Iraqis: Difference between revisions

Iraqis
العراقيون
	Map of the Iraqi diaspora in the world including descendants
Total population
	48+- million worldwide
Regions with significant populations
Iraq	45,504,560
Iran	500,000
Israel	450,000
Germany	321,000
United Kingdom	400,000–850,000
United States	350,000 to 450,000
United Arab Emirates	250,000
Sweden	145,586
Jordan	131,000
Turkey	115,000
Australia	104,170
Canada	84,130
Netherlands	85,000
Lebanon	50,000
Finland	26,653
Austria	13,000+
	More countries
Languages
	Mesopotamian Arabic (Semitic): 100% (as the official formal language spoken by Iraqis) and native only language spoken to 65–70%;; Neo-Aramaic languages (Semitic): 10%;; Kurdish languages (Indo-Iranian): 20%;; Iraqi Turkmen Turkish (Turkic): 7–13%;; Other indigenous Mesopotamian languages; 1% Including: Hebrew, Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, Mandaic, Armenian (diasporic), Shabaki, Domari and others
Religion
	Predominantly; Islam (Shia and Sunni); Smaller Minorities; Christianity (Church of the East, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic, Western Christianity), Irreligion, Judaism, Mandaeism, Yazidism, Yarsanism
Related ethnic groups
	Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and other Arabs

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Iraqis (Arabic: العراقيون) are the native Middle Eastern citizens of the Republic of Iraq. Culturally, Iraqis are known for their hospitality, deep-rooted traditions, and a profound respect for both family and community. The majority of Iraqis are Muslims, split between Shia and Sunni sects, influencing much of their cultural practices, including art, literature, and daily life.

Iraqi Arabs are the largest ethnic group in Iraq,^[22] followed by Iraqi Kurds, then Iraqi Turkmen as the third largest ethnic group.^[23]^[24] Other ethnic groups include Yazidis, Assyrians, Mandaeans, Armenians, Ajamis and Marsh Arabs.^[25]^[26]^[27]

Iraq consists largely of most of ancient Mesopotamia, the native land of the indigenous Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian civilizations, which was subsequently conquered, invaded and ruled by foreigners for centuries after the fall of the indigenous Mesopotamian empires. As a direct consequence of this long history, the contemporary Iraqi population comprises a significant number of different ethnicities.^[28] However, recent studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq (Mesopotamia) share significant similarities in genetics, likely due to centuries of assimilation between invading populations and the indigenous ethnic groups.^[29]

The daily language of the majority of Iraqis is Mesopotamian Arabic, and has been ever since the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and the replacement of various Eastern Aramaic languages, most notably during the Abbasid Caliphate during which Baghdad became the capital of the caliphate and the center of Islamic Golden Age. However, Mesopotamian Arabic is considered to be the most Aramaic-influenced dialect of Arabic, due to Aramaic having originated in Mesopotamia, and spread throughout the Fertile Crescent during the Neo-Assyrian period, eventually becoming the lingua franca of the entire region prior to the Islamic invasions of Mesopotamia. ^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33] In addition, Kurdish, Turkish (Turkmen), Neo-Aramaic and Mandaic are other languages spoken by Iraqis and recognized by Iraq's constitution.^[34]

History

In ancient and medieval times Mesopotamia was the political and cultural centre of many great empires and civilizations, such as the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Assyrian Empire and Babylon Empire.^[35]^[36] The ancient Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer is the oldest known civilization in the world,^[37] and thus Iraq is widely known as the Cradle Of Civilization.^[35] Iraq remained an important centre of civilization for millennia, up until the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and subsequently Abbasid Caliphate (of which Baghdad was the capital), which was the most advanced empire of the medieval world (see Islamic Golden Age). Hence Mesopotamia has witnessed several emigration and immigration in the past.

Further information on Iraq's civilization and cultural history can be found in the following chronology of Iraqi history:

Nemrik 9 (9800 BC – 8200 BC)
Jarmo (7000 – 5000 BC)
Sumer (6500 – 1940 BC)

Ubaid period (6500 – 4000 BC)
Uruk period (4000 – 3000 BC)
Early Dynastic period (3000 – 2334 BC)

Sumer and Akkad (1900 – 539 BC)

Akkadian Empire (2334 – 2218 BC)
Gutian dynasty (2218 – 2047 BC)
Neo-Sumerian Empire (2047 – 1940 BC)

Akkadian era

Babylonia (1900 - 539 BC)
Assyria (1900 – 609 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Empire (745 – 626 BC)
Neo-Babylonian Empire (626 – 539 BC)
Fall of Babylon (539 BC)

Achaemenid Empire (539 – 330 BC)

Achaemenid Assyria (539 – 330 BC)

Seleucid Babylonia (331 – 141 BC)
Parthian Babylonia (141 BC – 224)

Araba (100 BC – 240)
Adiabene (15 – 116)

Sassanid Persia (224 – 638)

Asuristan (224 – 638)
Lakhmids (266 – 633)

Islamic conquest (632 – 1258)

Rashidun Caliphate (638 – 661)
Umayyad Caliphate (661 – 750)
Abbasid Caliphate (750 – 1258)

Ilkhanate (1258 – 1335)
Turkic dynasties (1335 – 1501)

Jalayirid Sultanate (1335 – 1410)
Kara Koyunlu (1410 – 1468)
Ak Koyunlu (1468 – 1501)

Safavid dynasty (1501 – 1533)
Ottoman Empire (1533 – 1918)

Mamluk dynasty (1747 – 1831)

British Mandate for Mesopotamia (1920 – 1932)
Kingdom of Iraq (1932 – 1958)
Republic of Iraq (1958 – present)

Iraqi Republic (1958 – 1968)
Ba'athist Iraq (1968 – 2003)

Genetics

One study found that Haplogroup J-M172 originated in northern Iraq.^[38] In spite of the importance of this region, genetic studies on the Iraqi people are limited and generally restricted to analysis of classical markers due to Iraq's modern political instability,^[38] although there have been several published studies displaying a genealogical connection between all Iraqi peoples and the neighboring countries, across religious, ethnic and linguistic barriers. Studies indicate that the different ethno-religious groups of Iraq (Mesopotamia) share significant similarities in genetics and that Mesopotamian Arabs, who make up the majority of Iraqis, are more genetically similar to Iraqi Kurds than other Arab populations in the Middle East and Arabia.^[39]

No significant differences in Y-DNA variation were observed among Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs, Assyrians, or Kurds.^[38] Modern genetic studies indicate that Iraqi Arabs and Iraqi Kurds are distantly related, though Iraqi Mesopotamian Arabs are more related to Iraqi-Assyrians than they are to Iraqi Kurds.^[40]^[41]

For both mtDNA and Y-DNA variation, the large majority of the haplogroups observed in the Iraqi population (H, J, T, and U for the mtDNA, J-M172 and J-M267 for the Y-DNA) are those considered to have originated in Western Asia and to have later spread mainly in West Asia.^[38] The Eurasian haplogroups R1b and R1a represent the second most frequent component of the Iraqi Y-chromosome gene pool, the latter suggests that the population movements from Central Asia into modern Iran also influenced Iraq.^[38]

Many historians and anthropologists provide strong circumstantial evidence to posit that Iraq's Marsh Arabs share very strong links to the ancient Sumerians^[37]^[42]—the oldest human civilization in the world and most ancient inhabitants of central-southern Iraq.

The Iraqi-Assyrian population was found to be significantly related to other Iraqis, especially Mesopotamian Arabs,^[41]^[37] likely due to the assimilation of indigenous Assyrians with other people groups who occupied and settled Mesopotamia after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.^[43]

Studies have reported that most Irish and Britons have ancestry to Neolithic farmers who left ancient Mesopotamia over 10,000 years ago. Genetic researchers say they have found compelling evidence that, on average, four out of five (80%) Europeans can trace their Y chromosome to the ancient Near East. In another study, scientists analyzed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today's Turkey and Iraq.^[44]

According to Dogan et al. (2017), the most prevalent lineages among north Iraqis are J1 (17.98%), R1b (12.81%), R1a (12.40%) and J2a1b (12.19%) but distributions vary according to ethnicity. 14 different haplogroups were observed in Iraqi Arabs, with the three most common being J1 (38.61%), R1a (12.87%) and T (8.91%). The high prevalence of J1 is indicative of the indigeneity of Iraqi Arabs, which is similarly observed in Marsh Arabs. Prevalence of R and J macrohaplogroups is also attributed to pre-Last Glacial Maximum events in the Near East. Meanwhile, 15 different haplogroups were observed in Kurds, with the three most common being J2a1b (20.20%), J1 / R1a (17.17%) and E1b1b (13.13%). 10 different haplogroups were observed in Syriacs, with the three most common being R1b (30.23%), T (17.44%) and J2a1b (15.12%). 16 different haplogroups were observed in Turkmens, with the three most common being E1b1b (17.53%), J1 / J2a1b / R1a (12.37%) and G2a (10.31%). 11 different haplogroups were observed in Yazidis, with the three most common being R1b (20.79%), L (11.88%) and G2a / J2a1x J2a1b/h (10.89%).^[28]

Language

Iraq's national languages are Arabic and Kurdish. The two main regional dialects of Arabic spoken by the Iraqi people are Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Babylonian alluvial plain and Middle Euphrates valley) and South Mesopotamian Arabic and North Mesopotamian Arabic (spoken in the Assyrian highlands).^[45] The two main dialects of Kurdish spoken by Kurdish people are Central Kurdish (spoken in the Erbil and Sulaymaniyah Governorates)^[46] and Northern Kurdish (spoken in Dohuk Governorate).^[46] In addition to Arabic, most Assyrians and Mandaeans speak Neo-Aramaic languages. Mesopotamian Arabic has an Aramaic substratum.^[30]

Religion and ethnic groups

Mor Mattai Monastery

Haydar-Khana Mosque

Ethnicity

Iraq's population was estimated to be 39,650,145 in 2021 (residing in Iraq).^[47] Arabs are the majority ethnic group in Iraq, at around 80%.^[48] The Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group in the country. This is followed by Assyrians and Armenians (500,000), Yazidis (500,000), Marsh Arabs, and Shabaks, Persians (500,000) (250,000). Other minorities include Mandaeans (6,000), Roma (50,000) and Circassians (2,000). The most spoken language is Mesopotamian Arabic, followed by Kurdish, Iraqi Turkmen dialects and Syriac. The percentages of different ethno-religious groups residing in Iraq vary from source to source due to the last Iraqi census having taken place over 30 years ago. A new census of Iraq was planned to take place in 2020.^[49]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[50]

Religion

Iraqis are diverse in their faiths. Over 95% of Iraqis are Muslim, divided between 55% Shias and 40% Sunnis.^[51] In 1968 the Iraqi constitution established Islam as the official religion of the state.

Religion in Iraq (2019)^[52]

Islam (95%)

Yazidism (1.25%)

Christianity (1.25%)

others (incl.Yarsanism, Zoroastrianism, Baháʼí, Mandaeism, Irreligion) (2%)

In addition, Christianity in Iraq consists of various denominations. The majority of Iraqi Christians are Chaldean Catholic Assyrians, whilst non-Syriac Christians are mostly Iraqi Arabs and Armenians. Iraqi-Assyrians largely belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Ancient Church of the East, and the Syriac Catholic Church. Iraqi Arab Christians belong to the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church of Antioch, and Iraqi-Armenians belong to the Armenian Orthodox Church and Armenian Catholic Church. Their numbers inside Iraq have dwindled to around 500,000+ since 2003.^[53]

Other religious groups include Mandaeans, Shabaks, Yazidis and followers of other minority religions. Furthermore, Jews had also been present in Iraq in significant numbers historically, and Iraq had the largest Jewish population in the Middle East, but their population dwindled, after virtually all of them migrated to Israel between 1949 and 1952. From 1949 to 1951, 104,000 Jews were evacuated from Iraq in Operations Ezra and Nechemia (named after the Jewish leaders who took their people back to Jerusalem from exile in Babylonia beginning in 597 B.C.E.); another 20,000 were smuggled out through Iran.^[54]^[55]^[56]

Diaspora

The Iraqi diaspora is not a sudden exodus but one that has grown rapidly through the 20th century as each generation faced some form of radical transition or political conflict. From 1950 to 1952 Iraq saw a great exodus of roughly 120,000–130,000 of its Jewish population under the Israel-led "Operation Ezra and Nehemiah". There were at least two large waves of expatriation of both Christians and Muslims alike. A great number of Iraqis left the country during the regime of Saddam Hussein and large numbers have left during the Iraq war and its aftermath.

References

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^ ^a ^b Office, Great Britain Foreign (1958). Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 719. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
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^ ^a ^b Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; Balkaya, Hasan Emin; Tunc, Ramazan; Demirdov, Damla Kanliada; Ameen, Nihad Ahmed; Marjanovic, Damir (3 November 2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.
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External links

[1] "Iraq Population". worldpopulationreview.com. World Bank. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

[2] "500,000 Iraqis in Iran". Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2010.

[3] HighBeam

[4] Collie, Tim (2 March 2003). "JEWISH & IRAQI". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.

[statista-5] "Ausländische Bevölkerung in den Jahren 2011 bis 2018" (PDF). statista (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.

[6] Kadhum, Oula (26 July 2021). "The UK Iraqi Diaspora and their Mobilization towards Iraq". Arab Reform Initiative. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.

[census-7] "PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea more information 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

[AAI-8] "PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2016.

[9] "UAE Iraqis restricted by passport delays". 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2021.

[10] "Population by country of birth, age and sex. Year 2000 - 2020". Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2021.

[11] "الأردن يستضيف 3 ملايين شخص من 57 جنسية". قناة المملكة (in Arabic). 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2022.

[JP-12] "Ethnic groups of Turkey". Joshua Project. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2010.

[13] "Department of Home Affairs Website". www.https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/. Home Affairs. Retrieved 13 November 2024. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)

[14] "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country]". www.statcan.gc.ca/en/start. Canada Statistics. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2024.

[15] "العراقيون في لبنان.. لاجئون منسيون بانتظار "إعادة التوطين"". 6 January 2021. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.

[16] "Persons with foreign background". stat.fi. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2020.

[17] "Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn seit 2002 nach detaillierter Staatsangehörigkeit" [Population at the beginning of the year since 2002 by detailed nationality] (PDF). Statistics Austria (in German). 14 June 2016. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.

[18] Barker, Geoff (2012), Iraq, Britannica, p. 23, ISBN 1-61535-637-1

[19] "Minorities in Iraq: Pushed to the brink of existence" (PDF). European Parliament. February 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.

[20] "Middle East :: Iraq — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

[21] "Iraq - Arabs". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2018.

[22] Office, Great Britain Foreign (1958). Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939. H.M. Stationery Office. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2022.

[23] "Minorities in Iraq: EU Research Service" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[24] Mitchell, T. F. (1990–1993). Pronouncing Arabic. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press. p. 37. ISBN 0198151519. OCLC 18020063.

[:0-25] Office, Great Britain Foreign (1958). Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 719. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2022.

[:1-26] "Minorities in Iraq: EU Research Service" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.

[:2-27] Mitchell, T. F. (1990–1993). Pronouncing Arabic. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press. p. 37. ISBN 0198151519. OCLC 18020063.

[:3-28] Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; Balkaya, Hasan Emin; Tunc, Ramazan; Demirdov, Damla Kanliada; Ameen, Nihad Ahmed; Marjanovic, Damir (3 November 2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.

[29] Lazim, Hayder; Almohammed, Eida Khalaf; Hadi, Sibte; Smith, Judith (17 September 2020). "Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 15289. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015289L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72283-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7499422. PMID 32943725.

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v t e Demographics of Iraq
Religions	Islam Sunni Shia Christianity Evangelical Oriental Orthodox Roman Catholicism Jews Yazidism Yarsanism Mandaeism Shabakism
Ethnic groups	Afro-Iraqis Arabs Bedouins Marsh Arabs Armenians Assyrians Circassians Persians Kurds Feylis Shabaks Yazidis Jews Kawliya/Zott/Ghorbati Solluba Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks)
Foreign nationals	Palestinians Sudanese

Authority control databases
International	FAST
National	United States France BnF data Czech Republic Israel