Jump to content

Outline of South Asian history: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
good enough
 
(288 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Overviews of and topical guides to the history of South Asia}}
<!--... Attention: THIS IS AN OUTLINE

part of the set of 830+ outlines listed at
[[Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines]].

Wikipedia outlines are
a special type of list article.
They make up one of Wikipedia's
content navigation systems

See [[Wikipedia: Outlines]] and
[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Outlines]] for more details.
Further improvements
to this outline are on the way
...-->

The following [[outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the [[South Asia#History|history of South Asia]].

The broader region in and around the historical [[Indian subcontinent]], which includes the contemporary geopolitical entities of [[History of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[History of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[History of Bhutan|Bhutan]], [[History of the Republic of India|India]], [[History of Nepal|Nepal]], [[History of Pakistan|Pakistan]], and the island countries of [[History of Maldives|Maldives]] and [[History of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]].

{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The term '''[[South Asia]]''' ''usually'' refers to the political entities of the Sub-[[Himalaya]]n region - namely [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] and the island nations of [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]] - which is also known as the [[Indian subcontinent]].


==Chronology==
For the histories of countries and regions in South Asia, see:
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=4 | Chronology of India
|-
|colspan=4|[[James Mill]] (1774–1836), in his ''[[The History of British India]]'' (1817),{{efn|Khanna 2007, p.xvii}} distinguished three phases in the history of the [[Indian subcontinent]], namely Hindu, Muslim, and British civilisations.{{efn|Khanna 2007, p.xvii}}{{efn|Misra 2004, p.194}} This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to.{{efn|Kulke 2004, p.7}} Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods".{{efn|Flood 1996, p.21}}
|-
! World History{{efn|Bentley|1996}}
! James Mill's Periodisation{{efn|Khanna 2007, p.xvii}}
! ACMM{{efn|Flood 1996, p.21}}{{efn|Stein|2010}}
! Chronology of Indian History{{efn|Smart 2003, p. 52–53}}{{efn|Michaels 2004}}{{efn|Muesse 2011}}{{efn|Flood 1996, p. 21–22}}
|-
| (Bentley) style="text-align:center;"| Early Societes<br />(3500–2500&nbsp;BCE)
| (Mill) style="text-align:center;"| Early Indian Civilizations
| (ACMM) rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | Ancient India
| (Details) style="text-align:center;"| [[South Asian Stone Age|Prehistoric Era]]<br />[[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley civilisation]] (c. 3300–1750 BCE)
|-
| (Bentley) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Ancient Vedic Kingdoms <br />(2500–600&nbsp;BCE)
| (Mill) rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | Hindu civilisations
| (Details) style="text-align:center;" | Early Vedic period<br />(c. 1750 – 1200&nbsp;BCE)
|-
| (Details) style="text-align:center;" | Middle Vedic period<br />(from 1200&nbsp;BCE)
|-
| (Details) style="text-align:center;" | Late Vedic period<br />(from 850&nbsp;BCE)
|-
| (Bentley) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Classical Civilisations<br />(600&nbsp;BCE-500&nbsp;CE)
| (Details) style="text-align:center;" | Second urbanisation<br />[[Maurya Empire|Early empires]]{{efn|Thapar|1977}}<br />(c. 600–200&nbsp;BCE){{efn|Thapar|1977}}
|-
| (Details) style="text-align:center;" | Disintegration{{efn|Thapar|1977}} and regional states<br />(c. 200&nbsp;BCE–300&nbsp;CE){{efn|Michaels 2004, p.39}}
|-
| (ACMM) style="text-align:center;"| Classical India
| (Details) style="text-align:center;" | "Golden Age" ([[Gupta Empire]])<br />(c. 320–650&nbsp;CE){{efn|Michaels 2004, p.40}}
|-
| (Bentley) style="text-align:center;"| Post-classical age<br />(500–1000&nbsp;CE)
| (ACMM) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Medieval India
| (Details) style="text-align:center;" | [[Middle kingdoms of India|Regional Indian kingdoms]] and Beginning of Islamic raids<br />(c. 650–1100&nbsp;CE){{efn|Michaels 2004, p.41}}
|-
| (Bentley) style="text-align:center;"| Transregional nomadic empires<br />(1000–1500&nbsp;CE)
| (Mill) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Muslim civilisations
| (Details) style="text-align:center;"| [[Delhi Sultanate]] (north India)<br />(1206–1526&nbsp;CE)<br />[[Vijayanagara Empire]] (south India)<br />(1336–1646&nbsp;CE)
|-
| (Bentley) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Modern age<br />(1500–present)
| (ACMM) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Modern India
| (Details) style="text-align:center;"| [[Mughal Empire]]<br />(1526–1707)
|-
| (Mill) style="text-align:center;"| British civilisations
| (Details) style="text-align:center;"| [[Maratha Empire]]<br />British rule<br />(c. 1750&nbsp;CE–1947)
|-
| (Mill) style="text-align:center;"| –
| (Details) style="text-align:center;"| Independent India
|-
| colspan=4 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed"
|-
! Notes and references for table
|-
|
'''Notes'''
Different periods are designated as "classical Hinduism":
* Smart calls the period between 1000&nbsp;BCE and 100&nbsp;CE "pre-classical". It's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism (Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.{{efn|Smart 2003, p. 52, 83–86}}), Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000&nbsp;CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India.{{efn|Smart 2003, p.52}}
* For Michaels, the period between 500&nbsp;BCE and 200&nbsp;BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism",{{efn|Michaels 2004, p.36}} whereas the period between 200&nbsp;BCE and 1100&nbsp;CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".{{efn|Michaels 2004, p.38}}
* Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800&nbsp;BCE and 200&nbsp;BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic religion, developed in this time.{{efn|Muesse 2003, p.14}}
'''References'''
{{notelist|30em}}
'''Sources'''
* {{Citation | last =Bentley | first =Jerry H. |date=June 1996 | title =Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History | journal =The American Historical Review |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=749–770 | doi=10.2307/2169422| jstor =2169422 }}
* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Khanna | first =Meenakshi | year =2007 | title =Cultural History Of Medieval India | publisher =Berghahn Books}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Kulke | first1 =Hermann | last2 =Rothermund | first2 =Dietmar | year =2004 | title =A History of India | publisher =Routledge}}
* {{Citation | last =Michaels | first =Axel | year =2004 | title =Hinduism. Past and present | place =Princeton, New Jersey | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Misra | first =Amalendu | year =2004 | title =Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India | publisher =SAGE}}
* {{Citation | last =Muesse | first =Mark William | year =2003 | title =Great World Religions: Hinduism | url =http://www.docshut.com/rquv/lectures-on-great-world-religions-hinduism.html}}
* {{Citation | last =Muesse | first =Mark W. | year =2011 | title =The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction | publisher =Fortress Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Smart | first =Ninian | year =2003 | title =Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions) | place =Kampen | publisher =Uitgeverij Kok}}
* {{Citation | last =Thapar | first =Romila | year =1977 | title =A History of India. Volume One | publisher =Penguin Books}}
|}
|}
[[James Mill]] (1773–1836), in his [[The History of British India]] (1817), distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim, and British civilisations. This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to. Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods", although this periodisation has also been criticised.{{sfn|Thapar|1978|p=19–20}}


Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions",{{sfn|Thapar|1978|p=19}} neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity.{{sfn|Thapar|1978|p=19}} The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered.{{sfn|Thapar|1978|p=19}} According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to the change of ruling powers.{{sfn|Thapar|1978|p=20}}{{refn|group=note|See also Tanvir Anjum, ''[https://www.academia.edu/6647852/Temporal_Divides_A_Critical_Review_of_the_Major_Schemes_of_Periodization_in_Indian_History Temporal Divides: A Critical Review of the Major Schemes of Periodization in Indian History]''.}}


== By period ==
* '''[[History of Pakistan]]'''
=== Paleolithic and Mesolithic age ===
** [[Historical regions of Pakistan]]
* [[Madrasian culture]] ( 1.5 MYA)
** [[East Bengal|History of East Bengal]] (1947-1955)
* [[Soanian|Soanian culture]]
** [[East Pakistan|History of East Pakistan]] (1955-1971)
({{Circa|500,000}}–125,000 BCE)
** [[West Pakistan|History of West Pakistan]] (1955-1970)
* [[South Asian Stone Age]] ({{Circa|50,000}}–5000 BCE)
** [[History of Ladakh]] (since 1962)
** [[History of the Punjab]]
** [[History of Sindh]]
** [[History of Balochistan]]
** [[History of North-West Frontier Province]]


=== Neolithic age ===
* [[Bhirrana|Bhirrana culture]] (7570–6200 BCE)
* [[Mehrgarh|Mehrgarh culture]] (7000–3300 BCE)


=== Bronze Age ===
* '''[[History of India]]'''
* [[History of the Republic of India]] (since 1950)
[[Bronze Age India]] (3500–1500 BCE)
* [[Kalibangan]] (3500–2000 BCE)
** [[History of Assam]]
** [[History of West Bengal]] (since 1947)
* [[Indus Valley civilization]] (3300–1300 BCE)
** Early Harappan Culture (3300–2600 BCE)
** [[History of Bihar]]
** Mature Harappan Culture (2600–1750 BCE)
** [[History of Delhi]]
** Late Harappan Culture (1750–1300 BCE)
** [[History of Goa]] (since 1960)
*[[Ahar–Banas culture|Ahar Banas culture]]
** [[History of Gujarat]]
*[[Copper Hoard Culture|Copper Hoard culture]]
** [[History of Himachal Pradesh]] (since 1966)
*[[Painted Grey Ware culture]]
** [[History of Maharashtra]] (since 1956)
*[[Black and red ware|Black and red ware culture]]
** [[History of Orissa]]
*[[Bara culture]]
** [[History of the Punjab]] (since 1966)
*[[Malwa culture]]
** [[History of Sikkim]] (since 1975)
*[[Jorwe culture]]
** [[History of South India]]
*Other [[chalcolithic]] sites include Patapadu (Andhra Pradesh)
*** [[History of Karnataka]] (since 1956)
*** [[History of Puducherry]]
*** [[History of Tamil Nadu]]
*** [[History of Kerala]]
** [[History of Tripura]] (since 1947)
** [[History of Jammu and Kashmir]] (1947-present)


===Iron Age and Vedic period===
{{main|Vedic period}}


* [[Vedic period]] (c. 1500–600 BCE)
* '''[[History of Bangladesh]] (since 1971/1972)'''
** [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru Kingdom]] (c. 1500–1200 BCE)
** [[History of Bengal]]
** [[Brihadratha|Brihadratha Dynasty]] (c. 1700–689 BCE)
** [[East Bengal|History of East Bengal]] (1911-1947)
** [[Gandhara Kingdom]] (c. 1500–500 BCE)
** [[Kuru Dynasty]] (c. 1200–350 BCE)
** [[Panchala Dynasty]] (c. 1200–500 BCE)
** [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti Kingdom]] (c. 1200–300 BCE)
* Later [[Vedic period]] (c. 1000–600 BCE)
** [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya Kingdom]] &nbsp; ( c.1000–500 BCE )
** [[Chedi Kingdom]] &nbsp; ( c.1000–300 BCE)
** [[Surasena Kingdom]] &nbsp; (c.1000–600 BCE)
** [[Kamboja Kingdom]] &nbsp; (c. 1000–550 BCE)
**[[Kingdom of the Videhas|Videha Kingdom]] &nbsp; (c. 800–300 BCE)
* [[Pradyota dynasty]] &nbsp; (c. 682–544 BCE)
* [[Haryanka dynasty|Haryanka Kingdom]] &nbsp; (544–415 BCE)
* [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan Kingdom]] &nbsp; (600 BCE–1650 CE)
* [[Chera dynasty|Chera Kingdom]] &nbsp; (600 BCE–1102 CE)
* [[Chola dynasty|Chola Kingdom]] &nbsp; (600 BCE–1279 CE)
* [[History of Sindh|Ror Kingdom]] &nbsp; (450 BCE–489 CE)
* [[Shishunaga dynasty]] &nbsp; (415–321 BCE)
* [[Nanda Empire]] &nbsp; (421–345 BCE)
* [[Malava|Malava Dynasty]] &nbsp; (392 BCE–78 CE)
* [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Empire|Macedonian Empire]] &nbsp; (330–323 BCE)
* [[Maurya Empire]] &nbsp; (321–184 BCE)
* [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava Kingdom]] &nbsp; (250 BCE–800 CE)
* [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire]] &nbsp; (250 BCE–400 CE)


=== Middle kingdoms ===
{{main|Middle kingdoms of India}}


* [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana Empire]] &nbsp; (230 BCE–220 CE)
'''OTHER COUNTRIES'''
* [[Kuninda Kingdom]] &nbsp; (200 BCE–300 CE)
* [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian Kingdom]] &nbsp; (200 BCE–400 CE)
* [[Shunga Empire]] &nbsp; (185–73 BCE)
* [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] &nbsp; (180 BCE–10 CE)
* [[Kanva dynasty|Kanva Empire]] &nbsp; (75–26 BCE)
* [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]] &nbsp; (21–130s CE)
* [[Western Satraps|Western Satrap Empire]] &nbsp; (35–405 CE)
* [[Kushan Empire]] &nbsp; (60–240 CE)
* [[Bharshiva dynasty|Bharshiva Dynasty]] &nbsp; (170–350 CE)
* [[Nagas of Padmavati]] &nbsp; (210–340 CE)
* [[Sasanian Empire]] &nbsp; (224–651 CE)
* [[Indo-Sasanians|Indo-Sassanid Kingdom]] &nbsp; (230–360 CE)
* [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka Empire]] &nbsp; (250s–6th century CE)
* [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhra Empire]] &nbsp; (250–600 CE)
* [[Gupta Empire]] &nbsp; (280–550 CE)
* [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba Empire]] &nbsp; (345–525 CE)
* [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga Kingdom]] &nbsp; (350–1000 CE)
* [[Kamarupa|Kamarupa Kingdom]] &nbsp; (350–1100 CE)
* [[Vishnukundina|Vishnukundina Empire]] &nbsp; (420–624 CE)
* [[Maitraka|Maitraka Empire]] &nbsp; (475–767 CE)
* [[Huna people|Huna Kingdom]] &nbsp; (475–576 CE)
* [[Rai dynasty|Rai Kingdom]] &nbsp; (489–632 CE)
* [[Guhila dynasty]] (500-1950 CE)
* [[Turk Shahis]] (500–850 CE)
* [[Hindu Shahis]] (850–1026 CE)
* [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya Empire]] &nbsp; (543–753 CE)
* [[Maukhari|Maukhari Empire]] &nbsp; (550s–8th century CE)
* [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati]] (6th–7th century CE)
* [[Empire of Harsha|Harsha Empire]] &nbsp; (606–647 CE)
* [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya Kingdom]] &nbsp; (624–1075 CE)
* [[Rashidun Caliphate]] &nbsp; (632–661 CE)
* [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Gurjara-Pratihara Empire]] &nbsp; (650–1036 CE)
* [[Umayyad Caliphate]] &nbsp; (661–750 CE)
* [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]] &nbsp; (7th-12th century CE)
* [[Pala Empire]] &nbsp; (750–1174 CE)
* [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta Empire]] &nbsp; (753–982 CE)
* [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara Kingdom]] &nbsp; (800–1327 CE)
* [[Seuna dynasty|Yadava Empire]] &nbsp; (850–1334 CE)
* [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya Kingdom]] &nbsp; (942–1244 CE)
* [[Western Chalukya Empire]] &nbsp; (973–1189 CE)
* [[Lohara dynasty|Lohara Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1003–1320 CE)
* [[Hoysala Empire]] &nbsp; (1040–1346 CE)
* [[Sena dynasty|Sena Empire]] &nbsp; (1070–1230 CE)
* [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga Empire]] &nbsp; (1078–1434 CE)
* [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1102–1766 CE)
* [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1083–1323 CE)
* [[Chutiya Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1187-1673 CE)
* [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]] &nbsp; (1156–1184 CE)


=== Late medieval period ===
* [[History of Bhutan]] (since 1949)

[[Medieval India|Late medieval period]] &nbsp; (1206–1596)

* [[Delhi Sultanate]] &nbsp; (1206–1526 CE)
** [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate]] &nbsp; (1206–1290 CE)
** [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji Sultanate]] &nbsp; (1290–1320 CE)
** [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq Sultanate]] &nbsp; (1320–1414 CE)
** [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyid Sultanate]] &nbsp; (1414–1451 CE)
** [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi Sultanate]] &nbsp; (1451–1526 CE)
* [[Deva dynasty|Deva Kingdom]] &nbsp; (12th century–13th century CE)
* [[Ahom kingdom]] &nbsp; (1228–1826 CE)
* [[Nayakas of Chitradurga|Chitradurga Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1300–1779 CE)
* [[Reddy dynasty|Reddy Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1325–1448 CE)
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]] &nbsp; (1336–1646 CE)
* [[Bengal Sultanate]] &nbsp; (1352–1576 CE)
** [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi Sultanate]] (1352-1487 CE)
** [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi Sultanate]] (1494-1538 CE)
** [[Karrani dynasty|Karrani Sultanate]] (1564-1576 CE)
* [[Garhwal Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1358–1803 CE)
* [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1399–1947 CE)
* [[Gajapati Empire]] &nbsp; (1434–1541 CE)
* [[Nayakas of Keladi|Keladi Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1499–1763 CE)
* [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]] &nbsp; (1490–1596 CE)
* [[Koch dynasty|Koch Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1515–1947 CE)

=== Early modern period ===

[[India#Early modern India|Early modern period]] &nbsp; (1526–1858)

* [[Bengal Sultanate]] &nbsp; (1352–1576 CE)
** [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi Sultanate]] (1494-1538 CE)
** [[Karrani dynasty|Karrani Sultanate]] (1564-1576 CE)
* [[Mughal Empire]] &nbsp; (1526–1858 CE)
** [[Sur Empire]] &nbsp; (1540–1556 CE)
* [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1559–1736 CE)
* [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1572–1918 CE)
* [[Ramnad estate|Marava Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1600–1750 CE)
* [[Tondaiman|Thondaiman Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1650–1948 CE)
* [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] &nbsp; (1674–1947 CE)
* [[Misl|Sikh Confederacy]] &nbsp; (1707–1799 CE)
* [[Durrani Empire]] &nbsp; (1747–1823 CE)
* [[Travancore|Travancore Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1729–1947 CE)
* [[Sikh Empire]] &nbsp; (1799–1849 CE)

=== European colonial period ===

[[Colonial India|Colonial period]] &nbsp; (1510–1961 CE)

* [[Portuguese India]] &nbsp; (1510–1961 CE)
* [[Dutch India]] &nbsp; (1605–1825 CE)
* [[Danish India]] &nbsp; (1620–1869 CE)
* [[French India]] &nbsp; (1759–1954 CE)
* [[Company rule in India|Company Raj]] &nbsp; (1757–1858 CE)
* [[British Raj]] &nbsp; (1858–1947 CE)
* [[Partition of British India]] &nbsp; (1947 CE)
* [[Portuguese Ceylon]] &nbsp; (1505–1658 CE)
* [[Dutch Ceylon]] &nbsp; (1656–1796 CE)
* [[British Ceylon]] &nbsp; (1815–1948 CE)

=== Kingdoms of Sri Lanka ===
{{main|History of Sri Lanka}}

* [[Kingdom of Tambapanni]] &nbsp; (543–505 BCE)
* [[Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara]] &nbsp; (505–377 BCE)
* [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]] &nbsp; (377 BCE–1017 CE)
* [[Principality of Ruhuna|Kingdom of Ruhuna]] &nbsp; (200 CE)
* [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa]] &nbsp; (300–1310 CE)
* [[Jaffna kingdom|Jaffna Kingdom]] &nbsp; (1215–1624 CE)
* [[Kingdom of Dambadeniya]] &nbsp; (1220–1272 CE)
* [[Yapahuwa|Kingdom of Yapahuwa]] &nbsp; (1272–1293 CE)
* [[Kurunegala|Kingdom of Kurunegala]] &nbsp; (1293–1341 CE)
* [[Gampola|Kingdom of Gampola]] &nbsp; (1341–1347 CE)
* [[Kingdom of Gampola|Kingdom of Raigama]] &nbsp; (1347–1415 CE)
* [[Kingdom of Kotte]] &nbsp; (1412–1597 CE)
* [[Kingdom of Sitawaka]] &nbsp; (1521–1594 CE)
* [[Kingdom of Kandy]] &nbsp; (1469–1815 CE)

== History of South Asia, by region ==

=== By South Asian subregion ===

* [[Central South Asia#History]]
* [[Eastern South Asia#History]]
** [[East India#History]]
** [[Northeast India#History]]
* [[Northern South Asia#History]]
** [[North India#History]]
* [[Northwestern South Asia#History]]
** [[Northwest India#History]]
* [[Southern South Asia#History]]
** [[History of South India]]
*[[Western India#History]] (Central western region of South Asia)

=== By country and national subdivision ===
* [[History of Afghanistan]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]] (See ''[[History of Bangladesh after independence]]'' for post-1971 history)
** [[History of Chittagong]]
** [[History of Dhaka]]
** [[History of Rangpur]]
** [[History of Sylhet]]
* [[History of Bhutan]]
* [[History of India]] for pre-1947 history (See [[History of the Republic of India]] for post-1947 history)
** [[Timeline of Indian history]]
** [[History of Andhra Pradesh]]
** [[History of Arunachal Pradesh]]
** [[History of Assam]]
** [[History of Bihar]]
** [[History of Chhattisgarh]]
** [[History of Goa]]
** [[History of Gujarat]]
** [[History of Haryana]]
** [[History of Himachal Pradesh]]
** [[History of Jammu and Kashmir]]
** [[History of Jharkhand]]
** [[History of Karnataka]]
** [[History of Kerala]]
** [[History of Madhya Pradesh]]
** [[History of Maharashtra]]
** [[History of Manipur]]
** [[History of Meghalaya]]
** [[History of Mizoram]]
** [[History of Nagaland]]
** [[History of Odisha]]
** [[History of Punjab]]
** [[History of Rajasthan]]
** [[History of Sikkim]]
** [[History of Tamil Nadu]]
** [[History of Telangana]]
** [[History of Tripura]]
** [[History of Uttar Pradesh]]
** [[History of Uttarakhand]]
** [[History of West Bengal]]
* [[History of the Maldives]]
* [[History of the Maldives]]
* [[History of Nepal]]
* [[History of Nepal]]
* [[History of Pakistan]] for pre-1947 history (See also [[History of Pakistan (1947–present)]])
** [[Pakistan studies]]
** [[History of Azad Kashmir]]
** [[History of Balochistan, Pakistan]]
** [[History of Gilgit–Baltistan]]
** [[History of Islamabad]]
** [[History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
** [[History of Punjab]]
** [[History of Sindh]]
** [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|History of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]
* [[History of Sri Lanka]]
* [[History of Sri Lanka]]
* [[History of British Indian Ocean Territory]]
* [[History of British Indian Ocean Territory]]


== History of South Asia, by subject ==
History of architecture in South Asia

* [[Archaeology in India]]
* [[History of South Asian domes]]
* [[Coinage of India]]
* [[Economic history of India]]
* [[History of the taka]]
* [[History of South Asian cuisine]]
* [[Timeline of cultivation and domestication in South and West Asia]]
* [[History of education in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Execution by elephant]]
* [[Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia]]
* [[Indian literature]]
* [[Indian maritime history]]
* [[Indian physical culture]]
* [[Military history of India]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[Indology]]
* [[Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Timeline of mathematical innovation in South and West Asia]]
* [[History of metallurgy in South Asia]]
* [[History of science and technology in South Asia]]


==See also==
==See also==

{{portal|SAARC|Logo of SAARC.svg}}
* [[Romani people]]
* [[Mitanni]]
* [[Elam]]
* [[History of Asia]]
* [[History of Asia]]
* [[History of Central Asia]]
* [[History of Central Asia]]
* [[History of East Asia]]
* [[History of East Asia]]
* [[History of Southeast Asia]]
* [[History of Southeast Asia]]
* [[History of the Middle East]]
* [[Former subdivisions of Pakistan]]
* [[Partition of India]]
* [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquest of South Asia]]
*[[List of Hindu Empires and Dynasties]]
* [[Timurid dynasty]]

* [[Mughal Empire]]
==References==
* [[Maratha Empire]]
===Notes===
* [[Sikh Empire]]
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Hiltebeitel | first =Alf | year =2002 | title =Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture" | publisher =Routledge | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ| isbn =9781136875977 }}
* {{Citation | last =Michaels | first =Axel | year =2004 | title =Hinduism. Past and present | place =Princeton, New Jersey | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Samuel | first =Geoffrey | year =2010 | title =The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Thapar | first =Romila | year =1978 | title =Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations | publisher =Orient Blackswan | url =http://www.philoshistorydepartment.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/8/7/12870319/ancient_indian_social_history_some_interpretation_by_romila_thapar.pdf | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150214082038/http://www.philoshistorydepartment.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/8/7/12870319/ancient_indian_social_history_some_interpretation_by_romila_thapar.pdf | archive-date =14 February 2015 | access-date =14 February 2015}}

{{refend}}


== External links ==
{{Sister project links|South Asian history}}


{{Outline footer}}
[[Category:South Asia]]
[[Category:History of South Asia| ]]


[[Category:South Asia|*]]
[[bn:দক্ষিণ এশিয়ার ইতিহাস]]
[[Category:History of South Asia| 1]]
[[ml:ദക്ഷിണേഷ്യയുടെ ചരിത്രം]]
[[Category:Outlines|South Asian history]]
[[ja:南アジア史]]
[[lt:Pietų Azijos istorija]]
[[pt:História da Ásia Meridional]]
[[ur:تاريخ ہند]]
[[zh:南亚历史]]

Latest revision as of 23:09, 9 December 2024

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the history of South Asia.

The broader region in and around the historical Indian subcontinent, which includes the contemporary geopolitical entities of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and the island countries of Maldives and Sri Lanka.

History of South Asia
South Asia (orthographic projection)
Outline
Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC)
Madrasian culture
Soanian culture
Neolithic (10,800–3300 BC)
Bhirrana culture (7570–6200 BC)
Mehrgarh culture (7000–3300 BC)
Edakkal culture (5000–3000 BC)
Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC)
Anarta tradition (c. 3950–1900 BC)
Ahar-Banas culture (3000–1500 BC)
Pandu culture (1600–750 BC)
Malwa culture (1600–1300 BC)
Jorwe culture (1400–700 BC)
Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC)
Indus Valley Civilisation(3300–1300 BC)
 – Early Harappan culture(3300–2600 BC)
 – Mature Harappan culture(2600–1900 BC)
 – Late Harappan culture(1900–1300 BC)
Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BC)
 – Ochre Coloured Pottery culture(2000–1600 BC)
 – Swat culture(1600–500 BC)
Iron Age (1500–200 BC)
Vedic Civilisation(1500–500 BC)
 – Janapadas (1500–600 BC)
 – Black and Red ware culture(1300–1000 BC)
 – Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC)
 – Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC)
Pradyota dynasty (799–684 BC)
Haryanka dynasty (684–424 BC)
Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BC – AD 1600)
Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Ror Dynasty (450 BC – AD 489)
Shaishunaga dynasty (424–345 BC)
Nanda Empire (380–321 BC)
Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC)
Maurya Empire (321–184 BC)
Seleucid India (312–303 BC)
Sangam period (c. 300 BC – c. 300 AD)
Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1345)
Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC – AD 1102)
Chola Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1279)
Pallava Empire (c. 250 AD – AD 800)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC – c. AD 500)
Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 224)
Middle Kingdoms (230 BC – AD 1206)
Satavahana Empire (230 BC – AD 220)
Kuninda Kingdom (200 BC – AD 300)
Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 – c. 50 BC)
Shunga Empire (185–73 BC)
Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – AD 10)
Kanva Empire (75–26 BC)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC – AD 400)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21 – c. 130)
Western Satrap Empire (AD 35–405 )
Kushan Empire (AD 60–240)
Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350)
Nagas of Padmavati (210–340)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360)
Vakataka Empire (c. 250 – c. 500)
Kalabhras Empire (c. 250 – c. 600)
Gupta Empire (280–550)
Kadamba Empire (345–525)
Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000)
Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100)
Vishnukundina Empire (420–624)
Maitraka Empire (475–767)
Huna Kingdom (475–576)
Rai Kingdom (489–632)
Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500 – 1026)
Chalukya Empire (543–753)
Maukhari Empire (c. 550 – c. 700)
Harsha Empire (606–647)
Tibetan Empire (618–841)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075)
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036)
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Mallabhum kingdom (694–1947)
Bhauma-Kara Kingdom (736–916)
Pala Empire (750–1174)
Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982)
Paramara Kingdom (800–1327)
Yadava Empire (850–1334)
Somavamshi Kingdom (882–1110)
Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244)
Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189)
Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320)
Hoysala Empire (1040–1347)
Sena Empire (1070–1230)
Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434)
Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323)
Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766)
Kalachuris of Tripuri (675–1210)
Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184)
Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673)
Deva Kingdom (c. 1200 – c. 1300)
Late medieval period (1206–1526)
Ghaznavid Dynasty (977–1186)
Ghurid Dynasty (1170–1206)
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
 – Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290)
 – Khalji Sultanate (1290–1320)
 – Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1414)
 – Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451)
 – Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526)
Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826)
Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779)
Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448)
Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803)
Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947)
Gajapati Empire (1434–1541)
Ladakh Kingdom (1470–1842)
Deccan sultanates (1490–1596)
 – Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636)
 – Berar sultanate (1490–1574)
 – Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619)
 – Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1686)
 – Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687)
Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763)
Koch Kingdom (1515–1947)
Early modern period (1526–1858)
Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
Sur Empire (1540–1556)
Madurai Kingdom (1529–1736)
Thanjavur Kingdom (1532–1673)
Bhoi dynasty (1541–1804)
Bengal Subah (1576–1757)
Marava Kingdom (1600–1750)
Sikkim Kingdom (1642–1975)
Thondaiman Kingdom (1650–1948)
Maratha Empire (1674–1818)
Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799)
Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947)
Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
Colonial states (1510–1961)
Portuguese India (1510–1961)
Dutch India (1605–1825)
Danish India (1620–1869)
French India (1759–1954)
Company Raj (1757–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
National histories
Regional histories
Specialised histories

Chronology

[edit]
Chronology of India
James Mill (1774–1836), in his The History of British India (1817),[a] distinguished three phases in the history of the Indian subcontinent, namely Hindu, Muslim, and British civilisations.[b][c] This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to.[d] Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods".[e]
World History[f] James Mill's Periodisation[g] ACMM[h][i] Chronology of Indian History[j][k][l][m]
Early Societes
(3500–2500 BCE) 		Early Indian Civilizations Ancient India Prehistoric Era
Indus Valley civilisation (c. 3300–1750 BCE)
Ancient Vedic Kingdoms
(2500–600 BCE) 		Hindu civilisations Early Vedic period
(c. 1750 – 1200 BCE)
Middle Vedic period
(from 1200 BCE)
Late Vedic period
(from 850 BCE)
Classical Civilisations
(600 BCE-500 CE) 		Second urbanisation
Early empires[n]
(c. 600–200 BCE)[o]
Disintegration[p] and regional states
(c. 200 BCE–300 CE)[q]
Classical India "Golden Age" (Gupta Empire)
(c. 320–650 CE)[r]
Post-classical age
(500–1000 CE) 		Medieval India Regional Indian kingdoms and Beginning of Islamic raids
(c. 650–1100 CE)[s]
Transregional nomadic empires
(1000–1500 CE) 		Muslim civilisations Delhi Sultanate (north India)
(1206–1526 CE)
Vijayanagara Empire (south India)
(1336–1646 CE)
Modern age
(1500–present) 		Modern India Mughal Empire
(1526–1707)
British civilisations Maratha Empire
British rule
(c. 1750 CE–1947)
– Independent India

James Mill (1773–1836), in his The History of British India (1817), distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim, and British civilisations. This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to. Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods", although this periodisation has also been criticised.[1]

Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions",[2] neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity.[2] The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered.[2] According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to the change of ruling powers.[3][note 1]

By period

[edit]

Paleolithic and Mesolithic age

[edit]

(c. 500,000–125,000 BCE)

Neolithic age

[edit]

Bronze Age

[edit]

Bronze Age India (3500–1500 BCE)

Iron Age and Vedic period

[edit]
Main article: Vedic period

Middle kingdoms

[edit]
Main article: Middle kingdoms of India

Late medieval period

[edit]

Late medieval period   (1206–1596)

Early modern period

[edit]

Early modern period   (1526–1858)

European colonial period

[edit]

Colonial period   (1510–1961 CE)

Kingdoms of Sri Lanka

[edit]
Main article: History of Sri Lanka

History of South Asia, by region

[edit]

By South Asian subregion

[edit]

By country and national subdivision

[edit]

History of South Asia, by subject

[edit]

History of architecture in South Asia

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ See also Tanvir Anjum, Temporal Divides: A Critical Review of the Major Schemes of Periodization in Indian History.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Thapar 1978, p. 19–20.
  2. ^ a b c Thapar 1978, p. 19.
  3. ^ Thapar 1978, p. 20.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_South_Asian_history&oldid=1262162806"