pot pot]){{col-end}}

==Geographic distribution==
[[Image:Ojibwe Language Map.png|thumb|left|Pre-contact distribution of the Nakawēmowin, Ojibwemowin and Omaamiwininimowin dialects of the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language]]
The Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language is spoken by approximately 70,606 people in North America and can be divided into the [[Ojibwa-Ottawa language]] and the [[Potawatomi language]]. Of the Ojibwa-Ottawa language, the largest component of the Ojibwa-Ottawa language, the [[Ojibwa language]] (also known as ''Ojibwemowin''), which includes the [[Chippewa language]] (Southwestern Ojibwa), [[Western Ojibwa language]] (Saulteaux language or Plains Ojibwa language), [[Northwestern Ojibwa language]], [[Central Ojibwa language]], [[Mississauga language]] (Eastern Ojibwa language) and the [[Ottawa language]], is spoken by 14,710 people in the [[United States]]<ref name="2000USCensus">http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-5-pt1.pdf U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing,
''Characteristics of American Indians and Alaska Natives by Tribe and Language: 2000''. PHC-5. Washington, DC, 2003.</ref> and by as many as 39,588 in [[Canada]],<ref name="census"/> making it one of the largest [[Algic]] languages by speakers. The various dialects are spoken in northern [[Montana]], northern [[North Dakota]], northern [[Minnesota]], northern [[Wisconsin]] and [[Michigan]] in the [[United States]], and north into eastern [[British Columbia]], southern [[Alberta]], southern [[Saskatchewan]], southern [[Manitoba]] and [[Ontario]] in [[Canada]]. The second largest Ojibwa-Ottawa language component is the [[Severn Ojibwa language]] also known as the Oji-Cree language, Northern Ojibwa language, Anishinini language or ''Anishininiimowin'', spoken by as many as 12,600 people in eastern [[Manitoba]] and northern [[Ontario]] in Canada;<ref name="census"/> it was one of only six indigenous languages in Canada to report an increase in use. The Ojibwa-Ottawa language also includes the [[Algonquin language]], spoken by 2,680 people in northeastern [[Ontario]] and west-central [[Quebec]];<ref name="census"/> all languages similar to the Algonquin language are described as being an [[Algonquian language]]. Smaller branch of the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language, the [[Potawatomi language]], spoken by approximately 1,000 people in Ontario, northeastern Wisconsin, Michigan, northern [[Indiana]], northeastern [[Kansas]] and [[Oklahoma]].

{| class="wikitable"
!Language!!Canada!!United States!!Total (by speakers)!!Total ethnic population
|-
!Algonquin
| align="right" | 2,680 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 2,680 || align="right" | 8,266
|-
!Oji-Cree
| align="right" | 12,600 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 12,600 || align="right" | 12,600
|-
!Ojibwa
| align="right" | 32,460 || align="right" | 13,838 || align="right" | 46,298 || align="right" | 219,711
|-
!Ottawa
| align="right" | 7,128 || align="right" | 872 || align="right" | 8,000 || align="right" | 60,000
|-
!Potawatomi
| align="right" | 30 || align="right" | 998<sup>*</sup> || align="right" | 1,028 || align="right" | 25,000
|-
!Total (by Country)
| align="right" | 63,898 || align="right" | 15,708 || align="right" | '''70,606''' || align="right" | 325,577
|}
<small><sup>*</sup> Of the 998 recorded speakers of Potawatomi language in the United States, only 50 were first-language speakers, most of them elderly.<ref>Hinton, Leanne and Hale, Kenneth (2001). ''The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice'', p. 342. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 0123493536.</ref></small>

==Lingua franca==
As fur trading with the French increased the Ojibwas’ power, the Anishinaabe language became the trade language of the [[Great Lakes]] region, and was for hundreds of years an extremely significant presence in the northern [[United States]] and across all of [[Canada]].

The Anishinaabe language replaced the [[Wyandot language]] as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the Great Lakes region sometime during the middle of 17th century and remained as a ''lingua franca'' in the region until replaced by [[English language|English]] in the late 19th century. Consequently, various dialects of the Anishinaabe language were understood by non-Anishinaabe peoples of the Great Lakes as well as by other peoples beyond the Great Lakes. At the height of its use as the major diplomatic and trade language of the region, the Anishinaabe language was found from the [[Ohio River]] valley in the south to [[James Bay]] in the north and from [[Ottawa River]] in the east to the [[Rocky Mountains]] in the west. Due to the status being the ''lingua franca'', the Anishinaabe language greatly influenced other [[Algonquian languages]], such as the [[Menomini language]], as well as spurring the creation of a pidgin language known as "Broken Ojibwa".

==Dialects==
{{main|Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language dialects}}

The Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language is divided into two language groups—[[Ojibwa-Ottawa language]] and [[Potawatomi language]]. The Ojibwa-Ottawa language has quite a few divergent dialects. The primary ones are [[Algonquin language|Nipissing and Algonquin]], Plains Ojibwe ([[Saulteaux language|Saulteaux]]), Eastern Ojibwe ([[Mississaugas]]), Northern Ojibwe (Northwestern Ojibwa/Ontario Saulteaux), [[Odawa language|Odaawaa]] (Ottawa), Severn Ojibwe ([[Anishinini language|Oji-Cree/Northern Ojibwa]]), and [[Southwestern Ojibwe language|Southwestern Ojibwe]] (Chippewa).

Though now considered a separate language, due to relatively recent diversion from the Ojibwa-Ottawa language, the Potawatomi language still exhibit strong characteristics to the Ojibwa-Ottawa language. The Potawatomi language has two major dialects, the northern dialect spoken in Ontario, Michigan and Wisconsin, and the southern dialect spoken primarily in Kansas.

During the [[Fur Trade]], a [[pidgin]] form of the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language, known as "Broken Ojibwa" or "Broken Oghibbeway", developed, relying on ''Anishinaabemowin'' for its vocabulary. It is often debated whether the [[Bungee language]], a mixed language, is a mixture of the Ojibwa-Potawatomi-Ottawa language with other languages, or a mixture of a [[Cree language]] with other languages.

==Well-known speakers of Anishinaabemowin==
*[[Andrew Blackbird]] (chief, historian, cultural ambassador)
*[[Jim Clark]] (elder, narrator)
*[[George Copway]] (chief, missionary, writer, cultural ambassador)
*[[Basil H. Johnston]] (educator, curator, essayist, cultural ambassador)
*[[Peter Jones (missionary)|Peter Jones]] (missionary, reverend, chief)
*[[Maude Kegg]] (narrator, artist, cultural ambassador)
*[[Howard Kimewon]] (educator, author)
*[[Raymond Kiogima]] (elder, author)
*[[Patricia Ningewance Nadeau]] (educator, author, publisher)
*[[Margaret Noori]] (educator, writer)
*[[Jim Northrup (writer)|Jim Northrup]] (writer)
*[[Anton Treuer]] (educator, writer)

==See also==
*[[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics]]
*[[Algonquian languages]]
*[[List of languages]]
*[[Ojibwa]]
*[[Anishinaabe]]
*[[Anishinaabe language dialects]]
*[[Ojibwe phonology]]
*[[Ojibwe grammar]]
*[[Ojibwe writing systems]]

==References==
<div class="references-small">
* Mithun, Marianne. 1999. ''The Languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: University Press.
* Nichols, John D. and Earl Nyholm. 1995. ''A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
* Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. ''Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Valentine, J. Randolph. 2001. ''Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
</div>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
<div class="references-small">
* Beardy, Tom. ''Introductory Ojibwe in Severn dialect. Parts one and two''. Thunder Bay, Ontario: Native Language Instructors' program, Lakehead University, 1996. ISBN 0886630185
* Cappel, Constance, editor, "Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima," Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2006.
* Northrup, Jim, Marcie R. Rendon, and Linda LeGarde Grover. ''Nitaawichige = "to Do Something Skillfully" : Selected Poetry and Prose by Four Anishinaabe Writers''. Duluth, Minn: Poetry Harbor, 2002. ISBN 1886895287
* Toulouse, Isadore. ''Kidwenan An Ojibwe Language Book''. Munsee-Delaware Nation, Ont: Anishinaabe Kendaaswin Pub, 1995. ISBN 1896027164
* Vizenor, Gerald Robert. ''Summer in the Spring Anishinaabe Lyric Poems and Stories''. American Indian literature and critical studies series, v. 6. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. ISBN 0806125187
* Williams, Angeline, Leonard Bloomfield, and John Nichols. ''The Dog's Children Anishinaabe Texts''. Winnipeg, Man: University of Manitoba Press, 1991. ISBN 0887551483
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.ojibwe.net/ Noongwa e-Anishinaabemjig: People Who Speak Anishinaabemowin Today] - hosted at the University of Michigan
* [http://www.ojibwemowin.com/ Ojibwe Language Society]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ojibwelanguagesocietymiinawaa/ Ojibwe Language Group]
* [http://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~jrvalent/ais301/index.html Rand Valentine's introduction to Ojibwe]
* [http://weshki.googlepages.com/index.html Grammar, lessons, and dictionaries]
* [http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary] — Freeware off-line dictionary, updated with additional entries every 6-10 weeks.
* [http://www.language-museum.com/o/ojibwa.htm Language Museum report for Ojibwe]
* [http://www.fp.ucalgary.ca/howed/abor_lang.htm Aboriginal Languages of Canada] — With data on speaker populations
* [http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/ojibway/anishinaabemowin.html Language Geek Page on Ojibwe] — Syllabary fonts and keyboard emulators are also available from this site.
* [http://cal.bemidjistate.edu/english/donovan/placenames.html Ojibwe Toponyms]
* [http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/saulteaux/saulteaux.html Our Languages: Nakawē] (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
* [http://cal.bemidjistate.edu/english/donovan/Two_Women.html Niizh Ikwewag] — A short story in Ojibwe, originally told by Earl Nyholm, emeritus professor of Ojibwe at Bemidji State University.
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91082 Ethnologue report for Ojibwe]
* [http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/document/curricul/ojibwe.pdf Native Languages: A Support Document for the Teaching of Language Patterns, Ojibwe and Cree]
* [http://www.native-languages.org/ojibwe.htm Native Languages page for Ojibwe]
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89851668 Letter Men: Brothers Fight for Ojibwe Language], a story broadcast on [[Fresh Air]], a [[National Public Radio]] broadcast show.
* [http://www.ojibwe-language.com/ Ojibwe Language Online] Free language learning site

[[Category:Anishinaabe languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of the United States]]
[[Category:Languages of Canada]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Potawatomi|Potawatomi]]
[[Category:Ojibwa|Ojibwa]]
[[Category:Oji-Cree|Oji-Cree]]
[[Category:Odawa|Odawa]]
[[Category:Algonquin|Algonquin]]

[[br:Ojibweg]]
[[es:Idioma ojibwa]]
[[eo:Aniŝinabeka lingvo]]
[[fr:Ojibwé (langue)]]
[[gl:Lingua ojibwa]]
[[lt:Anišinabų kalba]]
[[nl:Ojibwe (taal)]]
[[ja:オジブウェー語]]
[[pl:Język odżibwe]]
[[qu:Anishinapay simi]]
[[ru:Оджибва (язык)]]
[[sv:Ojibwa (språk)]]
[[th:ภาษาโอจิบเว]]

Latest revision as of 15:26, 25 February 2017

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