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{{short description|Computer network that connects devices over a limited area}}
{{otherusesof|LAN}}
{{Redirect|LAN|other uses|Lan (disambiguation){{!}}Lan}}
A '''local area network''' ('''LAN''') is a [[computer network]] covering a small physical area, like a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to [[wide-area network|wide-area networks (WANs)]], include their usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and lack of a need for [[Leased_line|leased telecommunication lines]].
[[File:Home LAN local area network example diagram.png|thumb|A conceptual diagram of a LAN at a residential house; the [[Router (computing)|router]] in this case is assumed to also function as a [[wireless access point]]. Also shown in this example (shaded in yellow) is the network's [[Internet access|connection to the Internet]] via [[fixed-line]] means.|330x330px]]
A '''local area network''' ('''LAN''') is a [[computer network]] that interconnects computers within a single physical location. It is the most common type of computer network, used in [[Home network|homes]] and buildings including offices or schools,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Roy |date=2024-04-01 |title=Computer Hardware, Software, and Networks |url=https://open.ocolearnok.org/informationsystems/chapter/chapter-2-computer-hardware-software-and-networks/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Gary A. Donahue |title=Network Warrior |date=June 2007 |publisher=O'Reilly |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a LAN? Local Area Network |url=https://www.cisco.com/c/en_uk/products/switches/what-is-a-lan-local-area-network.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Cisco |language=en}}</ref> for sharing data and devices between each other, including [[Internet access]]. [[Ethernet]] and [[Wi-Fi]] are the two most common technologies used for local area networks; historical network technologies include [[ARCNET]], [[Token Ring]] and [[AppleTalk]].


{{Area networks}}
[[Ethernet]] over [[unshielded twisted pair]] cabling, and [[Wi-Fi]] are the two most common technologies currently, but [[ARCNET]], [[Token Ring]] and many others have been used in the past.
A LAN contrasts a [[wide area network]] (WAN) which not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves [[leased telecommunication circuit]]s.


==History==
== Cabling ==
[[File:RJ-45-Stecker-und-Buechse.jpg|thumb|Twisted pair LAN cable]]{{Further|Twisted Pair|Ethernet}}Most wired network infrastructures utilize [[Category 5 cable|Category 5]] or [[Category 6 cable|Category 6]] [[twisted pair]] cabling with [[RJ45 (telecommunications)|RJ45]] compatible terminations. This medium provides physical connectivity between the [[Ethernet]] interfaces present on a large number of IP-aware devices. Depending on the grade of cable and quality of installation, speeds of up to 10&nbsp;Mbit/s, 100&nbsp;Mbit/s, 1&nbsp;Gbit/s, or 10&nbsp;Gbit/s are supported.
As larger universities and research labs obtained more computers during the late 1960s, there was increasing pressure to provide high-speed interconnections. A report in 1970 from the [[Lawrence Radiation Laboratory]] detailing the growth of their "Octopus" network<ref>[http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/PS/OCTOA/OCTO.html ''"OCTOPUS: THE LAWRENCE RADIATION LABORATORY NETWORK"'', Samuel F. Mendicino ]</ref><ref>[http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4045588 ''"THE LAWRENCE RADIATION LABORATORY OCTOPUS"'', Courant symposium series on networks, 29 Nov 1970]</ref>, gives a good indication of the situation.


===Early systems===
== Wireless LAN ==
{{Further|IEEE 802.11}}
Cambridge University's [[Cambridge Ring]] was started in 1974<ref>[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/conference/EDSAC99/history.html A brief informal history of the Computer Laboratory]</ref> but was never developed into a successful commercial product.
In a [[wireless LAN]], users have unrestricted movement within the coverage area. Wireless networks have become popular in residences and small businesses, because of their ease of installation. Most wireless LANs use [[Wi-Fi]] as wireless adapters and which use [[wireless]] radio signal technology; the 802.11 network as certified by the [[IEEE]]. Most wireless-capable residential devices operate at a frequency of 2.4 [[GHz]] under 802.11b and 802.11g or 5&nbsp;GHz under 802.11a. Some home networking devices operate in both radio-band signals and fall within the 802.11n or 802.11ac standards. [[Wi-Fi]] is a marketing and compliance certification for IEEE 802.11 technologies.<ref name="wifi">“Discover and Learn,” WiFi Alliance, http://www.wi-fi.org/discover_and_learn.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704025608/http://www.wi-fi.org/discover_and_learn.php|date=2010-07-04}} (accessed June 30, 2010).</ref> The [[Wi-Fi Alliance]] has tested compliant products, and certifies them for interoperability. The technology may be integrated into [[smartphone]]s, [[tablet computer]]s and [[laptop]]s. Guests are often offered [[Internet access]] via a [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspot]] service.


== Infrastructure and technicals ==
[[Ethernet]] was developed at [[Xerox PARC]] in 1973&ndash;1975,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=96 |title=Ethernet Prototype Circuit Board |publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of American History |accessdate=2007-09-02}}</ref> and filed as {{US patent|4063220}}. In 1976, after the system was deployed at PARC, Metcalfe and Boggs published their seminal paper - ''"Ethernet: Distributed Packet-Switching For Local Computer Networks"''<ref>''[http://www.acm.org/classics/apr96/ Ethernet: Distributed Packet-Switching For Local Computer Networks]</ref>''
[[File:Simple_LAN_example_diagram_in_two_rooms.png|thumb|A conceptual diagram of a LAN at a small business office; this example includes two rooms, each with a [[Network switch|switch]], as well as a [[file server]], and a mix of wired and wireless connections. This is the [[star topology]].]]
Simple LANs in office or school buildings generally consist of cabling and one or more [[network switch]]es; a switch is used to allow devices on a LAN to talk to one another via [[Ethernet]]. A switch can be connected to a [[Router (computing)|router]], [[cable modem]], or [[ADSL modem]] for [[Internet]] access. LANs at residential homes usually tend to have a single router and often may include a [[wireless repeater]]. A LAN can include a wide variety of other network devices such as [[Firewall (computing)|firewall]]s, [[Load balancing (computing)|load balancers]], and [[Network intrusion detection system|network intrusion detection]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A Review of the Basic Components of a Local Area Network (LAN) |url=http://networkbits.net/lan-components/local-area-network-lan-basic-components/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026082752/http://networkbits.net/lan-components/local-area-network-lan-basic-components/ |archive-date=2020-10-26 |access-date=2008-04-08 |publisher=NetworkBits.net}}</ref> A [[wireless access point]] is required for connecting wireless devices to a network; when a router includes this device, it is referred to as a [[wireless router]].


Advanced LANs are characterized by their use of redundant links with switches using the [[spanning tree protocol]] to prevent loops, their ability to manage differing traffic types via [[quality of service]] (QoS), and their ability to segregate traffic with [[VLAN]]s. A [[network bridge]] binds two different network interfaces to each other, often in order to grant a wired-only device access to a wireless network medium.
[[ARCNET]] was developed by [[Datapoint]] Corporation in 1976 and announced in 1977
<ref>[http://www.arcnet.com/abtarc.htm#history "History", ARCNET Trade Association]</ref> - and had the first commercial installation in December 1977 at Chase Manhattan Bank in New York<ref>[http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9060198 "The LAN turns 30, but will it reach 40?"]</ref>


[[Network topology]] describes the layout of interconnections between devices and network segments. At the [[data link layer]] and [[physical layer]], a wide variety of LAN topologies have been used, including [[ring network|ring]], [[bus network|bus]], [[mesh network|mesh]] and [[star network|star]]. The star topology is the most common in contemporary times. Wireless LAN (WLAN) also has its topologies: independent basic service set (IBSS, an [[Wireless ad hoc network|ad-hoc network]]) where each node connects directly to each other (this is also standardized as [[Wi-Fi Direct]]), or basic service set (BSS, an infrastructure network that uses an [[wireless access point]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www3.nd.edu/~mhaenggi/NET/wireless/802.11b/topology.htm |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www3.nd.edu}}</ref>[[File:LAN topology.gif|thumb|Various topologies that may be used in a centralised wired LAN: star, ring, bus, and tree|400x400px|center]]
===The personal computer===
=== Network layer configuration ===
The development and proliferation of [[CP/M]]-based personal computers from the late 1970s and then [[DOS]]-based [[personal computer]]s from 1981 meant that a single site began to have dozens or even hundreds of computers. The initial attraction of networking these was generally to share disk space and laser printers, which were both very expensive at the time. There was much enthusiasm for the concept and for several years, from about 1983 onward, computer industry pundits would regularly declare the coming year to be “the year of the LAN”.
[[Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol|DHCP]] is used to assign internal IP addresses to members of a local area network. A DHCP server typically runs on the router<ref>[http://www.whatismyip.com/ip-faq/what-is-dhcp/ What is DHCP?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207234400/http://www.whatismyip.com/ip-faq/what-is-dhcp/|date=2013-12-07}}. whatismyip.com.</ref> with end devices as its clients. All DHCP clients request configuration settings using the DHCP protocol in order to acquire their [[IP address]], a [[default route]] and one or more [[DNS server]] addresses. Once the client implements these settings, it will be able to communicate on that [[Internetwork|internet]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States |last2=Sadiku |first2=Matthew N. O. |last3=Tembely |first3=Mahamadou |last4=Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States |last5=Musa |first5=Sarhan M. |last6=Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States |date=2017-05-30 |title=Home Area Networks: A Primer |url=http://ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_7/5_May2017/SV7I5-0208.pdf |journal=International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=634–635 |doi=10.23956/ijarcsse/SV7I5/208 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-12}}</ref>


=== Protocols ===
In reality, the concept was marred by proliferation of incompatible [[physical layer]] and network [[Protocol (computing)|protocol]] implementations, and confusion over how best to share resources. Typically, each vendor would have its own type of network card, cabling, protocol, and [[network operating system]]. A solution appeared with the advent of [[Novell NetWare]] which provided even-handed support for the 40 or so competing card/cable types, and a much more sophisticated operating system than most of its competitors. Netware dominated<ref>[http://www.varbusiness.com/sections/columns/columns.jhtml?articleId=18825403 Has Microsoft Ever Read the History Books? - IT Channel - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> the personal computer LAN business from early after its introduction in 1983 until the mid 1990s when Microsoft introduced [[Windows NT]] Advanced Server and [[Windows for Workgroups]].
At the higher network layers, protocols such as [[NetBIOS]], [[IPX/SPX]], [[AppleTalk]] and others were once common, but the [[Internet protocol suite]] (TCP/IP) has prevailed as the standard of choice for almost all local area networks today.


=== Connection to other LANs ===
Of the competitors to NetWare, only [[Banyan Vines]] had comparable technical strengths, but Banyan never gained a secure base. [[Microsoft]] and [[3Com]] worked together to create a simple network operating system which formed the base of 3Com's 3+Share, Microsoft's [[LAN Manager]] and IBM's [[LAN Server]]. None of these were particularly successful.
LANs can maintain connections with other LANs via leased lines, leased services, or across the [[Internet]] using [[virtual private network]] technologies. Depending on how the connections are established and secured, and the distance involved, such linked LANs may also be classified as a [[metropolitan area network]] (MAN) or a [[wide area network]] (WAN).


=== Connection to the Internet ===
In this same timeframe, [[Unix]] [[workstations|computer workstations]] from vendors such as [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Silicon Graphics]], [[Intergraph]], [[NeXT]] and [[Apollo Computer|Apollo]] were using [[TCP/IP]] based networking. Although this market segment is now much reduced, the technologies developed in this area continue to be influential on the Internet and in both [[Linux]] and Apple [[Mac OS X]] networking&mdash;and the TCP/IP protocol has now almost completely replaced [[IPX]], [[AppleTalk]], [[NetBIOS Frames protocol|NBF]] and other protocols used by the early PC LANs.
Local area networks may be connected to the [[Internet]] (a type of [[Wide area network|WAN]]) via fixed-line means (such as a [[DSL]]/[[ADSL]] modem<ref>{{Cite web |title=Configuration example for connecting a LAN to the Internet through an ADSL modem |url=https://support.hpe.com/techhub/eginfolib/networking/docs/routers/hsr6800/5200-3506_l2-wan_cg/content/482615561.htm |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=support.hpe.com}}</ref>) or alternatively using a cellular or satellite [[modem]]. These would additionally make use of telephone wires such as [[Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line|VDSL]] and [[Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line 2|VDSL2]], coaxial cables, or [[fiber to the home]] for running fiber-optic cables directly into a house or office building, or alternatively a cellular modem or [[satellite dish]] in the latter non-fixed cases. With [[Internet access]], the [[Internet service provider|Internet service provider (ISP)]] would grant a single WAN-facing [[IP address]] to the network. A router is configured with the provider's IP address on the WAN interface, which is shared among all devices in the LAN by [[network address translation]].


A [[Residential gateway|gateway]] establishes [[Physical layer|physical]] and [[data link layer]] connectivity to a WAN over a service provider's native telecommunications infrastructure. Such devices typically contain a [[Cable modem|cable]], [[DSL modem|DSL]], or [[Modem#Optical modem|optical modem]] bound to a [[network interface controller]] for Ethernet. Home and small business class routers are often incorporated into these devices for additional convenience, and they often also have integrated [[wireless access point]] and 4-port Ethernet [[LAN switching|switch]].
===Cabling===
Early LAN cabling had always been based on various grades of [[co-axial cable]], but IBM's [[Token Ring]] used shielded [[twisted pair]] cabling of their own design, and in 1984 [[StarLAN]] showed the potential of simple [[Category 3 cable|Cat3]] ''unshielded'' [[twisted pair]]&mdash;the same simple cable used for telephone systems. This led to the development of [[10Base-T]] (and its successors) and [[structured cabling]] which is still the basis of most LANs today.


The [[ITU-T]] [[G.hn]] and [[IEEE]] [[Power line communication|Powerline]] standard, which provide high-speed (up to 1&nbsp;Gbit/s) local area networking over existing home wiring, are examples of home networking technology designed specifically for [[Internet Protocol television|IPTV]] delivery.<ref name="BERGU142">{{cite book |author1=Berger, Lars T. |title=MIMO Power Line Communications: Narrow and Broadband Standards, EMC, and Advanced Processing |author2=Schwager, Andreas |author3=Pagani, Pascal |author4=Van Rensburg |author5=Piet Janse |date=February 2014 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781466557529 |editor1=Berger, Lars T. |series=Devices, Circuits, and Systems |pages=3–38 |chapter=Introduction to the Power Line Communication Channel and Noise Characterisation |doi=10.1201/b16540-3 |access-date=2014-05-19 |editor2=Schwager, Andreas |editor3=Pagani, Pascal |editor4=Schneider, Daniel M |chapter-url=http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b16540-3?queryID= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017135609/http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b16540-3?queryID= |archive-date=2015-10-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=December 2024}}
==Technical aspects==
==History and development of LAN==
Although switched [[Ethernet]] is now the most common [[data link layer|data link]] layer protocol and [[Internet_Protocol|IP]] as a [[network layer]] [[Communications protocol|protocol]], many different options have been used, and some continue to be popular in niche areas. Smaller LANs generally consist of one or more switches linked to each other—often with one connected to a [[router]], [[cable modem]], or [[ADSL modem]] for [[Internet]] access.


=== Early installations ===
Larger LANs are characterized by their use of redundant links with switches using the [[spanning tree protocol]] to prevent loops, their ability to manage differing traffic types via [[quality of service]] (QoS), and to segregate traffic via [[VLAN]]s. Larger LANS also contain a wide variety of network devices such as switches, firewalls, routers, load balancers, sensors and so on.<ref>
{{Home networking standards}}
{{cite web
The increasing demand and usage of computers in universities and research labs in the late 1960s generated the need to provide high-speed interconnections between computer systems. A 1970 report from the [[Lawrence Radiation Laboratory]] detailing the growth of their "Octopus" network gave a good indication of the situation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/PS/OCTOA/OCTO.html |title=Octopus: The Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Network |author=Samuel F. Mendicino |publisher=Rogerdmoore.ca |date=1970-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706202409/http://www.rogerdmoore.ca/PS/OCTOA/OCTO.html |archive-date=2011-07-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |osti=4045588 |title=THE LAWRENCE RADIATION LABORATORY OCTOPUS |journal=Courant Symposium Series on Networks |date=29 Nov 1970 |publisher=Osti.gov |last1=Mendicino |first1=S. F.}}</ref>
|url=http://networkbits.net/lan-components/local-area-network-lan-basic-components/
|title=A Review of the Basic Components of a Local Area Network (LAN)
|publisher=NetworkBits.net
|accessdate=2008-04-08
}}</ref>


A number of experimental and early commercial LAN technologies were developed in the 1970s. [[Ethernet]] was developed at [[Xerox PARC]] between 1973 and 1974.<ref name="metcalfe video">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5MezxMcRmk |title=The History of Ethernet |publisher=NetEvents.tv |year=2006 |access-date=September 10, 2011}}{{cbignore}} Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/g5MezxMcRmk Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113032536/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5MezxMcRmk Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_687626 |title=Ethernet Prototype Circuit Board |year=1973 |publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of American History |access-date=September 2, 2007 |archive-date=October 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028132431/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_687626 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Cambridge Ring (computer network)|Cambridge Ring]] was developed at Cambridge University starting in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/conference/EDSAC99/history.html |title=A brief informal history of the Computer Laboratory |publisher=University of Cambridge |date=20 December 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113213834/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/conference/EDSAC99/history.html |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[ARCNET]] was developed by [[Datapoint]] Corporation in 1976 and announced in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arcnet.com/resources/HistoryATA.pdf|title=ARCNET Timeline|date=Fall 1998|publisher=ARCNETworks magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414155134/http://www.arcnet.com/resources/HistoryATA.pdf|archive-date=2010-04-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> It had the first commercial installation in December 1977 at [[Chase Manhattan Bank]] in New York.<ref>{{cite web |author=Lamont Wood |url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2538907/networking/the-lan-turns-30--but-will-it-reach-40-.html |title=The LAN turns 30, but will it reach 40? |work=Computerworld |date=2008-01-31 |access-date=2016-06-02 |archive-date=2016-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630130355/http://www.computerworld.com/article/2538907/networking/the-lan-turns-30--but-will-it-reach-40-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1979,<ref name="European Parliament Archives-2021">{{Cite web|last=European Parliament Archives|date=January 25, 2021|title=Voting system Tender Specifications - 1979 |url=https://enricomassetti.com/the-european-parliament-electronic-voting-system/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616175401/https://enricomassetti.com/the-european-parliament-electronic-voting-system/|archive-date=June 16, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Electronic voting systems for the European Parliament]] was the first installation of a LAN connecting hundreds (420) of microprocessor-controlled voting terminals to a polling/selecting central unit with a [[multidrop bus]] with [[Master/slave (technology)]] arbitration.{{dubious|date=January 2021|Claim to first LAN/on of first LANs for Electronic voting systems for the European Parliament}} It was using 10 kilometers of simple [[unshielded twisted pair]] [[category 3 cable]]—the same cable used for telephone systems—installed inside the benches of the European Parliament Hemicycles in Strasbourg and Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=Italian TV network RAI on the voting system |url=https://vimeo.com/504531637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117220933/https://vimeo.com/504531637 |archive-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>
LANs may have connections with other LANs via leased lines, leased services, or by 'tunneling' across the [[Internet]] using [[VPN]] technologies. Depending on how the connections are made and secured, and the distance involved, they become a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), or a part of the internet.


The development and proliferation of [[personal computer]]s using the [[CP/M]] operating system in the late 1970s, and later [[DOS]]-based systems starting in 1981, meant that many sites grew to dozens or even hundreds of computers. The initial driving force for networking was to share [[Computer data storage|storage]] and [[Printer (computing)|printers]], both of which were expensive at the time. There was much enthusiasm for the concept, and for several years, from about 1983 onward, computer industry pundits habitually declared the coming year to be, "The year of the LAN".<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46|title=Will The Year of the ISDN be 1994 or 1995?|first=Robert|last=Metcalfe|quote='The Year of The LAN' is a long-standing joke, and I freely admit to being the comedian that first declared it in 1982...|journal=InfoWorld|date=Dec 27, 1993|volume=15|issue=52|access-date=June 14, 2021|archive-date=June 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614014127/https://books.google.com/books?id=FzsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/java/quotes1999.html|title=Quotes in 1999|quote=...you will remember numerous computer magazines, over numerous years, announcing 'the year of the LAN.'|website=Cafe au Lait Java News and Resources|access-date=2011-02-25|archive-date=2016-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414043142/http://www.ibiblio.org/java/quotes1999.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://herot.typepad.com/cherot/2010/10/connected-health-symposium.html|title=Christopher Herot's Weblog|quote=...a bit like the Year of the LAN which computer industry pundits predicted for the good part of a decade...|first=Christopher|last=Herot|access-date=2023-10-21}}</ref>


=== Competing standards ===
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Plant), Gurgaon
In practice, the concept was marred by the proliferation of incompatible [[physical layer]] and [[network protocol]] implementations, and a plethora of methods of sharing resources. Typically, each vendor would have its own type of network card, cabling, protocol, and [[network operating system]]. A solution appeared with the advent of [[Novell NetWare]] which provided even-handed support for dozens of competing card and cable types, and a much more sophisticated operating system than most of its competitors.


Of the competitors to NetWare, only [[Banyan Vines]] had comparable technical strengths, but Banyan never gained a secure base. [[3Com]] produced [[3+Share]] and Microsoft produced [[MS-Net]]. These then formed the basis for collaboration between [[Microsoft]] and 3Com to create a simple network operating system [[LAN Manager]] and its cousin, IBM's [[LAN Server]]. None of these enjoyed any lasting success; Netware dominated the personal computer LAN business from early after its introduction in 1983 until the mid-1990s when Microsoft introduced [[Windows NT]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guide.sbanetweb.com/press/varbiz07116001.html |title=Has Microsoft Ever Read the History Books? |publisher=VARBusiness |author=Wayne Spivak |date=2001-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716012211/http://guide.sbanetweb.com/press/varbiz07116001.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1983, TCP/IP was first shown capable of supporting actual defense department applications on a Defense Communication Agency LAN testbed located at Reston, Virginia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scott|first=W. Ross|date=May 1, 1984|title=Updated Local Area Network Demonstration Plan|journal=MITRE Corporation Working Paper|issue=WP83W00222R1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=MITRENET: A Testbed Local Area Network at DTNSRDC.|last=Havard (II.)|first=Richard|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center|date=17 June 1986|location=Ft. Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center|page=i}}</ref> The TCP/IP-based LAN successfully supported [[Telnet]], [[FTP]], and a Defense Department teleconferencing application.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=W. Ross|last2=Cavedo|first2=Robert F.|date=September 1, 1984|title=Local Area Network Demonstration Procedures|journal=MITRE Corporation Working Paper|issue=WP83W00595}}</ref> This demonstrated the feasibility of employing TCP/IP LANs to interconnect [[Worldwide Military Command and Control System]] (WWMCCS) computers at command centers throughout the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scott|first=W. Ross|date=August 1, 1984|title=Local Area Network Alternative "A" Demonstration Analysis (DRAFT)|journal=MITRE Corporation Working Paper|issue=WP84W00281}}</ref> However, WWMCCS was superseded by the [[Global Command and Control System]] (GCCS) before that could happen.

During the same period, [[Unix workstation]]s were using TCP/IP networking. Although the workstation market segment is now much reduced, the technologies developed in the area continue to be influential on the Internet and in all forms of networking—and the TCP/IP protocol has replaced [[IPX]], [[AppleTalk]], [[NetBIOS Frames|NBF]], and other protocols used by the early PC LANs.

[[Econet]] was Acorn Computers's low-cost local area network system, intended for use by schools and small businesses. It was first developed for the [[Acorn Atom]] and [[Acorn System 2]]/[[Acorn System 3|3]]/[[Acorn System 4|4]] computers in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Retro Isle - Acorn Econet|url=http://www.retroisle.com/general/acorn_econet.php|access-date=2020-10-28|website=www.retroisle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chris's Acorns: Econet|url=http://chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk/Network/Econet.html|access-date=2020-10-28|website=chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk}}</ref>

=== Further development ===
In the 1980s, several token ring network implementations for LANs were developed.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Early Token Ring Work at MIT |author=J. Noel Chiappa |author-link=Noel Chiappa |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |date=April–June 2014 |pages=80–85 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2014.14|s2cid=30761524 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/14.18/Proteon/ |title=14.18 Proteon in Chapter 14 - Internetworking: Emergence 1985-1988 |work=The History of Computer Communications |first=James |last=Pelkey}}</ref> IBM released their own implementation of token ring in 1985,<ref>{{Cite web|date=1985-10-15|title=IBM TOKEN-RING NETWORK|url=https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897/ENUS185-123&infotype=AN&mhq=IBM%20Network%20Station%208361%20Series%20100&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&subtype=CA|access-date=2021-03-11|website=www-01.ibm.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lS8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=October+15+1985+token&pg=PA27 |title=Major Vendors Differ On Network Approach |first=Don |last=Crabb |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=8 |issue=12 |date=24 March 1986 |page=27}}</ref> It ran at {{val|4|ul=Mbit/s}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AToEAAAAMBAJ&dq=ibm+token+ring+speed+4&pg=PA11 | title=InfoWorld | date=21 November 1988 }}</ref> IBM claimed that their token ring systems were superior to Ethernet, especially under load, but these claims were debated.<ref>{{cite book |title=IEEE 802.3 Local Area Network considerations |publisher=[[IBM]] |id=GG22-9422-0}}</ref><ref name="Boggs1988">{{cite journal
|author1=David R. Boggs |author2=Jeffrey C. Mogul |author3=Christopher A. Kent | year = 1988
| title = Measured capacity of an Ethernet: myths and reality
| journal = ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
| volume = 25
| issue = 1
| pages = 123–136
| doi = 10.1145/205447.205460
|s2cid=52820607 | url = http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/Compaq-DEC/WRL-88-4.pdf
}}</ref> IBM's implementation of token ring was the basis of the IEEE 802.5 standard.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Dn9KlIVM_EC&dq=ibm+802.5&pg=PA1009 | title=Internetworking Technologies Handbook | year=2004 | publisher=Cisco Press | isbn=978-1-58705-119-7 }}</ref> A 16&nbsp;Mbit/s version of Token Ring was standardized by the 802.5 working group in 1989.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.5/1100/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817022518/https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.5/1100/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 17, 2022 | title=IEEE Standards Association }}</ref> IBM had market dominance over Token Ring, for example, in 1990, IBM equipment was the most widely used for Token Ring networks.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/faculty/webpages/kenney/articles_files/Sponsors,%20Communities,%20and%20Standards_%20Ethernet%20vs.%20Token%20Ring%20in%20the%20Local%20Area%20Networking%20Business.pdf |title=Sponsers, [sic] Communities, and Standards: Ethernet vs. Token Ring In The Local Area Networking Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219041820/http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/faculty/webpages/kenney/articles_files/Sponsors,%20Communities,%20and%20Standards_%20Ethernet%20vs.%20Token%20Ring%20in%20the%20Local%20Area%20Networking%20Business.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-19 |url-status=dead |author1=Urs Von Burg |author2=Martin Kenny |journal=Industry and Innovation |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=351–375 |date=December 2003 |doi=10.1080/1366271032000163621 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis Ltd]]|s2cid=153804163 }}</ref>

[[Fiber Distributed Data Interface]] (FDDI), a LAN standard, was considered an attractive campus [[backbone network]] technology in the early to mid 1990s since existing Ethernet networks only offered 10&nbsp;Mbit/s data rates and Token Ring networks only offered 4&nbsp;Mbit/s or 16&nbsp;Mbit/s rates. Thus it was a relatively high-speed choice of that era, with speeds such as 100&nbsp;Mbit/s.
By 1994, vendors included [[Cisco Systems]], [[National Semiconductor]], Network Peripherals, SysKonnect (acquired by [[Marvell Technology Group]]), and [[3Com]].<ref>{{Cite news |title= Wading Through Plethora of Options Poses Challenge for Life on the Fast LAN |work= Network World |pages= 41, 44, 46–49 |author= Mark Miller |date= March 21, 1994 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eA0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47 |access-date= August 15, 2013 }}</ref> FDDI installations have largely been replaced by Ethernet deployments.<ref>{{Cite book |title= Optical Fiber Communication: Principles and Systems |pages= 241–249 |author=A. Selvarajan |author2=Subrat Kar |author3=T. Srinivas |publisher= Tata McGraw-Hill Education |year=2003 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uyBSO4hf6DYC&pg=PA241 |isbn= 978-1-259-08220-7 }}</ref>
==See also==
==See also==
* [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]]
* [[Computer network]] - general overview
* [[Ethernet physical layer]]
* [[Chaosnet]]
* [[LAN messenger]]
* [[LAN messenger]]
* [[LAN party]]
* [[LAN party]]
* [[Metropolitan area network]]
* [[Network interface controller]]
* [[Network card]]
* [[Wide area network]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


==External links==
== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Local area networks (LAN)}}
* [http://en.wikipractice.org/wiki/Category:LAN LAN design and sizing]

* [http://www.entryboot.com/types-of--lan-cable.php Types of LAN Cables]
{{Internet Access}}
{{commons|Local area network|Local area network}}

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Local area networks| ]]
[[Category:Local area networks| ]]
[[Category:Office equipment]]
[[Category:Office equipment]]

[[ar:شبكة محلية]]
[[zh-min-nan:LAN]]
[[bs:Local Area Network]]
[[bg:Локална мрежа]]
[[ca:Xarxa d'Àrea Local]]
[[cs:Local Area Network]]
[[cy:Rhwydwaith ardal leol]]
[[da:LAN]]
[[de:Local Area Network]]
[[et:Kohtvõrk]]
[[el:Τοπικό δίκτυο υπολογιστών]]
[[es:Red de área local]]
[[eo:Loka reto]]
[[eu:Area Lokaleko Sare]]
[[fa:شبکه محلی]]
[[fr:Réseau local]]
[[ga:Líonra achair logánta]]
[[gl:LAN]]
[[ko:로컬 영역 네트워크]]
[[hr:LAN]]
[[id:Local Area Network]]
[[ia:Rete local]]
[[is:Staðarnet]]
[[it:Local Area Network]]
[[he:רשת מקומית]]
[[ka:ლოკალური ქსელი]]
[[lv:Lokālais tīkls]]
[[lb:Local Area Network]]
[[hu:Helyi hálózat]]
[[mk:Локална мрежа]]
[[ml:ലോക്കല്‍ ഏരിയ നെറ്റ്‌വര്‍ക്ക്]]
[[mn:Дотоод сүлжээ]]
[[nl:Local area network]]
[[ja:Local Area Network]]
[[no:Lokalt datanett]]
[[pl:Sieć lokalna]]
[[pt:Rede de área local]]
[[ro:Local Area Network]]
[[ru:Локальная вычислительная сеть]]
[[sq:Local Area Network]]
[[simple:Local area network]]
[[sk:Local Area Network]]
[[sr:Локална мрежа]]
[[fi:Lähiverkko]]
[[sv:Local Area Network]]
[[tl:Local area network]]
[[ta:குறும்பரப்பு வலையமைப்புகள்]]
[[th:แลน]]
[[vi:LAN]]
[[tr:Yerel alan ağı]]
[[uk:Локальна мережа]]
[[ur:مقامی علاقائی جالکار]]
[[yi:לאקאלער נעצווערק]]
[[zh:局域网]]

Latest revision as of 01:02, 11 December 2024

"LAN" redirects here. For other uses, see Lan.
A conceptual diagram of a LAN at a residential house; the router in this case is assumed to also function as a wireless access point. Also shown in this example (shaded in yellow) is the network's connection to the Internet via fixed-line means.

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a single physical location. It is the most common type of computer network, used in homes and buildings including offices or schools,[1][2][3] for sharing data and devices between each other, including Internet access. Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies used for local area networks; historical network technologies include ARCNET, Token Ring and AppleTalk.

Computer network types
by scale

A LAN contrasts a wide area network (WAN) which not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits.

Cabling

[edit]
Twisted pair LAN cable
Further information: Twisted Pair and Ethernet

Most wired network infrastructures utilize Category 5 or Category 6 twisted pair cabling with RJ45 compatible terminations. This medium provides physical connectivity between the Ethernet interfaces present on a large number of IP-aware devices. Depending on the grade of cable and quality of installation, speeds of up to 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, 1 Gbit/s, or 10 Gbit/s are supported.

Wireless LAN

[edit]
Further information: IEEE 802.11

In a wireless LAN, users have unrestricted movement within the coverage area. Wireless networks have become popular in residences and small businesses, because of their ease of installation. Most wireless LANs use Wi-Fi as wireless adapters and which use wireless radio signal technology; the 802.11 network as certified by the IEEE. Most wireless-capable residential devices operate at a frequency of 2.4 GHz under 802.11b and 802.11g or 5 GHz under 802.11a. Some home networking devices operate in both radio-band signals and fall within the 802.11n or 802.11ac standards. Wi-Fi is a marketing and compliance certification for IEEE 802.11 technologies.[4] The Wi-Fi Alliance has tested compliant products, and certifies them for interoperability. The technology may be integrated into smartphones, tablet computers and laptops. Guests are often offered Internet access via a hotspot service.

Infrastructure and technicals

[edit]
A conceptual diagram of a LAN at a small business office; this example includes two rooms, each with a switch, as well as a file server, and a mix of wired and wireless connections. This is the star topology.

Simple LANs in office or school buildings generally consist of cabling and one or more network switches; a switch is used to allow devices on a LAN to talk to one another via Ethernet. A switch can be connected to a router, cable modem, or ADSL modem for Internet access. LANs at residential homes usually tend to have a single router and often may include a wireless repeater. A LAN can include a wide variety of other network devices such as firewalls, load balancers, and network intrusion detection.[5] A wireless access point is required for connecting wireless devices to a network; when a router includes this device, it is referred to as a wireless router.

Advanced LANs are characterized by their use of redundant links with switches using the spanning tree protocol to prevent loops, their ability to manage differing traffic types via quality of service (QoS), and their ability to segregate traffic with VLANs. A network bridge binds two different network interfaces to each other, often in order to grant a wired-only device access to a wireless network medium.

Network topology describes the layout of interconnections between devices and network segments. At the data link layer and physical layer, a wide variety of LAN topologies have been used, including ring, bus, mesh and star. The star topology is the most common in contemporary times. Wireless LAN (WLAN) also has its topologies: independent basic service set (IBSS, an ad-hoc network) where each node connects directly to each other (this is also standardized as Wi-Fi Direct), or basic service set (BSS, an infrastructure network that uses an wireless access point).[6]

Various topologies that may be used in a centralised wired LAN: star, ring, bus, and tree

Network layer configuration

[edit]

DHCP is used to assign internal IP addresses to members of a local area network. A DHCP server typically runs on the router[7] with end devices as its clients. All DHCP clients request configuration settings using the DHCP protocol in order to acquire their IP address, a default route and one or more DNS server addresses. Once the client implements these settings, it will be able to communicate on that internet.[8]

Protocols

[edit]

At the higher network layers, protocols such as NetBIOS, IPX/SPX, AppleTalk and others were once common, but the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) has prevailed as the standard of choice for almost all local area networks today.

Connection to other LANs

[edit]

LANs can maintain connections with other LANs via leased lines, leased services, or across the Internet using virtual private network technologies. Depending on how the connections are established and secured, and the distance involved, such linked LANs may also be classified as a metropolitan area network (MAN) or a wide area network (WAN).

Connection to the Internet

[edit]

Local area networks may be connected to the Internet (a type of WAN) via fixed-line means (such as a DSL/ADSL modem[9]) or alternatively using a cellular or satellite modem. These would additionally make use of telephone wires such as VDSL and VDSL2, coaxial cables, or fiber to the home for running fiber-optic cables directly into a house or office building, or alternatively a cellular modem or satellite dish in the latter non-fixed cases. With Internet access, the Internet service provider (ISP) would grant a single WAN-facing IP address to the network. A router is configured with the provider's IP address on the WAN interface, which is shared among all devices in the LAN by network address translation.

A gateway establishes physical and data link layer connectivity to a WAN over a service provider's native telecommunications infrastructure. Such devices typically contain a cable, DSL, or optical modem bound to a network interface controller for Ethernet. Home and small business class routers are often incorporated into these devices for additional convenience, and they often also have integrated wireless access point and 4-port Ethernet switch.

The ITU-T G.hn and IEEE Powerline standard, which provide high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) local area networking over existing home wiring, are examples of home networking technology designed specifically for IPTV delivery.[10][relevant?]

History and development of LAN

[edit]

Early installations

[edit]
Home networking standards
IEEE standardized
ITU-T recommendation

The increasing demand and usage of computers in universities and research labs in the late 1960s generated the need to provide high-speed interconnections between computer systems. A 1970 report from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory detailing the growth of their "Octopus" network gave a good indication of the situation.[11][12]

A number of experimental and early commercial LAN technologies were developed in the 1970s. Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974.[13][14] Cambridge Ring was developed at Cambridge University starting in 1974.[15] ARCNET was developed by Datapoint Corporation in 1976 and announced in 1977.[16] It had the first commercial installation in December 1977 at Chase Manhattan Bank in New York.[17] In 1979,[18] the Electronic voting systems for the European Parliament was the first installation of a LAN connecting hundreds (420) of microprocessor-controlled voting terminals to a polling/selecting central unit with a multidrop bus with Master/slave (technology) arbitration.[dubious – discuss] It was using 10 kilometers of simple unshielded twisted pair category 3 cable—the same cable used for telephone systems—installed inside the benches of the European Parliament Hemicycles in Strasbourg and Luxembourg.[19]

The development and proliferation of personal computers using the CP/M operating system in the late 1970s, and later DOS-based systems starting in 1981, meant that many sites grew to dozens or even hundreds of computers. The initial driving force for networking was to share storage and printers, both of which were expensive at the time. There was much enthusiasm for the concept, and for several years, from about 1983 onward, computer industry pundits habitually declared the coming year to be, "The year of the LAN".[20][21][22]

Competing standards

[edit]

In practice, the concept was marred by the proliferation of incompatible physical layer and network protocol implementations, and a plethora of methods of sharing resources. Typically, each vendor would have its own type of network card, cabling, protocol, and network operating system. A solution appeared with the advent of Novell NetWare which provided even-handed support for dozens of competing card and cable types, and a much more sophisticated operating system than most of its competitors.

Of the competitors to NetWare, only Banyan Vines had comparable technical strengths, but Banyan never gained a secure base. 3Com produced 3+Share and Microsoft produced MS-Net. These then formed the basis for collaboration between Microsoft and 3Com to create a simple network operating system LAN Manager and its cousin, IBM's LAN Server. None of these enjoyed any lasting success; Netware dominated the personal computer LAN business from early after its introduction in 1983 until the mid-1990s when Microsoft introduced Windows NT.[23]

In 1983, TCP/IP was first shown capable of supporting actual defense department applications on a Defense Communication Agency LAN testbed located at Reston, Virginia.[24][25] The TCP/IP-based LAN successfully supported Telnet, FTP, and a Defense Department teleconferencing application.[26] This demonstrated the feasibility of employing TCP/IP LANs to interconnect Worldwide Military Command and Control System (WWMCCS) computers at command centers throughout the United States.[27] However, WWMCCS was superseded by the Global Command and Control System (GCCS) before that could happen.

During the same period, Unix workstations were using TCP/IP networking. Although the workstation market segment is now much reduced, the technologies developed in the area continue to be influential on the Internet and in all forms of networking—and the TCP/IP protocol has replaced IPX, AppleTalk, NBF, and other protocols used by the early PC LANs.

Econet was Acorn Computers's low-cost local area network system, intended for use by schools and small businesses. It was first developed for the Acorn Atom and Acorn System 2/3/4 computers in 1981.[28][29]

Further development

[edit]

In the 1980s, several token ring network implementations for LANs were developed.[30][31] IBM released their own implementation of token ring in 1985,[32][33] It ran at 4 Mbit/s.[34] IBM claimed that their token ring systems were superior to Ethernet, especially under load, but these claims were debated.[35][36] IBM's implementation of token ring was the basis of the IEEE 802.5 standard.[37] A 16 Mbit/s version of Token Ring was standardized by the 802.5 working group in 1989.[38] IBM had market dominance over Token Ring, for example, in 1990, IBM equipment was the most widely used for Token Ring networks.[39]

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), a LAN standard, was considered an attractive campus backbone network technology in the early to mid 1990s since existing Ethernet networks only offered 10 Mbit/s data rates and Token Ring networks only offered 4 Mbit/s or 16 Mbit/s rates. Thus it was a relatively high-speed choice of that era, with speeds such as 100 Mbit/s. By 1994, vendors included Cisco Systems, National Semiconductor, Network Peripherals, SysKonnect (acquired by Marvell Technology Group), and 3Com.[40] FDDI installations have largely been replaced by Ethernet deployments.[41]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Wood, Roy (2024-04-01). "Computer Hardware, Software, and Networks". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Gary A. Donahue (June 2007). Network Warrior. O'Reilly. p. 5.
  3. ^ "What is a LAN? Local Area Network". Cisco. Retrieved 2024-12-04.
  4. ^ “Discover and Learn,” WiFi Alliance, http://www.wi-fi.org/discover_and_learn.php Archived 2010-07-04 at the Wayback Machine (accessed June 30, 2010).
  5. ^ "A Review of the Basic Components of a Local Area Network (LAN)". NetworkBits.net. Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
  6. ^ www3.nd.edu https://www3.nd.edu/~mhaenggi/NET/wireless/802.11b/topology.htm. Retrieved 2024-12-11. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ What is DHCP? Archived 2013-12-07 at the Wayback Machine. whatismyip.com.
  8. ^ Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States; Sadiku, Matthew N. O.; Tembely, Mahamadou; Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States; Musa, Sarhan M.; Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States (2017-05-30). "Home Area Networks: A Primer" (PDF). International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering. 7 (5): 634–635. doi:10.23956/ijarcsse/SV7I5/208 (inactive 2024-11-12).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Configuration example for connecting a LAN to the Internet through an ADSL modem". support.hpe.com. Retrieved 2024-12-06.
  10. ^ Berger, Lars T.; Schwager, Andreas; Pagani, Pascal; Van Rensburg; Piet Janse (February 2014). "Introduction to the Power Line Communication Channel and Noise Characterisation". In Berger, Lars T.; Schwager, Andreas; Pagani, Pascal; Schneider, Daniel M (eds.). MIMO Power Line Communications: Narrow and Broadband Standards, EMC, and Advanced Processing. Devices, Circuits, and Systems. CRC Press. pp. 3–38. doi:10.1201/b16540-3. ISBN 9781466557529. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
  11. ^ Samuel F. Mendicino (1970-12-01). "Octopus: The Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Network". Rogerdmoore.ca. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06.
  12. ^ Mendicino, S. F. (29 Nov 1970). "THE LAWRENCE RADIATION LABORATORY OCTOPUS". Courant Symposium Series on Networks. Osti.gov. OSTI 4045588.
  13. ^ The History of Ethernet. NetEvents.tv. 2006. Retrieved September 10, 2011. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "Ethernet Prototype Circuit Board". Smithsonian National Museum of American History. 1973. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
  15. ^ "A brief informal history of the Computer Laboratory". University of Cambridge. 20 December 2001. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010.
  16. ^ "ARCNET Timeline" (PDF). ARCNETworks magazine. Fall 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-04-14.
  17. ^ Lamont Wood (2008-01-31). "The LAN turns 30, but will it reach 40?". Computerworld. Archived from the original on 2016-06-30. Retrieved 2016-06-02.
  18. ^ European Parliament Archives (January 25, 2021). "Voting system Tender Specifications - 1979". Archived from the original on June 16, 2021.
  19. ^ "Italian TV network RAI on the voting system". 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023.
  20. ^ Metcalfe, Robert (Dec 27, 1993). "Will The Year of the ISDN be 1994 or 1995?". InfoWorld. 15 (52). Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021. 'The Year of The LAN' is a long-standing joke, and I freely admit to being the comedian that first declared it in 1982...
  21. ^ "Quotes in 1999". Cafe au Lait Java News and Resources. Archived from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2011-02-25. ...you will remember numerous computer magazines, over numerous years, announcing 'the year of the LAN.'
  22. ^ Herot, Christopher. "Christopher Herot's Weblog". Retrieved 2023-10-21. ...a bit like the Year of the LAN which computer industry pundits predicted for the good part of a decade...
  23. ^ Wayne Spivak (2001-07-13). "Has Microsoft Ever Read the History Books?". VARBusiness. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
  24. ^ Scott, W. Ross (May 1, 1984). "Updated Local Area Network Demonstration Plan". MITRE Corporation Working Paper (WP83W00222R1).
  25. ^ Havard (II.), Richard (17 June 1986). MITRENET: A Testbed Local Area Network at DTNSRDC. Ft. Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center: Defense Technical Information Center. p. i.
  26. ^ Scott, W. Ross; Cavedo, Robert F. (September 1, 1984). "Local Area Network Demonstration Procedures". MITRE Corporation Working Paper (WP83W00595).
  27. ^ Scott, W. Ross (August 1, 1984). "Local Area Network Alternative "A" Demonstration Analysis (DRAFT)". MITRE Corporation Working Paper (WP84W00281).
  28. ^ "Retro Isle - Acorn Econet". www.retroisle.com. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
  29. ^ "Chris's Acorns: Econet". chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
  30. ^ J. Noel Chiappa (April–June 2014). "Early Token Ring Work at MIT". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 80–85. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.14. S2CID 30761524.
  31. ^ Pelkey, James. "14.18 Proteon in Chapter 14 - Internetworking: Emergence 1985-1988". The History of Computer Communications.
  32. ^ "IBM TOKEN-RING NETWORK". www-01.ibm.com. 1985-10-15. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
  33. ^ Crabb, Don (24 March 1986). "Major Vendors Differ On Network Approach". InfoWorld. Vol. 8, no. 12. p. 27.
  34. ^ "InfoWorld". 21 November 1988.
  35. ^ IEEE 802.3 Local Area Network considerations. IBM. GG22-9422-0.
  36. ^ David R. Boggs; Jeffrey C. Mogul; Christopher A. Kent (1988). "Measured capacity of an Ethernet: myths and reality" (PDF). ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. 25 (1): 123–136. doi:10.1145/205447.205460. S2CID 52820607.
  37. ^ Internetworking Technologies Handbook. Cisco Press. 2004. ISBN 978-1-58705-119-7.
  38. ^ "IEEE Standards Association". Archived from the original on August 17, 2022.
  39. ^ Urs Von Burg; Martin Kenny (December 2003). "Sponsers, [sic] Communities, and Standards: Ethernet vs. Token Ring In The Local Area Networking Business" (PDF). Industry and Innovation. 10 (4). Taylor & Francis Ltd: 351–375. doi:10.1080/1366271032000163621. S2CID 153804163. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-19.
  40. ^ Mark Miller (March 21, 1994). "Wading Through Plethora of Options Poses Challenge for Life on the Fast LAN". Network World. pp. 41, 44, 46–49. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  41. ^ A. Selvarajan; Subrat Kar; T. Srinivas (2003). Optical Fiber Communication: Principles and Systems. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 241–249. ISBN 978-1-259-08220-7.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Local_area_network&oldid=1262367687"