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A googol is the large number 10¹⁰⁰ or ten to the power of one hundred. In decimal notation, it is written as the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeroes: 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. Its systematic name is ten duotrigintillion (short scale) or ten sexdecilliard (long scale). Its prime factorization is 2¹⁰⁰ × 5¹⁰⁰.

Etymology

The term was coined in 1920 by 9-year-old Milton Sirotta (1911–1981), nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner.^[1] He may have been inspired by the contemporary comic strip character Barney Google.^[2] Kasner popularized the concept in his 1940 book Mathematics and the Imagination.^[3] Other names for this quantity include ten duotrigintillion on the short scale (commonly used in English speaking countries),^[4] ten thousand sexdecillion on the long scale, or ten sexdecilliard on the Peletier long scale.

Size

A googol has no special significance in mathematics. However, it is useful when comparing with other very large quantities, such as the number of subatomic particles in the visible universe or the number of hypothetical possibilities in a chess game. Kasner used it to illustrate the difference between an unimaginably large number and infinity, and in this role it is sometimes used in teaching mathematics. To put in perspective the size of a googol, the mass of an electron, just under 10^-30 kg, can be compared to the mass of the visible universe, estimated at between 10⁵⁰ and 10⁶⁰ kg.^[5] It is a ratio in the order of about 10⁸⁰ to 10⁹⁰, or at most one ten-billionth of a googol (0.00000001% of a googol).

Carl Sagan pointed out that the total number of elementary particles in the universe is around 10⁸⁰ (the Eddington number) and that if the whole universe were packed with neutrons so that there would be no empty space anywhere, there would be around 10¹²⁸. He also noted the similarity of the second calculation to that of Archimedes in The Sand Reckoner. By Archimedes's calculation, the universe of Aristarchus (roughly 2 light years in diameter), if fully packed with sand, would contain 10⁶³ grains. If the much larger observable universe of today were filled with sand, it would still only equal 10⁹⁵ grains. Another 100,000 observable universes filled with sand would be necessary to make a googol.^[6]

The decay time for a supermassive black hole of roughly 1 galaxy-mass (10¹¹ solar masses) due to Hawking radiation is on the order of 10¹⁰⁰ years.^[7] Therefore, the heat death of an expanding universe is lower-bounded to occur at least one googol years in the future.

A googol is considerably smaller than a centillion.^[8]

Properties

A googol is approximately equal to $70!\approx 1.1979\times 10^{100}$ (factorial of 70). Using an integral, binary numeral system, one would need 333 bits to represent a googol, i.e., $10^{100}=2^{(100/\mathrm {log} _{10}2)}\approx 2^{332.19280949}$ . However, a googol is well within the maximum bounds of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point type without full precision in the mantissa.

Using modular arithmetic, the series of residues (mod n) of one googol, starting with mod 1, is as follows:

0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 1, 0, 1, 4, 3, 4, 10, 0, 4, 10, 9, 0, 4, 12, 13, 16, 0, 16, 10, 4, 16, 10, 5, 0, 1, 4, 25, 28, 10, 28, 16, 0, 1, 4, 31, 12, 10, 36, 27, 16, 11, 0, ... (sequence A066298 in the OEIS)

This sequence is the same as that of the residues (mod n) of a googolplex up until the 17th position.

Cultural impact

Widespread sounding of the word occurs through the name of the company Google, with the name "Google" being an accidental misspelling of "googol" by the company's founders,^[9] which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.^[10] In 2004, family members of Kasner, who had inherited the right to his book, were considering suing Google for their use of the term "googol";^[11] however, no suit was ever filed.^[12]

Since October 2009, Google has been assigning domain names to its servers under the domain "1e100.net", the scientific notation for 1 googol, in order to provide a single domain to identify servers across the Google network.^[13]^[14]

The word is notable for being the subject of the £1 million question in a 2001 episode of the British quiz show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, when contestant Charles Ingram was discovered to have cheated his way through the show with the help of a confederate in the studio audience.^[15]

References

^ Bialik, Carl (June 14, 2004). "There Could Be No Google Without Edward Kasner". The Wall Street Journal Online. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016.
^ Ralph Keyes (2021). The Hidden History of Coined Words. Oxford University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-19-046677-0. Extract of page 120
^ Kasner, Edward; Newman, James R. (1940). Mathematics and the Imagination. Simon and Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-486-41703-4. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. The relevant passage about the googol and googolplex, attributing both of these names to Kasner's nine-year-old nephew, is available in James R. Newman, ed. (2000) [1956]. The world of mathematics. Vol. 3. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. pp. 2007–2010. ISBN 978-0-486-41151-4.
^ Bromham, Lindell (2016). An Introduction to Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-19-873636-3. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
^ McPherson, Kristine (2006). Elert, Glenn (ed.). "Mass of the universe". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 2019-08-24.
^ Sagan, Carl (1981). Cosmos. Book Club Associates. pp. 220–221.
^ Page, Don N. (1976-01-15). "Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole". Physical Review D. 13 (2). American Physical Society (APS): 198–206. Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13..198P. doi:10.1103/physrevd.13.198. ISSN 0556-2821. See in particular equation (27).
^ Stewart, Ian (2017). Infinity: A Very Short Introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-875523-4. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
^ Koller, David (January 2004). "Origin of the name "Google"". Stanford University. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
^ "Google! Beta website". Google, Inc. Archived from the original on February 21, 1999. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
^ "Have your Google people talk to my 'googol' people". 16 May 2004. Archived from the original on 2014-09-04.
^ Nowlan, Robert A. (2017). Masters of Mathematics: The Problems They Solved, Why These Are Important, and What You Should Know about Them. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. p. 221. ISBN 978-9463008938.
^ Cade Metz (8 February 2010). "Google doppelgänger casts riddle over interwebs". The Register. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ "What is 1e100.net?". Google Inc. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ Falk, Quentin; Falk, Ben (2005), "A Code and a Cough: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (1998–)", Television's Strangest Moments: Extraordinary But True Tales from the History of Television, Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 245–246, ISBN 9781861058744.

External links

Weisstein, Eric W. "Googol". MathWorld.
Googol at PlanetMath.
Padilla, Tony; Symonds, Ria. "Googol and Googolplex". Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived from the original on 2014-03-29. Retrieved 2013-04-06.

[1] Bialik, Carl (June 14, 2004). "There Could Be No Google Without Edward Kasner". The Wall Street Journal Online. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016.

[2] Ralph Keyes (2021). The Hidden History of Coined Words. Oxford University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-19-046677-0. Extract of page 120

[3] Kasner, Edward; Newman, James R. (1940). Mathematics and the Imagination. Simon and Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-486-41703-4. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. The relevant passage about the googol and googolplex, attributing both of these names to Kasner's nine-year-old nephew, is available in James R. Newman, ed. (2000) [1956]. The world of mathematics. Vol. 3. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. pp. 2007–2010. ISBN 978-0-486-41151-4.

[4] Bromham, Lindell (2016). An Introduction to Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-19-873636-3. Retrieved April 15, 2022.

[5] McPherson, Kristine (2006). Elert, Glenn (ed.). "Mass of the universe". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 2019-08-24.

[6] Sagan, Carl (1981). Cosmos. Book Club Associates. pp. 220–221.

[page-7] Page, Don N. (1976-01-15). "Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole". Physical Review D. 13 (2). American Physical Society (APS): 198–206. Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13..198P. doi:10.1103/physrevd.13.198. ISSN 0556-2821. See in particular equation (27).

[8] Stewart, Ian (2017). Infinity: A Very Short Introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-875523-4. Retrieved April 15, 2022.

[9] Koller, David (January 2004). "Origin of the name "Google"". Stanford University. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.

[10] "Google! Beta website". Google, Inc. Archived from the original on February 21, 1999. Retrieved October 12, 2010.

[11] "Have your Google people talk to my 'googol' people". 16 May 2004. Archived from the original on 2014-09-04.

[12] Nowlan, Robert A. (2017). Masters of Mathematics: The Problems They Solved, Why These Are Important, and What You Should Know about Them. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. p. 221. ISBN 978-9463008938.

[13] Cade Metz (8 February 2010). "Google doppelgänger casts riddle over interwebs". The Register. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.

[14] "What is 1e100.net?". Google Inc. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.

[15] Falk, Quentin; Falk, Ben (2005), "A Code and a Cough: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (1998–)", Television's Strangest Moments: Extraordinary But True Tales from the History of Television, Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 245–246, ISBN 9781861058744.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
+{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
+{{Short description|Large number defined as ten to the 100th power}}
-{{two other uses||the Internet company|Google|the Russian author|Nikolai Gogol}}
+{{distinguish|text=[[Google]] or [[Nikolai Gogol]]}}
-A '''googol''' is the [[large number]] 10<sup>100</sup>, that is, the [[numerical digit|digit]] 1 followed by one hundred [[0 (number)|zeros]] (in [[decimal]] representation).
+A '''googol''' is the [[large number]] 10<sup>100</sup> or ten to the power of one&nbsp;hundred. In decimal notation, it is written as the [[numerical digit|digit]] 1 followed by one hundred [[0 (number)|zeroe]]s: <!-- Do not use [[Template:Gaps]], it breaks mobile -->'''10,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000,{{wbr}}000'''. Its [[Names of large numbers|systematic name]] is '''ten duotrigintillion''' ([[short scale]]) or '''ten sexdecilliard''' ([[long scale]]). Its [[prime factorization]] is 2<sup>100</sup>&nbsp;×&nbsp;5<sup>100</sup>.
-The term was coined in 1938<ref>Kasner, Edward and Luis Correa, ''Mathematics and the Imagination,'' [[1940]], Simon and Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-486-41703-4</ref> by Milton Sirotta (1929–1980), nephew of American [[mathematician]] [[Edward Kasner]]. Kasner popularized the concept in his book ''Mathematics and the Imagination'' (1940).
+==Etymology==
-Googol is of the same [[order of magnitude]] as the [[factorial]] of 70 (70! being approximately 1.198 googol, or 10 to the power 100.0784), and its only [[prime factor]]s are 2 and 5 (100 of each). In [[binary numeral system|binary]] it would take up 333 [[bit]]s.
+The term was coined in 1920 by 9-year-old Milton Sirotta (1911–1981), nephew of American mathematician [[Edward Kasner]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bialik |first=Carl |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108575924921724042 |title=There Could Be No Google Without Edward Kasner |journal=The Wall Street Journal Online |date=June 14, 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130145858/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108575924921724042 |archive-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> He may have been inspired by the contemporary comic strip character [[Barney Google and Snuffy Smith|Barney Google]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Hidden History of Coined Words |author1=Ralph Keyes |edition= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-046677-0 |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYskEAAAQBAJ}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=JYskEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 Extract of page 120]</ref> Kasner popularized the concept in his 1940 book ''[[Mathematics and the Imagination]]''.<ref>{{cite book| author1 = Kasner, Edward| author2 = Newman, James R.| title = Mathematics and the Imagination| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad8hAx-6m9oC&q=Mathematics%20and%20the%20Imagination&pg=PP1| year = 1940| publisher = Simon and Schuster, New York| isbn = 0-486-41703-4| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140703073029/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ad8hAx-6m9oC&lpg=PP1&dq=Mathematics%20and%20the%20Imagination&pg=PP1| archive-date = 2014-07-03}} The relevant passage about the googol and googolplex, attributing both of these names to Kasner's nine-year-old nephew, is available in {{cite book|editor=James R. Newman |title=The world of mathematics |volume=3 |year=2000 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=Mineola, New York |orig-year=1956 |isbn=978-0-486-41151-4 |pages=2007–2010}}</ref> Other [[Names of large numbers|names]] for this quantity include ''ten duotrigintillion'' on the [[short scale]] (commonly used in English speaking countries),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bromham |first1=Lindell |title=An Introduction to Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-873636-3 |page=494 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jf9NCwAAQBAJ |access-date=April 15, 2022}}</ref> ''ten thousand sexdecillion'' on the [[long scale]], or ''ten sexdecilliard'' on the [[Peletier long scale]].
-A googol has no particular significance in [[mathematics]], but is useful when comparing with other very large quantities such as the number of subatomic particles in the visible universe or the number of possible [[chess]] games. [[Edward Kasner]] created it to illustrate the difference between an unimaginably large number and [[infinity]], and in this role it is sometimes used in teaching mathematics.
+== Size ==
-A '''googol''' can be written in conventional notation as follows:
+A googol has no special significance in mathematics. However, it is useful when comparing with other very large quantities, such as the number of [[subatomic particles]] in the visible universe or the number of hypothetical possibilities in a [[chess]] game. Kasner used it to illustrate the difference between an unimaginably large number and [[infinity]], and in this role it is sometimes used in teaching mathematics. To put in perspective the size of a googol, the mass of an electron, just under 10<sup>-30</sup>&nbsp;kg, can be compared to the mass of the visible universe, estimated at between 10<sup>50</sup> and 10<sup>60</sup>&nbsp;kg.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2006/KristineMcPherson.shtml |title=Mass of the universe |first=Kristine |last=McPherson |year=2006 |website=The Physics Factbook |editor-last=Elert |editor-first=Glenn |access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref> It is a ratio in the order of about 10<sup>80</sup> to 10<sup>90</sup>, or at most one ten-billionth of a googol (0.00000001% of a googol).
+[[Carl Sagan]] pointed out that the total number of elementary particles in the universe is around 10<sup>80</sup> (the [[Eddington number]]) and that if the whole universe were packed with [[neutron]]s so that there would be no empty space anywhere, there would be around 10<sup>128</sup>. He also noted the similarity of the second calculation to that of [[Archimedes]] in ''[[The Sand Reckoner]]''. By Archimedes's calculation, the universe of [[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]] (roughly 2&nbsp;light years in diameter), if fully packed with sand, would contain 10<sup>63</sup>&nbsp;grains. If the much larger observable universe of today were filled with sand, it would still only equal {{val|e=95}}&nbsp;grains. Another 100,000 observable universes filled with sand would be necessary to make a googol.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sagan|first=Carl|author-link=Carl Sagan|title=Cosmos|year=1981|publisher=Book Club Associates|pages=220–221}}</ref>
-:1 googol
-:= 10<sup>100</sup>
-:=&nbsp;10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</small>
-Its official English [[Names of large numbers|number name]] is '''ten duotrigintillion''' on the [[Long and short scales|short scale]], '''ten thousand sexdecillion''' on the [[Long and short scales|long scale]], or '''ten sexdecilliard''' on the [[Names of large numbers#Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers|Peletier long scale]].
+The decay time for a supermassive [[black hole]] of roughly 1&nbsp;galaxy-mass (10<sup>11</sup>&nbsp;[[Solar mass|solar masses]]) due to [[Hawking radiation]] is on the order of 10<sup>100</sup>&nbsp;years.<ref name="page">{{cite journal|last=Page |first=Don N. |title=Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole |journal=Physical Review D |publisher=American Physical Society (APS) |volume=13 |issue=2 |date=1976-01-15 |issn=0556-2821 |doi=10.1103/physrevd.13.198 |pages=198–206|bibcode=1976PhRvD..13..198P}} See in particular equation (27).</ref> Therefore, the [[heat death of the universe|heat death]] of an [[future of an expanding universe|expanding universe]] is lower-bounded to occur at least one googol&nbsp;years in the future.
-==Googolplex ==
-{{Main|googolplex}}
-A googolplex is the number one followed by one googol zeroes, or ten raised to the power of one googol:
-:10<sup>googol</sup> = 10<sup><big>(</big>10<sup>100</sup><big>)</big></sup>.
+A googol is considerably smaller than a [[Names of large numbers|centillion]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Ian |title=Infinity: A Very Short Introduction |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-875523-4 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iewwDgAAQBAJ |access-date=April 15, 2022}}</ref>
-In the documentary ''[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage|Cosmos]]'', physicist and broadcast personality [[Carl Sagan]] estimated that writing a googolplex in base-10 numerals (i.e., "10,000,000,000...") would be physically impossible, since doing so would require more space than the known universe provides.
+== Properties ==
-==Googol and comparable large numbers==
+A googol is approximately equal to <math>70!\approx1.1979\times10^{100}</math> ([[factorial]] of 70). Using an [[Integer (computer science)|integral]], [[binary numeral system]], one would need 333&nbsp;bits to represent a googol, i.e., <math>10^{100}=2^{(100/\mathrm{log}_{10}2)}\approx2^{332.19280949}</math>. However, a googol is well within the maximum bounds of an IEEE&nbsp;754 [[Double-precision floating-point format|double-precision floating point]] type without full precision in the mantissa.
+Using [[modular arithmetic]], the series of [[Modular arithmetic#Residue systems|residues]] (mod&nbsp;''n'') of one&nbsp;googol, starting with mod&nbsp;1, is as follows:
-A googol is greater than the number of atoms in the [[observable universe]], which has been variously estimated from 10<sup>79</sup> up to 10<sup>81</sup><ref>[http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/qauniver.html Estimate] of the number of atoms in the Universe; 10<sup>78</sup> up to 10<sup>81</sup></ref><ref>[http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/oct98/905633072.As.r.html Another estimate] of the number of atoms in the Universe; 4&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>79</sup></ref>.
+:0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 1, 0, 1, 4, 3, 4, 10, 0, 4, 10, 9, 0, 4, 12, 13, 16, 0, 16, 10, 4, 16, 10, 5, 0, 1, 4, 25, 28, 10, 28, 16, 0, 1, 4, 31, 12, 10, 36, 27, 16, 11, 0,&nbsp;... {{OEIS|id=A066298}}
-Fewer than a googol [[Planck time]]s have elapsed since the [[Big Bang]] (the current figure stands at around 8×10<sup>60</sup> Planck times). Similarly, the size of the observable universe is about 9×10<sup>185</sup> cubic [[Planck length]]s.
+This sequence is the same as that of the [[Googolplex#Mod n|residues (mod&nbsp;n)]] of a [[googolplex]] up until the 17th position.
-From the previous figures it can be seen that a list of positions of every particle at every possible instant of time, at the maximum possible accuracy, would contain well over a googol entries (of the order of 10<sup>325</sup>), but still far less than a googolplex.
+== Cultural impact ==
-[[Avogadro's number]], 6.02214179{{e|23}}, is exactly the number of [[Isotopes of carbon|<sup>12</sup>C]] atoms in 12 grams (0.012&nbsp;kg) of unbound <sup>12</sup>C in its ground state. It is perhaps the most widely known large number from [[chemistry]] and [[physics]]. Avogadro's number is less than the fourth root of a googol.
+Widespread sounding of the word occurs through the name of the company [[Google]], with the name "Google" being an accidental misspelling of "googol" by the company's founders,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html |title=Origin of the name "Google" |last=Koller |first=David |date=January 2004 |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=July 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627081942/http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html |archive-date=June 27, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/company.html |title=Google! Beta website |publisher=Google, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990221202430/http://www.google.com/company.html |archive-date=February 21, 1999 |access-date=October 12, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2004, family members of Kasner, who had inherited the right to his book, were considering suing Google for their use of the term "googol";<ref>{{cite web|title= Have your Google people talk to my 'googol' people|date= 16 May 2004|url= https://www.baltimoresun.com/2004/05/16/have-your-google-people-talk-to-my-googol-people/|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140904125042/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2004-05-16/entertainment/0405150243_1_google-googol-internet-search-engine|archive-date= 2014-09-04}}</ref> however, no suit was ever filed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nowlan |first=Robert A. |title=Masters of Mathematics: The Problems They Solved, Why These Are Important, and What You Should Know about Them |publisher=Sense Publishers |year=2017 |isbn=978-9463008938 |location=Rotterdam |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref>
+Since October 2009, Google has been assigning domain names to its servers under the domain "1e100.net", the scientific notation for 1&nbsp;googol, in order to provide a single domain to identify servers across the Google network.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/08/google_mystery_domain/ |title=Google doppelgänger casts riddle over interwebs |date=8 February 2010 |access-date=30 December 2015 |publisher=The Register |author=Cade Metz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180937/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/08/google_mystery_domain/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.google.com/faqs/answer/174717?hl=en |title=What is 1e100.net? |access-date=30 December 2015 |publisher=Google Inc. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109065331/https://support.google.com/faqs/answer/174717?hl=en |archive-date=9 January 2016 }}</ref>
-[[Black hole]]s are presumed to evaporate because they faintly give off [[Hawking radiation]]; if so, a [[supermassive black hole]] would take ''about'' a googol years to evaporate.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/programs/html/prog-content_4-4.html On the dark side], p.4</ref>
+The word is notable for being the subject of the £1&nbsp;million question in a 2001 episode of the British quiz show ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'', when contestant [[Charles Ingram]] was discovered to have [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (British game show)#Charles Ingram cheating scandal|cheated his way through the show]] with the help of a confederate in the studio audience.<ref>{{citation|title=Television's Strangest Moments: Extraordinary But True Tales from the History of Television|first1=Quentin|last1=Falk|first2=Ben|last2=Falk|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|year=2005|isbn=9781861058744|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4L7pA2tKumsC&pg=PA245|pages=245–246|contribution=A Code and a Cough: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (1998–)}}.</ref>
-A googol is roughly equal to the [[factorial]] of 70; this number is 1.1987... {{e|100}}. It follows that there are more than a googol ways to arrange 70 objects into a sequence.
-It would take approximately 11,256 [[SI_prefix#Computing|googbibytes]] (1024<sup>100</sup>) to store every possible product of two primes in the [[RSA]]-1024 bit keyspace.<ref>[http://people.msoe.edu/~chambers/prime_storage.m MATLAB mfile calculating the number of primes and its storage requirements]</ref>
-The [[Shannon number]], 10<sup>120</sup>, a rough lower bound on the number of possible chess games, is more than a googol.
-A googol is considerably less than the number described in the ancient [[Archimedes]]' story of [[The Sand Reckoner]], namely
-:<math>\left((10^8)^{(10^8)}\right)^{(10^8)}=10^{8\cdot 10^{16}}.</math>
-But it should be noted that the system invented by [[Archimedes]] is reminiscent of a [[positional numeral system]] with base 10<sup>8</sup>, so that [[Archimedes]]' number could be written
-:<math>\left[\left((10)^{(10)}\right)^{10}\right]_{10^8}=\left[10^{100}\right]_{10^8},</math>
-that is, one googol in base 10<sup>8</sup>.
-==In popular culture==
-*''Googol'' was the answer to the million-[[Pound Sterling|pound]] question: ''"A number one followed by 100 zeros is known by what name?"'' on ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'' when [[Charles Ingram|Major Charles Ingram]] attempted to defraud the quiz show on [[10 September]] [[2001]]. The other options were a [[Megatron (disambiguation)|megatron]], a [[gigabit]] or a [[nanomole]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2823407.stm Millionaire's route to the top prize]</ref>
-*''Googol'' is one of the 336 vocabulary words in the board game [[Balderdash]], and their definition on the back of the card is "The number one followed by 100 zeros."
-*In the [[January 23]], [[1963]] ''[[Peanuts]]'' strip, [[Lucy van Pelt|Lucy]] asks [[Schroeder (Peanuts)|Schroeder]] what the chances are of them getting married, and Schroeder responds "Oh, I'd say about 'googol' to one."
-*In an episode of the animated series ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Fast Forward]]'', the "Gaminator" video games system is said to have a "3-googolhertz processor."
-*"A googolplex is ''precisely'' as far from infinity as is the number one." — [[Carl Sagan]], ''[[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage#Episode_9:_.22The_Lives_of_the_Stars.22|Cosmos]]''
-*The company name [[Google]] is a misspelling of the word "Googol" made by founders [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]], as described in the book ''The Google Story'' by [[David A. Vise]].
-*Was a question in the [[1995]] film, ''[[The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes (TV)|The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes]]'', when the two colleges were answering against each other. "What is a googol?" was the question. Norwood Gills answered with "One, followed by a hundred zeros".
-*In ''[[Back to the Future III]]'', [[Emmett Brown]] states that Clara was "One in a googolplex"
-*In [[Steve Martin]]'s comedy album [[Comedy Is Not Pretty!]], Martin talks about buying a googolphonic stereo system (which he erroneously describes as having, "the highest number of speakers before infinity...") after not being satisfied with his [[stereophonic]], [[quadraphonic]], then [[dodecaphonic]] systems.
-*In an episode of [[Samurai Jack]], the shape-shifting master of darkness [[Aku]] puts a price on the noble samurai's head of 2 googolplex.
 ==See also==
-*[[Large numbers]]
+* [[Googolplex]]
-*[[Names of large numbers]]
+* [[Graham's number]]
-*[[Googolplex]]
+* [[Skewes' number]]
+* [[Infinity]]
+* [[Names of large numbers]]
 ==References==
+{{Reflist|30em}}
-<!-- This article uses [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]]. Please use this format in the article text when inserting references. Any external link inserted directly into this section will be swiftly deleted. -->{{reflist|2}}
+==External links==
+{{Wiktionary}}
+* {{MathWorld|urlname=Googol|title=Googol}}
+* {{PlanetMath|urlname=Googol|title=Googol}}
+* {{cite web|title=Googol and Googolplex|url=http://www.numberphile.com/videos/googolplex.html|work=Numberphile|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|author=Padilla, Tony|author2=Symonds, Ria|access-date=2013-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329024608/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/googolplex.html|archive-date=2014-03-29|url-status=dead}}
 {{Large numbers}}
-==External links==
-*[http://www.googolgono.tk/ "Googolgono"] History of Google and Googol.
-* {{MathWorld | urlname=Googol | title=Googol}}
-* {{PlanetMath | urlname=Googol | title=googol}}
-*[http://niquette.com/books/101words/tridecab.htm "Tridecabillion"] by Paul Niquette
 [[Category:Large integers]]
 [[Category:Integers]]
+[[Category:Units of amount]]
+[[Category:1920s neologisms]]
-[[ar:جوجول]]
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-[[wuu:古高尔]]
-[[yi:גוגאל]]
-[[zh-yue:Googol]]
-[[zh:古高爾]]