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{{Short description|Natural lubrication of the vagina during sexual arousal}}{{About|natural lubrication|artificial lubrication|Personal lubricant}}[[File:Female sexual arousal.JPG|thumb|''Left'': The shaved [[vulva]] unaroused.<br> ''Right'': Vaginal lubrication sometimes becomes visible after sexual arousal.]]
'''Vaginal lubrication''' is the naturally produced fluid that reduces friction during [[sexual intercourse]]. As a woman becomes sexually aroused, the tissue lining the first inch or so of her [[vagina]] begins to swell and exude a slippery fluid ("transudate") out through the hundreds of small ducts buried in the lining. These vaginal juices first appear right inside the vagina, and as the woman’s arousal builds, the secretions will run out the opening.
'''Vaginal lubrication''' is a naturally produced fluid that lubricates the [[vagina]]. Vaginal lubrication production increases significantly during [[sexual arousal]] in anticipation of [[sexual intercourse]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pastor |first=Zlatko |date=2013-07-01 |title=Female Ejaculation Orgasm vs. Coital Incontinence: A Systematic Review |url=https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article/10/7/1682/6940068 |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=1682–1691 |doi=10.1111/jsm.12166 |pmid=23634659 |issn=1743-6109}}</ref> [[Vaginal dryness]] is the condition in which this lubrication is insufficient, and sometimes artificial lubricants are used to augment it. Without sufficient lubrication, sexual intercourse can be painful. The vaginal lining has no glands, and therefore the vagina must rely on other methods of lubrication. [[Blood plasma|Plasma]] from the [[Vagina#Microanatomy|vaginal walls]] due to vascular engorgement is considered to be the chief lubrication source, and the [[Bartholin's gland]]s, located slightly below and to the left and right of the introitus (vaginal opening), also secrete [[mucus]] to augment vaginal wall secretions. Near ovulation, [[cervical mucus]] provides additional lubrication.

Under perfect conditions a highly aroused young woman will lubricate profusely. Certain medications including some over-the-counter [[antihistamine]]s, as well as life events such [[pregnancy]], [[lactation]], [[menopause]], [[aging]] or diseases such as [[diabetes]], will inhibit lubrication.
==Mechanism==
===Composition===

Vaginal lubrication fluid is a [[Blood plasma|plasma]] transudate which diffuses across the vaginal wall. Composition varies with length of arousal.<ref name=":0" />

During arousal, vaginal lubrication, also sometimes called "arousal fluid", is produced. This is clear, thin, and slippery. It typically only lasts up to an hour.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cervical Mucus Monitoring {{!}} Time to Conceive|url=https://www.med.unc.edu/timetoconceive/study-participant-resources/cervical-mucus-testing-information/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=www.med.unc.edu}}</ref><ref name="gettingwet">{{Cite web|title=Getting wet: cervical fluid vs. arousal fluid vs. discharge|url=https://helloclue.com/articles/cycle-a-z/getting-wet-cervical-fluid-vs-arousal-fluid-vs-discharge|access-date=2021-12-22|website=helloclue.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Cervical Mucus Monitoring {{!}} Time to Conceive |url=https://www.med.unc.edu/timetoconceive/study-participant-resources/cervical-mucus-testing-information |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=www.med.unc.edu}}</ref> It can sometimes be confused with [[Cervix|cervical mucus]].<ref name=":1" />

===Production===
The human [[vagina]] is serviced by nerves that respond to [[vasoactive intestinal polypeptide]] (VIP).<ref name=":0" /> As a result, VIP induces an increase in vaginal blood flow accompanied by an increase in vaginal lubrication. The findings suggest that VIP may participate in the control of the local physiological changes observed during sexual arousal: genital vasodilation and increase in vaginal lubrication.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ottesen |first1=B. |last2=Pedersen |first2=B. |last3=Nielsen |first3=J. |last4=Dalgaard |first4=D. |last5=Wagner |first5=G. |last6=Fahrenkrug |first6=J. |title=Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) provokes vaginal lubrication in normal women |journal=Peptides |date=September 1987 |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=797–800 |doi=10.1016/0196-9781(87)90061-1|pmid=3432128 }}</ref> [[Neuropeptide Y]] is also involved in producing it.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Roy J |date=November 2003 |title=The ins and outs of vaginal lubrication |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14681990310001609859 |journal=Sexual and Relationship Therapy |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=509–513 |doi=10.1080/14681990310001609859 |issn=1468-1994}}</ref>

==Vaginal dryness==
Insufficient lubrication or vaginal dryness can cause [[dyspareunia]], which is a type of [[sexual pain disorder]]. While vaginal dryness is considered an indicator for [[Female sexual arousal disorder|sexual arousal disorder]], vaginal dryness may also result from insufficient excitement and stimulation or from hormonal changes caused by [[menopause]] (potentially causing [[atrophic vaginitis]]), [[pregnancy]], or breast-feeding. Irritation from contraceptive creams and foams can also cause dryness, as can fear and anxiety about sexual intimacy. Vaginal dryness can also be a symptom of [[Sjögren syndrome]] (SS), a [[Chronic condition|chronic]] [[autoimmune disorder]] in which the body destroys moisture-producing [[glands]].

Certain medications, including some over-the-counter [[antihistamine]]s, as well as life events such as pregnancy, [[lactation]], [[menopause]], [[aging]] or diseases such as [[diabetes]], will inhibit lubrication. Medicines with [[anticholinergic]] or [[sympathomimetic]] effects will dry out the mucosal or "wet" tissues of the vagina. Such medicines include many common drugs for allergenic, cardiovascular, psychiatric, and other medical conditions. [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|Oral contraceptives]] may also increase or decrease vaginal lubrication.

In seemingly rare cases, [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)]] have been reported to cause a long-lasting [[Iatrogenesis|iatrogenic]] disorder known as post-SSRI sexual dysfunction, the symptoms of which include reduced vaginal lubrication in females.

Vaginal dryness affects 3-43% of women, and it is more common in after [[menopause]].<ref name=":0" /> Post-menopausal women produce less vaginal lubrication and reduced [[estrogen]] levels may be associated with increased vaginal dryness.<ref name="sexualityandu.ca">{{cite web|title=SEXUALITY IN OLDER WOMEN AND THEIR PARTNERS: AGE-RELATED FACTORS THAT IMPACT SEXUAL FUNCTIONING|url=http://sexualityandu.ca/health-care-professionals/sexuality-in-older-women-and-their-partners/age-related-health-changes|year=2008|publisher=sexualityandu.ca|access-date=10 August 2010}}</ref>

==Management strategies==
{{Main|Personal lubricant}}
'''Hormonal'''

Estrogen treatments are considered the gold standard for managing vaginal dryness.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Mark |first1=J. K. K. |last2=Samsudin |first2=S. |last3=Looi |first3=I. |last4=Yuen |first4=K. H. |date=2024-05-03 |title=Vaginal dryness: a review of current understanding and management strategies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13697137.2024.2306892 |journal=Climacteric |language=en |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=236–244 |doi=10.1080/13697137.2024.2306892 |pmid=38318859 |issn=1369-7137}}</ref> They are available in systemic and vaginal forms, with systemic estrogen addressing multiple issues such as vasomotor symptoms and osteoporosis, albeit with a higher risk profile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lázaro-Carrasco de la Fuente |first1=Jesús |last2=Cuerva González |first2=Marcos |last3=González Rodríguez |first3=Silvia |last4=Delgado Marín |first4=Juan Luis |last5=Cuevas Castillo |first5=Carmen |last6=Nieto Magro |first6=Concepción |date=2022 |title=Early Effect of 0.005% Estriol Vaginal Gel on Symptoms and Signs of Vulvovaginal Atrophy |journal=Journal of Menopausal Medicine |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.6118/jmm.21038 |issn=2288-6478 |pmc=9452593 |pmid=36070871}}</ref> Vaginal estrogen, which includes creams, pills, rings, and inserts, is more commonly prescribed due to its lower risk. DHEA (prasterone) is a promising alternative that enhances vaginal health with minimal side effects and does not significantly alter hormone levels.<ref name=":2" /> Testosterone therapy is also an option, though it is off-label and lacks FDA-approved formulations, with limited data on its efficacy and safety.

'''Non-Hormonal'''

The treatment of vaginal dryness includes over-the-counter (OTC) options of vaginal lubricants and moisturizers, non-estrogenic prescription treatments, laser and ultrasound devices, as well as lifestyle changes.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benini |first1=Vittoria |last2=Ruffolo |first2=Alessandro |last3=Casiraghi |first3=Arianna |last4=Degliuomini |first4=Rebecca |last5=Frigerio |first5=Matteo |last6=Braga |first6=Andrea |last7=Serati |first7=Maurizio |last8=Torella |first8=Marco |last9=Candiani |first9=Massimo |last10=Salvatore |first10=Stefano |date=2022-06-06 |title=New Innovations for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Atrophy: An Up-to-Date Review |journal=Medicina |language=en |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=770 |doi=10.3390/medicina58060770 |doi-access=free |pmid=35744033 |pmc=9230595 |issn=1648-9144}}</ref> Non-hormonal vaginal lubricants and moisturizers, which have minimal side effects and are easy to obtain, are the primary recommendation, especially for those contraindicated for hormone treatments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=N. |last2=Panay |first2=N. |date=2021-01-02 |title=Vaginal lubricants and moisturizers: a review into use, efficacy, and safety |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13697137.2020.1820478 |journal=Climacteric |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |doi=10.1080/13697137.2020.1820478 |pmid=32990054 |issn=1369-7137}}</ref> They aim to mimic natural vaginal conditions and provide temporary relief during intercourse, while regular use of moisturizers helps maintain moisture. Prescription treatments include non-estrogenic options for women who can't use estrogen. Ospemifene is a notable FDA-approved medication for vaginal dryness and discomfort, although concerns about long-term safety remain. Vaginal laser therapy and ultrasound devices, are emerging options, particularly for those who do not respond to traditional methods. While initial results appear promising, evidence for their long-term efficacy is still limited.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Athanasiou |first1=Stavros |last2=Pitsouni |first2=Eleni |last3=Douskos |first3=Athanasios |last4=Salvatore |first4=Stefano |last5=Loutradis |first5=Dimitrios |last6=Grigoriadis |first6=Themos |date=February 2020 |title=Intravaginal energy-based devices and sexual health of female cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10103-019-02855-9 |journal=Lasers in Medical Science |language=en |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1007/s10103-019-02855-9 |pmid=31396795 |issn=0268-8921}}</ref> Lifestyle modifications can also alleviate vaginal dryness; quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, and maintaining a healthy weight are beneficial.<ref name=":2" /> Additionally, regular sexual activity can enhance tissue health and moisture levels, further aiding in symptom relief.

==Dry sex==
Some people practice [[dry sex]], which involves the removal of vaginal lubrication in some way.<ref name=IFPP>International Family Planning Perspectives, Volume 24, Number 2, June 1998, [http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2409398.html Vaginal Drying Agents and HIV Transmission] by Karen E. Kun.</ref> The rationale for the practice seems to be for cleansing purposes and to enhance the sexual pleasure of the penetrating partner.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3775349|title=Local Voices: What Some Harare Men Say about Preparation for Sex|first1=Sunanda|last1=Ray|first2=Nyasha|last2=Gumbo|first3=Michael|last3=Mbizvo|date=28 May 1996|journal=Reproductive Health Matters|volume=4|issue=7|pages=34–45|doi=10.1016/s0968-8080(96)90004-x|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, besides making sexual intercourse painful for the female,<ref name="cirp.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/baleta1/|title=Concern voiced over "dry sex" practices in South Africa|website=www.cirp.org}}</ref> the practice is believed to increase the risk of transmitting sexually transmitted infections for both partners,<ref name="cirp.org"/> such as [[HIV]], with which the risk of transmission is increased by lacerations in the vaginal tissue resulting from the lack of lubrication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/1999/12/10/drysex/|title="Dry sex" worsens AIDS numbers in southern Africa|date=10 December 1999}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|
* [[Female ejaculation]]
* [[G-spot]]
* [[Pre-ejaculate]]
* [[Skene's gland]]
* [[Spinnbarkeit]], the stretchiness of cervical mucus associated with ovulation; one property of this secretion is to lubricate the vagina
* [[Urethral sponge]]
* [[Vabbing]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Vaginal lubrication}}
* [https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/vaginal-dryness/basics/definition/sym-20151520 Vaginal dryness] – Mayo Clinic

{{sex}}
{{Human reproductive physiology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaginal Lubrication}}
[[Category:Sexual arousal]]
[[Category:Gynaecology]]
[[Category:Body fluids]]
[[Category:Vagina]]

Latest revision as of 06:09, 9 November 2024

This article is about natural lubrication. For artificial lubrication, see Personal lubricant.
Left: The shaved vulva unaroused.
Right: Vaginal lubrication sometimes becomes visible after sexual arousal.

Vaginal lubrication is a naturally produced fluid that lubricates the vagina. Vaginal lubrication production increases significantly during sexual arousal in anticipation of sexual intercourse.[1] Vaginal dryness is the condition in which this lubrication is insufficient, and sometimes artificial lubricants are used to augment it. Without sufficient lubrication, sexual intercourse can be painful. The vaginal lining has no glands, and therefore the vagina must rely on other methods of lubrication. Plasma from the vaginal walls due to vascular engorgement is considered to be the chief lubrication source, and the Bartholin's glands, located slightly below and to the left and right of the introitus (vaginal opening), also secrete mucus to augment vaginal wall secretions. Near ovulation, cervical mucus provides additional lubrication.

Mechanism

[edit]

Composition

[edit]

Vaginal lubrication fluid is a plasma transudate which diffuses across the vaginal wall. Composition varies with length of arousal.[1]

During arousal, vaginal lubrication, also sometimes called "arousal fluid", is produced. This is clear, thin, and slippery. It typically only lasts up to an hour.[2][3][4] It can sometimes be confused with cervical mucus.[4]

Production

[edit]

The human vagina is serviced by nerves that respond to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).[1] As a result, VIP induces an increase in vaginal blood flow accompanied by an increase in vaginal lubrication. The findings suggest that VIP may participate in the control of the local physiological changes observed during sexual arousal: genital vasodilation and increase in vaginal lubrication.[5] Neuropeptide Y is also involved in producing it.[1][6]

Vaginal dryness

[edit]

Insufficient lubrication or vaginal dryness can cause dyspareunia, which is a type of sexual pain disorder. While vaginal dryness is considered an indicator for sexual arousal disorder, vaginal dryness may also result from insufficient excitement and stimulation or from hormonal changes caused by menopause (potentially causing atrophic vaginitis), pregnancy, or breast-feeding. Irritation from contraceptive creams and foams can also cause dryness, as can fear and anxiety about sexual intimacy. Vaginal dryness can also be a symptom of Sjögren syndrome (SS), a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body destroys moisture-producing glands.

Certain medications, including some over-the-counter antihistamines, as well as life events such as pregnancy, lactation, menopause, aging or diseases such as diabetes, will inhibit lubrication. Medicines with anticholinergic or sympathomimetic effects will dry out the mucosal or "wet" tissues of the vagina. Such medicines include many common drugs for allergenic, cardiovascular, psychiatric, and other medical conditions. Oral contraceptives may also increase or decrease vaginal lubrication.

In seemingly rare cases, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been reported to cause a long-lasting iatrogenic disorder known as post-SSRI sexual dysfunction, the symptoms of which include reduced vaginal lubrication in females.

Vaginal dryness affects 3-43% of women, and it is more common in after menopause.[1] Post-menopausal women produce less vaginal lubrication and reduced estrogen levels may be associated with increased vaginal dryness.[7]

Management strategies

[edit]
Main article: Personal lubricant

Hormonal

Estrogen treatments are considered the gold standard for managing vaginal dryness.[8] They are available in systemic and vaginal forms, with systemic estrogen addressing multiple issues such as vasomotor symptoms and osteoporosis, albeit with a higher risk profile.[9] Vaginal estrogen, which includes creams, pills, rings, and inserts, is more commonly prescribed due to its lower risk. DHEA (prasterone) is a promising alternative that enhances vaginal health with minimal side effects and does not significantly alter hormone levels.[8] Testosterone therapy is also an option, though it is off-label and lacks FDA-approved formulations, with limited data on its efficacy and safety.

Non-Hormonal

The treatment of vaginal dryness includes over-the-counter (OTC) options of vaginal lubricants and moisturizers, non-estrogenic prescription treatments, laser and ultrasound devices, as well as lifestyle changes.[8][10] Non-hormonal vaginal lubricants and moisturizers, which have minimal side effects and are easy to obtain, are the primary recommendation, especially for those contraindicated for hormone treatments.[11] They aim to mimic natural vaginal conditions and provide temporary relief during intercourse, while regular use of moisturizers helps maintain moisture. Prescription treatments include non-estrogenic options for women who can't use estrogen. Ospemifene is a notable FDA-approved medication for vaginal dryness and discomfort, although concerns about long-term safety remain. Vaginal laser therapy and ultrasound devices, are emerging options, particularly for those who do not respond to traditional methods. While initial results appear promising, evidence for their long-term efficacy is still limited.[12] Lifestyle modifications can also alleviate vaginal dryness; quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, and maintaining a healthy weight are beneficial.[8] Additionally, regular sexual activity can enhance tissue health and moisture levels, further aiding in symptom relief.

Dry sex

[edit]

Some people practice dry sex, which involves the removal of vaginal lubrication in some way.[13] The rationale for the practice seems to be for cleansing purposes and to enhance the sexual pleasure of the penetrating partner.[14] However, besides making sexual intercourse painful for the female,[15] the practice is believed to increase the risk of transmitting sexually transmitted infections for both partners,[15] such as HIV, with which the risk of transmission is increased by lacerations in the vaginal tissue resulting from the lack of lubrication.[16]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Pastor, Zlatko (2013-07-01). "Female Ejaculation Orgasm vs. Coital Incontinence: A Systematic Review". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 10 (7): 1682–1691. doi:10.1111/jsm.12166. ISSN 1743-6109. PMID 23634659.
  2. ^ "Cervical Mucus Monitoring | Time to Conceive". www.med.unc.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  3. ^ "Getting wet: cervical fluid vs. arousal fluid vs. discharge". helloclue.com. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  4. ^ a b "Cervical Mucus Monitoring | Time to Conceive". www.med.unc.edu. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  5. ^ Ottesen, B.; Pedersen, B.; Nielsen, J.; Dalgaard, D.; Wagner, G.; Fahrenkrug, J. (September 1987). "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) provokes vaginal lubrication in normal women". Peptides. 8 (5): 797–800. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(87)90061-1. PMID 3432128.
  6. ^ Levin, Roy J (November 2003). "The ins and outs of vaginal lubrication". Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 18 (4): 509–513. doi:10.1080/14681990310001609859. ISSN 1468-1994.
  7. ^ "SEXUALITY IN OLDER WOMEN AND THEIR PARTNERS: AGE-RELATED FACTORS THAT IMPACT SEXUAL FUNCTIONING". sexualityandu.ca. 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d Mark, J. K. K.; Samsudin, S.; Looi, I.; Yuen, K. H. (2024-05-03). "Vaginal dryness: a review of current understanding and management strategies". Climacteric. 27 (3): 236–244. doi:10.1080/13697137.2024.2306892. ISSN 1369-7137. PMID 38318859.
  9. ^ Lázaro-Carrasco de la Fuente, Jesús; Cuerva González, Marcos; González Rodríguez, Silvia; Delgado Marín, Juan Luis; Cuevas Castillo, Carmen; Nieto Magro, Concepción (2022). "Early Effect of 0.005% Estriol Vaginal Gel on Symptoms and Signs of Vulvovaginal Atrophy". Journal of Menopausal Medicine. 28 (2): 60–69. doi:10.6118/jmm.21038. ISSN 2288-6478. PMC 9452593. PMID 36070871.
  10. ^ Benini, Vittoria; Ruffolo, Alessandro; Casiraghi, Arianna; Degliuomini, Rebecca; Frigerio, Matteo; Braga, Andrea; Serati, Maurizio; Torella, Marco; Candiani, Massimo; Salvatore, Stefano (2022-06-06). "New Innovations for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Atrophy: An Up-to-Date Review". Medicina. 58 (6): 770. doi:10.3390/medicina58060770. ISSN 1648-9144. PMC 9230595. PMID 35744033.
  11. ^ Potter, N.; Panay, N. (2021-01-02). "Vaginal lubricants and moisturizers: a review into use, efficacy, and safety". Climacteric. 24 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1080/13697137.2020.1820478. ISSN 1369-7137. PMID 32990054.
  12. ^ Athanasiou, Stavros; Pitsouni, Eleni; Douskos, Athanasios; Salvatore, Stefano; Loutradis, Dimitrios; Grigoriadis, Themos (February 2020). "Intravaginal energy-based devices and sexual health of female cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lasers in Medical Science. 35 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10103-019-02855-9. ISSN 0268-8921. PMID 31396795.
  13. ^ International Family Planning Perspectives, Volume 24, Number 2, June 1998, Vaginal Drying Agents and HIV Transmission by Karen E. Kun.
  14. ^ Ray, Sunanda; Gumbo, Nyasha; Mbizvo, Michael (28 May 1996). "Local Voices: What Some Harare Men Say about Preparation for Sex". Reproductive Health Matters. 4 (7): 34–45. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(96)90004-x. JSTOR 3775349.
  15. ^ a b "Concern voiced over "dry sex" practices in South Africa". www.cirp.org.
  16. ^ ""Dry sex" worsens AIDS numbers in southern Africa". 10 December 1999.
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