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{{Infobox military unit
The '''Women's Auxiliary Service (WAS)''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet (PSK)'', ''Pestki'') was unit of [[Polish Armed Forces]] during [[II World War]] estabilished in [[1941]] by initiative of [[Lt. Gen.]] [[Władysław Anders]], while creating [[Polish Armed Forces in the East]].
|unit_name= The Women's Auxiliary Service
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1941–1946
|country= [[Poland]]
|allegiance=
|branch= [[Polish Land Forces|Army]] [[Polish Navy|Navy]] [[Polish Air Force|Air Force]]
|type=
|role=
|size= ca. 4,000 volunteers
|command_structure= [[II Corps (Poland)|II Corps]]
|garrison=
|garrison_label=
|nickname= Pestki
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=[[Cross of Valour (Poland)|Cross of Valor]] (9), [[Cross of Merit (Poland)|Golden Cross of Merit]] (2), [[Cross of Merit (Poland)|Silver Cross of Merit]] (74), [[Cross of Merit (Poland)|Bronze Cross of Merit]] (154), [[Monte Cassino Commemorative Cross]] (950)
|battle_honours=
|disbanded=March 1946
<!-- Commanders -->
|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|notable_commanders=[[Władysława Piechowska]]<br/>[[Bolesława Wysłouch]]<br/>[[Zofia Leśniowska]]
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
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|identification_symbol_2_label=
|identification_symbol_3=
|identification_symbol_3_label=
|identification_symbol_4=
|identification_symbol_4_label=
<!-- Aircraft -->
|aircraft_attack=
|aircraft_bomber=
|aircraft_electronic=
|aircraft_fighter=
|aircraft_helicopter=
|aircraft_helicopter_attack=
|aircraft_helicopter_cargo=
|aircraft_helicopter_multirole=
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The '''Women's Auxiliary Service (WAS)''' ({{langx|pl|Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet (PSK)}}, ''Pestki''<ref>Maria Maćkowska, ''Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych'', [[London]], 1990, p. 101</ref>) was a unit of [[Polish Armed Forces]] during [[World War II]] established in 1941 by initiative of [[Lt. Gen.]] [[Władysław Anders]], while creating [[Polish Armed Forces in the East]].<ref name="Maria Maćkowska p. 11">Maria Maćkowska, ''Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych'', [[London]], 1990, p. 11</ref><ref name="Anna D. Jaroszynśka-Kirchmann 2004, p. 30">Anna D. Jaroszynśka-Kirchmann, ''The exile mission: the Polish political diaspora and Polish Americans, 1939-1956'', [[Ohio University Press]], 2004, {{ISBN|0-8214-1526-3}}, p. 30</ref>


''Pestki'' worked as [[nurse]]s, [[cook (profession)|cook]]s, [[teacher]]s in schools for [[war orphan]]s, [[secretary|secretaries]] in [[staff (military)|staffs]], [[aviator|pilots]], [[driving|drivers]], etc.<ref name="Anna D. Jaroszynśka-Kirchmann 2004, p. 30"/><ref>Maria Maćkowska, ''Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych'', [[London]], 1990, pp. 15, 16, 30</ref><ref name="Witold Biegański 1990, p. 69">Witold Biegański, ''Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie 1939-1945'', Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1990, p. 69</ref><ref>Witold Biegański, Jan Brodala, ''Regularne jednostki wojska polskiego na Zachodzie'', Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1973, p. 291</ref><ref name="Witold Biegański 1981, p. 341">Witold Biegański, ''Walki formacji polskich na Zachodzie, 1939-1945'', Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1981, {{ISBN|83-11-06577-2}}, p. 341</ref><ref name="Bernard A. Cook 2006, p. 474">Bernard A. Cook, ''Women and war: a historical encyclopedia from antiquity to the present'', [[ABC-CLIO]], 2006, {{ISBN|1-85109-770-8}}, p. 474</ref> In active service there were around 4,000 volunteers in any time of [[World War II]], but 1 July 1945, in time of highest abundance, there were 7,000 women in WAS.
''Pestki'' worked as nurses, cooks, teachers in schools for war orphans, secretaries in [[staff (military)|staffs]], drivers, etc. In activ service were around 4,000 volunteer in any time of the [[II World War|war]], but [[1 July]] [[1945]], in time of highest abundance, there was 7,000 women in WAS.


In [[1944]] WAS was transferred to [[II Corps (Poland)|II Corps]] in [[Italy]]. In July [[1944]] [[Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland|Minister of National Defence]] reorganized WAS separating three new units:
In 1944 WAS was transferred to [[II Corps (Poland)|II Corps]]<ref>''Wojskowy przegląd historyczny'', 1997, p. 274</ref> in [[Italy]]. In July 1944 [[Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland|Minister of National Defence]] reorganized WAS separating three new units:
* '''Women's Army Auxiliary Service (WAAS)''' (''Pomocnicza Wojskowa Służba Kobiet, PWSK)''
* '''Women's Army Auxiliary Service (WAAS)''' (''Pomocnicza Wojskowa Służba Kobiet, PWSK)''<ref name="Witold Biegański 1981, p. 341"/>
* '''Women's Air Force Auxiliary Service (WAFAS)''' (''Pomocnicza Lotnicza Służba Kobiet, PLSK)''
* '''Women's Air Force Auxiliary Service (WAFAS)''' (''Pomocnicza Lotnicza Służba Kobiet, PLSK)''<ref name="Witold Biegański 1981, p. 341"/><ref name="Bernard A. Cook 2006, p. 474"/>
* '''Women's Naval Auxiliary Service (WNAS)''' (''Pomocnicza Morska Służba Kobiet, PMSK)''
* '''Women's Naval Auxiliary Service (WNAS)''' (''Pomocnicza Morska Służba Kobiet, PMSK)''<ref name="Witold Biegański 1981, p. 341"/>


The same [[bylaw]] established Headquarters of WAAS, Commandants of WAAS, WAFAS, WNAS and Superintendents to corps and armies' commands. [[Commisioned Officers]] were appointed by the [[President of the Republic of Poland]]. [[Military rank]]s were also harmonize with [[Polish Armed Forces in the West]]' ranks.
The same [[bylaw]] established Headquarters of WAAS, Commandants of WAAS, WAFAS, WNAS and Superintendents to corps and armies' commands. [[Commissioned officer]]s were appointed by the [[President of the Republic of Poland]]. [[Military rank]]s were also harmonized with ranks of [[Polish Armed Forces in the West]].


First Superintendent of WAS was [[Władysława Piechowska]],<ref name="Maria Maćkowska p. 11" /> another was [[Zofia Leśniowska]].<ref name="Witold Biegański 1990, p. 69"/><ref>Wincenty Iwanowski, ''Z dziejów formacji polskich na Zachodzie, 1939-1945'', Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1976, p. 172</ref>
First Superintendent of WAS was [[Władysława Piechowska]].


The WAS was disbanded in March [[1946]].
The WAS was disbanded in March 1946.

==See also==
[[Ewa Miszewska]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==


* Biegański Witold, ''Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie 1939-1945'', Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1990
⚫
* Dzierżek A., Galczewska Zofia, Horbaczewska Irena, Poliszewska Halina, Kaczorowski Ryszard, ''Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych na Zachodzie 1939-1945'', Koło Kobiet Żołnierzy PSZ w Wielkiej Brytanii, London 1995, ISBN 1-872286-23-2
* Biegański Witold, ''Walki formacji polskich na Zachodzie, 1939-1945'', Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1981, {{ISBN|83-11-06577-2}}
⚫
* Maćkowska Maria, ''Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych'', London 1990
* Biegański Witold, Brodala Jan, ''Regularne jednostki wojska polskiego na Zachodzie'', Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1973
* Bobińska A., ''Pomocnicza Wojskowa Służba Kobiet 2 Korpusu 1941-1945'', London 1999
* Bobińska Anna, ''Pomocnicza Wojskowa Służba Kobiet 2 Korpusu 1941-1945'', Krupski i S-ka, [[London]], 1999, {{ISBN|83-86117-14-1}}
* Cook Bernard A., ''Women and war: a historical encyclopedia from antiquity to the present'', [[ABC-CLIO]], 2006, {{ISBN|1-85109-770-8}}
* Car Edward M., ''Kobiety w szeregach Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie, 1940-1948'', Oficyna Wydawnicza Adiutor, 1995, {{ISBN|83-86100-04-4}}
⚫
* Dzierżek Anna, Galczewska Zofia, Horbaczewska Irena, Poliszewska Halina, [[Ryszard Kaczorowski|Kaczorowski Ryszard]], ''Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych na Zachodzie 1939-1945'', Koło Kobiet Żołnierzy PSZ w Wielkiej Brytanii, London 1995, {{ISBN|1-872286-23-2}}
* Iwanowski Wincenty, ''Z dziejów formacji polskich na Zachodzie, 1939-1945'', Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1976
* Jaroszynśka-Kirchmann Anna D., ''The exile mission: the Polish political diaspora and Polish Americans, 1939-1956'', [[Ohio University Press]], 2004, {{ISBN|0-8214-1526-3}}
⚫
* Maćkowska Maria, ''Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych'', [[London]], 1990


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
* [http://www.psz.pl.pl/psk.htm History of Women's Auxiliary Service] {{in lang|pl}}


{{Authority control}}
⚫
* [http://www.psz.pl.pl/psk.htm History of Women's Auxiliary Service] {{pl icon}}

⚫
[[Category:All-female units and formations]]


⚫
[[Category:All-female military units and formations]]
[[pl:Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet]]
[[Category:Polish women in World War II]]
[[Category:Polish resistance during World War II]]

Latest revision as of 10:34, 22 October 2024

The Women's Auxiliary Service
Active1941–1946
DisbandedMarch 1946
CountryPoland
BranchArmy Navy Air Force
Sizeca. 4,000 volunteers
Part ofII Corps
Nickname(s)Pestki
DecorationsCross of Valor (9), Golden Cross of Merit (2), Silver Cross of Merit (74), Bronze Cross of Merit (154), Monte Cassino Commemorative Cross (950)
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Władysława Piechowska
Bolesława Wysłouch
Zofia Leśniowska

The Women's Auxiliary Service (WAS) (Polish: Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet (PSK), Pestki[1]) was a unit of Polish Armed Forces during World War II established in 1941 by initiative of Lt. Gen. Władysław Anders, while creating Polish Armed Forces in the East.[2][3]

Pestki worked as nurses, cooks, teachers in schools for war orphans, secretaries in staffs, pilots, drivers, etc.[3][4][5][6][7][8] In active service there were around 4,000 volunteers in any time of World War II, but 1 July 1945, in time of highest abundance, there were 7,000 women in WAS.

In 1944 WAS was transferred to II Corps[9] in Italy. In July 1944 Minister of National Defence reorganized WAS separating three new units:

  • Women's Army Auxiliary Service (WAAS) (Pomocnicza Wojskowa Służba Kobiet, PWSK)[7]
  • Women's Air Force Auxiliary Service (WAFAS) (Pomocnicza Lotnicza Służba Kobiet, PLSK)[7][8]
  • Women's Naval Auxiliary Service (WNAS) (Pomocnicza Morska Służba Kobiet, PMSK)[7]

The same bylaw established Headquarters of WAAS, Commandants of WAAS, WAFAS, WNAS and Superintendents to corps and armies' commands. Commissioned officers were appointed by the President of the Republic of Poland. Military ranks were also harmonized with ranks of Polish Armed Forces in the West.

First Superintendent of WAS was Władysława Piechowska,[2] another was Zofia Leśniowska.[5][10]

The WAS was disbanded in March 1946.

See also

[edit]

Ewa Miszewska

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Maria Maćkowska, Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych, London, 1990, p. 101
  2. ^ a b Maria Maćkowska, Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych, London, 1990, p. 11
  3. ^ a b Anna D. Jaroszynśka-Kirchmann, The exile mission: the Polish political diaspora and Polish Americans, 1939-1956, Ohio University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8214-1526-3, p. 30
  4. ^ Maria Maćkowska, Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych, London, 1990, pp. 15, 16, 30
  5. ^ a b Witold Biegański, Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie 1939-1945, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1990, p. 69
  6. ^ Witold Biegański, Jan Brodala, Regularne jednostki wojska polskiego na Zachodzie, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1973, p. 291
  7. ^ a b c d Witold Biegański, Walki formacji polskich na Zachodzie, 1939-1945, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1981, ISBN 83-11-06577-2, p. 341
  8. ^ a b Bernard A. Cook, Women and war: a historical encyclopedia from antiquity to the present, ABC-CLIO, 2006, ISBN 1-85109-770-8, p. 474
  9. ^ Wojskowy przegląd historyczny, 1997, p. 274
  10. ^ Wincenty Iwanowski, Z dziejów formacji polskich na Zachodzie, 1939-1945, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1976, p. 172

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Biegański Witold, Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie 1939-1945, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1990
  • Biegański Witold, Walki formacji polskich na Zachodzie, 1939-1945, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1981, ISBN 83-11-06577-2
  • Biegański Witold, Brodala Jan, Regularne jednostki wojska polskiego na Zachodzie, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1973
  • Bobińska Anna, Pomocnicza Wojskowa Służba Kobiet 2 Korpusu 1941-1945, Krupski i S-ka, London, 1999, ISBN 83-86117-14-1
  • Cook Bernard A., Women and war: a historical encyclopedia from antiquity to the present, ABC-CLIO, 2006, ISBN 1-85109-770-8
  • Car Edward M., Kobiety w szeregach Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie, 1940-1948, Oficyna Wydawnicza Adiutor, 1995, ISBN 83-86100-04-4
  • Dzierżek Anna, Galczewska Zofia, Horbaczewska Irena, Poliszewska Halina, Kaczorowski Ryszard, Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych na Zachodzie 1939-1945, Koło Kobiet Żołnierzy PSZ w Wielkiej Brytanii, London 1995, ISBN 1-872286-23-2
  • Iwanowski Wincenty, Z dziejów formacji polskich na Zachodzie, 1939-1945, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1976
  • Jaroszynśka-Kirchmann Anna D., The exile mission: the Polish political diaspora and Polish Americans, 1939-1956, Ohio University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8214-1526-3
  • Maćkowska Maria, Pomocnicza Służba Kobiet w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych, London, 1990
[edit]
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