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{{short description|Indian physician (1873–1946)}}
[[Image:Unbrahma.gif|right|thumb|200px|Upendranath Bramachari]][[Rai Bahadur]] '''Sir Upendranath Brahmachari''', [[KIH]] ([[December 19]], [[1873]] - [[February 6]], [[1946]]) was a noted Indian scientist and a leading medical practitioner of his time. He synthesized [[Urea]] Stibamine (carbostibamide) in 1922 and determined that it was an effective substitute for the other [[antimony]]-containing compounds in the treatment of [[Kala-azar]] (Visceral leishmaniasis) which is caused by a [[Protozoa|protozoon]], [[Leishmania]] donovani.
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Rai Bahadur]] [[Sir]]
| name = Upendranath Brahmachari<br />{{small|উপেন্দ্রনাথ ব্রহ্মচারী}}
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|FRSM|FRS}}
| image = Scientist Sir Upendra Nath Brahmachari.png
| caption = Sir Upendranath Brahmachari
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1873|12|19}}
| birth_place = Sardanga, [[Purbasthali]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1946|02|06|1873|12|19}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| children = Phanindra Nath, <br />Brahmachari Nirmal,<br />
Kumar Brahmachari
| spouse = Nani Bala Devi
| fields = [[Medicine]], [[Physician]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Calcutta]]
* Campbell Medical School {{small|(now [[Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital]])}}
* Carmichael Medical College {{small|(now [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]])}}
* [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]]
* [[Calcutta National Medical College|National Medical Institute]]
* [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]
* University College of Science, Calcutta
* [[Indian Red Cross Society]]
* [[Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine]]
* [[Zoological Garden, Alipore|Zoological Garden, Kolkata]]
}}
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* Eastern Railways Boys' High School, Jamalpur
* [[Hooghly Mohsin College]]
* [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]
* [[University of Calcutta]]
}}
| doctoral_advisor = Sir [[Gerald Bomford]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| academic_advisors =
| influenced =
| known_for =
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Emperor of India|Kaisar-i-Hind]] Gold Medal {{small|(1924)}}
* [[Rai Bahadur]] award {{small|(1924)}}
* [[Knight Bachelor|Knighthood]] {{small|(1934)}}
* [[Royal Society of Medicine|Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine, London]]
}}
| signature =
| influences =
}}


[[Rai Bahadur]] '''Sir Upendranath Brahmachari''' {{small|{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|FRSM|FRS}}}} ({{langx|bn|উপেন্দ্রনাথ ব্রহ্মচারী}}; 19 December 1873 – 6 February 1946) was a prominent Indian [[physician]] and [[scientist]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Rajinder |last2=Roy |first2=Syamal |title=U N Brahmachari: Scientific Achievements and Nomination for the Nobel Prize and the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |date=1 March 2019 |volume=54 |issue=1 |doi=10.16943/ijhs/2019/v54i1/49596|doi-access= }}</ref> In 1922, he synthesised [[urea]]-stibamine (carbostibamide) and demonstrated its effectiveness in treating [[kala-azar]] (visceral leishmaniasis).
His discovery led to the saving of millions of lives in India, particularly in the erstwhile province of [[Assam]], where several villages were completely depopulated by the devastating disease. The achievement of Brahmachari was a milestone in successful application of science in medical treatment in the years before arrival of antibiotics, when there were few specific drugs, except [[quinine]] for [[malaria]], [[iron]] for [[anaemia]], [[digitalis]] for heart diseases and [[arsenic]] for [[syphilis]]. All other ailments were treated symptomatically by palliative methods. Urea Stibamine was thus a significant addition to the arsenal of specific medicines.


==Life==
==Early life==
Upendranath Brahmachari was born on 19 December 1873 in [[Jamalpur (India)|Jamalpur]], [[Bihar]]. Also some sources (http://bardhaman.gov.in/personality/emiper.htm) shows his birthplace to be in Sardanga village near Purbasthali, District Burdwan of West Bengal, India. His father Nilmony Brahmachari was a physician in East Indian Railways. His mother's name was Saurabh Sundari Devi. He completed his early education from Eastern Railways Boys' High School, Jamalpur. In 1893, he passed [[Bachelor of Science|B.A.]] degree from [[Hooghly]] Mohsin College with honours in Mathematics and Chemistry. Thereafter he went to study Medicine with Higher Chemistry. He passed his Masters degree in 1894 from the [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]. In M.B. Examination of 1900 of the [[University of Calcutta]], he stood first in Medicine and in Surgery for which he received Goodeve and Macleod awards. He obtained his [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] degree in 1902, and was awarded a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degree in 1904, for his research paper on “Studies in Haemolysis” both from the [[University of Calcutta]]<ref name="UB">{{cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/UNBrahmachari.htm|title=Vigyan Prasar website - Upendra Nath Brahamachari}}</ref>. In 1898, he married Nani Bala Devi.
Brahmachari was born on 19 December 1873 in Sardanga village near Purbasthali, District Burdwan, West Bengal, India. His father, Nilmony Brahmachari, was a physician in East Indian Railways and his mother was Saurabh Sundari Devi. He completed his early education from Eastern Railways Boys' High School in [[Jamalpur, Bihar]]. In 1893, he earned a BA degree from [[Hooghly Mohsin College]] with honours in Mathematics and Chemistry. Following this, Brahmachari pursued further studies in Medicine and Higher Chemistry. In 1894, he obtained a master’s degree from [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]. In 1898, he married Nani Bala Devi.


Brahmachari joined the Provincial Medical Service in September, 1899 and appointed as a teacher of [[Pathology]] and [[Materia Medica]], and physician in the [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital|Dacca Medical School]] in 1901. In 1905, he was appointed as a teacher in Medicine and Physician at the Campbell Medical School, [[Calcutta]], where he carried out most of his work on Kala-azar and made his monumental discovery of '''Urea Stibamine'''. In 1923, he joined as Additional Physician in the [[Calcutta Medical College|Medical College Hospital]]. He retired from the Govt. Service as a physician in 1927. After retirement from the Government service Brahmachari joined the Carmichael Medical College as Professor of Tropical Diseases. He also served the National Medical Institute, in charge of its Tropical Disease Ward. He was also the Head of the Department of Biochemistry and Honorary Professor of Biochemistry at the University College of Science, Calcutta<ref name="UB">{{cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/UNBrahmachari.htm|title=Vigyan Prasar website - Upendra Nath Brahamachari}}</ref>.
In the 1900 M.B. Examination of the [[University of Calcutta]], Brahmachari excelled – first in Medicine and then in Surgery – for which he received the Goodeve and Macleod awards. He earned an MD degree in 1902 and a PhD in 1904 for his research paper on "Studies in Haemolysis", both from the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="UB">{{cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/UNBrahmachari.htm|title=Vigyan Prasar website – Upendra Nath Brahamachari}}</ref>
Around 1924, Brahmachari established the ''Brahmachari Research Institute'' in his own residence in Cornwallis Street (Vidhan Sarani), Kolkata. This institute was later converted into a Partnership concern with his sons Phanindra Nath and Nirmal Kumar. Under his guidance this Institute did quite well both in the fields of research and manufacture of medicine. The institute stopped functioning in 1963<ref name="UB">{{cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/UNBrahmachari.htm|title=Vigyan Prasar website - Upendra Nath Brahamachari}}</ref>.


== Life and career ==
==Social services==

Brahmachari played an important part in the formation of the world's second Blood Bank in Kolkata in 1939. He was the Chairman of the Blood Transfusion Service of Bengal. He was the Vice President of the St. John Ambulance Association of the Bengal branch and also its President. He was the first Indian to become the Chairman of the Managing Body of the Indian Red Cross Society of the Bengal Branch. He generously contributed to the High School in [[Purbasthali]] (in [[Bardhaman district]]) near his ancestral house. The school was later renamed as the ''Purbasthali Nilmony Brahmachari Institution''<ref name="UB">{{cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/UNBrahmachari.htm|title=Vigyan Prasar website - Upendra Nath Brahamachari}}</ref>.
In 1922, Brahmachari discovered a new form of [[leishmaniasis]], which he called dermal leishmanoid. The condition was marked by the appearance of sudden eruptions on the patients’ faces without fever or other symptoms. Brahmachari observed it in partially cured cases of kala-azar as well as in individuals who had no prior history of the disease at all.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brahmachari|first=U. N.|date=April 1922|title=A New Form of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis—Dermal Leishmanoid|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=57|issue=4|pages=125–127|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5186533|pmid=29008368}}</ref> It has since been termed as [[post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis]].


==Awards and honours==
==Awards and honours==
For his achievements, he received many awards. Most notable among them are, the Griffith Memorial Prize of the University of Calcutta, the Minto Medal by the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (1921), the [[Kaisar-i-Hind]] Gold Medal by the Governor General Lord Lytton (1924), [[Knight Bachelor|Knighthood]] by the British Government (1934) and Sir William Jones Medal by the Asiatic Society of Bengal.


[[File:Upendranath Brahmachari Road - Kolkata 2011-10-16 160462.JPG|thumb|250px|Dr. U. N. Brahmachari street renamed from Loudon street, beside Minto park, Kolkata.]]
Brahmachari was a nominee for the [[Nobel Prize]] in 1929 in the category of physiology and medicine. He was president of the 23rd session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian Science Congress|Indian Science Congress]] in Indore (1936). He was the President of the Indian Chemical Society, Calcutta (1936). He was honoured with the fellowships of the Royal Society of Medicine, London and the National Institute of Sciences of India. He was the President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for two years (1928-29). He was also the Vice-Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Indian Museum.


Brahmachari was awarded the title of [[Rai Bahadur]] and the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal]], 1st Class, by the Governor General Lord Lytton (1924).<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32941/supplements/4420 London Gazette, 3 June 1924]</ref> In 1934, he was conferred a [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]] by the British Government.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34056/pages/3557 London Gazette, 1 June 1934]</ref>
The Kolkata Municipal Corporation renamed Loudon Street as Dr. U.N. Brahmachari Street.


Brahmachari was a nominee for the Nobel Prize twice in 1929<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php?prize=3&year=1929|title=Nomination Archive |website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref> and five times in 1942<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php?prize=3&year=1942|title=Nomination Archive|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref> in the category of physiology or medicine although he never received it. Some sources suggest that his ethinicity may have influenced the Nobel committee’s decision.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Indian genius whose discovery saved lakhs of lives globally, got 6 Nobel nominations, allegedly denied due to... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-meet-indian-genius-discovery-saved-lakhs-lives-france-china-nobel-denied-upendranath-brahmachari-black-fever-3067040 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> He served as president of the 23rd session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian Science Congress sessions|Indian Science Congress]] in Indore (1936) and was also president of the Indian Chemical Society in Calcutta (1936). Brahmachari was honoured with fellowships from the Royal Society of Medicine, London, and the Indian National Science Academy. He was the President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for two years (1928–29)<ref name="Deceased Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=F000126 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812232401/http://www.insaindia.org.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=F000126 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=12 August 2016 | title=Deceased Fellow | publisher=INSA | date=2016 | access-date=May 13, 2016}}</ref> and also the vice-chairman of the board of Trustees of the Indian Museum.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/search.php?prize=0&startyear=1901&endyear=1965&cname=&ccity=&cuniversity=&ccountry=99&cgender=A&nname=&ncity=&nuniversity=&ncountry=0&ngender=A | title=Nomination%20archive | date=April 2020 }}</ref>
==Important works==

Some of his important works are<ref name="UB">{{cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/UNBrahmachari.htm|title=Vigyan Prasar website - Upendra Nath Brahamachari}}</ref>:
A 6 storey UNB building named after him has been established at [[Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital]] that houses the Emergency, Medicine, Cardiology and Radiology departments.
# ''Studies in Haemolysis'', University of Calcutta, 1909.

# ''Kala-Azar : Its treatment'', Butterworth & Co. Ltd. Calcutta 1917.
== Important works ==
# ''Kala-Azar'' in Doctor Carl Mense’s ''Handbuch der Tropenkranahaiten'', vol. IV, 1926.
[[File:Number of Deaths from Kala-Azar in Assam.svg|thumb|left|The miracle of urea stibamine, drawn by ''Upendranath Brahmachari'' himself. The death rate was drastically declined from nearly 6300 to 750 within ten years in Assam.]]
# ''Treatise on Kala-Azar'', John Bale, Sons & Danielsson Ltd., London, 1928.
Dr. Brahmachari had over 144 Scientific Publications and had written several books, a partial list of which include:
# ''Campaign against Kala-Azar in India'' in ''Jubilee Publication on the 80th birthday of Dr. Prof. Bernhard Nocht'', Hamburg, 1937.
# Studies in Haemolysis, Calcutta University, 1909.
# ''Progress of Medical Research work in India during the last 25 years, and progress of Science in India, during the past 25 years'', Indian Science Congress Association 1938.
# [[Visceral leishmaniasis|Kala-Azar]] : Its treatment, Butterworth & Co. Ltd. Calcutta 1917.
# ''Gleanings from my Researchers'' Vol. I, University of Calcutta, 1940.
# Kala-Azar in Doctor Carl Mense’s Handbuch der Tropenkranahaiten, vol. IV, 1926.
# ''Gleanings from my Researchers'' Vol. II, University of Calcutta, 1941.
# Treatise on Kala-Azar, John Bale, Son’s & Danielsson Ltd., London, 1928.
# ''Infantile Biliary Cirrhosis in India'' in ''British Encyclopedia of Medical practice'' edited by Sir Humphrey Rolleston.
# Campaign against Kala-Azar in India, Jubilee Publication on the 80th birthday of Dr. Prof. Bernhard Nocht, Hamburg, clique aqui 1937.
# Progress of Medical Research work in India during the last 25 years, an progress of Science in India, during the past 25 years, Indian Science Congress Association 1938.
# Gleanings from my Researchers Vol. I, Calcutta University 1940
# Gleanings from my Researchers Vol. II Calcutta University 1941
# Infantile Biliary Cirrhosis in India in British Encyclopedia of Medical practice. Edited by Sir Humphrey Rolleston


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}


==References==
==References==
Line 40: Line 94:


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050406234706/http://vigyanprasar.com/dream/july2004/english.pdf Profile in ''Dream 2047'']
*[http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/unbhrama.html A short profile]
*[http://nobelprize.org/medicine/nomination/nomination.php?action=show&showid=2791 The Nobel Prize nomination]
*[http://vigyanprasar.com/dream/july2004/english.pdf Profile]


{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmachari, Upendranath}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmachari, Upendranath}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Presidency College, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Calcutta Medical College]]
[[Category:Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]

[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[bn:উপেন্দ্রনাথ ব্রহ্মচারী]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Presidents of The Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital]]
[[Category:Hooghly Mohsin College alumni]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]
[[Category:Scientists from British India]]

Latest revision as of 07:41, 21 December 2024

Rai Bahadur Sir
Upendranath Brahmachari
উপেন্দ্রনাথ ব্রহ্মচারী
FRSM FRS
Sir Upendranath Brahmachari
Born(1873-12-19)19 December 1873
Sardanga, Purbasthali, Bengal Presidency, British India
Died6 February 1946(1946-02-06) (aged 72)
Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India
Alma mater
SpouseNani Bala Devi
ChildrenPhanindra Nath,
Brahmachari Nirmal,
Kumar Brahmachari
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsMedicine, Physician
Institutions
Doctoral advisorSir Gerald Bomford

Rai Bahadur Sir Upendranath Brahmachari FRSM FRS (Bengali: উপেন্দ্রনাথ ব্রহ্মচারী; 19 December 1873 – 6 February 1946) was a prominent Indian physician and scientist.[1] In 1922, he synthesised urea-stibamine (carbostibamide) and demonstrated its effectiveness in treating kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis).

Early life

[edit]

Brahmachari was born on 19 December 1873 in Sardanga village near Purbasthali, District Burdwan, West Bengal, India. His father, Nilmony Brahmachari, was a physician in East Indian Railways and his mother was Saurabh Sundari Devi. He completed his early education from Eastern Railways Boys' High School in Jamalpur, Bihar. In 1893, he earned a BA degree from Hooghly Mohsin College with honours in Mathematics and Chemistry. Following this, Brahmachari pursued further studies in Medicine and Higher Chemistry. In 1894, he obtained a master’s degree from Presidency College, Kolkata. In 1898, he married Nani Bala Devi.

In the 1900 M.B. Examination of the University of Calcutta, Brahmachari excelled – first in Medicine and then in Surgery – for which he received the Goodeve and Macleod awards. He earned an MD degree in 1902 and a PhD in 1904 for his research paper on "Studies in Haemolysis", both from the University of Calcutta.[2]

Life and career

[edit]

In 1922, Brahmachari discovered a new form of leishmaniasis, which he called dermal leishmanoid. The condition was marked by the appearance of sudden eruptions on the patients’ faces without fever or other symptoms. Brahmachari observed it in partially cured cases of kala-azar as well as in individuals who had no prior history of the disease at all.[3] It has since been termed as post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.

Awards and honours

[edit]
Dr. U. N. Brahmachari street renamed from Loudon street, beside Minto park, Kolkata.

Brahmachari was awarded the title of Rai Bahadur and the Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal, 1st Class, by the Governor General Lord Lytton (1924).[4] In 1934, he was conferred a knighthood by the British Government.[5]

Brahmachari was a nominee for the Nobel Prize twice in 1929[6] and five times in 1942[7] in the category of physiology or medicine although he never received it. Some sources suggest that his ethinicity may have influenced the Nobel committee’s decision.[8] He served as president of the 23rd session of the Indian Science Congress in Indore (1936) and was also president of the Indian Chemical Society in Calcutta (1936). Brahmachari was honoured with fellowships from the Royal Society of Medicine, London, and the Indian National Science Academy. He was the President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for two years (1928–29)[9] and also the vice-chairman of the board of Trustees of the Indian Museum.[10]

A 6 storey UNB building named after him has been established at Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital that houses the Emergency, Medicine, Cardiology and Radiology departments.

Important works

[edit]
The miracle of urea stibamine, drawn by Upendranath Brahmachari himself. The death rate was drastically declined from nearly 6300 to 750 within ten years in Assam.

Dr. Brahmachari had over 144 Scientific Publications and had written several books, a partial list of which include:

  1. Studies in Haemolysis, Calcutta University, 1909.
  2. Kala-Azar : Its treatment, Butterworth & Co. Ltd. Calcutta 1917.
  3. Kala-Azar in Doctor Carl Mense’s Handbuch der Tropenkranahaiten, vol. IV, 1926.
  4. Treatise on Kala-Azar, John Bale, Son’s & Danielsson Ltd., London, 1928.
  5. Campaign against Kala-Azar in India, Jubilee Publication on the 80th birthday of Dr. Prof. Bernhard Nocht, Hamburg, clique aqui 1937.
  6. Progress of Medical Research work in India during the last 25 years, an progress of Science in India, during the past 25 years, Indian Science Congress Association 1938.
  7. Gleanings from my Researchers Vol. I, Calcutta University 1940
  8. Gleanings from my Researchers Vol. II Calcutta University 1941
  9. Infantile Biliary Cirrhosis in India in British Encyclopedia of Medical practice. Edited by Sir Humphrey Rolleston

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Singh, Rajinder; Roy, Syamal (1 March 2019). "U N Brahmachari: Scientific Achievements and Nomination for the Nobel Prize and the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London". Indian Journal of History of Science. 54 (1). doi:10.16943/ijhs/2019/v54i1/49596.
  2. ^ "Vigyan Prasar website – Upendra Nath Brahamachari".
  3. ^ Brahmachari, U. N. (April 1922). "A New Form of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis—Dermal Leishmanoid". The Indian Medical Gazette. 57 (4): 125–127. ISSN 0019-5863. PMC 5186533. PMID 29008368.
  4. ^ London Gazette, 3 June 1924
  5. ^ London Gazette, 1 June 1934
  6. ^ "Nomination Archive". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  7. ^ "Nomination Archive". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  8. ^ "Meet Indian genius whose discovery saved lakhs of lives globally, got 6 Nobel nominations, allegedly denied due to..." DNA India. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  9. ^ "Deceased Fellow". INSA. 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  10. ^ "Nomination%20archive". April 2020.

References

[edit]
  1. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy Vol. 4., Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, 1976.
  2. Dictionary of Medical Biography Vol. 1 A-B, Edited by W. F. Bynum and Helen Bynum, Greenwood Press, 2006
[edit]
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