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Coordinates: 11°02′59″N 75°51′27″E / 11.04972°N 75.85750°E / 11.04972; 75.85750
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{{Multiple issues|
{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
{{original research|date=September 2021}}
|type = town
{{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}
|native_name = {{PAGENAME}}
|other_name =
|district = [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]]
|state_name = Kerala
|nearest_city =Kozhikode
|parliament_const =Ponnani
|assembly_cons =Tirurangadi
|civic_agency =Parappanangadi Panchayat
|skyline =
|skyline_caption =
|latd =11 |latm = 02 |lats = 59
|longd=75 |longm = 51 |longs= 27
|locator_position = right
|area_total =
|area_magnitude =
|altitude =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_density =
|sex_ratio =
|literacy =
|area_telephone =0494
|postal_code =676 303
|vehicle_code_range = KL-55-
|climate=
|website=
}}
}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
'''Parappanangadi''' is a small town in [[Tirurangadi]] taluk of [[Malappuram]] district, [[Kerala]], [[India]].
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parappanangadi
| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Parappanad
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = Parappanangadi Railway Station name board.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Parappanangadi railway station
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|02|59|N|75|51|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Malappuram
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Parappanangadi Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 22.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 71239
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Parappanangadi population">{{cite web |title=Population of Parappanangadi |url=https://parappanangadimunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/about-us |website=parappanangadimunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 676303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0494
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-65, [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-55, [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-10
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Calicut
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 100%{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Ponnani
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Parappanangadi Municipality
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|normal]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small>
| website = {{URL|https://parappanangadimunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml}}
| footnotes =
}}


'''Parappanangadi''' ({{IPA-ml|pɐɾɐpːɐn̺ɐŋːɐːɖi|IPA}}) is a major town and a municipality in [[Tirurangadi]] taluk of [[Malappuram district]], Kerala, India. It is a coastal town located close to the [[Arabian Sea]].


[[Parappanangadi railway station]] is one of the oldest railway stations in Kerala. It was a part of the first rail route ([[Tirur]]–[[Chaliyam]]) in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Travels|url=http://www.keralatravels.com/resourcepage.php?sid=14&rid=128}}</ref> Parappanangadi is located {{cvt|9|km}} north of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] on [[Tirur]]-[[Kadalundi]] Tipu Sultan Road.<ref name="tps">{{Cite news|title=ആ ചൂളംവിളി പിന്നെയും പിന്നെയും...|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175|date=17 June 2019|access-date=19 December 2020|work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> The town lies on the bank of [[Kadalundi River]].<ref name="geographymalappuram">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf |website= censusindia.gov.in |title=Physical divisions of Malappuram |pages = 21–22 |access-date= 18 April 2020}}</ref>
Parappanangadi is located north of the estuary of Poorappuzha River, which is a tributary of [[Kadalundi River]], and south of the estuary of [[Kadalundi River]], which lies in [[Vallikkunnu]].<ref name="geographymalappuram"/> Parappanangadi was one of the major ports on the southwestern coast of India during the medieval period.<ref name="Logan"/>


The region was ruled by the kingdom of [[Parappanad]], who were vassals to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], and had the jurisdiction up to [[Beypore]] port to the north.<ref name="Logan"/> In the early medieval period, under the chiefs of [[Kozhikode]] and Parappanangadi, Parappanangadi developed as one of the important maritime trade centre on the [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name="Logan"/> Later it became a part of [[Eranad Taluk]] in [[Malabar District]] under [[British Raj]].<ref name="Logan"/>
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kerala]]

Nadukani-Parappanangadi Road connects the coastal area of Malappuram district with the easternmost hilly border at ''Nadukani Churam'' bordering [[Nilgiris district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], near [[Nilambur]].<ref name="npr">{{cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/malappuram/2020/02/12/malappuram-tirurangadi-nadukani-parappanangadi-road-taring.amp.html |title=നാടുകാണി–പരപ്പനങ്ങാടി റോഡ് ടാറിങ് തുടങ്ങി; വീതികൂട്ടലും ഓടനിർമാണവും പിന്നീട് |date=12 February 2020 |last=Special Correspondent|publisher=Manorama Online}}</ref> It passes through major towns such as [[Tirurangadi]], [[Malappuram]], [[Manjeri]], and [[Nilambur]], before reaching the Nadukani [[Ghat Roads|Ghat Road]].<ref name="npr"/> The [[Koyi Thampuran]]s of [[Travancore]] belongs to [[Parappanad]] Royal Family. Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of the [[Travancore royal family]].

==History==
{{See also|Zamorin|Parappanad}}
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
[[File:Thooval theeram.jpg|thumbnail|Thooval Theeram beach]]
This town was the headquarters of [[Parappanad]] Kingdom during the medieval period.<ref name="1961_kkd">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook (2) - Kozhikode (1961)|last=Devassy|first=M. K.|publisher=Government of Kerala|year=1965|location=Ernakulam|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf}}</ref> Parappanangadi, which was then an important centre of trade, was known by the name ''Barburankad'' to the [[Arab]]s.<ref name="S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar 1942">{{cite book
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
}}</ref> The kingdom of [[Parappanad]] had right over [[Vallikkunnu]]-[[Kadalundi]]-[[Chaliyam]]-[[Beypore]] region, which is often identified with the ancient maritime trading port of [[Tyndis]], which was a major center of trade, next only to [[Muziris]], between the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]]s and the [[Roman Empire]], during [[Sangam period]] (1st-4th century CE).<ref>Yogesh Sharma, ''Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India'', Primus Books 2010.</ref>

[[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="Malabar">A. Shreedhara Menon, ''A Survey of Kerala History''.</ref>

According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.</ref>

The ''[[Cosmas Indicopleustes]]'' mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.</ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd., p. 301.</ref>

According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], Madayi, [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]] (Chaliyam was a part of [[Parappanad]]), were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in [[Indian Subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018, p. 98.</ref>
[[File:Wikipedia OldMysore.jpg|thumbnail|An old map of Parappanangadi on [[Malabar Coast]] during [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore rule]] (Late 18th century CE)]]
The palace of the Kshatriya family of Parappanad Rajas is located at a short distance from [[Parappanangadi railway station]]. It was from this family that the consorts of the Rani's [[Travancore]] family were usually selected.<ref name="1961_kkd"/>

In 1425, the country was divided into Northern Parappanad (''Beypore Swaroopam'') and Southern Parappanad (''Parappur Swaroopam'').<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref>

The rulers of ''Parappanad Swaroopam'' were vassals to the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorins of Calicut]].<ref name="1961_kkd"/> The rulers of Parappanad were one of the ''Kshatriya'' claiming lineages of medieval Kerala along with the [[Kingdom of Tanur|neighbouring ''Vettathunad'' rulers]] and the [[Cochin royal family|Cochin Royal Family]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Unni|first=K. Raman|date=1961-05-31|title=Caste in south Malabar a study of social stratification in south Malabar|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/60261|journal=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|language=en|page=108|via=Shodhganga}}</ref>

Parappanangadi was an important coastal town under the Zamorin rule and was one of the major trade centres of the medieval Kerala coast.<ref name="K.V">K. V. Krishna Iyer ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times to AD 1806''. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938</ref> [[Arab]] traders had the monopoly of trade until 15th century CE.<ref name="K.V"/> In 1573, the Portuguese apparently burned down this town.<ref name="S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar 1942"/>

The schools built by ''Basel Evangelistic Mission'' (BEM) at Parappanangadi and [[Ponnani]] during colonial era, have their positions among the oldest modern schools in Kerala.<ref name="mal">{{Cite news|title=അമ്പതിന്റെ നിറവില്‍ മലപ്പുറം; മലപ്പുറത്തിന്റെ മാനവിക മഹാപൈതൃകം|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/alamkode-leelakrishnan-writes-about-malappuram-1.3880292|last=Leelakrishnan|first=Alamkode|date=17 June 2019|work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> During colonial period, Parappanangadi was placed under the [[Eranad]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]] of [[Malabar District]].<ref name="Logan"/> Later in 1957, it became a part of [[Tirur Taluk]], when the Taluk was formed.<ref name="1961_kkd"/> In 1990's Parappanangadi became a part of the newly formed Tirurangadi Taluk.<ref name="c2011">{{cite book |last1=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |title=District Census Handbook, Malappuram |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf}}</ref>

===Lakshmipuram Palace===
{{See also|Lakshmipuram Palace}}
[[Lakshmipuram Palace]] is the royal palace of the [[Parappanad|Parappanad royal families]] at [[Changanassery]]. Palace is located at [[Puzhavathu]] near to Kavil Bhagavathy Temple.<ref>P. Shungoonny Menon - A HISTORY OF TRAVANCORE - First edition: 1878, New edition: 1983, Page 130, 131 - {{ISBN|978-8170200406}}</ref> The Lakshmipuram Palace was built in 1811 AD by Travancore ruler [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi|Maharani Ayilyom Thirunal Gouri Lakshmi Bayi]] (1791–1815) on behalf of the family of her husband [[Raja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran|Raja Raja Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]].<ref>The Travancore State Manual Vol 1 to 4; Publisher : Kerala Council for Historical Research; {{ISBN|8185499268}}; Edition : 1996; Pages: 2500; Author:T.K. Velu Pillai; Editor:S.Raimon; Category:Manuals; Year of Publishing:1940</ref> Until then, the royal family at the [[Neerazhi Palace]] in Changanacherry had been moved to newly built Lakshmipuram Palace.<ref>Encyclopedia of Tourism Resources in India; Author: Dr. Manohar Sajnani, Published in 2001, Published by: Kalpaz Publications; Address: C-30, Satyawati Nagar, Phase-III, Ashok Vihar, Delhi-110052, {{ISBN|81-7835-014-9}} (set), {{ISBN|81-7835-018-1}} (Vol II)</ref>

One of the royal families from Parappanad settled in Neerazhi Palace in the 18th century.<ref>Menon, P Shungoonny (1878). History of Travancore from the Earliest Times by P Shungoonny Menon (Dewan Peishcar of Travancore). 105, Mount Road, Madras: Higginbotham and Company. pp. 152, 153.</ref>

[[Raja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran]], father of [[Travancore]] [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Maharaja Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]], was born in Neerazhi Palace in Changanassery. He was part of the royal family of erstwhile [[Parappanad]] (Parappangadi and Beypore), [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]].<ref>Visakham Thirunal - Editor: Lennox Raphael Eyvindr - {{ISBN|9786139120642}}</ref> [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi|Maharani Ayilyom Thirunal Gouri Lakshmi Bayi]] built a new palace in Changanassery for her husband and his family members during her reign in 1811, which was called [[Lakshmipuram Palace]]. Until then, the royal family lived in Neerazhi Palace at [[Puzhavathu]].<ref>History of Travancore from the Earliest Times - P. Shungoonny Menon - {{ISBN|8120601696}} - Published By: Asian Educational Services</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Visakham Thirunal |year=2012 |editor1=Lennox Raphael Eyvindr |pages=168 |isbn=978-6139120642}}</ref>

===Kilimanoor palace===
{{See also|Kilimanoor palace}}
In 1705 ([[Malayalam era|ME]] 880), the son and two daughters of Ittammar Raja of [[Parappanad]] royal house were adopted into the Royal house of [[Venad]]. Ittammar Raja's sister and her sons, Rama Varma and Raghava Varma, settled in Kilimanoor and married the now adopted sisters. [[Marthanda Varma]], the founder of the Kingdom of [[Travancore]], was the son of Raghava Varma. The nephew of Raghava Varma, Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran, married the sister of Marthanda Varma. Their son was [[Dharma Raja]] Kartika Thirunnal Rama Varma.

In 1740, when an allied force, led by Dutchman Captain Hockert supporting the Deshinganadu King, attacked Venad, an army from Kilimanoor resisted and then defeated them. Although a small victory, this was the first time an Indian army had defeated a European power.

In 1753, in recognition of this feat, Marthanda Varma exempted the areas controlled by the Kilimanoor palace (most of the area under the present Kilimanoor and Pazhayakunnummel [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s) from taxes, and granted them autonomous status.
[[File:studiorrv.jpg|thumb|right|Birthplace of [[Raja Ravi Varma]] with his studio in the foreground.]]

==Civic administration==
The town is administered by Parappanangadi Municipal Council, headed by a Chairman/Chairperson. For administrative purposes, the town is divided into 45 [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]],<ref name="ppn_mpty">{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/1275|title=Parappanangadi municipality|access-date=2021-03-25|website=lsgkerala}}</ref> from which the members of the municipal council are elected for a term of five years.
<mapframe text="Parappanangadi Municipality" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q7135756"}</mapframe>

===[[2020 Kerala local body elections|Parappanangadi Municipality]] Election 2020===
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trend.kerala.gov.in/views/index.php|title=Parappanangadi Municipality election of 2020|access-date=9 December 2020|website=lbtrend}}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party Name !! Party symbol !! Number of Councillors
|-
| 01 || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] || [[File:UDF logo.png|50px]] || 27
|-
| 02 || Independents || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 09
|-
| 03 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] ||[[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] || 06
|-
| 04 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ||[[File:BJP election symbol.svg -783x768.png|50px]] || 03
|}

== Municipal Council (2020-2025) ==
<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/1275
|website = lsgkerala.gov.in
|title = LSGI Election -2020 - Elected Council Members
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|'''Chairman'''
|A Usman
|-
|'''Vice Chairperson'''
|Shaharbanu K
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Standing Committee Chairman/Chairpersons'''
|-
|Finance Standing Committee Chairperson
|Shaharbanu K
|-
|Development Standing Committee Chairman
|P.V Musthafa
|-
|Welfare Standing Committee Chairperson
|KP Muhsina
|-
|Health Standing Committee Chairman
|P.P Shahul Hameed
|-
|Public works Standing Committee Chairperson
|Zeenath Alibappu A
|-
|Education, Art, Sports Standing Committee Chairman
|C Nizar Ahammed
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Councilors'''
|-
| colspan="2" |KC NASAR
|-
| colspan="2" |M. C. NASEEMA
|-
| colspan="2" |K.K SAITHALAVIKOYA THANGAL
|-
| colspan="2" |SUMIRANI O
|-
| colspan="2" |KP RAMLA TEACHER
|-
| colspan="2" |SUHARA VK
|-
| colspan="2" |SUBRAHMANIAN
|-
| colspan="2" |JAYADEVAN CHERUKUTTIYIL
|-
| colspan="2" |RAMLATH KODALIKKODAN
|-
| colspan="2" |KP MEREENA TEACHER
|-
| colspan="2" |GIREESH CHALERI
|-
| colspan="2" |FATHIMA RAHEEM
|-
| colspan="2" |KHADEEJATHUL MARIYA
|-
| colspan="2" |SAMEER M
|-
| colspan="2" |SHAHINA SAMEER
|-
| colspan="2" |NM SHAMEJ
|-
| colspan="2" |KHAIRUNNISA THAHIR
|-
| colspan="2" |AV HASSAN KOYA
|-
| colspan="2" |ABDUL AZEEZ KOOLATH
|-
| colspan="2" |KASMIKOYA CV
|-
| colspan="2" |JAFARALI NECHIKKATT
|-
| colspan="2" |HAREERA HASSAN KOYA
|-
| colspan="2" |DEEPA
|-
| colspan="2" |ABDUL RAZAK TR
|-
| colspan="2" |MOHANDAS MASTER
|-
| colspan="2" |JAINISHA MANNARAKKAL
|-
| colspan="2" |UMMUKULSU
|-
| colspan="2" |KUNNUMMAL JUBAIRIYATH
|-
| colspan="2" |KARTHIKEYAN T
|-
| colspan="2" |BABY ACHUTHAN
|-
| colspan="2" |FOUSIYABI
|-
| colspan="2" |ABDUL RAZAK T
|-
| colspan="2" |FOUSIYA SIRAJ
|-
| colspan="2" |MANJUSHA PRALOSH
|-
| colspan="2" |SAITHALAVI AJYARAKATH
|-
| colspan="2" |B.P SAHIDA
|-
| colspan="2" |NASEEMA P.O
|-
| colspan="2" |FOUSIYA MUHAMMED
|}

===Law and Order===
The municipality comes under the jurisdiction of the Parappanangadi police station, which was formed on 22 June 1979.<ref name="ps">{{Cite web|url=https://malappuram.keralapolice.gov.in/wings/police-stations/parappanangadi-ps|title=Parappanangadi PS|access-date=25 March 2021|website=Kerala police}}</ref> The station is located on [[Neduva]] area of Parappanangadi Municipality. The station has the jurisdiction over the municipality of Parappanangadi and the [[Gram panchayat]] of [[Vallikkunnu]]. (The 4 Revenue villages are Parappanangadi, Vallikkunnu, [[Neduva]], and [[Ariyallur]].)<ref name="ps"/>

The jurisdictional courts of Parappanangadi Police Station are Judicial First Class Magistrate Court Parappanangadi, Parappanangadi Munsiff Court, Subdivisional Magistrate Court [[Tirur]], and Sessions Court [[Manjeri]].<ref name="ps"/>

The border police stations are headquartered at [[Tenhipalam]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], and [[Tirurangadi]].<ref name="ps"/> Parappanangadi Police Station comes under the Tanur subdivision of Malappuram District Police, which is also one among six subdivisions of district police.<ref name="sd">{{Cite web|url=https://malappuram.keralapolice.gov.in/wings/sub-divisional-offices/tanur-subdivision|title=Tanur Subdivision|access-date=24 March 2021|website=Keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref>

====Important Courts at Parappanangadi====
* Judicial First Class Magistrate Court - I, Parappanangadi
* Judicial First Class Magistrate Court - II, Parappanangadi
* Parappanangadi Munsiff Court<ref name="ps"/>

==Geography==
Parappanangadi Municipality is bounded by [[Arabian Sea]] to west, [[Kadalundi River]] to east, [[Vallikkunnu]] Grama panchayat to north, and [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] Municipality to south.<ref name="c2011"/>

==Transportation==
[[File:Palathingal Bridge Parappanagadi.jpg|thumbnail|Palathingal bridge, Parappanangadi]]
The nearest airport is at [[Kozhikode Airport|Karipur]]. [[Parappanangadi railway station|Parappanangadi]] has railway station in the Town.<ref name="tps"/> The nearest major railway station is at [[Tirur railway station|Tirur]].<ref name="tps"/>

Nadukani-Parappanangadi Road connects the coastal area of Malappuram district with the easternmost hilly border at ''Nadukani Churam'' bordering [[Nilgiris district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], near [[Nilambur]], passing through major towns such as [[Tirurangadi]], [[Malappuram]], [[Manjeri]], and [[Nilambur]].<ref name="npr"/>

Parappanangadi-[[Manjeri]] Road and Chettippadi-[[Chamravattam]] Road are two important Roads starting/ending at Parappanangadi.<ref name="ps"/> [[Tirur]]-[[Kadalundi]] Tipu Sultan road passes through the town.<ref name="tps"/>

==Wards of Parappanangadi==
[[File:Parappanangadi Beach.JPG|thumbnail|Parappanangadi Fishing Harbour]]
Parappanangadi Municipality is composed of the following 45 wards:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://sec.kerala.gov.in/index.php/Content/index/lsgd
|website = sec.kerala.gov.in
|title = Wards of Parappanangadi
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
|-
|1
|Vadakke Kadappuram
|2
|Laksham Veedu
|-
|3
|Health Centre
|4
|Chettipadi East
|-
|5
|Anappadi
|6
|Moduvingal
|-
|7
|Keezhchira
|8
|Kovilakam
|-
|9
|Ullanam Town
|10
|Ullanam North
|-
|11
|Edathiruthikkadavu
|12
|Thayyilappadi
|-
|13
|Panayathil
|14
|Putharikkal
|-
|15
|Stadium
|16
|Attakuzhingara
|-
|17
|Karinkavu
|18
|Karingallathani
|-
|19
|Palathingal
|20
|Keezhanalloor
|-
|21
|Kottanthala
|22
|Naseeb Nagar
|-
|23
|Chiramangalam South
|24
|Chiramangalam
|-
|25
|Uppunipuram
|26
|Aviyil Beach
|-
|27
|Kurikkal Road
|28
|Puthen Kadappuram
|-
|29
|Saddam Beach
|30
|Puthen Kadappuram South
|-
|31
|NCC Road
|32
|Parappanangadi South
|-
|33
|Parappanangadi Town
|34
|Puthen Kadappuram
|-
|35
|Ottummal South
|36
|Chappappadi
|-
|37
|Anjappura
|38
|[[Neduva]]
|-
|39
|Kodappalli
|40
|Angadi
|-
|41
|Yarathingal
|42
|Chengattupadam
|-
|43
|Chettipadi
|44
|Alungal South
|-
|45
|Alungal North
|
|
|}

==Notable individuals from Parappanangadi==
* [[P. K. Abdu Rabb|P. K Abdul Rabb]] ( Former Education Minister of Kerala) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=119&Itemid=2287|title=Council of Ministers|date=2011-10-28|access-date=2020-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028162602/http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=119&Itemid=2287|archive-date=28 October 2011}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran|Kerala Varma Valiya Koyi Thampuran]] (Kerala Kalidasan)
* [[Raja Raja Varma]] (Kerala Panini)
* [[Raja Ravi Varma]] (Famous Painter are from different branches of Parappanad Raja Vamsam (Clan) which migrated to Harippad, Changanassery, Mavelikkara and Kilimanoor.)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Visakham thirunal.|date=2012|publisher=Duc|isbn=978-613-9-12064-2|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=940373421}}</ref>
* [[Marthanda Varma]], the founder of [[Travancore]], belongs to [[Parappanad]] royal family. The former Chief Editor of the daily "[[The Hindu]]" (1898 to 1905) and Founder Chief Editor of "The Indian Patriot" Divan Bahadur Cozhisseri Karunakara Menon (1863–1922) was also from Parappanangadi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/somemadrasleader00allauoft|title=Some Madras Leaders|date=1922|publisher=Allahabad Printed at Standard Press}}</ref>
* [[O. Chandu Menon]] wrote his novels "Indulekha" and "Saradha" while he was the judge at Parappanangadi Munciff Court. ''Indulekha'' is also the first Major Novel written in [[Malayalam]] language.
* M.C.C Abdul Rahman Moulavi (1906–1964) (Twentieth century Islamic scholar, reformer in Islamic education in [[Kerala]], founder of [[Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen#Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama|Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCBdogPnnqsC&q=mcc&pg=PA36|title=Educational Empowerment of Kerala Muslims: A Socio-historical Perspective|last=Mohammed|first=U.|date=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-3-3|language=en}}</ref> and [[Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College]] <ref>{{cite web |title=Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College |url=http://www.muacollege.ac.in/eng/ |website=www.muacollege.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji]], a renowned Islamic scholar and reformist.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Parappanangadi}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Articles Related to Parappanangadi
| list =
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Malappuram district}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Kerala}}
}}


== External links ==
{{Malappuram-geo-stub}}
* [https://parappanangadimunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml/ Official website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/pgdimunicipality.official/ Official Facebook Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013043120/https://keralapanchayatelection2020.keralas.info/ Remaining Date for Parappanangadi Municipality Election 2020]
* [http://www.facebook.com/parrapanangaditown Parappanangadi Town]


[[Category:Parappanangadi area]]
[[ml:പരപ്പനങ്ങാടി (ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത്)]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]

Latest revision as of 01:04, 29 November 2024

Parappanangadi
Parappanad
Municipality
Parappanangadi railway station
Parappanangadi railway station
Parappanangadi is located in Kerala
Parappanangadi
Parappanangadi
Location in Kerala, India
Coordinates: 11°02′59″N 75°51′27″E / 11.04972°N 75.85750°E / 11.04972; 75.85750
Country India
StateKerala
DistrictMalappuram
Government
 • BodyParappanangadi Municipality
Area
 • Total
22.5 km2 (8.7 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total
71,239
 • Density3,200/km2 (8,200/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialMalayalam, English
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
676303
Telephone code0494
Vehicle registrationKL-65, KL-55, KL-10
Nearest cityCalicut
Literacy100%[citation needed]
Lok Sabha constituencyPonnani
Civic agencyParappanangadi Municipality
Climatenormal (Köppen)
Websiteparappanangadimunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml

Parappanangadi (IPA: [pɐɾɐpːɐn̺ɐŋːɐːɖi]) is a major town and a municipality in Tirurangadi taluk of Malappuram district, Kerala, India. It is a coastal town located close to the Arabian Sea.

Parappanangadi railway station is one of the oldest railway stations in Kerala. It was a part of the first rail route (Tirur–Chaliyam) in Kerala.[2] Parappanangadi is located 9 km (5.6 mi) north of Tanur on Tirur-Kadalundi Tipu Sultan Road.[3] The town lies on the bank of Kadalundi River.[4] Parappanangadi is located north of the estuary of Poorappuzha River, which is a tributary of Kadalundi River, and south of the estuary of Kadalundi River, which lies in Vallikkunnu.[4] Parappanangadi was one of the major ports on the southwestern coast of India during the medieval period.[5]

The region was ruled by the kingdom of Parappanad, who were vassals to the Zamorin of Calicut, and had the jurisdiction up to Beypore port to the north.[5] In the early medieval period, under the chiefs of Kozhikode and Parappanangadi, Parappanangadi developed as one of the important maritime trade centre on the Malabar Coast.[5] Later it became a part of Eranad Taluk in Malabar District under British Raj.[5]

Nadukani-Parappanangadi Road connects the coastal area of Malappuram district with the easternmost hilly border at Nadukani Churam bordering Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, near Nilambur.[6] It passes through major towns such as Tirurangadi, Malappuram, Manjeri, and Nilambur, before reaching the Nadukani Ghat Road.[6] The Koyi Thampurans of Travancore belongs to Parappanad Royal Family. Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of the Travancore royal family.

History

[edit]
See also: Zamorin and Parappanad
Names, routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE)
Thooval Theeram beach

This town was the headquarters of Parappanad Kingdom during the medieval period.[7] Parappanangadi, which was then an important centre of trade, was known by the name Barburankad to the Arabs.[8] The kingdom of Parappanad had right over Vallikkunnu-Kadalundi-Chaliyam-Beypore region, which is often identified with the ancient maritime trading port of Tyndis, which was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire, during Sangam period (1st-4th century CE).[9]

Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera dynasty).[10] The North Malabar region, which lies north of the port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period.[11]

According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis. However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike's starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces.[12] Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates.[13]

The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers.[14][15]

According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty, who converted to Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad (c. 570–632).[16][17][18][19] According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad, the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayini, and Chaliyam (Chaliyam was a part of Parappanad), were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest Masjids in Indian Subcontinent.[20]

An old map of Parappanangadi on Malabar Coast during Mysore rule (Late 18th century CE)

The palace of the Kshatriya family of Parappanad Rajas is located at a short distance from Parappanangadi railway station. It was from this family that the consorts of the Rani's Travancore family were usually selected.[7]

In 1425, the country was divided into Northern Parappanad (Beypore Swaroopam) and Southern Parappanad (Parappur Swaroopam).[5]

The rulers of Parappanad Swaroopam were vassals to the Zamorins of Calicut.[7] The rulers of Parappanad were one of the Kshatriya claiming lineages of medieval Kerala along with the neighbouring Vettathunad rulers and the Cochin Royal Family.[21]

Parappanangadi was an important coastal town under the Zamorin rule and was one of the major trade centres of the medieval Kerala coast.[22] Arab traders had the monopoly of trade until 15th century CE.[22] In 1573, the Portuguese apparently burned down this town.[8]

The schools built by Basel Evangelistic Mission (BEM) at Parappanangadi and Ponnani during colonial era, have their positions among the oldest modern schools in Kerala.[23] During colonial period, Parappanangadi was placed under the Eranad Taluk of Malabar District.[5] Later in 1957, it became a part of Tirur Taluk, when the Taluk was formed.[7] In 1990's Parappanangadi became a part of the newly formed Tirurangadi Taluk.[24]

Lakshmipuram Palace

[edit]
See also: Lakshmipuram Palace

Lakshmipuram Palace is the royal palace of the Parappanad royal families at Changanassery. Palace is located at Puzhavathu near to Kavil Bhagavathy Temple.[25] The Lakshmipuram Palace was built in 1811 AD by Travancore ruler Maharani Ayilyom Thirunal Gouri Lakshmi Bayi (1791–1815) on behalf of the family of her husband Raja Raja Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran.[26] Until then, the royal family at the Neerazhi Palace in Changanacherry had been moved to newly built Lakshmipuram Palace.[27]

One of the royal families from Parappanad settled in Neerazhi Palace in the 18th century.[28]

Raja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran, father of Travancore Maharaja Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma, was born in Neerazhi Palace in Changanassery. He was part of the royal family of erstwhile Parappanad (Parappangadi and Beypore), Malabar.[29] Maharani Ayilyom Thirunal Gouri Lakshmi Bayi built a new palace in Changanassery for her husband and his family members during her reign in 1811, which was called Lakshmipuram Palace. Until then, the royal family lived in Neerazhi Palace at Puzhavathu.[30][31]

Kilimanoor palace

[edit]
See also: Kilimanoor palace

In 1705 (ME 880), the son and two daughters of Ittammar Raja of Parappanad royal house were adopted into the Royal house of Venad. Ittammar Raja's sister and her sons, Rama Varma and Raghava Varma, settled in Kilimanoor and married the now adopted sisters. Marthanda Varma, the founder of the Kingdom of Travancore, was the son of Raghava Varma. The nephew of Raghava Varma, Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran, married the sister of Marthanda Varma. Their son was Dharma Raja Kartika Thirunnal Rama Varma.

In 1740, when an allied force, led by Dutchman Captain Hockert supporting the Deshinganadu King, attacked Venad, an army from Kilimanoor resisted and then defeated them. Although a small victory, this was the first time an Indian army had defeated a European power.

In 1753, in recognition of this feat, Marthanda Varma exempted the areas controlled by the Kilimanoor palace (most of the area under the present Kilimanoor and Pazhayakunnummel panchayats) from taxes, and granted them autonomous status.

Birthplace of Raja Ravi Varma with his studio in the foreground.

Civic administration

[edit]

The town is administered by Parappanangadi Municipal Council, headed by a Chairman/Chairperson. For administrative purposes, the town is divided into 45 wards,[32] from which the members of the municipal council are elected for a term of five years.

Map
Parappanangadi Municipality

Parappanangadi Municipality Election 2020

[edit]

[33]

S.No. Party Name Party symbol Number of Councillors
01 UDF 27
02 Independents 09
03 LDF 06
04 BJP 03

Municipal Council (2020-2025)

[edit]

[34]

Chairman A Usman
Vice Chairperson Shaharbanu K
Standing Committee Chairman/Chairpersons
Finance Standing Committee Chairperson Shaharbanu K
Development Standing Committee Chairman P.V Musthafa
Welfare Standing Committee Chairperson KP Muhsina
Health Standing Committee Chairman P.P Shahul Hameed
Public works Standing Committee Chairperson Zeenath Alibappu A
Education, Art, Sports Standing Committee Chairman C Nizar Ahammed
Councilors
KC NASAR
M. C. NASEEMA
K.K SAITHALAVIKOYA THANGAL
SUMIRANI O
KP RAMLA TEACHER
SUHARA VK
SUBRAHMANIAN
JAYADEVAN CHERUKUTTIYIL
RAMLATH KODALIKKODAN
KP MEREENA TEACHER
GIREESH CHALERI
FATHIMA RAHEEM
KHADEEJATHUL MARIYA
SAMEER M
SHAHINA SAMEER
NM SHAMEJ
KHAIRUNNISA THAHIR
AV HASSAN KOYA
ABDUL AZEEZ KOOLATH
KASMIKOYA CV
JAFARALI NECHIKKATT
HAREERA HASSAN KOYA
DEEPA
ABDUL RAZAK TR
MOHANDAS MASTER
JAINISHA MANNARAKKAL
UMMUKULSU
KUNNUMMAL JUBAIRIYATH
KARTHIKEYAN T
BABY ACHUTHAN
FOUSIYABI
ABDUL RAZAK T
FOUSIYA SIRAJ
MANJUSHA PRALOSH
SAITHALAVI AJYARAKATH
B.P SAHIDA
NASEEMA P.O
FOUSIYA MUHAMMED

Law and Order

[edit]

The municipality comes under the jurisdiction of the Parappanangadi police station, which was formed on 22 June 1979.[35] The station is located on Neduva area of Parappanangadi Municipality. The station has the jurisdiction over the municipality of Parappanangadi and the Gram panchayat of Vallikkunnu. (The 4 Revenue villages are Parappanangadi, Vallikkunnu, Neduva, and Ariyallur.)[35]

The jurisdictional courts of Parappanangadi Police Station are Judicial First Class Magistrate Court Parappanangadi, Parappanangadi Munsiff Court, Subdivisional Magistrate Court Tirur, and Sessions Court Manjeri.[35]

The border police stations are headquartered at Tenhipalam, Tanur, and Tirurangadi.[35] Parappanangadi Police Station comes under the Tanur subdivision of Malappuram District Police, which is also one among six subdivisions of district police.[36]

Important Courts at Parappanangadi

[edit]
  • Judicial First Class Magistrate Court - I, Parappanangadi
  • Judicial First Class Magistrate Court - II, Parappanangadi
  • Parappanangadi Munsiff Court[35]

Geography

[edit]

Parappanangadi Municipality is bounded by Arabian Sea to west, Kadalundi River to east, Vallikkunnu Grama panchayat to north, and Tanur Municipality to south.[24]

Transportation

[edit]
Palathingal bridge, Parappanangadi

The nearest airport is at Karipur. Parappanangadi has railway station in the Town.[3] The nearest major railway station is at Tirur.[3]

Nadukani-Parappanangadi Road connects the coastal area of Malappuram district with the easternmost hilly border at Nadukani Churam bordering Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, near Nilambur, passing through major towns such as Tirurangadi, Malappuram, Manjeri, and Nilambur.[6]

Parappanangadi-Manjeri Road and Chettippadi-Chamravattam Road are two important Roads starting/ending at Parappanangadi.[35] Tirur-Kadalundi Tipu Sultan road passes through the town.[3]

Wards of Parappanangadi

[edit]
Parappanangadi Fishing Harbour

Parappanangadi Municipality is composed of the following 45 wards:[37]

Ward no. Name Ward no. Name
1 Vadakke Kadappuram 2 Laksham Veedu
3 Health Centre 4 Chettipadi East
5 Anappadi 6 Moduvingal
7 Keezhchira 8 Kovilakam
9 Ullanam Town 10 Ullanam North
11 Edathiruthikkadavu 12 Thayyilappadi
13 Panayathil 14 Putharikkal
15 Stadium 16 Attakuzhingara
17 Karinkavu 18 Karingallathani
19 Palathingal 20 Keezhanalloor
21 Kottanthala 22 Naseeb Nagar
23 Chiramangalam South 24 Chiramangalam
25 Uppunipuram 26 Aviyil Beach
27 Kurikkal Road 28 Puthen Kadappuram
29 Saddam Beach 30 Puthen Kadappuram South
31 NCC Road 32 Parappanangadi South
33 Parappanangadi Town 34 Puthen Kadappuram
35 Ottummal South 36 Chappappadi
37 Anjappura 38 Neduva
39 Kodappalli 40 Angadi
41 Yarathingal 42 Chengattupadam
43 Chettipadi 44 Alungal South
45 Alungal North

Notable individuals from Parappanangadi

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Population of Parappanangadi". parappanangadimunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  2. ^ "Kerala Travels".
  3. ^ a b c d "ആ ചൂളംവിളി പിന്നെയും പിന്നെയും..." Mathrubhumi. 17 June 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Physical divisions of Malappuram" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 631–666. ISBN 9788120604476.
  6. ^ a b c Special Correspondent (12 February 2020). "നാടുകാണി–പരപ്പനങ്ങാടി റോഡ് ടാറിങ് തുടങ്ങി; വീതികൂട്ടലും ഓടനിർമാണവും പിന്നീട്". Manorama Online. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  7. ^ a b c d Devassy, M. K. (1965). District Census Handbook (2) - Kozhikode (1961) (PDF). Ernakulam: Government of Kerala.
  8. ^ a b S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942). Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language. University of Madras.
  9. ^ Yogesh Sharma, Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Primus Books 2010.
  10. ^ Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 14, 334-350.
  11. ^ A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History.
  12. ^ According to Pliny the Elder, goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [1]
  13. ^ Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.
  14. ^ Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.
  15. ^ Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd., p. 301.
  16. ^ Jonathan Goldstein (1999). The Jews of China. M. E. Sharpe. p. 123. ISBN 9780765601049.
  17. ^ Edward Simpson; Kai Kresse (2008). Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean. Columbia University Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-231-70024-5. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  18. ^ Uri M. Kupferschmidt (1987). The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine. Brill. pp. 458–459. ISBN 978-90-04-07929-8. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  19. ^ Husain Raṇṭattāṇi (2007). Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles. Other Books. pp. 179–. ISBN 978-81-903887-8-8. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  20. ^ Prange, Sebastian R. Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast. Cambridge University Press, 2018, p. 98.
  21. ^ Unni, K. Raman (31 May 1961). "Caste in south Malabar a study of social stratification in south Malabar". Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda: 108 – via Shodhganga.
  22. ^ a b K. V. Krishna Iyer Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times to AD 1806. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938
  23. ^ Leelakrishnan, Alamkode (17 June 2019). "അമ്പതിന്റെ നിറവില്‍ മലപ്പുറം; മലപ്പുറത്തിന്റെ മാനവിക മഹാപൈതൃകം". Mathrubhumi.
  24. ^ a b Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. District Census Handbook, Malappuram (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  25. ^ P. Shungoonny Menon - A HISTORY OF TRAVANCORE - First edition: 1878, New edition: 1983, Page 130, 131 - ISBN 978-8170200406
  26. ^ The Travancore State Manual Vol 1 to 4; Publisher : Kerala Council for Historical Research; ISBN 8185499268; Edition : 1996; Pages: 2500; Author:T.K. Velu Pillai; Editor:S.Raimon; Category:Manuals; Year of Publishing:1940
  27. ^ Encyclopedia of Tourism Resources in India; Author: Dr. Manohar Sajnani, Published in 2001, Published by: Kalpaz Publications; Address: C-30, Satyawati Nagar, Phase-III, Ashok Vihar, Delhi-110052, ISBN 81-7835-014-9 (set), ISBN 81-7835-018-1 (Vol II)
  28. ^ Menon, P Shungoonny (1878). History of Travancore from the Earliest Times by P Shungoonny Menon (Dewan Peishcar of Travancore). 105, Mount Road, Madras: Higginbotham and Company. pp. 152, 153.
  29. ^ Visakham Thirunal - Editor: Lennox Raphael Eyvindr - ISBN 9786139120642
  30. ^ History of Travancore from the Earliest Times - P. Shungoonny Menon - ISBN 8120601696 - Published By: Asian Educational Services
  31. ^ Lennox Raphael Eyvindr, ed. (2012). Visakham Thirunal. p. 168. ISBN 978-6139120642.
  32. ^ "Parappanangadi municipality". lsgkerala. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  33. ^ "Parappanangadi Municipality election of 2020". lbtrend. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  34. ^ "LSGI Election -2020 - Elected Council Members". lsgkerala.gov.in.
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  36. ^ "Tanur Subdivision". Keralapolice.gov.in. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  37. ^ "Wards of Parappanangadi". sec.kerala.gov.in.
  38. ^ "Council of Ministers". 28 October 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
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  40. ^ Some Madras Leaders. Allahabad Printed at Standard Press. 1922.
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  42. ^ "Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College". www.muacollege.ac.in.
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