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{{about|the opera house|other uses|Scala}}
{{Short description|Opera house in Milan, Italy}}
{{About|the opera house|other uses|Scala (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:Milano-scalanotte.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The ''Teatro alla Scala'' in [[Milan]], by night]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
The '''Teatro alla Scala''' (or '''La Scala''', as it is also known), in [[Milan]], [[Italy]], is one of the world's most famous [[opera house]]s. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778, under the name ''Nuovo Regio Ducal Teatro alla Scala'' with [[Antonio Salieri|Salieri's]] ''[[Europa riconosciuta]]''.
{{Infobox venue
| logo_image = [[File:Teatro alla Scala.gif|250px]]
| image = Exterior Teatro Alla Scala high quality 01.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt =
| caption = Exterior of La Scala
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption= Location within Milan
| address =
| city = [[Piazza della Scala]], Milan,
| country = Italy
| designation =
| coordinates = {{coord|45|28|03|N|09|11|21|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| architect = [[Giuseppe Piermarini]]
| owner = City of [[Milan]]
| tenant =
| operator =
| capacity = 2,030
| type =
| opened = 1778
| reopened =
| yearsactive =
| rebuilt =
| closed =
| demolished =
| othernames =
| production =
| currentuse =
| publictransit =
| website = {{URL|https://www.teatroallascala.org/en/index.html|Teatro alla Scala}}
}}


'''La Scala''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|l|æ|_|ˈ|s|k|ɑː|l|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|US|l|ɑː|_|-}},<ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/La+Scala "La Scala"]{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/La+Scala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516114542/https://www.lexico.com/definition/la_scala |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2020 |title=La Scala |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPA|it|la ˈskaːla|lang}}; officially {{lang|it|'''Teatro alla Scala'''|italics=no}} {{IPA|it|teˈaːtro alla ˈskaːla|}}, {{lit|Theatre at the Scala}}) is a historic [[opera house]] in [[Milan]], Italy. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as {{lang|it|il Nuovo Regio Ducale Teatro alla Scala}} ({{lit|the New Royal [[Duchy of Milan|Ducal]] Theatre at the Scala}},<ref>{{cite book|title=The La Scala Theatre at Milan|year=1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_5p9PqORegC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Verdi for Kids|page=20|author1=Bauer, Helen|author2=Voigt, Deborah}}</ref> which was the former location of [[Santa Maria della Scala, Milan|a church]]). The premiere performance was [[Antonio Salieri]]'s ''[[Europa riconosciuta]]''.
La Scala's season traditionally opens on 7 December, [[Saint Ambrose]]'s Day, the feast day of Milan's [[patron saint]]. All performances must end before midnight; long operas start earlier in the evening if need be. Ticketholders are not allowed to enter after the performance has begun.


Most of Italy's greatest operatic artists, and many of the finest singers from around the world, have appeared at La Scala. The theatre is regarded as one of the leading opera and ballet theatres globally. It is home to the La Scala Theatre Chorus, [[La Scala Theatre Ballet]], La Scala Theatre Orchestra, and the Filarmonica della Scala orchestra. The theatre also has an associate school, known as the La Scala Theatre Academy ({{langx|it|Accademia Teatro alla Scala|links=no}}), which offers professional training in music, dance, stagecraft, and stage management.
The '''La Scala Museum''' ('''[[Museo Teatrale alla Scala]]'''), accessible from the theatre's foyer and a part of the house, contains an extraordinary collection of paintings, drafts, statues, costumes, and other documents regarding opera and La Scala's history.

==Overview==
[[File:Milano-scalanotte e.jpg|thumb|300px|The Teatro alla Scala in Milan, by night]]
La Scala's season opens on 7 December, [[Saint Ambrose]]'s Day, the feast day of Milan's [[patron saint]]. All performances must end before midnight, and long operas start earlier in the evening when necessary.

The [[Museo Teatrale alla Scala]] (La Scala Theatre Museum), accessible from the theatre's foyer and a part of the house, contains a collection of paintings, drafts, statues, costumes, and other documents regarding the history of La Scala and of opera in general. La Scala also hosts the Accademia d'Arti e Mestieri dello Spettacolo (Academy for the Performing Arts). Its goal is to train a new generation of young musicians, technical staff, and dancers (at the [[Scuola di Ballo del Teatro alla Scala]], one of the academy's divisions).

Above the boxes, La Scala has a gallery—called the ''loggione''—where the less wealthy can watch the performances. The gallery is typically crowded with the most critical opera aficionados, known as the loggionisti, who can be ecstatic or merciless towards singers' perceived successes or failures.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2012|title=Cecilia Bartoli triumphs at La Scala amidst catcalls and boos|url=https://www.gramilano.com/2012/12/cecilia-bartoli-triumphs-at-la-scala-amidst-catcalls-and-boos/|access-date=16 October 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref> For their failures, artists receive a "[[baptism of fire]]" from these aficionados, and fiascos are long remembered. For example, in 2006, tenor [[Roberto Alagna]] left the stage after being booed during a performance of ''[[Aida]]'', forcing his [[understudy]], [[Antonello Palombi]], to quickly replace him mid-scene without time to change into a costume. Alagna did not return to the production.<ref name="NYT Alagna Aida article">{{cite news|last=Wakin|first=Daniel J.|title=After La Scala Boos, a Tenor Boos Back|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/13/arts/music/13teno.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 December 2006|access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref>


La Scala also hosts the '''Accademia d’Arti e Mestieri dello Spettacolo''' (Academy for the Performing Arts). Its goal is to train a new generation of young musicians, technical staff, and dancers (at the [[Scuola di Ballo del Teatro alla Scala]], one of the Academy's divisions).
==History==
==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2017|reason=6 paragraphs without citations}}
[[Image:XIX century print, Piazza della Scala, Milano.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A nineteenth-century depiction of the Teatro alla Scala]]
[[File:XIX century print, Piazza della Scala, Milano.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A nineteenth-century depiction of the Teatro alla Scala]]
A fire destroyed the previous theatre, the [[Teatro Regio Ducal]], on 25 February 1776, after a [[carnival]] gala. A group of ninety wealthy Milanese, who owned ''palchi'' (private boxes) in the theatre, wrote to Archduke [[Archduke_Ferdinand_of_Austria-Este|Ferdinand of Austria-Este]] asking for a new theatre and a provisional one to be used while completing the new one. The [[neoclassicism|neoclassical]] architect [[Giuseppe Piermarini]] produced an initial design but it was rejected by Count Firmian (the governor of the then Austrian [[Lombardy]]).
A fire destroyed the previous theatre, the [[Teatro Regio Ducale]], on 25 February 1776, after a [[carnival]] gala. A group of ninety wealthy Milanese, who owned private boxes in the theatre, wrote to [[Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este]] asking for a new theatre and a provisional one to be used while completing the new one. The [[neoclassicism|neoclassical]] architect [[Giuseppe Piermarini]] produced an initial design. However, it was rejected by Count Firmian (the governor of the then Austrian [[Lombardy]]).
[[Image:La Scala interior.jpg|thumb|left|The new interior of the theatre.|250px]]
A second plan was accepted in 1776 by Empress [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]]. The new theatre was built on the former location of the church of Santa Maria della Scala, from which the theatre gets its name. The church was deconsecrated and demolished, and over a period of two years the theatre was completed by Pietro Marliani, Pietro Nosetti and Antonio and Giuseppe Fe.
This theatre had a total over 3,000 seats organized into 678 pit-stalls, arranged in six tiers of boxes above which is the 'loggione' or two galleries. Now the stage is one of the largest in Italy (16.15m d x 20.4m w x 26m h).


A second plan was accepted in 1776 by Empress [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]]. The new theatre was built on the former location of the church of [[Santa Maria della Scala, Milan|Santa Maria della Scala]], from which the theatre gets its name. The church was deconsecrated and demolished. Over a period of two years, the theatre was completed by Pietro Marliani, Pietro Nosetti, and Antonio and Giuseppe Fe. The theatre had a total of "3,000 or so" seats{{sfn|Beauvert|Moatti|Kleinefenn|1995|p=80}} organized into 678 pit-stalls, arranged in six tiers of boxes above which is the 'loggione' or two galleries. Its stage is one of the largest in Italy (16.15m d x 20.4m w x 26m h).
Building expenses were covered by the sale of palchi, which were lavishly decorated by their owners, impressing observers such as [[Stendhal]]. La Scala (as it soon became to be known) soon became the preeminent meeting place for noble and wealthy Milanese people. In the tradition of the times, the ''platea'' (the main floor) had no chairs and spectators watched the shows standing up. The orchestra was in full sight, as the ''golfo mistico'' (orchestra pit) had not yet been built.


Building expenses were covered by the sale of boxes, which were lavishly decorated by their owners, impressing observers such as [[Stendhal]]. La Scala (as it came to be known) soon became the preeminent meeting place for noble and wealthy Milanese people. In the tradition of the times, the main floor had no chairs, and spectators watched the shows standing up. The orchestra was in full sight, as the orchestra pit had not yet been built.
Above the boxes, La Scala has always had a gallery where the less wealthy can watch the performances. It is called the ''loggione''. <!-- not sure what this means: the ''croce e delizia'' of every singer. --> The loggione is typically crowded with the most critical opera aficionados, who can be ecstatic or merciless towards singers' perceived successes or failures. La Scala's loggione is considered a baptism of fire in the opera world, and fiascos are long remembered. (One recent incident occurred in 2006 when tenor [[Roberto Alagna]] was booed off the stage during a performance of ''[[Aida|Aïda]]'', forcing an [[understudy]], [[Antonello Palombi]], to replace him mid-scene wearing nothing but a pair of jeans and a t-shirt.)
As with most of the theaters at that time, La Scala was also a [[casino]], with gamblers sitting in the foyer.<ref>Mallach, Alan, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=foOntoqFSc0C&pg=RA1-PA165&dq=%22la+scala%22+opera++gambling&as_brr=3 ''The autumn of Italian opera''], [[University Press of New England]], 2007, p. 165. ISBN 1555536832</ref> Conditions in the auditorium, too, could be frustrating for the opera lover, as [[Mary Shelley]] discovered in September 1840:
<blockquote>At the Opera they were giving the ''Templario''. Unfortunately, as is well known, the theatre of La Scala serves, not only as the universal drawing-room for all the society of Milan, but every sort of trading transaction, from horse-dealing to stock-jobbing, is carried on in the pit; so that brief and far between are the snatches of melody one can catch.<ref>Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, [http://books.google.com/books?id=MggMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA111 Rambles in Germany and Italy in 1840, 1842, and 1843'']], 2 vols (London: Edward Moxon, 1844), <small>I</small>, p. 111.</ref></blockquote>


As with most of the theatres at that time, La Scala was also a [[casino]], with gamblers sitting in the foyer.{{sfn|Mallach|2007|p=165}} Conditions in the auditorium, too, could be frustrating for the opera lover, as [[Mary Shelley]] discovered in September 1840:
La Scala was originally illuminated with eighty-four oil lamps mounted on the ''palcoscenico'' and another thousand in the rest of theater. To prevent the risks of fire, several rooms were filled with hundreds of water buckets. In time, oil lamps were replaced by gas lamps, these in turn were replaced by electric lights in 1883.


<blockquote>At the Opera they were giving [[Otto Nicolai]]'s ''[[Il templario|Templario]]''. Unfortunately, as is well known, the theatre of La Scala serves, not only as the universal drawing-room for all the society of Milan but every sort of trading transaction, from horse-dealing to [[stockjobber|stock-jobbing]], is carried on in the pit; so that brief and far between are the snatches of melody one can catch.{{sfn|Shelley|1844|p=111}}</blockquote>
The original structure was renovated in 1907, when it was given its current layout with 2,800 seats. In 1943, during [[World War II|WWII]], La Scala was severely damaged by bombing. It was rebuilt and reopened on 11 May 1946, with a memorable concert conducted by [[Arturo Toscanini]], with a soprano solo by [[Renata Tebaldi]], which created a sensation.


La Scala was originally illuminated with 84 oil lamps mounted on the stage and another thousand in the rest of the theatre. To reduce the risks of fire, several rooms were filled with hundreds of water buckets. In time, oil lamps were replaced by gas lamps; these, in turn, were replaced by electric lights in 1883.
La Scala hosted the ''prima'' (first production) of many famous operas, and had a special relationship with [[Giuseppe Verdi]]. For several years, however, Verdi did not allow his work to be played here, as some of his music had been modified (he said "corrupted") by the orchestra. This dispute originated in a disagreement over the production of his ''[[Giovanna d'Arco]]'' in 1845; however the composer later conducted his ''[[Requiem (Verdi)|Requiem]]'' there on 25 May 1874, and in 1886 announced that La Scala would host the premiere of his opera ''[[Otello]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=First Nights at the Opera |first=Thomas Forrest |last=Kelly |pages=317 |url=http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0300100442&id=2QBOZH0C6OAC&pg=RA1-PA317&lpg=RA1-PA317&vq=%22la+scala%22&sig=XsK4MVc7V2FIlC1PPIU_qoxqNwY |year=2004 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300100442 }}</ref> The premiere of his last opera, ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]'' was also given in the theatre.
[[File:Milano Teatro alla Scala Postkarte 001.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Interior of the opera house in 1900]]
The original structure was renovated in 1907 when it was given its current layout with 1,987 seats. In 1943, during [[World War II]], La Scala was severely damaged by [[Bombing of Milan in World War II|bombing]]. It was rebuilt and reopened on 11 May 1946, with a memorable concert conducted by [[Arturo Toscanini]]—twice La Scala's principal conductor and an associate of the composers [[Giuseppe Verdi]] and [[Giacomo Puccini]]—with a soprano solo by [[Renata Tebaldi]], which created a sensation.


La Scala hosted the first productions of many famous operas and had a special relationship with Verdi. However, for several years, Verdi did not allow his work to be played here, as some of his music had been modified (he said "corrupted") by the orchestra. This dispute originated in a disagreement over the production of his ''[[Giovanna d'Arco]]'' in 1845; however, the composer later conducted his ''[[Requiem (Verdi)|Requiem]]'' there on 25 May 1874. He announced in 1886 that La Scala would host the premiere of what was to become his penultimate opera, ''[[Otello]]''.{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=317}} The premiere of his last opera, ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]'' was also given in the theatre.
In 1982, the [[Filarmonica della Scala]] was established, drawing its members from the larger pool of musicians that comprise the Orchestra della Scala.

===Filarmonica della Scala===

In 1982, the Filarmonica della Scala orchestra was established to develop a symphonic repertoire to add to La Scala's operatic tradition,<ref name=filarmonica>{{Cite web |title=Filarmonica della Scala – About Us, History |website=filarmonica.it |access-date=27 October 2020 |url=https://www.filarmonica.it/biografia.php?lang=en |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031021124/https://www.filarmonica.it/biografia.php?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> the orchestra drawing its members from the larger pool of musicians that comprise the Orchestra della Scala. The Filarmonica was conducted first by [[Carlo Maria Giulini]], then by [[Riccardo Muti]], plus many collaborative relations with some of the greatest conductors of the time.<ref name=filarmonica/>


==Recent developments==
==Recent developments==

===1950s===

As early as 1958 R. Vermeulen of Philips Electronics experimented with "loudspeakers for stereo reverberation" at La Scala, which were "concealed in the cove along the ceiling".<ref> Vermeuelen, Roeleof. “Stereo-Reverberation.” Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 6:2 (April 1958), 124–130. [Article includes photograph and installation diagram.]</ref>

===Major renovation, 2002 to 2004===
===Major renovation, 2002 to 2004===
[[Image:Milano scala piazza.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The exterior of La Scala photographed in 2005]]
[[File:Milano scala piazza.jpg|thumb|300px|The exterior of La Scala in 2005 after the 2002/04 renovations]]
Following the traditional 7 December 2001 season opening performances of ''Otello'', which ran through December, the theatre was closed for renovation<ref>[http://www.teatroallascala.org/en/teatroPiermarini/presentazione_piermarini_page_4.html La Scala’s website on the closing of the theatre in late December 2001]</ref> and, from 19 January 2002 to November 2004, the opera company was transferred to the new [[Teatro degli Arcimboldi]], built in the Pirelli-Bicocca industrial area 4.5 miles from the city centre.
The theatre underwent a major renovation from early 2002 to late 2004. The theatre closed following the traditional 7 December 2001 season-opening performances of ''Otello'', which ran through December. From 19 January 2002 to November 2004, the opera company transferred to the new [[Teatro degli Arcimboldi]], built in the Pirelli-Bicocca industrial area {{convert|4.5|mi|km}} from the city center.
The renovation by the renowned [[architect]] [[Mario Botta]] proved controversial, as preservationists feared that historic details would be lost; however, the opera company was said to be impressed with improvements to the structure and the sound quality, which was enhanced when the heavy red carpets in the hall were removed. The stage was entirely re-constructed, and an enlarged backstage will allow more sets to be stored, permitting more productions, and the seats now include monitors for the [[Electronic libretto| electronic libretto system]], allowing audiences to follow opera libretti in English and Italian in addition to the original language.


[[File:Teatro alla Scala interior Milan.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The theatre's restored interior]]
Conducted by [[Riccardo Muti]], the opera house re-opened on 7 December 2004 with a production of [[Antonio Salieri|Salieri's]] ''[[Europa riconosciuta]]'', the opera which was performed at La Scala's inauguration in 1778. <ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/story/arts/national/2004/11/05/Arts/lascalareopen041105.html "La Scala revamp finished early", 5 November 2004, Canadian Broadcasting Company website]</ref>. Tickets for the re-opening fetched up to €2,000. The renovations cost a reported €61 million, and left a budget shortfall that the opera house did not overcome until 2006.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4297413.stm "La Scala board fires top official", 25 February 2005, BBC News website]</ref>
The renovation by [[architect]] [[Mario Botta]] proved controversial, as preservationists feared that historic details would be lost.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riding |first=Alan |date=5 December 2004 |title=La Scala Proudly Emerges From a Drama of Its Own |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/05/arts/music/la-scala-proudly-emerges-from-a-drama-of-its-own.html |access-date=2 May 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2002 |title=Critics say restoration has ruined La Scala |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/dec/10/italy.arts |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> However, the opera company was satisfied with the improvements to the structure and the sound quality, which was enhanced when the heavy red carpets in the hall were removed. The stage was entirely rebuilt, and an enlarged backstage allows more sets to be stored, permitting more productions.


Seats now include monitors for the [[Electronic libretto|electronic libretto system]] provided by [[Radio Marconi]], an Italian company, allowing audiences to follow opera libretti in English and Italian in addition to the original language.
===Management controversies and changes, 2005 onward===
Carlo Fontana, the general manager of La Scala since 1990, was dismissed in February 2005 by the board of governors over differences with the music director, [[Riccardo Muti]]. The resulting staff backlash has caused serious disruptions and staff strikes. In a statement, the theater's board said it was "urgent to unify the theatre's management". On 16 March 2005, the La Scala orchestra and other staff voted overwhelmingly in no confidence motion against Muti, and demanded the resignation of Fontana's replacement, Mauro Meli. Muti had already been forced to cancel a concert a few days earlier because of the disagreements. Italy's culture minister, Giuliano Urbani, supported the conductor, but called for urgent action by management to safeguard the smooth operation and prestige of La Scala. On 2 April 2005, Muti resigned from La Scala, citing "hostility" from staff members.


The opera house re-opened on 7 December 2004 with a production, conducted by [[Riccardo Muti]], of [[Antonio Salieri|Salieri's]] ''[[Europa riconosciuta]]'', the opera performed at La Scala's inauguration in 1778.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/la-scala-revamp-finished-early-1.497267| title=La Scala revamp finished early| date=5 November 2004| newspaper=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> Tickets for the re-opening fetched up to €2,000.<ref name=BBC_fires_official>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4297413.stm| title=La Scala board fires top official| date=25 February 2005| newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
In May 2005 [[Stéphane Lissner]], who came from the [[Aix-en-Provence Festival]], was appointed as General Manager and Artistic Director of La Scala and on 15 May 2006, [[Daniel Barenboim]] was named Principal Guest Conductor.


The renovations cost a reported €61&nbsp;million and left a budget shortfall that the opera house overcame in 2006.<ref name=BBC_fires_official />
La Scala generated controversy in December 2008 when it removed tenor Giuseppe Filianoti for the season-opening premiere of "Don Carlo" after he made some mistakes during a dress rehearsal. He was replaced by American tenor Stuart Neill.<ref>Hooper, John, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/08/la-scala-classical-music-opera "Opening night row as La Scala switches tenor"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 8 December 2008. Accessed 30 April 2009.</ref>.


===2005 onward===
==Principal conductors/Music directors of La Scala==
* [[Daniel Barenboim]], (2006–) ''(as Principal Guest Conductor)''
[[File:Barenboim Vienna.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Daniel Barenboim]] (at the Musikverein, Vienna, 2008)]]
Carlo Fontana, the general manager of La Scala since 1990, was dismissed in February 2005 by the board of governors over differences with the music director, [[Riccardo Muti]]. The resulting staff backlash caused serious disruptions and staff strikes. In a statement, the theatre's board said it was "urgent to unify the theatre's management". On 16 March 2005, the La Scala orchestra and other staff overwhelmingly approved a no-confidence motion against Muti. They demanded the resignation of Fontana's replacement, Mauro Meli. Muti had already been forced to cancel a concert a few days earlier because of the disagreements. Italy's culture minister, [[Giuliano Urbani]], supported the conductor but called for urgent action by management to safeguard the smooth operation and prestige of La Scala. On 2 April 2005, Muti resigned from La Scala, citing "hostility" from staff members. {{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
*[[Riccardo Muti]], (1986–2005)

*[[Claudio Abbado]], (1968–1986)
In May 2005, [[Stéphane Lissner]], formerly head of the [[Aix-en-Provence Festival]], was appointed General Manager and artistic director of La Scala, becoming the first non-Italian in its history to hold the office. On 15 May 2006, [[Daniel Barenboim]] was named ''Maestro Scaligero'', or ''de facto'' principal guest conductor of the company. In October 2011, Barenboim was appointed the next music director of La Scala, effective December 2011, with an initial contract of 5 years.<ref>{{cite news| title=Barenboim to head La Scala| url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/classical-music-news/barenboim-to-head-la-scala| work=[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]]| location=London| date=14 October 2011| access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>
* ''No music director between 1956 and 1968''

*[[Guido Cantelli]], (1956) ''(Died in an airplane crash<br>one week after his appointment)''
In December 2013, management named [[Riccardo Chailly]] the next music director of La Scala, effective 1 January 2015.<ref name=Chailly>[http://www.gramophone.co.uk/classical-music-news/riccardo-chailly-to-be-la-scalas-new-music-director It's official: Riccardo Chailly to be La Scala's new music director], ''Gramophone'' (London). 10 December 2013.</ref>
*[[Carlo Maria Giulini]], (1953–1956)

*[[Victor de Sabata]], (1930–1953)
Stéphane Lissner left La Scala for the [[Paris Opera]]. His successor {{Interlanguage link multi|Alexander Pereira|de}}, formerly director of the [[Salzburg Festival]], began his tenure on 1 October 2014.<ref>{{cite news| title=Alexander Pereira to Begin La Scala Tenure in October 2014, Year Earlier Than Originally Announced| url=http://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2013/7/News/Pereira_to_La_Scala_2014.html| work=[[Opera News]]| date=19 July 2013| access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> In June 2019 it was announced that Pereira will leave in 2020 and will be replaced by [[Dominique Meyer]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/article195693091/Teatro-alla-Scala-Meyer-soll-Pereira-in-Mailand-abloesen.html|title=Teatro alla Scala: Meyer soll Pereira in Mailand ablösen|last=Brug|first=Manuel|date=22 June 2019|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref>
*[[Arturo Toscanini]], (1921–1929)

* ''La Scala closed from 1918 to 1920''
La Scala was originally selected to host the opening ceremony of the [[134th IOC Session]] in 2019, but the event was moved to [[Lausanne]], Switzerland after Milan submitted a [[Milan–Cortina d'Ampezzo bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics|joint bid]] with [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]] for the [[2026 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite press release| url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-elects-milan-as-host-of-the-ioc-session-in-2019| title=IOC Elects Milan as Host of the IOC Session in 2019| date=15 September 2017| publisher=International Olympic Committee| access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>
*[[Tullio Serafin]], (1917–1918)

*Tullio Serafin, (1909–1914)
==Principal conductors or music directors==
*Arturo Toscanini, (1898–1908)
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
*[[Franco Faccio]], (1871–1889)<ref>{{cite book |title=The Verdi-Boito Correspondence |first=Giuseppe |last=Verdi |coauthors=Arrigo Boito, Marcello Conati, Mario Medici |others=trans. William Weaver |year=1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226853047 |page=42 |url=http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0226853047&id=GmKbbB79GwoC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&vq=faccio&sig=5M6OkBA88IqZ3HtXT7sucOdeS58 }}</ref>
* [[Antônio Carlos Gomes]] (1836–1896)
* [[Franco Faccio]] (1871–1889){{sfn|Conati|Medici|1994|p=42}}
* [[Arturo Toscanini]] (1898–1903)
* [[Cleofonte Campanini]] (1903–1905)
* [[Leopoldo Mugnone]] (1905–1906)
* Arturo Toscanini (1906–1907)
* [[Edoardo Vitale]] (1907–1910)
* [[Tullio Serafin]] (1910–1914)
* [[Gino Marinuzzi]] (1914–1917)
* Tullio Serafin (1917–1918)
* ''La Scala was closed from 1918 to 1920''
* Arturo Toscanini (1921–1929)
* [[Victor de Sabata]] (1929–1953)
* [[Carlo Maria Giulini]] (1953–1956)
* [[Guido Cantelli]] (1956)<ref>Cantelli died in an airplane crash one week after his appointment.</ref>
* [[Antonino Votto]] (1956–1965)
* [[Gianandrea Gavazzeni]] (1965–1968)
* [[Claudio Abbado]] (1968–1986)
* [[Riccardo Muti]] (1986–2005)
* ''The position was vacant from April 2005 to December 2007''
* [[Daniel Barenboim]] (2007–2014)
* [[Riccardo Chailly]] (2015–''present'')
{{Div col end}}


==Premieres==
==Premieres==
:''See: [[:Category:Opera world premieres at La Scala]]''
{{col-begin}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
{{col-break}}
* 2007: ''[[Teneke (opera)|Teneke]] by [[Fabio Vacchi]]
* 1988: ''Montag aus [[Licht]]'' by [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]
* 1984: ''Samstag aus Licht'' by Karlheinz Stockhausen
* 1957: ''[[Dialogues of the Carmelites]]'' by [[Francis Poulenc]]
* 1926: ''[[Turandot]]'' by [[Giacomo Puccini]]
* 1924: ''[[Nerone (Boito)|Nerone]]'' by [[Arrigo Boito]]
* 1904: ''[[Madama Butterfly]]'' by Giacomo Puccini
* 1893: ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]'' by [[Giuseppe Verdi]]
* 1892: ''[[La Wally]]'' by [[Alfredo Catalani]]
* 1889: ''[[Edgar (opera)|Edgar]]'' by Giacomo Puccini
* 1887: ''[[Otello]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1885: ''[[Marion Delorme]]'' by [[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
* 1876: ''[[La Gioconda (opera)|La Gioconda]]'' by Amilcare Ponchielli
* 1870: ''[[Il Guarany]]'' by [[Carlos Gomes]]
* 1868: ''[[Mefistofele]]'' by [[Arrigo Boito]]
{{col-break}}
* 1845: ''[[Giovanna d'Arco]] by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1843: ''[[I Lombardi alla prima crociata]] by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1842: ''[[Nabucco]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1840: ''[[Un giorno di regno]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1839: ''[[Oberto (opera)|Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1835: ''[[Maria Stuarda]]'' by [[Gaetano Donizetti]]
* 1833: ''[[Lucrezia Borgia (opera)| Lucrezia Borgia]]'' by Gaetano Donizetti
* 1831: ''[[Norma (opera)|Norma]]'' by [[Vincenzo Bellini]]
* 1829: ''[[La straniera]]'' by Vincenzo Bellini
* 1827: ''[[Il pirata]]'' by Vincenzo Bellini
* 1820: ''[[Margherita d'Anjou]] by [[Giacomo Meyerbeer]]
* 1814: ''[[Il turco in Italia]]'' by [[Gioachino Rossini]]
* 1813: ''[[Aureliano in Palmira]]'' by Gioachino Rossini
* 1812: ''[[La pietra del paragone]]'' by Gioachino Rossini
* 1778: ''[[Europa riconosciuta]]'' by [[Antonio Salieri]]
* 1778: ''[[Europa riconosciuta]]'' by [[Antonio Salieri]]
* 1794: ''[[Demofoonte]]'' by [[Marcos Portugal]]
{{col-end}}
* 1800: ''Idante, ovvero I sacrifici d'Ecate'' by Marcos Portugal

* 1812: ''[[La pietra del paragone]]'' by [[Gioachino Rossini]]
==Notes==
* 1813: ''[[Aureliano in Palmira]]'' by Gioachino Rossini
<references />
* 1814: ''[[Il turco in Italia]]'' by Gioachino Rossini
* 1820: ''[[Margherita d'Anjou]]'' by [[Giacomo Meyerbeer]]
* 1827: ''[[Il pirata]]'' by [[Vincenzo Bellini]]
* 1829: ''[[La straniera]]'' by Vincenzo Bellini
* 1831: ''[[Norma (opera)|Norma]]'' by Vincenzo Bellini
* 1833: ''[[Lucrezia Borgia (opera)|Lucrezia Borgia]]'' by [[Gaetano Donizetti]]
* 1835: ''[[Maria Stuarda]]'' by Gaetano Donizetti
* 1839: ''[[Oberto (opera)|Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio]]'' by [[Giuseppe Verdi]]
* 1840: ''[[Un giorno di regno]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1842: ''[[Nabucco]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1843: ''[[I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1845: ''[[Giovanna d'Arco]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1868: ''[[Mefistofele]]'' by [[Arrigo Boito]]
* 1870: ''[[Il Guarany]]'' by [[Antônio Carlos Gomes]]
* 1873: ''[[Fosca (opera)|Fosca]]'' by Antônio Carlos Gomes
* 1876: ''[[La Gioconda (opera)|La Gioconda]]'' by [[Amilcare Ponchielli]]
* 1879: ''[[Maria Tudor]]'' by Antônio Carlos Gomes
* 1885: ''[[Marion Delorme]]'' by Amilcare Ponchielli
* 1887: ''[[Otello]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1889: ''[[Edgar (opera)|Edgar]]'' by [[Giacomo Puccini]]
* 1892: ''[[La Wally]]'' by [[Alfredo Catalani]]
* 1893: ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* 1904: ''[[Madama Butterfly]]'' by Giacomo Puccini
* 1924: ''[[Nerone (Boito)|Nerone]]'' by Arrigo Boito
* 1926: ''[[Turandot]]'' by Giacomo Puccini
* 1957: ''[[Dialogues of the Carmelites]]'' by [[Francis Poulenc]]
* 1981: ''[[Donnerstag aus Licht]]'' by [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]
* 1984: ''[[Samstag aus Licht]]'' by Karlheinz Stockhausen
* 1988: ''[[Montag aus Licht]]'' by Karlheinz Stockhausen
* 2007: ''[[Teneke (opera)|Teneke]]'' by [[Fabio Vacchi]]
* 2011: ''Quartett'' by [[Luca Francesconi]]
{{Div col end}}


==References==
==References==
===Notes===
*Beauvert, Thierry, ''Opera Houses of the World'', New York: The Vendome Press, 1995
{{Reflist|30em}}


==See also==
===Sources===
*{{cite book| last1=Beauvert| first1=Thierry| first2=Jacques| last2=Moatti| first3=Florian| last3=Kleinefenn| name-list-style=amp| title=Opera Houses of the World| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLo5AQAAIAAJ&q=La+Scala| location=New York| publisher=The Vendome Press| year=1995| isbn=978-0-86565-977-3|url-access=subscription }}
* [[Milan Symphony Orchestra]]
*{{cite book| editor1-last=Conati| editor1-first=Marcello| editor2-first=Mario| editor2-last=Medici|translator=William Weaver|year=1994| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmKbbB79GwoC&q=faccio&pg=PA42| title=The Verdi-Boito Correspondence| location=Chicago| publisher=University of Chicago Press| isbn=978-0-226-85304-8}}
* [[Museo Teatrale alla Scala]]
* {{cite book|title=First Nights at the Opera|first=Thomas Forrest|last=Kelly|author-link=Thomas Forrest Kelly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QBOZH0C6OAC&q=%22la+scala%22&pg=RA1-PA317|year=2004|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-10044-0}}
*{{cite book| last=Mallach| first=Alan| date=30 November 2007| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foOntoqFSc0C&q=%22la+scala%22+opera++gambling&pg=RA1-PA165| title=The Autumn of Italian Opera: From Verismo to Modernism, 1890–1915| location=Lebanon, NH| publisher=[[University Press of New England]]| isbn=978-1-55553-683-1}}
* {{cite book| last=Shelley| first=Mary| author-link=Mary Shelley| page=111| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MggMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA111| title=Rambles in Germany and Italy in 1840, 1842, and 1843 |location=London| publisher=Edward Moxon| year=1844| volume=I}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons|Teatro alla Scala di Milano}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Teatro alla Scala}}
* [http://www.teatroallascala.org La Scala official website]
* {{Official website|http://www.teatroallascala.org}}
* [http://www.accademialascala.it/ Accademia Teatro Alla Scala official website]
* [http://www.accademialascala.it/ Accademia Teatro alla Scala official website]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4430214.stm David Willey, "La Scala faces uncertain future", BBC News online, 12 November 2005]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4430214.stm David Willey, "La Scala faces uncertain future", BBC News online, 12 November 2005]
* [https://www.zoomo.ca/image/xAvd Zoomable image of the interior] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091811/https://www.zoomo.ca/image/xAvd |date=6 September 2017 }}
* [http://www.wyastone.co.uk/nrl/pvoce/7858c.html Toscanini's reforms at La Scala]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060205093526/http://www.wyastone.co.uk/nrl/pvoce/7858c.html Toscanini's reforms at La Scala]
* [http://milan.arounder.com/teatro_alla_scala/ Virtual Tour]
* [http://milan.arounder.com/teatro_alla_scala/ Virtual tour]
* [http://sitzplatzvorschau.de/teatro_alla_scala_milano/ Seat preview – Photo and sweep panorama overlooking the stage from every seat]


{{Milan landmarks|state=collapsed}}
{{coord|45|28|04|N|9|11|19|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Music venues in Italy}}
{{Portal bar|Opera}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Scala, La}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scala, La}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Milan]]
[[Category:La Scala| ]]
[[Category:Italian orchestras]]
[[Category:Music in Milan]]
[[Category:Music in Milan]]
[[Category:Music venues completed in 1778]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in Milan]]
[[Category:Opera history]]
[[Category:Opera houses in Italy]]
[[Category:Opera houses in Italy]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Milan]]
[[Category:Theatres completed in 1778]]
[[Category:1778 architecture]]
[[Category:Theatres in Milan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Milan]]

[[Category:Giuseppe Piermarini buildings]]
[[ar:لا سكالا]]
[[Category:1778 establishments in Italy]]
[[be:La Scala]]
[[Category:18th-century architecture in Italy]]
[[br:Teatro alla Scala]]
[[Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures in Italy]]
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[[zh:斯卡拉大劇院]]

Latest revision as of 18:09, 12 November 2024

This article is about the opera house. For other uses, see Scala (disambiguation).

La Scala
Exterior of La Scala
Map
AddressPiazza della Scala, Milan,
Italy
Coordinates45°28′03″N 09°11′21″E / 45.46750°N 9.18917°E / 45.46750; 9.18917
OwnerCity of Milan
Capacity2,030
Construction
Opened1778
ArchitectGiuseppe Piermarini
Website
Teatro alla Scala

La Scala (UK: /læ ˈskɑːlə/, US: /lɑː -/,[1] Italian: [la ˈskaːla]; officially Teatro alla Scala [teˈaːtro alla ˈskaːla], lit. 'Theatre at the Scala') is a historic opera house in Milan, Italy. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as il Nuovo Regio Ducale Teatro alla Scala (lit. 'the New Royal Ducal Theatre at the Scala',[2][3] which was the former location of a church). The premiere performance was Antonio Salieri's Europa riconosciuta.

Most of Italy's greatest operatic artists, and many of the finest singers from around the world, have appeared at La Scala. The theatre is regarded as one of the leading opera and ballet theatres globally. It is home to the La Scala Theatre Chorus, La Scala Theatre Ballet, La Scala Theatre Orchestra, and the Filarmonica della Scala orchestra. The theatre also has an associate school, known as the La Scala Theatre Academy (Italian: Accademia Teatro alla Scala), which offers professional training in music, dance, stagecraft, and stage management.

Overview

[edit]
The Teatro alla Scala in Milan, by night

La Scala's season opens on 7 December, Saint Ambrose's Day, the feast day of Milan's patron saint. All performances must end before midnight, and long operas start earlier in the evening when necessary.

The Museo Teatrale alla Scala (La Scala Theatre Museum), accessible from the theatre's foyer and a part of the house, contains a collection of paintings, drafts, statues, costumes, and other documents regarding the history of La Scala and of opera in general. La Scala also hosts the Accademia d'Arti e Mestieri dello Spettacolo (Academy for the Performing Arts). Its goal is to train a new generation of young musicians, technical staff, and dancers (at the Scuola di Ballo del Teatro alla Scala, one of the academy's divisions).

Above the boxes, La Scala has a gallery—called the loggione—where the less wealthy can watch the performances. The gallery is typically crowded with the most critical opera aficionados, known as the loggionisti, who can be ecstatic or merciless towards singers' perceived successes or failures.[4] For their failures, artists receive a "baptism of fire" from these aficionados, and fiascos are long remembered. For example, in 2006, tenor Roberto Alagna left the stage after being booed during a performance of Aida, forcing his understudy, Antonello Palombi, to quickly replace him mid-scene without time to change into a costume. Alagna did not return to the production.[5]

History

[edit]
A nineteenth-century depiction of the Teatro alla Scala

A fire destroyed the previous theatre, the Teatro Regio Ducale, on 25 February 1776, after a carnival gala. A group of ninety wealthy Milanese, who owned private boxes in the theatre, wrote to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este asking for a new theatre and a provisional one to be used while completing the new one. The neoclassical architect Giuseppe Piermarini produced an initial design. However, it was rejected by Count Firmian (the governor of the then Austrian Lombardy).

A second plan was accepted in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa. The new theatre was built on the former location of the church of Santa Maria della Scala, from which the theatre gets its name. The church was deconsecrated and demolished. Over a period of two years, the theatre was completed by Pietro Marliani, Pietro Nosetti, and Antonio and Giuseppe Fe. The theatre had a total of "3,000 or so" seats[6] organized into 678 pit-stalls, arranged in six tiers of boxes above which is the 'loggione' or two galleries. Its stage is one of the largest in Italy (16.15m d x 20.4m w x 26m h).

Building expenses were covered by the sale of boxes, which were lavishly decorated by their owners, impressing observers such as Stendhal. La Scala (as it came to be known) soon became the preeminent meeting place for noble and wealthy Milanese people. In the tradition of the times, the main floor had no chairs, and spectators watched the shows standing up. The orchestra was in full sight, as the orchestra pit had not yet been built.

As with most of the theatres at that time, La Scala was also a casino, with gamblers sitting in the foyer.[7] Conditions in the auditorium, too, could be frustrating for the opera lover, as Mary Shelley discovered in September 1840:

At the Opera they were giving Otto Nicolai's Templario. Unfortunately, as is well known, the theatre of La Scala serves, not only as the universal drawing-room for all the society of Milan but every sort of trading transaction, from horse-dealing to stock-jobbing, is carried on in the pit; so that brief and far between are the snatches of melody one can catch.[8]

La Scala was originally illuminated with 84 oil lamps mounted on the stage and another thousand in the rest of the theatre. To reduce the risks of fire, several rooms were filled with hundreds of water buckets. In time, oil lamps were replaced by gas lamps; these, in turn, were replaced by electric lights in 1883.

Interior of the opera house in 1900

The original structure was renovated in 1907 when it was given its current layout with 1,987 seats. In 1943, during World War II, La Scala was severely damaged by bombing. It was rebuilt and reopened on 11 May 1946, with a memorable concert conducted by Arturo Toscanini—twice La Scala's principal conductor and an associate of the composers Giuseppe Verdi and Giacomo Puccini—with a soprano solo by Renata Tebaldi, which created a sensation.

La Scala hosted the first productions of many famous operas and had a special relationship with Verdi. However, for several years, Verdi did not allow his work to be played here, as some of his music had been modified (he said "corrupted") by the orchestra. This dispute originated in a disagreement over the production of his Giovanna d'Arco in 1845; however, the composer later conducted his Requiem there on 25 May 1874. He announced in 1886 that La Scala would host the premiere of what was to become his penultimate opera, Otello.[9] The premiere of his last opera, Falstaff was also given in the theatre.

Filarmonica della Scala

[edit]

In 1982, the Filarmonica della Scala orchestra was established to develop a symphonic repertoire to add to La Scala's operatic tradition,[10] the orchestra drawing its members from the larger pool of musicians that comprise the Orchestra della Scala. The Filarmonica was conducted first by Carlo Maria Giulini, then by Riccardo Muti, plus many collaborative relations with some of the greatest conductors of the time.[10]

Recent developments

[edit]

1950s

[edit]

As early as 1958 R. Vermeulen of Philips Electronics experimented with "loudspeakers for stereo reverberation" at La Scala, which were "concealed in the cove along the ceiling".[11]

Major renovation, 2002 to 2004

[edit]
The exterior of La Scala in 2005 after the 2002/04 renovations

The theatre underwent a major renovation from early 2002 to late 2004. The theatre closed following the traditional 7 December 2001 season-opening performances of Otello, which ran through December. From 19 January 2002 to November 2004, the opera company transferred to the new Teatro degli Arcimboldi, built in the Pirelli-Bicocca industrial area 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from the city center.

The theatre's restored interior

The renovation by architect Mario Botta proved controversial, as preservationists feared that historic details would be lost.[12][13] However, the opera company was satisfied with the improvements to the structure and the sound quality, which was enhanced when the heavy red carpets in the hall were removed. The stage was entirely rebuilt, and an enlarged backstage allows more sets to be stored, permitting more productions.

Seats now include monitors for the electronic libretto system provided by Radio Marconi, an Italian company, allowing audiences to follow opera libretti in English and Italian in addition to the original language.

The opera house re-opened on 7 December 2004 with a production, conducted by Riccardo Muti, of Salieri's Europa riconosciuta, the opera performed at La Scala's inauguration in 1778.[14] Tickets for the re-opening fetched up to €2,000.[15]

The renovations cost a reported €61 million and left a budget shortfall that the opera house overcame in 2006.[15]

2005 onward

[edit]
Daniel Barenboim (at the Musikverein, Vienna, 2008)

Carlo Fontana, the general manager of La Scala since 1990, was dismissed in February 2005 by the board of governors over differences with the music director, Riccardo Muti. The resulting staff backlash caused serious disruptions and staff strikes. In a statement, the theatre's board said it was "urgent to unify the theatre's management". On 16 March 2005, the La Scala orchestra and other staff overwhelmingly approved a no-confidence motion against Muti. They demanded the resignation of Fontana's replacement, Mauro Meli. Muti had already been forced to cancel a concert a few days earlier because of the disagreements. Italy's culture minister, Giuliano Urbani, supported the conductor but called for urgent action by management to safeguard the smooth operation and prestige of La Scala. On 2 April 2005, Muti resigned from La Scala, citing "hostility" from staff members. [citation needed]

In May 2005, Stéphane Lissner, formerly head of the Aix-en-Provence Festival, was appointed General Manager and artistic director of La Scala, becoming the first non-Italian in its history to hold the office. On 15 May 2006, Daniel Barenboim was named Maestro Scaligero, or de facto principal guest conductor of the company. In October 2011, Barenboim was appointed the next music director of La Scala, effective December 2011, with an initial contract of 5 years.[16]

In December 2013, management named Riccardo Chailly the next music director of La Scala, effective 1 January 2015.[17]

Stéphane Lissner left La Scala for the Paris Opera. His successor Alexander Pereira [de], formerly director of the Salzburg Festival, began his tenure on 1 October 2014.[18] In June 2019 it was announced that Pereira will leave in 2020 and will be replaced by Dominique Meyer.[19]

La Scala was originally selected to host the opening ceremony of the 134th IOC Session in 2019, but the event was moved to Lausanne, Switzerland after Milan submitted a joint bid with Cortina d'Ampezzo for the 2026 Winter Olympics.[20]

Principal conductors or music directors

[edit]

Premieres

[edit]
See: Category:Opera world premieres at La Scala

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "La Scala"[dead link‍] (US) and "La Scala". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020.
  2. ^ The La Scala Theatre at Milan. 1936.
  3. ^ Bauer, Helen; Voigt, Deborah. Verdi for Kids. p. 20.
  4. ^ "Cecilia Bartoli triumphs at La Scala amidst catcalls and boos". 4 December 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  5. ^ Wakin, Daniel J. (13 December 2006). "After La Scala Boos, a Tenor Boos Back". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  6. ^ Beauvert, Moatti & Kleinefenn 1995, p. 80.
  7. ^ Mallach 2007, p. 165.
  8. ^ Shelley 1844, p. 111.
  9. ^ Kelly 2004, p. 317.
  10. ^ a b "Filarmonica della Scala – About Us, History". filarmonica.it. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  11. ^ Vermeuelen, Roeleof. “Stereo-Reverberation.” Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 6:2 (April 1958), 124–130. [Article includes photograph and installation diagram.]
  12. ^ Riding, Alan (5 December 2004). "La Scala Proudly Emerges From a Drama of Its Own". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  13. ^ "Critics say restoration has ruined La Scala". the Guardian. 10 December 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  14. ^ "La Scala revamp finished early". CBC News. 5 November 2004.
  15. ^ a b "La Scala board fires top official". BBC News. 25 February 2005.
  16. ^ "Barenboim to head La Scala". Gramophone. London. 14 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  17. ^ It's official: Riccardo Chailly to be La Scala's new music director, Gramophone (London). 10 December 2013.
  18. ^ "Alexander Pereira to Begin La Scala Tenure in October 2014, Year Earlier Than Originally Announced". Opera News. 19 July 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  19. ^ Brug, Manuel (22 June 2019). "Teatro alla Scala: Meyer soll Pereira in Mailand ablösen". Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  20. ^ "IOC Elects Milan as Host of the IOC Session in 2019" (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  21. ^ Conati & Medici 1994, p. 42.
  22. ^ Cantelli died in an airplane crash one week after his appointment.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
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