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{{Infobox Automobile
{{Infobox electric vehicle
| name = BYD F3DM

| image = [[File:F3DM-linoox.jpg|250px|BYD F3DM Sedan]]
| image = Bilbao 05 2012 BYD F3DM 2438.JPG
| name = BYD F3DM
| manufacturer = [[BYD Auto|BYD]]
| manufacturer = [[BYD Auto]]
| parent_company =
| parent_company =
| aka = <!-- BYD F3e -->
| aka = <!-- not the BYD F3e; that is the electric-only version -->
| production = 2008
| production = 2008–2013
| assembly =
| assembly =
| predecessor =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| successor = [[BYD Qin]]
| class = [[plug-in hybrid]] [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
| class = [[Plug-in hybrid]] [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
| body_style = Sedan
| body_style = Sedan
| layout =
| layout =
| platform =
| platform =
| engine = 1.0 L ''BYD371QA'' [[Straight-three engine|I3]] Aluminum Engine<ref name="TreeHugger 2009-01-19">{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/galleries/2009/01/byd-f3dm-f6dm-e6-china-electric-cars-plug-in-hybrids-photos.php?page=23|title=Green from China: BYD's Plug-in Hybrids and Electric Cars|last=Richard|first=Michael Graham|date=2009-01-16|publisher=TreeHugger.com|access-date=2009-02-28| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090304170129/http://www.treehugger.com/galleries/2009/01/byd-f3dm-f6dm-e6-china-electric-cars-plug-in-hybrids-photos.php?page=23| archive-date= 4 March 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| engine = 371QA Aluminum Engine + Electric Motor
| motor = Two permanent-magnet Synchronous Electric Motors, {{cvt|25|kW|hp}} and {{cvt|50|kW|hp}}<ref name="TreeHugger 2009-01-19"/>
| transmission = Electric Automatic
| drivetrain = [[PHEV]]
| wheelbase = {{Auto mm|2600|1}}
| length = {{Auto mm|4533|1}}
| range = {{cvt|300|mi|disp=flip}}
| width = {{Auto mm|1705|1}}
| electric_range = {{cvt|37|mi|disp=flip}}
| transmission = Electric Automatic
| height = {{Auto mm|1490|1}}
| wheelbase = {{cvt|2600|mm|in|1}}
| weight = 1560 kg
| length = {{cvt|4533|mm|in|1}}
| fuel_capacity =
| width = {{cvt|1705|mm|in|1}}
| electric_range = 100 km
| height = {{cvt|1520|mm|in|1}}
| energy consumption per 100 km = 16kWh
| weight = {{cvt|1560|kg|lb|0}}
| related =[[BYD F3]]<br>[[BYD F6DM]]<br>[[Toyota Corolla]]<ref name="caranddriver">[http://www.caranddriver.com/news/auto_shows/2008_geneva_auto_show_auto_shows/concept_debuts/byd_f3dm_hybrid_concept_auto_shows BYD F3DM Hybrid Concept debut at 2008 Geneva Auto Show] ''Car and Driver''</ref>
| battery = 16 [[kWh]] [[lifepo4|LiFePO<sub>4</sub>]] battery pack<ref name=GCC1208/><ref name=BYD012011/>
| designer =
| related = [[BYD F3]]<br />[[BYD G3]]<br />[[BYD L3]]
| designer =
}}
}}


The '''BYD F3DM''' (Dual-mode) is a [[plug-in hybrid]] compact [[sedan (car)|sedan]] manufactured by [[BYD Auto|BYD]] with an [[all-electric range]] of {{Convert|37|mi|disp=flip}} and a [[hybrid electric powertrain]] that can extend the range an additional {{Convert|300|mi|disp=flip}}.<ref name=BYD012011/> The F3DM is the world's first [[mass production|mass-produced]] plug-in hybrid automobile and went on sale to government agencies and corporations in China on December 15, 2008.<ref name=GCC1208>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/12/byd-f3dm-plug-i.html|title=BYD F3DM Plug-in Hybrid Goes On Sale in China|date=2008-12-15|publisher=Green Car Congress|access-date=2009-02-28| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004900/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/12/byd-f3dm-plug-i.html| archive-date= 4 March 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2008-12-15/chinas-first-plug-in-hybrid-car-rolls-outbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |title=China's First Plug-In Hybrid Car Rolls Out|author=Frederik Balfour |work=[[Bloomberg Business]]|date=2008-12-15|access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1096537_2016-byd-tang-plug-in-hybrid-suv-is-first-of-four-to-come |title=2016 BYD Tang: Plug-In Hybrid SUV Is First Of Four To Come |author=John Voelcker |work=Green Car Reports |date=2015-01-29|access-date=2015-02-17}} ''BYD was the first company in the world to launch a production plug-in hybrid; its F3DM in 2008 was two years ahead of the 2011 Chevrolet Volt''.</ref> During its first year in the market the F3DM plug-in sold only 48 vehicles.<ref name=SalesChina2009/> Sales to the general public began in [[Shenzhen]] in March 2010,<ref name=GCC0310/><ref name=Edmunds310/> and 417 units were sold during 2010.<ref name=Chinaauto>{{cite web|title=BYD Delivered Only 33 Units of e6, 417 F3DM in 2010 |url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2011/02/byd-delivered-only-33-units-of-e6-417-f3dm-in-2010/ |publisher=ChinaAutoWeb |date=2011-02-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925213333/http://chinaautoweb.com/2011/02/byd-delivered-only-33-units-of-e6-417-f3dm-in-2010/ |archive-date=2014-09-25 }} ''417 units were delivered in 2010''.</ref> Cumulative sales in China reached 3,284 units through October 2013, when sales ended,<ref name=Sales20112012>{{cite web|url=http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/01/21/china-full-year-2012-ford-focus-triumphs/|title=China Full Year 2012: Ford Focus triumphs|author=Mat Gasnier|publisher=Best Selling Car Blog|date=2013-01-14|access-date=2013-01-26}} ''A total of 613 units were sold during 2011 and 1,201 units in 2012''.</ref><ref name=China102013>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2013/11/27/china-hopes-cities-can-help-boost-electric-car-sales/ |title=China Hopes Cities Can Help Boost Electric Car Sales|author=Colum Murphy and Rose Yu|publisher=China Real Time |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=2013-11-27|access-date=2013-11-28}} ''A total of 1,005 F3DMs were sold between January and October 2013.''</ref><ref name=China122013/> and only 11 units were sold in Europe through October 2012.<ref name=EUsales10_12>{{cite web|url=http://www.france-mobilite-electrique.org/IMG/pdf/12_EUROPE_18.pdf|title=Inmatriculations VP et VUL Europe 18 à fin Oct. 2012 (2010-2012)|language=French|trans-title=Registrations of passenger cars and utility vehicles in Europe 18 through October 2012 (2010-2012)|author=Justin Aschard|publisher=France Mobilité Électrique|date=2012-11-30|access-date=2013-02-10|archive-date=2013-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020041611/http://www.france-mobilite-electrique.org/IMG/pdf/12_EUROPE_18.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The '''BYD F3DM''' is the first [[mass production|mass produced]] [[plug-in hybrid]], a compact [[sedan (car)|sedan]] which went on sale December 15th, 2008 in China<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601209&sid=aUEElIdi9hqg</ref> and is slated for 2010 in Europe.<ref>Martinez, N. (7 April 2008) [http://wot.motortrend.com/6237544/auto-news/byd-china-looking-to-build-euro-hybrids-by-2010/index.html "BYD China looking to build Euro hybrids by 2010"] ''Motor Trend''</ref> The F3DM was introduced at the 2008 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. The automaker expects to boost total sales to 350,000 cars next year from an expected 180,000 this year, founder and Chairman Wang Chuanfu told reporters in Shenzhen Dec 15th, 2008. U.S. sales of the F3 DM will likely start in 2011, Wang said.


A testing program was launched in the U.S. in December 2010 with the participation of the [[Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles]] (HACLA).<ref name=LA1/> The F3DM was expected to go on sale in the U.S. in 2012 at a price of {{USD|28,800}} before any [[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#United States|government incentives]].<ref name=BYD012011>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/exclusive-byd-executive-provides-breakthrough-us-pricing-chinese-electric-car.html|title=BYD Announces Breakthrough U.S. Pricing for Chinese Long-Range Electric Cars|publisher=PluginCars.com|author=Brad Berman|date=2011-01-09|access-date=2011-01-11}}</ref> In October 2011 BYD announced that retail sales will be delayed due to the lack of [[charging infrastructure]].<ref name=Bloomber1011/>
== Batteries and range==
[[File:BYD-battery.jpg|thumb|left|The batteries of F3DM after a crash test ]]


In April 2012 BYD announced that due to its low sales, the F3DM was to be replaced by the [[BYD Qin]] (pronounced “Chin”) plug-in hybrid, which was unveiled at the 2012 [[Beijing International Automotive Exhibition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1075547_byd-chin-worlds-first-plug-in-hybrid-updated-and-renamed|title=BYD Chin: World's First Plug-In Hybrid, Updated And Renamed|author=John Voelcker|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2012-04-20|access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2012/04/19/byds-qin-sedan-will-replace-poor-selling-f3dm/|title=BYD's Qin sedan will replace poor-selling F3DM|author=Danny King|publisher=Autoblog Green|date=2012-04-19|access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/04/denza-20120423.html|title=Daimler/BYD joint venture introduces DENZA EV concept at Auto China 2012; BYD introduces new dual-mode Qin|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2012-04-22|access-date=2012-04-25}}</ref> Qin deliveries in China began in mid December 2013.<ref name=PriceChina>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinacartimes.com/2013/12/byd-launches-qin-plugin-hybrid-189800rmb-209800rmb/ |title=BYD Launches Qin Plugin Hybrid – 189,800RMB to 209,800RMB |author=Chinese Car News |publisher=China Car Times |date=2013-12-19 |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221190347/http://www.chinacartimes.com/2013/12/byd-launches-qin-plugin-hybrid-189800rmb-209800rmb/ |archive-date=2013-12-21 }}</ref> {{As of|2013|05}}, the F3DM was no longer in production, but the remaining stock was sold by October 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/chinas-byd-opens-electric-bus-production-plant-california-127131.html|title=China's BYD Opens Electric Bus Production Plant in California|author=Alysha Webb|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=2013-05-02|access-date=2013-05-11}}</ref>
BYD uses [[Lithium iron phosphate battery|lithium iron phosphate batteries]] for the F3DM. BYD has said those batteries are "inherently safe" because they are more chemically stable, although they compromise to some extent on the ability to pack energy in each cell, compared with more conventional lithium-ion batteries.<ref>http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1015.html</ref>


==History==
The company's parent is currently the world's second-largest producer of cellphone batteries. BYD says the car will have a {{mile|68}}<ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122392773358329717.html</ref> [[all-electric range]] with an auxiliary engine to allow operation in the hybrid mode.<ref name="caranddriver"></ref>
The F3DM was introduced at the 2008 [[Geneva Motor Show]], preceded by the [[F6DM]] [[concept car]] which was first unveiled in the [[North American International Auto Show]] in January 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/03/chinas-byd-unve.html|title=China’s BYD Unveils Second Plug-in Hybrid Model at Geneva Motor Show; Plans to Begin Sales in Europe in 2-3 Years|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2008-03-05|access-date=2010-03-28| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100330071457/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/03/chinas-byd-unve.html| archive-date= 30 March 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caradvice.com.au/10898/byd-stand-2008-geneva-motor-show/|title=BYD stand 2008 Geneva Motor Show|author=Alborz Fallah |publisher=Car Advice|date=2008-03-05|access-date=2010-03-28}}</ref>


==Batteries and range==
'''Energy consumption and costs '''
[[File:BYD F3DM solar panel.jpg|thumb|left|The F3DM's roof-mounted solar panels.]]
[[BYD Auto|BYD]] uses a 16 [[kWh]] [[Lithium iron phosphate battery|lithium iron phosphate batteries]] (LiFePO<sub>4</sub>) for the F3DM. BYD has said their LiFePO<sub>4</sub> batteries are "inherently safe" because they are more chemically stable, although they pack less energy in each cell (100 Wh/kg), compared with more conventional [[lithium-ion]] (LiCoO<sub>2</sub>) batteries (150 to 200 Wh/kg).<ref name=BYD012011/><ref name=WSJ1008>{{cite web|url=http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1015.html|title=China's BYD to Begin Selling Electric Car Next Month|publisher=[[CalCars]]|author=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=2008-10-14|access-date=2010-03-27}}</ref><ref name="Powerizer LFPB-12V6.4A">{{cite web|url=http://www.batteryspace.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=4959|title=Powerizer LFPB-12V6.4A Specifications|publisher=Powerizer|access-date=2008-12-12}}</ref><ref name="AutoBlogGreen F3DM">{{cite web|url=http://www.blogcdn.com/www.autobloggreen.com/media/2008/01/img_1273.jpg|title=Detroit Preview: BYD's F3DM plug-in hybrid will be unveiled Monday|author=Sebastian Blanco|date=2009-01-09|publisher=AutoBlogGreen|pages=[http://www.blogcdn.com/www.autobloggreen.com/media/2008/01/img_1273.jpg 1st image]|access-date=2009-02-28|archive-date=2011-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006043135/http://www.blogcdn.com/www.autobloggreen.com/media/2008/01/img_1273.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> The F3DM battery pack consist of 100 3.3-volt cells stored under the cabin.<ref name=NYT022011/>


BYD says the car will have a {{convert|60|mi|km|-1|disp=flip}} [[all-electric range]] as well as a gasoline engine that allows operation in [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid mode]] that extend the range for an additional {{Convert|300|mi|km|disp=flip}}.<ref name=BYD012011/> The electric range assumes the car is traveling at a constant speed of 50&nbsp;km/h, which is not likely to reflect real-world usage.<ref name=Xinhuanet>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/13/content_11178761.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416022621/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/13/content_11178761.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 16, 2009|title=World's First DM Electric Car Faces Dilemmas|publisher=China View|date=2009-04-13|access-date=2010-03-28}}</ref> The F3DM has a roof-mounted large solar panel capable of providing electric energy to run vehicle accessories such as the radio and climate control.<ref name=NYT022011/>
Approximately 16 kWh per 100km
{{clear}}


==Powertrain==
Approximately $1.44 to $2.72 per 100km
{{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right| image1 = BYD F3DM engine bay.jpg | width1 = 250| caption1 = BYD's engine bay. Left side: the 1.0-liter gasoline engine; right side: the power control unit on top of the electric motor| image2 = BYD F3DM mode switch.jpg | width2 = 170| caption2 = F3DM switch buttons to select [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]] mode or [[all-electric vehicle|EV]] mode.}}


The F3DM has two alternating current [[electric motor]]s, a 50-kilowatt unit that drives the wheels and a 25-kilowatt helper that can send power to the wheels or generate electricity through [[regenerative braking]]. The two motors provide all the propulsion until the charge level of the F3DM's batteries reaches 20%, then after this threshold the car automatically switches from electric mode operation to hybrid mode. At that point, the F3DM's 1-liter 3-cylinder engine kicks in to bring the battery charge as close as possible to 30%, effectively extending the range of the vehicle just like the [[Chevrolet Volt]] does. The F3DM has a direct connection between the gasoline engine and the wheels that is useful when accelerating onto a highway, just like the [[Prius]]. Under high-load circumstances, the 68 [[horsepower]] gasoline engine combines with the electric motors to deliver a total of {{Convert|168|hp|kW|0}}.<ref name=NYT022011>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/20/automobiles/20TECH.html?emc=eta1|title=New Wrinkle in Hybrid Cars|author=Bradley Berman|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2011-02-18|access-date=2011-02-26}}</ref>
- based on 9 to 17 cents per kWh 2008 US residential electricity price.


BYD calls the F3DM is a dual-mode vehicle because it allows the driver to manually switch from [[all-electric vehicle|all-electric]] to [[plug-in hybrid]] operation. The hybrid powertrain uses a 1.0-liter engine with battery-assisted acceleration at low speeds and the gasoline engine clutches to drive the wheels when more power is required. The estimated [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] is {{cvt|30|mpgus}}.<ref name=BYD012011/>
== Principles of operation ==
{{clear}}
<gallery>
Image:BYD_F3DM_EV.jpg‎ | EV mode (ICE engine not running, motor M2 provides all power)
Image:BYD_F3DM_HEV.jpg‎ | HEV normal mode (ICE engine and generator M1 used for M2 power and battery recharge)
Image:BYD_F3DM_HEV_accelerated_motion.jpg‎ |HEV accelerated motion mode (engine directly coupled to drivetrain in addition to M2)
Image:BYD_F3DM_HEV_decelerated_motion.jpg‎ |HEV decelerated motion mode (energy recovery via M2 recharges battery)
</gallery>


== Price ==
==Price and sales==
[[File:Hybride BYD F3DM voor het hoofdkantoor van BYD-2.jpg|thumb|A promotional BYD F3DM in [[Shenzhen]], China.]]


===China===
AP Dec 15, 2008: 149,800 yuan (about US$21,900)<ref>http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/12/byd-f3dm-plug-i.html</ref>
On December 15, 2008, the F3DM began selling for 149,800 [[chinese yuan|yuan]] (about [[USD]] 21,900).<ref name=GCC1208/> In April 2009, the CEO Wang Chuanfu announced the price will be lowered to increase sales, but currently the price of a 2010 F3DM (with solar panels) is up to 169,800 yuan (US$25,792).<ref>{{cite web | title = BYD F3DM | url = http://chinaautoweb.com/car-models/byd-f3dm/ | publisher = ChinaAutoWeb | access-date = 2011-01-19 }}</ref> Wang also wants an independent verification of the car's on-road performance.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yoney |first=Domenick |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/04/13/chinese-plug-in-hybrid-byd-f3dm-has-sold-just-80-copies-in-fou/ |title=AutoBlog Green article on F3DM |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=2009-04-13 |access-date=2010-11-27}}</ref>


During its first year in the market the F3DM plug-in sold only 48 vehicles to corporate and government customers.<ref name=SalesChina2009>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aAM8TFKcY4jE|title=BYD Plans to Start European Car Sales Next Year (Update 2)|publisher=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] Week|date=2010-03-08|access-date=2013-01-29}} ''48 units sold in 2009''.</ref> The premium price of the plug-in and lack of government subsidies are the main reasons cited by BYD for slow sales; others mention poor quality and "crude transitions" between electric and gasoline power.<ref>{{cite web | author = Voelcker, John | title = 2012 BYD e6 Electric Crossover To Cost $35,000, 200-Mile Range | publisher = GreenCarReports | url = http://www.greencarreports.com/blog/1053395_2012-byd-e6-electric-crossover-to-cost-35000-200-mile-range | date = 2011-01-15 | access-date = 2011-01-19}}</ref> During 2009 [[BYD Auto]] sold 290,963 of the gasoline-powered [[BYD F3|F3s]], which starts at 59,800 [[Chinese yuan|yuan]] (~US$8,750, just over a third of the price of an F3DM) and was China's best-selling model.<ref name=Bloom0410>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601130&sid=aPLvOL9Pw3DE|title=China Drivers Shun Hybrids, Electric Cars on Lack of Subsidy|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |date=2010-04-22|access-date=2010-05-31}}</ref>
== Competitors ==
[[File:BYD F3M dual mode hibrido.jpg|thumb|left|BYD F3M dual mode badging.]]
Since March 29, 2010, [[BYD Auto]] began selling the F3DM to the general public in [[Shenzhen]], [[Guangdong Province]],<ref name=GCC0310>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/03/byd-20100323.html#more |title=BYD Auto To Begin Sales of F3DM Plug-in to Individuals |publisher=[[Green Car Congress]] |date=2010-03-23 |access-date=2010-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326114129/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/03/byd-20100323.html |archive-date=26 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Edmunds310>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/03/byd-auto-to-offer-f3dm-plug-in-hybrid-to-chinese-individuals-starting-next-week.html |title=BYD Auto to Offer F3DM Plug-in Hybrid to Chinese Individuals Starting Next Week |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=2010-03-23 |access-date=2010-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330091520/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/03/byd-auto-to-offer-f3dm-plug-in-hybrid-to-chinese-individuals-starting-next-week.html |archive-date=30 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but only 28 units were sold during the first three months and all were sold to the Shenzhen local government.<ref name=ChinaER0710>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinaeconomicreview.com/today-in-china/2010_07_22/The_BYD_bubble_finally_pops.html|title=The BYD bubble finally pops|publisher=China Economic Review|date=2010-07-22|access-date=2010-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725192354/http://www.chinaeconomicreview.com/today-in-china/2010_07_22/The_BYD_bubble_finally_pops.html|archive-date=25 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the reasons cited for the slow sales are the lack of [[charging station|infrastructure to charge]], the high battery cost, and also the batteries have been reported to be unreliable.<ref name=ChinaER0710/>


As the F3DM nearly doubles the price of cars that run on conventional fuel, BYD expects subsidies from the local government to make the plug-in affordable to personal buyers. Similar subsidies are expected in other cities.<ref name=GCC0310/> On June 1, 2010, the Chinese government announced a [[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#China|trial program to provide incentives]] to carmakers up to 50,000 yuan (~US$7,320) for [[plug-in hybrid]]s that will benefit residents in five cities: [[Shanghai]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Hangzhou]], [[Hefei]] and [[Changchun]].<ref name=EdmondsCh>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/china-announces-plan-to-subsidize-evs-and-plug-in-hybrids-in-five-major-cities.html |title=China Announces Plan to Subsidize EVs and Plug-in Hybrids in Five Major Cities |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=2010-06-01 |access-date=2010-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605040731/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/china-announces-plan-to-subsidize-evs-and-plug-in-hybrids-in-five-major-cities.html |archive-date=5 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=NYT0610>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/02/china-to-start-pilot-program-providing-subsidies-for-electric-cars-and-hybrids/|title=China to Start Pilot Program, Providing Subsidies for Electric Cars and Hybrids|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2010-06-02|access-date=2010-06-02 | first=Jim | last=Motavalli| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100603030955/http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/02/china-to-start-pilot-program-providing-subsidies-for-electric-cars-and-hybrids/| archive-date= 3 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> After the plug-in subsidy is discounted from the F3DM cost, its sales price would be still almost US$5,900 higher than the gasoline-powered F3 model.<ref name=HybridCars>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/incentives-laws/china-push-hybrid-and-electric-cars-will-anyone-buy-28101.html|title=China’s Push for Hybrid and Electric Cars, But Will Anyone Buy?|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2010-06-13|access-date=2010-06-14| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100616062124/http://www.hybridcars.com/incentives-laws/china-push-hybrid-and-electric-cars-will-anyone-buy-28101.html| archive-date= 16 June 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
Duan Chengwu, a technical analyst from [[Global Insight]] say the F3DM is due to hit the market 1-2 years earlier than either the Volt or Toyota Motor Corp.'s new breed of hybrid-electric car.<ref>[http://www.industryweek.com/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=18048 China's First Mass-produced Hybrid Car Goes on Sale] - IndustryWeek.com, 15 December 2008</ref><ref>[http://manager.co.th/China/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000147915 ค่ายรถจีนแซงโตโยต้า,จีเอ็ม เปิดตัว “รถไฮบริด” ผลิตในจีนทั้งคัน] - [[Manager Daily]], 17 December 2008 {{th icon}}</ref> Both GM and Toyota say they are taking more time to make sure lithium-ion batteries they are using for their electric cars are safe.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}


A total of 417 units were delivered in 2010, with BYD claiming that they could not build enough batteries to meet demand. A total of 613 units were sold during 2011, 1,201 units in 2012, and 1,005 units during the first ten months of 2013. Sales ended in October 2013, and cumulative sales reached 3,284 F3DMs since December 2008.<ref name=Sales20112012/><ref name=China102013/><ref name=China122013>{{cite web|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2014/01/plug-in-ev-sales-in-china-rose-37-9-to-17600-in-2013/|title=Plug-in EV Sales in China Rose 37.9% to 17,600 in 2013|author=Staff|publisher=China Auto Web |date=2014-01-10|access-date=2014-02-09}}</ref>
Competitors include:
{{clear}}


===United States===
* [[Chevrolet Volt]]

* [[Envi (automobile)|Chrysler ENVI]]: [[Chrysler Voyager]] and [[Jeep Wrangler]]
[[File:Byd f3 dm.jpg|thumb|BYD F3DM exhibited at the 2010 [[North American International Auto Show]].]]
* [[Toyota Prius]] Plug-In (PI) (2009)
[[File:Bilbao 05 2012 BYD F3DM 2447.JPG|thumb|BYD F3DM charging in [[Bilbao]], Spain]]
* [[Volkswagen Golf]] Twin Drive (TD)
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electric Cars, Sedans and SUVs I BYD USA |url=https://www.byd.com/us |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=BYD |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Volvo ReCharge]]

A testing program was launched in December 2010 with the participation of the [[Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles]] (HACLA), which leased ten F3DMs for {{USD|400}} a month for one year.<ref name=LA1/><ref name=Bloomber1011>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-23/buffett-s-chinese-car-investment-fails-to-bring-los-angeles-promised-jobs.html|title=Buffett-Backed Carmaker Arrives in L.A. Late With Fewer Jobs|author=Alan Ohnsman and Christopher Palmeri|work=[[Bloomberg Markets]]|date=2011-10-24|access-date=2011-10-24}}</ref> The trial F3DM sedans delivered to HACLA have an [[all-electric range]] of {{Convert|40|to|60|mi}} and drivers can manually switch the vehicle to stay in all-electric vehicle (EV mode). For trips longer than 60 miles the vehicle can be manually switched to plug-in-hybrid electric, which engages the 1.0-liter gasoline engine to extend the range another {{Convert|300|mi}} while charging the batteries. The onboard overnight-charger allows to charge the plug-in hybrid in less than 7 hours, allowing HACLA to install standard 220VAC outlets in its EV fleet parking areas.<ref name=LA1>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinacartimes.com/2010/12/15/byd-working-with-las-housing-authority-department-on-fleet-testing/ |title=BYD working with LA’s Housing Authority department on fleet testing |work=China Car Times |date=2010-12-15 |access-date=2010-12-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222094730/http://www.chinacartimes.com/2010/12/15/byd-working-with-las-housing-authority-department-on-fleet-testing/ |archive-date=2010-12-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/permalink/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsLang=en&newsId=20101214007170&div=-2012183699|title=BYD and the HACLA Launch Electric Vehicle Testing Program|author=[[BYD Automobile|BYD]] Press Release|publisher=Business Wire|date=2010-12-14|access-date=2010-12-15}}</ref>

In April 2011 BYD reported that the HACLA fleet achieved an average of {{Convert|88|mpgus|L/100 km}} [[Miles per gallon equivalent|equivalent (MPG-e)]] based on a total of {{Convert|14,430|mi|km|abbr=on}} accumulated by the fleet, of which ~{{Convert|10,430|mi}} were traveled in all-electric mode, representing 72.3 percent of the total mileage logged by the HACLA fleet, and only {{Convert|4,000|mi}} using gasoline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/04/byd-20110429.html#tp|title=BYD reports plug-in fleet test results; rapid charging not diminishing capacity|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2011-04-29|access-date=2011-05-08}}</ref>

The F3DM was scheduled to begin retail sales in the U.S. in 2012 at a price of {{USD|28,800}} before any [[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#United States|federal and local incentives]].<ref name=BYD012011/> In October 2011 BYD opened its headquarters in Los Angeles, a year behind schedule, and announced that retail sales will be delayed due to the lack of [[charging infrastructure]].<ref name=Bloomber1011/>

===Spain===
Sales of the F3DM began in Spain at a price of {{euro|27,585}} in August 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autobild.es/noticias/byd-f3dm-los-hibridos-chinos-llegan-espana-166491|title=BYD F3DM: los híbridos chinos llegan a España|trans-title=BYD F3DM: Chinese hybrids arrive in Spain|language=Spanish|author=Jorge Arenas |work=[[Auto Bild]] Spain|date=2011-08-17|access-date=2012-02-04}}</ref> A total of 8 units were sold in 2011,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motorpasionfuturo.com/coches-electricos/ventas-en-espana-de-coches-hibridos-y-electricos-en-2011|title=Ventas en España de coches híbridos y eléctricos en 2011|trans-title=Sales in Spain of hybrid and electric cars in 2011|language=Spanish|work=Motorpasion Futuro|date=2012-01-06|access-date=2012-05-26}}</ref> followed by two more cars in 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.motorpasionfuturo.com/coches-hibridos/ventas-en-espana-de-coches-hibridos-en-2012 | title = Ventas en España de coches híbridos en 2012 |trans-title=Sales in Spain of hybrid cars in 2012 | language = Spanish | work = Motorpasion Futuro | date = 2013-01-13 | access-date = 2013-05-11}}</ref>
{{Clear left}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[BYD e6]]
* [[BYD F6DM]]
* [[BYD F6DM]]
* [[BYD Qin]]
* [[Electric car use by country]]
* [[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles]]
* [[History of plug-in hybrids]]
* [[List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles]]
* [[Plug-in electric vehicle]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
{{Commons category|BYD F3DM}}
* [http://www.byd.com/ BYD Auto official website]
* [http://www.byd.com/ BYD Auto official website]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7779261.stm BBC: Revving China's auto industry]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7779261.stm BBC: Revving China's auto industry]
* [http://car.pege.org/type/byd-f3.htm BYD F3DM on pege.org]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFyTnO3QaIE BYD F3DM on Youtube]


;Pictures
[[Category:Prototype electric vehicles]]
*[https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=BYD%20F3DM&w=all&s=int Series production F3DM plug-in cars]

;Video
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EV0Ppxra_gI BYD Auto (English)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFyTnO3QaIE BYD Auto (Mandarin)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5bLKVGO9QU ''Edmunds'']
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0jrX2_tXqw Test drive in Los Angeles] ([[The New York Times]])

{{BYD Auto}}
{{BYD timeline 2003 to date}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Byd F3dm}}
[[Category:BYD vehicles|F3DM]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2008]]
[[Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars of China]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]

[[de:BYD F3-DM]]
[[zh:比亞迪F3DM]]

{{Modern-auto-stub}}

Latest revision as of 05:53, 9 January 2024

BYD F3DM
Overview
ManufacturerBYD
Production2008–2013
Body and chassis
ClassPlug-in hybrid sedan
Body styleSedan
RelatedBYD F3
BYD G3
BYD L3
Powertrain
Engine1.0 L BYD371QA I3 Aluminum Engine[1]
Electric motorTwo permanent-magnet Synchronous Electric Motors, 25 kW (34 hp) and 50 kW (67 hp)[1]
TransmissionElectric Automatic
Hybrid drivetrainPHEV
Battery16 kWh LiFePO4 battery pack[2][3]
Range480 km (300 mi)
Electric range60 km (37 mi)
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,600 mm (102.4 in)
Length4,533 mm (178.5 in)
Width1,705 mm (67.1 in)
Height1,520 mm (59.8 in)
Curb weight1,560 kg (3,439 lb)
Chronology
SuccessorBYD Qin

The BYD F3DM (Dual-mode) is a plug-in hybrid compact sedan manufactured by BYD with an all-electric range of 60 kilometres (37 mi) and a hybrid electric powertrain that can extend the range an additional 480 kilometres (300 mi).[3] The F3DM is the world's first mass-produced plug-in hybrid automobile and went on sale to government agencies and corporations in China on December 15, 2008.[2][4][5] During its first year in the market the F3DM plug-in sold only 48 vehicles.[6] Sales to the general public began in Shenzhen in March 2010,[7][8] and 417 units were sold during 2010.[9] Cumulative sales in China reached 3,284 units through October 2013, when sales ended,[10][11][12] and only 11 units were sold in Europe through October 2012.[13]

A testing program was launched in the U.S. in December 2010 with the participation of the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA).[14] The F3DM was expected to go on sale in the U.S. in 2012 at a price of US$28,800 before any government incentives.[3] In October 2011 BYD announced that retail sales will be delayed due to the lack of charging infrastructure.[15]

In April 2012 BYD announced that due to its low sales, the F3DM was to be replaced by the BYD Qin (pronounced “Chin”) plug-in hybrid, which was unveiled at the 2012 Beijing International Automotive Exhibition.[16][17][18] Qin deliveries in China began in mid December 2013.[19] As of May 2013, the F3DM was no longer in production, but the remaining stock was sold by October 2013.[20]

History

[edit]

The F3DM was introduced at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show, preceded by the F6DM concept car which was first unveiled in the North American International Auto Show in January 2008.[21][22]

Batteries and range

[edit]
The F3DM's roof-mounted solar panels.

BYD uses a 16 kWh lithium iron phosphate batteries (LiFePO4) for the F3DM. BYD has said their LiFePO4 batteries are "inherently safe" because they are more chemically stable, although they pack less energy in each cell (100 Wh/kg), compared with more conventional lithium-ion (LiCoO2) batteries (150 to 200 Wh/kg).[3][23][24][25] The F3DM battery pack consist of 100 3.3-volt cells stored under the cabin.[26]

BYD says the car will have a 100 kilometres (60 mi) all-electric range as well as a gasoline engine that allows operation in hybrid mode that extend the range for an additional 480 kilometres (300 mi).[3] The electric range assumes the car is traveling at a constant speed of 50 km/h, which is not likely to reflect real-world usage.[27] The F3DM has a roof-mounted large solar panel capable of providing electric energy to run vehicle accessories such as the radio and climate control.[26]

Powertrain

[edit]
BYD's engine bay. Left side: the 1.0-liter gasoline engine; right side: the power control unit on top of the electric motor
F3DM switch buttons to select hybrid mode or EV mode.

The F3DM has two alternating current electric motors, a 50-kilowatt unit that drives the wheels and a 25-kilowatt helper that can send power to the wheels or generate electricity through regenerative braking. The two motors provide all the propulsion until the charge level of the F3DM's batteries reaches 20%, then after this threshold the car automatically switches from electric mode operation to hybrid mode. At that point, the F3DM's 1-liter 3-cylinder engine kicks in to bring the battery charge as close as possible to 30%, effectively extending the range of the vehicle just like the Chevrolet Volt does. The F3DM has a direct connection between the gasoline engine and the wheels that is useful when accelerating onto a highway, just like the Prius. Under high-load circumstances, the 68 horsepower gasoline engine combines with the electric motors to deliver a total of 168 horsepower (125 kW).[26]

BYD calls the F3DM is a dual-mode vehicle because it allows the driver to manually switch from all-electric to plug-in hybrid operation. The hybrid powertrain uses a 1.0-liter engine with battery-assisted acceleration at low speeds and the gasoline engine clutches to drive the wheels when more power is required. The estimated fuel economy is 30 mpg‑US (7.8 L/100 km; 36 mpg‑imp).[3]

Price and sales

[edit]
A promotional BYD F3DM in Shenzhen, China.

China

[edit]

On December 15, 2008, the F3DM began selling for 149,800 yuan (about USD 21,900).[2] In April 2009, the CEO Wang Chuanfu announced the price will be lowered to increase sales, but currently the price of a 2010 F3DM (with solar panels) is up to 169,800 yuan (US$25,792).[28] Wang also wants an independent verification of the car's on-road performance.[29]

During its first year in the market the F3DM plug-in sold only 48 vehicles to corporate and government customers.[6] The premium price of the plug-in and lack of government subsidies are the main reasons cited by BYD for slow sales; others mention poor quality and "crude transitions" between electric and gasoline power.[30] During 2009 BYD Auto sold 290,963 of the gasoline-powered F3s, which starts at 59,800 yuan (~US$8,750, just over a third of the price of an F3DM) and was China's best-selling model.[31]

BYD F3M dual mode badging.

Since March 29, 2010, BYD Auto began selling the F3DM to the general public in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province,[7][8] but only 28 units were sold during the first three months and all were sold to the Shenzhen local government.[32] Among the reasons cited for the slow sales are the lack of infrastructure to charge, the high battery cost, and also the batteries have been reported to be unreliable.[32]

As the F3DM nearly doubles the price of cars that run on conventional fuel, BYD expects subsidies from the local government to make the plug-in affordable to personal buyers. Similar subsidies are expected in other cities.[7] On June 1, 2010, the Chinese government announced a trial program to provide incentives to carmakers up to 50,000 yuan (~US$7,320) for plug-in hybrids that will benefit residents in five cities: Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Hefei and Changchun.[33][34] After the plug-in subsidy is discounted from the F3DM cost, its sales price would be still almost US$5,900 higher than the gasoline-powered F3 model.[35]

A total of 417 units were delivered in 2010, with BYD claiming that they could not build enough batteries to meet demand. A total of 613 units were sold during 2011, 1,201 units in 2012, and 1,005 units during the first ten months of 2013. Sales ended in October 2013, and cumulative sales reached 3,284 F3DMs since December 2008.[10][11][12]

United States

[edit]
BYD F3DM exhibited at the 2010 North American International Auto Show.
BYD F3DM charging in Bilbao, Spain

Source:[36]

A testing program was launched in December 2010 with the participation of the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), which leased ten F3DMs for US$400 a month for one year.[14][15] The trial F3DM sedans delivered to HACLA have an all-electric range of 40 to 60 miles (64 to 97 km) and drivers can manually switch the vehicle to stay in all-electric vehicle (EV mode). For trips longer than 60 miles the vehicle can be manually switched to plug-in-hybrid electric, which engages the 1.0-liter gasoline engine to extend the range another 300 miles (480 km) while charging the batteries. The onboard overnight-charger allows to charge the plug-in hybrid in less than 7 hours, allowing HACLA to install standard 220VAC outlets in its EV fleet parking areas.[14][37]

In April 2011 BYD reported that the HACLA fleet achieved an average of 88 miles per US gallon (2.7 L/100 km) equivalent (MPG-e) based on a total of 14,430 mi (23,220 km) accumulated by the fleet, of which ~10,430 miles (16,790 km) were traveled in all-electric mode, representing 72.3 percent of the total mileage logged by the HACLA fleet, and only 4,000 miles (6,400 km) using gasoline.[38]

The F3DM was scheduled to begin retail sales in the U.S. in 2012 at a price of US$28,800 before any federal and local incentives.[3] In October 2011 BYD opened its headquarters in Los Angeles, a year behind schedule, and announced that retail sales will be delayed due to the lack of charging infrastructure.[15]

Spain

[edit]

Sales of the F3DM began in Spain at a price of €27,585 in August 2011.[39] A total of 8 units were sold in 2011,[40] followed by two more cars in 2012.[41]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Richard, Michael Graham (2009-01-16). "Green from China: BYD's Plug-in Hybrids and Electric Cars". TreeHugger.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  2. ^ a b c "BYD F3DM Plug-in Hybrid Goes On Sale in China". Green Car Congress. 2008-12-15. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Brad Berman (2011-01-09). "BYD Announces Breakthrough U.S. Pricing for Chinese Long-Range Electric Cars". PluginCars.com. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  4. ^ Frederik Balfour (2008-12-15). "China's First Plug-In Hybrid Car Rolls Out". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 2015-02-17.
  5. ^ John Voelcker (2015-01-29). "2016 BYD Tang: Plug-In Hybrid SUV Is First Of Four To Come". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2015-02-17. BYD was the first company in the world to launch a production plug-in hybrid; its F3DM in 2008 was two years ahead of the 2011 Chevrolet Volt.
  6. ^ a b "BYD Plans to Start European Car Sales Next Year (Update 2)". Bloomberg Businessweek Week. 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2013-01-29. 48 units sold in 2009.
  7. ^ a b c "BYD Auto To Begin Sales of F3DM Plug-in to Individuals". Green Car Congress. 2010-03-23. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
  8. ^ a b "BYD Auto to Offer F3DM Plug-in Hybrid to Chinese Individuals Starting Next Week". Edmunds.com. 2010-03-23. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
  9. ^ "BYD Delivered Only 33 Units of e6, 417 F3DM in 2010". ChinaAutoWeb. 2011-02-23. Archived from the original on 2014-09-25. 417 units were delivered in 2010.
  10. ^ a b Mat Gasnier (2013-01-14). "China Full Year 2012: Ford Focus triumphs". Best Selling Car Blog. Retrieved 2013-01-26. A total of 613 units were sold during 2011 and 1,201 units in 2012.
  11. ^ a b Colum Murphy and Rose Yu (2013-11-27). "China Hopes Cities Can Help Boost Electric Car Sales". The Wall Street Journal. China Real Time. Retrieved 2013-11-28. A total of 1,005 F3DMs were sold between January and October 2013.
  12. ^ a b Staff (2014-01-10). "Plug-in EV Sales in China Rose 37.9% to 17,600 in 2013". China Auto Web. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
  13. ^ Justin Aschard (2012-11-30). "Inmatriculations VP et VUL Europe 18 à fin Oct. 2012 (2010-2012)" [Registrations of passenger cars and utility vehicles in Europe 18 through October 2012 (2010-2012)] (PDF) (in French). France Mobilité Électrique. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
  14. ^ a b c "BYD working with LA's Housing Authority department on fleet testing". China Car Times. 2010-12-15. Archived from the original on 2010-12-22. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
  15. ^ a b c Alan Ohnsman and Christopher Palmeri (2011-10-24). "Buffett-Backed Carmaker Arrives in L.A. Late With Fewer Jobs". Bloomberg Markets. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  16. ^ John Voelcker (2012-04-20). "BYD Chin: World's First Plug-In Hybrid, Updated And Renamed". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
  17. ^ Danny King (2012-04-19). "BYD's Qin sedan will replace poor-selling F3DM". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
  18. ^ "Daimler/BYD joint venture introduces DENZA EV concept at Auto China 2012; BYD introduces new dual-mode Qin". Green Car Congress. 2012-04-22. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  19. ^ Chinese Car News (2013-12-19). "BYD Launches Qin Plugin Hybrid – 189,800RMB to 209,800RMB". China Car Times. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2013-12-19.
  20. ^ Alysha Webb (2013-05-02). "China's BYD Opens Electric Bus Production Plant in California". PluginCars.com. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
  21. ^ "China's BYD Unveils Second Plug-in Hybrid Model at Geneva Motor Show; Plans to Begin Sales in Europe in 2-3 Years". Green Car Congress. 2008-03-05. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-28.
  22. ^ Alborz Fallah (2008-03-05). "BYD stand 2008 Geneva Motor Show". Car Advice. Retrieved 2010-03-28.
  23. ^ The Wall Street Journal (2008-10-14). "China's BYD to Begin Selling Electric Car Next Month". CalCars. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
  24. ^ "Powerizer LFPB-12V6.4A Specifications". Powerizer. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
  25. ^ Sebastian Blanco (2009-01-09). "Detroit Preview: BYD's F3DM plug-in hybrid will be unveiled Monday". AutoBlogGreen. pp. 1st image. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  26. ^ a b c Bradley Berman (2011-02-18). "New Wrinkle in Hybrid Cars". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
  27. ^ "World's First DM Electric Car Faces Dilemmas". China View. 2009-04-13. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-28.
  28. ^ "BYD F3DM". ChinaAutoWeb. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
  29. ^ Yoney, Domenick (2009-04-13). "AutoBlog Green article on F3DM". Autobloggreen.com. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
  30. ^ Voelcker, John (2011-01-15). "2012 BYD e6 Electric Crossover To Cost $35,000, 200-Mile Range". GreenCarReports. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
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