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A pipe bomb is an improvised explosive device (IED) that uses a tightly sealed section of pipe filled with an explosive material. The containment provided by the pipe means that simple low explosives can be used to produce a relatively large explosion due to the containment causing increased pressure. The fragmentation of the pipe itself creates potentially lethal shrapnel.

Premature detonation is a hazard of attempting to construct any homemade bomb. The materials and methods used with pipe bombs often result in unintentional detonation, usually resulting in serious injury or death to the assembler.

In many countries, the manufacture or possession of a pipe bomb is a serious crime, regardless of its intended use.

Design

Different pipe bombs' appearances, from a bomb awareness report issued by the US Department of State

The bomb is usually a short section of steel water pipe containing the explosive mixture and closed at both ends with steel or brass caps. A fuse is inserted into the pipe with a lead running out through a hole in the side or capped end of the pipe. The fuse can be electric, with wires leading to a timer and battery, or can be a common fuse. All of the components are easily obtainable.

Generally, high explosives such as trinitrotoluene are not used, because these and the detonators that they require are difficult for non-state users to obtain. Such explosives also do not require the containment design of a pipe bomb.

Instead, explosive mixtures that the builder can more readily obtain themselves are used, such as gunpowder, match heads, or chlorate mixtures. These can be easily ignited by friction, static electricity, and sparks generated when packing the material inside the tube or attaching the end caps, causing many injuries or deaths amongst builders.^[1]

Sharp objects such as nails or broken glass are sometimes added to the outer shell or inside of the bomb to increase the lethality of the device.

Operation

Pipe bombs concentrate pressure and release it suddenly, through the failure of the outer casing. Plastic materials can be used, but metals typically have a much higher bursting strength and so will produce more concussive force. For example, common schedule 40 1-inch (25 mm) wrought steel pipe has a typical working pressure of 1,010 psi (7.0 MPa), and bursting pressure of 8,090 psi (55.8 MPa),^[2] though the pipe sealing method can significantly reduce the burst pressure.

The pipe can rupture in different ways, depending on the rate of pressure rise and the ductility of the casing material.

If the pressure rise is slow, the metal can deform until the walls become thin and a hole is formed, causing a loud report from the gas release, but no shrapnel.
A rapid rate of pressure rise will cause the metal to shatter into fragments, which are pushed outward in all directions by the expanding gases.

Modes of failure

Pipe bombs can fail to explode if the gas pressure buildup is too slow, resulting in bleed-out through the detonator ignition hole. Insufficiently tight threading can also bleed gas pressure through the threads faster than the chemical reaction pressure can rise.

They can also fail if the pipe is fully sealed and the chemical reaction triggered, but the total pressure buildup from the chemicals is insufficient to exceed the casing strength; such a bomb inevitably fails to trigger, but is still potentially dangerous if handled, since an external shock could trigger rupture of the statically pressurized casing.

Minimum evacuation distances

If any type of bomb is suspected, typical recommendations are to keep all people at a minimum evacuation distance until authorized bomb disposal personnel arrive. For a pipe bomb, the US Department of Homeland Security recommends a minimum of 21 m (69 ft), and an outdoors distance of 366 m (1,201 ft).^[3]

Uses

Pipe bombs are by nature improvised weapons and typically used by those without access to military devices such as grenades. They were successfully used in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). During World War II, members of the British Home Guard were trained to make and use them.^[4]

In Northern Ireland, there have been hundreds of pipe bomb attacks since the mid-1990s as the Troubles came to an end. Most of the attacks have been launched by loyalist paramilitaries, especially the Red Hand Defenders, Orange Volunteers and Ulster Defence Association.^[5]^[6] However, they have also been used by Irish republican paramilitaries and by anti-drugs vigilante group Republican Action Against Drugs. They are also used extensively in the south of Ireland by feuding criminals, including drug dealers, mainly in the capital city of Dublin.

As well as users such as criminals, paramilitaries, and militias, they also have a long tradition of recreational use for amusement or mischief with no intention to cause injury to anyone, but due to the dangers of premature ignition and of shrapnel, pipe bombs are much more dangerous than alternatives, such as dry ice bombs or potato cannons.

Notable incidents

This 1886 engraving was the most widely reproduced image of the Haymarket riots. It inaccurately shows Fielden speaking, the pipe bomb exploding, and the rioting beginning simultaneously.^[7]

On 4 May 1886, a pipe bomb was thrown during a rally at Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois, United States.^[8] It reached a police line and exploded, killing policeman Mathias J. Degan.^[8] The bomb was made from gas-pipe filled with dynamite and capped at both ends with wooden blocks.^[8]
From August 1977 to November 1977 Allan Steen Kristensen planted several bombs across Copenhagen, Denmark injuring 5.
In 1985, Palestinian American anti-discrimination activist Alex Odeh was killed in California by a pipe-bomb. Activists from the Jewish Defense League are suspected of being the bombers.^[9]^[10]
On 16 December 1989, Federal Judge Robert Vance was assassinated in his home in Mountain Brook, Alabama when he opened a package that contained a pipe bomb mailed by Walter Leroy Moody in Mountain Brook, Alabama.^{[citation needed]}
On 27 July 1996, Eric Rudolph used a pipe bomb in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It killed two people and injured 111.^[11]
During the preparation of the Columbine High School Massacre, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold had experimented with pipe bombs. During their testing and experimentation, Eric Harris had posted their results on his website. During the massacre, Harris and Klebold had used their pipe bombs as makeshift hand grenades, alongside various other bombs they had crudely manufactured.
On 11 December 2010 a suicide bomber detonated one out of six pipe bombs close to a major shopping district in Stockholm, Sweden, killing himself with no other casualties in what is known as the 2010 Stockholm bombings.^[12]
In October 2018, pipe bombs without triggering devices^[13] were sent to various liberal and political figures in the United States. Recipients included political activist and investor George Soros, former secretary of state Hillary Clinton, former President Barack Obama, former CIA director John Brennan, and former attorney general Eric Holder.^[14]^[15]
On 6 January 2021, a pipe bomb was found at the headquarters of the Republican National Committee, during the certification of President-elect Joe Biden. An unidentified object was also found at the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee, resulting in an evacuation.^[16]
Ted Kaczynski, is known to have used pipe bombs in most of his bombings from 1978 to 1996.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Dias, Gary A.; Dingeman, Robbie (2004). Honolulu CSI: An Introduction to Forensic Science and Criminal Investigation. Bess Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-57306-228-2.
^ Wrought Steel Pipe - Bursting Pressures. "The bursting pressures are based on Barlow's formula. The working pressures are based on factor 8. Dimensions according ASME/ANSI B36.10/19". www.engineeringtoolbox.com.
^ "Bomb Threat Stand-Off Distances" (PDF). The National Counterterrorism Center.
^ Introduction by Campbell McCutcheon (30 September 2012). Home Guard Manual 1941. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4456-1103-7.
^ Wood, Ian.S (2006). Crimes of Loyalty: A History of the UDA. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-7486-2427-0.
^ Gassman, Michele. "Violence - Chronology of 'Pipe-Bomb' Attacks". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here, Moment of Truth". The Dramas of Haymarket. Chicago Historical Society. 2000. Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2008. The details are factually incorrect, because by all accounts Fielden ended his speech before the bomb was thrown, and because the riot did not begin until after the explosion. In [this] depiction, the speech, the explosion, and the riot all take place at once.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lawson, John Davison; Robert Lorenzo Howard (1919). American State Trials: A Collection of the Important and Interesting Criminal Trials which Have Taken Place in the United States from the Beginning of Our Government to the Present Day. Thomas Law Books. p. 64. a fuse with a cap is put into that hole.
^ Greg Krikorian, Evidence emerges in ‘85 Santa Ana slaying, Los Angeles Times, 11 October 2007, B-1.
^ Friedman, Robert I., The California Murder Case That Israel Is Sweeping Under the Rug : Justice: In 1985, Alex Odeh was killed by a pipe bomb in Orange County. The FBI has three suspects, but they are in Israel; extradition is unlikely, Los Angeles Times, 13 May 1990
^ "Rudolph reveals motives". CNN.com. 19 April 2005.
^ Sweden: Stockholm suicide bombings could have been 'catastrophic', London: The Telegraph, 12 December 2010
^ Bojorquez, Manuel (October 29, 2018). "Package bomb suspect Cesar Sayoc had list of 100 names in van, official says". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Investigation of Suspicious Packages". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ "FBI Director Christopher Wray's Remarks Regarding Arrest of Cesar Sayoc in Suspicious Package Investigation". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ Benner, Katie; Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (6 January 2021). "An explosive device is found at the R.N.C., and the D.N.C. is evacuated". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 January 2021.

US5,386,758–Apparatus and method for disarming pipe bombs

[1] Dias, Gary A.; Dingeman, Robbie (2004). Honolulu CSI: An Introduction to Forensic Science and Criminal Investigation. Bess Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-57306-228-2.

[2] Wrought Steel Pipe - Bursting Pressures. "The bursting pressures are based on Barlow's formula. The working pressures are based on factor 8. Dimensions according ASME/ANSI B36.10/19". www.engineeringtoolbox.com.

[3] "Bomb Threat Stand-Off Distances" (PDF). The National Counterterrorism Center.

[McCutcheon2012-4] Introduction by Campbell McCutcheon (30 September 2012). Home Guard Manual 1941. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4456-1103-7.

[5] Wood, Ian.S (2006). Crimes of Loyalty: A History of the UDA. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-7486-2427-0.

[6] Gassman, Michele. "Violence - Chronology of 'Pipe-Bomb' Attacks". Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 5 January 2021.

[7] "Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here, Moment of Truth". The Dramas of Haymarket. Chicago Historical Society. 2000. Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2008. The details are factually incorrect, because by all accounts Fielden ended his speech before the bomb was thrown, and because the riot did not begin until after the explosion. In [this] depiction, the speech, the explosion, and the riot all take place at once.

[Trials-8] Lawson, John Davison; Robert Lorenzo Howard (1919). American State Trials: A Collection of the Important and Interesting Criminal Trials which Have Taken Place in the United States from the Beginning of Our Government to the Present Day. Thomas Law Books. p. 64. a fuse with a cap is put into that hole.

[9] Greg Krikorian, Evidence emerges in ‘85 Santa Ana slaying, Los Angeles Times, 11 October 2007, B-1.

[10] Friedman, Robert I., The California Murder Case That Israel Is Sweeping Under the Rug : Justice: In 1985, Alex Odeh was killed by a pipe bomb in Orange County. The FBI has three suspects, but they are in Israel; extradition is unlikely, Los Angeles Times, 13 May 1990

[Centennial_Park_bombing-11] "Rudolph reveals motives". CNN.com. 19 April 2005.

[12] Sweden: Stockholm suicide bombings could have been 'catastrophic', London: The Telegraph, 12 December 2010

[13] Bojorquez, Manuel (October 29, 2018). "Package bomb suspect Cesar Sayoc had list of 100 names in van, official says". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.

[14] "Investigation of Suspicious Packages". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 26 October 2018.

[15] "FBI Director Christopher Wray's Remarks Regarding Arrest of Cesar Sayoc in Suspicious Package Investigation". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 26 October 2018.

[16] Benner, Katie; Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (6 January 2021). "An explosive device is found at the R.N.C., and the D.N.C. is evacuated". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 January 2021.

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+{{Short description|Improvised explosive device consisting of explosive material within a sealed pipe}}
-[[Image:Trip-wire pipe bomb.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A trip-wire triggered pipe bomb mock-up used to train US military service personnel.]]
+{{pp|small=yes}}
-A '''pipe bomb''' is an [[improvised explosive device]], a tightly sealed section of [[pipe (material)|pipe]] filled with an [[explosive material]]. The containment provided by the pipe means that simple [[Low explosives#Low explosives|low explosives]] can be used to produce a relatively large explosion, and the fragmentation of the pipe itself creates potentially lethal [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]].
+{{for multi|the professional wrestling term|Shoot (professional wrestling)|the website|Thepipebomb.com}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
+[[File:Trip-wire pipe bomb.jpg|thumb|A tripwire-triggered pipe bomb mock-up used to train US military service personnel]]
+A '''pipe bomb''' is an [[improvised explosive device]] (IED) that uses a tightly sealed section of [[pipe (material)|pipe]] filled with an [[explosive material]]. The containment provided by the pipe means that simple [[Explosive material#Low explosives|low explosives]] can be used to produce a relatively large explosion due to the containment causing increased pressure. The fragmentation of the pipe itself creates potentially lethal [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]].
-Premature detonation is a hazard of attempting to construct any homemade [[bomb]], and the materials and methods used with pipe bombs make unintentional detonation incidents common, usually resulting in serious injury or death to the assembler.
+Premature detonation is a hazard of attempting to construct any homemade [[bomb]]. The materials and methods used with pipe bombs often result in unintentional detonation, usually resulting in serious injury or death to the assembler.
-In many countries the manufacture or possession of a pipe bomb is a serious [[crime]], regardless of its intended use.
+In many countries, the manufacture or possession of a pipe bomb is a serious [[crime]], regardless of its intended use.
 ==Design==
-[[Image:Pipe bomb 02.jpg|thumb|Different pipe bombs appearances, from a bomb awareness report issued by the US Department of State.]]
+[[File:Pipe bomb 02.jpg|thumb|Different pipe bombs' appearances, from a bomb awareness report issued by the US Department of State]]
+The bomb is usually a short section of steel water pipe containing the explosive mixture and closed at both ends with steel or brass caps. A fuse is inserted into the pipe with a lead running out through a hole in the side or capped end of the pipe. The fuse can be electric, with wires leading to a timer and battery, or can be a common [[Fuse (explosives)|fuse]]. All of the components are easily obtainable.
+Generally, [[Explosive material#High explosives|high explosives]] such as [[TNT|trinitrotoluene]] are not used, because these and the [[detonator]]s that they require are difficult for non-state users to obtain. Such explosives also do not require the containment design of a pipe bomb.
-The bomb is usually a short section of steel water pipe containing the explosive mixture and closed at both ends with steel or brass caps. A fuse is inserted into the pipe with a lead running out through a hole in the side or capped end of the pipe. The fuse can be electric with wires leading to a timer and battery or can be a common [[fuse]] such as used in most consumer [[firework]]s. All of the components are easily obtainable.
+Instead, explosive mixtures that the builder can more readily obtain themselves are used, such as [[gunpowder]], match heads, or chlorate mixtures. These can be easily ignited by friction, [[static electricity]], and sparks generated when packing the material inside the tube or attaching the end caps, causing many injuries or deaths amongst builders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dias|last2=Dingeman|first1=Gary A.|first2=Robbie|title=Honolulu CSI: An Introduction to Forensic Science and Criminal Investigation|year=2004|publisher=Bess Press|isbn=978-1-57306-228-2|page=87}}</ref>
-Generally [[high explosives]] such as [[trinitrotoluene|TNT]] are ''not'' used, because these and the [[detonator]]s they require are difficult to obtain. Such explosives also don't require the containment of a pipe bomb. Instead, any sort of explosive mixture the builder can find or make is used.
+Sharp objects such as nails or broken glass are sometimes added to the outer shell or inside of the bomb to increase the lethality of the device.
-Some of the explosive mixtures used, such as [[black powder]], match heads or chlorate mixtures are very prone to ignition by the friction and static electricity generated when packing the material inside the tube or attaching the end caps - accounting for many injuries or deaths amongst builders. If sharp objects, such as nails or broken glass, are added inside the bomb in an attempt to increase the amount of injury, these also add to the risk of premature ignition.
+==Operation==
-The addition of loosely fixed shrapnel material outside of the bomb can increase the danger of the explosion cheaply and easily. The [[Unabomber]] used this method by taping carpentry nails to the outside of his devices. Other variations include using scrap metal or [[ball bearings]].
+Pipe bombs concentrate pressure and release it suddenly, through the failure of the outer casing. Plastic materials can be used, but metals typically have a much higher bursting strength and so will produce more concussive force. For example, common [[schedule 40]] {{convert|1|in|adj=on}} wrought steel pipe has a typical working pressure of {{convert|1010|psi|MPa|abbr=on}}, and bursting pressure of {{convert|8090|psi|MPa|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wrought Steel Pipe - Bursting Pressures |title=The bursting pressures are based on Barlow's formula. The working pressures are based on factor 8. Dimensions according ASME/ANSI B36.10/19. |url=https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wrought-steel-pipe-bursting-pressure-d_1123.html |website=www.engineeringtoolbox.com |language=en}}</ref> though the pipe sealing method can significantly reduce the burst pressure.
+The pipe can rupture in different ways, depending on the rate of pressure rise and the [[ductility]] of the casing material.
-Devices made from plastic pipe, such as PVC, or thick walled cardboard tube would not be normally considered as "pipe bombs".
+*If the pressure rise is slow, the metal can deform until the walls become thin and a hole is formed, causing a loud report from the gas release, but no shrapnel.
+*A rapid rate of pressure rise will cause the metal to shatter into fragments, which are pushed outward in all directions by the expanding gases.
+==Modes of failure==
-==Uses==
+Pipe bombs can fail to explode if the gas pressure buildup is too slow, resulting in bleed-out through the detonator ignition hole. Insufficiently tight threading can also bleed gas pressure through the threads faster than the chemical reaction pressure can rise.
-Pipe bombs are often used by criminals, as well as paramilitaries and militias. They also have a long tradition of recreational use for amusement or mischief with no intention to cause injury to anyone - but the dangers of premature ignition, and the inherent danger of shrapnel mean that when used in such a manner they are much more dangerous than alternatives such as [[dry ice bomb]]s or [[spud gun]]s.
+They can also fail if the pipe is fully sealed and the chemical reaction triggered, but the total pressure buildup from the chemicals is insufficient to exceed the casing strength; such a bomb inevitably [[dud|fails to trigger]], but is still potentially dangerous if handled, since an external shock could trigger rupture of the statically pressurized casing.
-===Notable incidents===
-[[Image:HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg|thumb|This 1886 engraving was the most widely reproduced image of the [[Haymarket riots]]. It inaccurately shows Fielden speaking, the pipe bomb exploding, and the rioting beginning simultaneously.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagohs.org/dramas/act2/tragedyEnacted/momentOfTruth_f.htm |title=Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here, Moment of Truth |accessdate=2008-01-19 |year=2000 |work=The Dramas of Haymarket |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |quote=The details are factually incorrect, because by all accounts Fielden ended his speech before the bomb was thrown, and because the riot did not begin until after the explosion. In [this] depiction, the speech, the explosion, and the riot all take place at once.}}</ref>]]
-* On 04 May 1886, a gas-pipe bomb was thrown during a [[Haymarket_affair#Rally_at_Haymarket_Square|rally at Haymarket Square]] in Chicago, Illinois.<ref name="Trials">{{cite book |title= American State Trials: A Collection of the Important and Interesting Criminal Trials which Have Taken Place in the United States from the Beginning of Our Government to the Present Day|last= Lawson|first= John Davison |coauthors= Robert Lorenzo Howard|year= 1919|publisher=Thomas Law Books|pages= 64|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=kfIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=a+fuse+with+a+cap+is+put+into+that+hole}}</ref> The gas-pipe bomb reached a police line and exploded, killing policeman Mathias J. Degan.<ref name="Trials"/> The thrown bomb was made from [[Pipe (material)|gas-pipe]] filled with dynamite and capped at both ends with wooden blocks.<ref name="Trials"/> Old nails were secured tightly by wire around the gas-pipe, which had a hole that received a fuse with a cap.<ref name="Trials"/> The event became known as the infamous [[Haymarket affair|Haymarket riots]].
-* On 20 October 1930, William Kogut, an inmate on [[San Quentin State Prison|San Quentin's death row]], tore up ordinary decks of [[playing cards]] and used them to assemble a pipe bomb, which he used to take his own life.<ref name="Playing Card Pipe Bomb">{{cite news
-|url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/kogut.asp|publisher=Snopes.com|title=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Death by Playing Cards|date=19 Jan 2007}}</ref>
-* On 27 July 1996 [[Eric Rudolph]] set up a pipe bomb which killed two people and injured 111 more in the [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing]] during the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]].<ref name="Centennial Park bombing">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/13/eric.rudolph/index.html|publisher=CNN.com
-|title=Rudolph reveals motives|date=19 Apr 2005}}</ref>
-* On 20 April 1999 [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]] used pipe bombs during the [[Columbine High School massacre]]. They threw them around through the course of their [[school massacre]].<ref name="Columbine Massacre">{{cite news|url=http://history1900s.about.com/od/famouscrimesscandals/a/columbine.htm|publisher=About.com|title=Columbine Massacre|date=24 Aug 2006}}</ref>
-* On 11 November 2001 an [[Ulster Defence Association]] (UDA) member was killed in [[Tigers Bay]], [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]] when the pipe-bomb which he was preparing to use against a neighboring [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] district exploded prematurely.<ref>http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/2001.html</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1652886.stm</ref>
-* On 03 January 2002 a UDA member was killed in [[Coleraine]], [[County Londonderry]], Northern Ireland when the pipe bomb he was handling exploded prematurely during a [[Ulster loyalism|Loyalist]] attack on a Catholic district.<ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20020105/ai_n9670628</ref><ref>http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/deaths2002draft.htm</ref>
-* On 23 May 2005 the [[Israel Defense Forces]] foiled a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] pipe bomb attack at an army [[roadblock]]. The 14-year old Palestinian boy was carrying two pipe bombs on his belt.<ref name="Palestinian attempt">{{cite news
-|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3089073,00.html|publisher=Ynetnews|title=Palestinian boy caught with bombs|date=23 May 2005}}</ref>
-* Pipe bomb attacks were common during periods of heightened tension in [[Northern Ireland]]. On the night of 07 August 2005, two pipe bomb attacks targeted Catholics in the village of [[Cloughmills]] of [[County Antrim|North Antrim]] in Northern Ireland. The following day, [[Sinn Féin]] Councillor [[Daithí McKay]] accused loyalist paramilitaries of being behind the attacks.<ref name="Cloughmills attacks">{{
-cite news
-|url=http://www.sinnfeinonline.com/news/466
-|publisher=Sinn Féin's Peace Process Special
-|title=Pipe Bomb attacks on North Antrim Catholics
-|date=08 Aug 2005
+==Minimum evacuation distances==
-}}</ref>
+If any type of bomb is suspected, typical recommendations are to keep all people at a minimum evacuation distance until authorized bomb disposal personnel arrive. For a pipe bomb, the US Department of Homeland Security recommends a minimum of {{convert|21|m|abbr=on}}, and an outdoors distance of {{convert|366|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dni.gov/files/NCTC/documents/features_documents/2006_calendar_bomb_stand_chart.pdf|title=Bomb Threat Stand-Off Distances|publisher=The National Counterterrorism Center}}</ref>
-* On 10 August 2006, four pipe bombs were found in and around the city of [[Salem, Oregon]], and some suspected a serial pipe bomber was at fault. First, a bomb was found attached to a car in the parking garage of Salem Hospital. Then one was located in the parking lot of a 'Roth's IGA' grocery store. Another was found attached to a car in a parking lot in [[Dallas, Oregon]], and another found alongside a Salem roadway. The Salem Police [[Bomb disposal|Bomb Squad]] [[Detonation|detonated]] the bomb outside the 'Roth's' and rendered the rest of the devices safe. The known victims were all residents of south Salem, and a suspect is facing trial.<ref name="Salem pipe bombs">{{
-cite news
-|url=http://salem-news.com/articles/august112006/bomb_folo_81106.php
-|publisher=Salem-News.com
-|title=Pipe Bombs Found in The Salem Area
-|date=13 Aug 2006
-}}</ref><ref name="Salem pipe bomb suspect Back in Court">{{
-cite news
-|url=http://www.salem-news.com/articles/february132007/salempipebombcase_021307.php
-|publisher=Salem-News.com
-|title=Salem Pipe Bomb Suspect Back in Court Tuesday
-|date=13 Feb 2007
+==Uses==
-}}</ref>
+Pipe bombs are by nature improvised weapons and typically used by those without access to military devices such as [[grenade]]s. They were successfully used in the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939). During [[World War II]], members of the [[British Home Guard]] were trained to make and use them.<ref name="McCutcheon2012">{{cite book|author=Introduction by Campbell McCutcheon|title=Home Guard Manual 1941|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGGoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77|date=30 September 2012|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-1103-7|pages=77}}</ref>
-* On 12 September 2006, after an attack by militants on the [[U.S. Embassy]] in [[Damascus, Syria]], a van was recovered, full of conventional pipe bombs strapped to small common household Liquefied Petroleum Gas canisters. The attackers appeared to have failed to detonate the bombs; however another smaller vehicle did explode outside the embassy during the late morning surprise attack. <ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/09/12/syria.embassy/index.html</ref> <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/5337866.stm</ref>
-* On 23 October 2006, a university student was detained after saying he had planted two pipe bombs outside the [[U.S. Embassy]] in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]]. One bomb was placed outside an adjacent school, while another was found in a planter 50 feet from the Embassy's entrance. The bombs were designed to scatter pamphlets alluding to the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] group [[Hezbollah]]. Police evacuated the area and detonated the bombs. No one was injured.<ref name="U.S. Embassy pipe bombs in Venezuela">{{
-cite news
-|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061023/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/venezuela_embassy_scare_1
-|author=Fernando Llano
-|publisher=Associated Press
-|title=Venezuelan detained near U.S. embassy
-|date=23 Oct 2006
-}}</ref>
-* On August 24, 2009, a former student was arrested after detonating two pipe bombs on the [[Hillsdale High School (San Mateo, California)|Hillsdale High School]] campus in [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]], [[California]].<ref name="'Grave Damage' Averted at Hillsdale High School">{{
-cite news
-|url=http://www.kcbs.com/-Grave-Damage--Averted-at-Hillsdale-High-School/5070563
-|publisher=KCBS
-|title='Grave Damage' Averted at Hillsdale High School
-|date=24 Aug 2006
-}}</ref>
+In [[Northern Ireland]], there have been hundreds of pipe bomb attacks since the mid-1990s as [[the Troubles]] came to an end. Most of the attacks have been launched by [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] [[paramilitary|paramilitaries]], especially the [[Red Hand Defenders]], [[Orange Volunteers]] and [[Ulster Defence Association]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wood | first1 = Ian.S | title = Crimes of Loyalty: A History of the UDA | year = 2006 | page = 248 | isbn = 978-0-7486-2427-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Gassman | first = Michele | url = https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/violence/attacks/pipebomb.htm | title = Violence - Chronology of 'Pipe-Bomb' Attacks | publisher = [[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] | access-date = 5 January 2021}}</ref> However, they have also been used by [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican]] paramilitaries and by anti-drugs [[vigilante]] group [[Republican Action Against Drugs]]. They are also used extensively in the south of [[Ireland]] by feuding criminals, including drug dealers, mainly in the capital city of [[Dublin]].
-==In popular culture==
-*In the film, [[Tremors (film)|''Tremors'']], [[Burt Gummer]], played by [[Michael Gross]], makes home-made pipe bombs to drive the noise-sensitive [[graboids]] away.
+As well as users such as criminals, paramilitaries, and militias, they also have a long tradition of recreational use for amusement or mischief with no intention to cause injury to anyone, but due to the dangers of premature ignition and of shrapnel, pipe bombs are much more dangerous than alternatives, such as [[dry ice bomb]]s or [[potato cannon]]s.
-*In the film ''[[The Terminator]]'' Sarah and Kyle use pipe bombs to fight the terminator.
+===Notable incidents===
-*In the film ''[[Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare]]'' Maggie kills Freddy Krueger by putting a pipe bomb in his abdomen.
+[[File:HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg|thumb|This 1886 engraving was the most widely reproduced image of the [[Haymarket riots]]. It inaccurately shows Fielden speaking, the pipe bomb exploding, and the rioting beginning simultaneously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagohs.org/dramas/act2/tragedyEnacted/momentOfTruth_f.htm |title=Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here, Moment of Truth |access-date=2008-01-19 |year=2000 |work=The Dramas of Haymarket |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |quote=The details are factually incorrect, because by all accounts Fielden ended his speech before the bomb was thrown, and because the riot did not begin until after the explosion. In [this] depiction, the speech, the explosion, and the riot all take place at once. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315002211/http://www.chicagohs.org/dramas/act2/tragedyEnacted/momentOfTruth_f.htm |archive-date=2008-03-15 }}</ref>]]
+*On 4 May 1886, a pipe bomb was thrown during a [[Haymarket affair#Rally at Haymarket Square|rally at Haymarket Square]] in Chicago, Illinois, United States.<ref name="Trials">{{cite book|title=American State Trials: A Collection of the Important and Interesting Criminal Trials which Have Taken Place in the United States from the Beginning of Our Government to the Present Day|last=Lawson|first=John Davison|author2=Robert Lorenzo Howard|year=1919|publisher=Thomas Law Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstatetr09howagoog/page/n100 64]|url=https://archive.org/details/americanstatetr09howagoog|quote=a fuse with a cap is put into that hole.}}</ref> It reached a police line and exploded, killing policeman Mathias J. Degan.<ref name="Trials"/> The bomb was made from [[Pipe (material)|gas-pipe]] filled with dynamite and capped at both ends with wooden blocks.<ref name="Trials"/>
+*From August 1977 to November 1977 [[Allan Steen Kristensen]] planted several bombs across [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] injuring 5.
+* In 1985, Palestinian American anti-discrimination activist [[Alex Odeh]] was killed in [[California]] by a pipe-bomb. Activists from the [[Jewish Defense League]] are suspected of being the bombers.<ref>Greg Krikorian, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-11-me-odeh11-story.html Evidence emerges in ‘85 Santa Ana slaying], [[Los Angeles Times]], 11 October 2007, B-1.</ref><ref>Friedman, Robert I., [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-13-op-61-story.html The California Murder Case That Israel Is Sweeping Under the Rug : Justice: In 1985, Alex Odeh was killed by a pipe bomb in Orange County. The FBI has three suspects, but they are in Israel; extradition is unlikely], [[Los Angeles Times]], 13 May 1990</ref>
+*On 16 December 1989, [[Robert Smith Vance#Assassination|Federal Judge Robert Vance was assassinated]] in his home in [[Mountain Brook, Alabama]] when he opened a package that contained a pipe bomb mailed by Walter Leroy Moody in Mountain Brook, Alabama.{{fact|date=November 2024}}
+*On 27 July 1996, [[Eric Rudolph]] used a pipe bomb in the [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing]] during the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], United States. It killed two people and injured 111.<ref name="Centennial Park bombing">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/13/eric.rudolph/index.html|publisher=CNN.com|title=Rudolph reveals motives|date=19 Apr 2005}}</ref>
+*During the preparation of the [[Columbine High School Massacre]], [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]] had experimented with pipe bombs. During their testing and experimentation, Eric Harris had posted their results on his website. During the massacre, Harris and Klebold had used their pipe bombs as makeshift [[hand grenades]], alongside various other bombs they had crudely manufactured.
+*On 11 December 2010 a [[suicide bomber]] detonated one out of six pipe bombs close to a major shopping district in [[Stockholm]], Sweden, killing himself with no other casualties in what is known as the [[2010 Stockholm bombings]].<ref>{{citation|title=Sweden: Stockholm suicide bombings could have been 'catastrophic'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/8197221/Sweden-Stockholm-suicide-bombings-could-have-been-catastrophic.html|publisher=The Telegraph|location=London|date=12 December 2010}}</ref>
+*
+*In October 2018, pipe bombs without triggering devices<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bojorquez |first1=Manuel |title=Package bomb suspect Cesar Sayoc had list of 100 names in van, official says |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cesar-sayoc-package-bomb-suspect-had-hit-list-in-van-latest-updates-today-2018-10-29/ |access-date=5 February 2019 |work=CBS News |date=29 October 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015101/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cesar-sayoc-package-bomb-suspect-had-hit-list-in-van-latest-updates-today-2018-10-29/ |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> were [[October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts|sent to various liberal and political figures in the United States]]. Recipients included political activist and investor [[George Soros]], former secretary of state [[Hillary Clinton]], former President [[Barack Obama]], former CIA director [[John O. Brennan|John Brennan]], and former attorney general [[Eric Holder]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/statement-on-the-fbis-investigation-of-suspicious-packages|title=Investigation of Suspicious Packages|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-director-christopher-wrays-remarks-regarding-arrest-of-cesar-sayoc-in-suspicious-package-investigation|title=FBI Director Christopher Wray's Remarks Regarding Arrest of Cesar Sayoc in Suspicious Package Investigation|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref>
+*On 6 January 2021, a pipe bomb was found at the headquarters of the [[Republican National Committee]], during the certification of [[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] [[Joe Biden]]. An unidentified object was also found at the headquarters of the [[Democratic National Committee]], resulting in an evacuation.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|last3=Schmidt|first3=Michael S.|date=2021-01-06|title=An explosive device is found at the R.N.C., and the D.N.C. is evacuated.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/pipe-bomb-rnc.html|access-date=2021-01-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
+*[[Ted Kaczynski]], is known to have used pipe bombs in most of his bombings from 1978 to 1996.{{fact|date=November 2024}}
+== See also ==
-*In the book ''[[Hocus Pocus]]'' by [[Kurt Vonnegut]], the judge who acquits the main character's son is murdered when someone mails him a pipe bomb concealed in a salami.
+* [[Improvised explosive device]]
-*In the 1996 video game ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'' by [[3D Realms]], the player can use pipe bombs as weapons; they are remotely controlled by a detonator.
+* [[TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook]]
-*In the 2008 video game ''[[Left 4 Dead]]'' by [[Valve Software]], the player can use pipe bombs as a weapon. The game's version also has the innards of a smoke detector attached, which attracts [[Left_4_Dead#Infected_characters|zombies]] due to the loud noise and light.
-*In the film [[Zero Day (film)|''Zero Day'']], there is an entire scene devoted to the two main characters, Andre and Cal, constructing pipe bombs step-by-step.
-*In the climax of [[Deep Blue Sea]] the remaining survivors of a shark attack decide to kill the shark with a pipe bomb made by filling the pipe of a harpoon gun with black powder from flares and igniting it with a car battery.
-*In the first episode of ''[[Burn Notice]]'', [[Michael Westen]] constructs and sends a pipe bomb to his ex-employer.
-*In an episode of the [[The West Wing|''The West Wing'']] series 4 second episode 20 Hours in America Part II a pipe bomb explodes at a university varsity water sports facility.
-*In the 2007 [[Potter Puppet Pals]] episode [[The Mysterious Ticking Noise]], everybody starts dancing and singing to the ticking of a pipe bomb. In the end Ron finds the bomb (planted by Voldemort) and yells, "I've found the source of the ticking!! It's a pipe bomb! Yay!"
-*In the Xbox 360 game [[Saints Row]] and [[Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned]] a pipe bomb is an available weapon.
 ==References==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Reflist|30em}}
-* {{US patent|5386758|US5,386,758}}&ndash;Apparatus and method for disarming pipe bombs
+*{{US patent|5386758|US5,386,758}}&ndash;Apparatus and method for disarming pipe bombs
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Pipe Bomb}}
 [[Category:Improvised explosive devices]]
-[[Category:Bombs]]
+[[Category:Insurgency weapons]]
-[[da:Rørbombe]]
-[[de:Rohrbombe]]
-[[fa:بمب لوله‌ای]]
-[[fr:Bombe tuyau]]
-[[he:מטען צינור]]
-[[hu:Csőbomba]]
-[[ja:パイプ爆弾]]
-[[pl:Rurobomba]]
-[[pt:Bomba tubo]]
-[[fi:Putkipommi]]
-[[sv:Rörbomb]]