Duchy of Bytom: Difference between revisions

Duchy of Bytom
*Księstwo Bytomskie* (pl)
Duchy of Bytom Księstwo Bytomskie (pl)
1281–1498
	Coat of arms
	Silesian duchies in 1284, Bytom in violet
Status	Silesian duchy
Capital	Bytom
Religion	Catholicism
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Partitioned from ; Opole and Racibórz	1281
• Casimir sole ruler	1284
• Vassalized by Bohemia	1289
• Divided between; Oleśnica and Cieszyn	1357–1459
• Merged with Opole	1498
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Duchy of Opole and Racibórz
Duchy of Opole
Today part of	Poland

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The Duchy of Bytom (Polish: Księstwo Bytomskie, Czech: Bytomské knížectví, German: Herzogtum Beuthen) was a duchy in Upper Silesia, one of the Silesian duchies of fragmented Piast-ruled Poland. It was established in Upper Silesia about 1281 during the division of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz among the sons of Duke Władysław Opolski.^[1] The duchy's capital was Bytom, formerly part of Lesser Poland until in 1177 the Polish High Duke Casimir II the Just had attached it to the Silesian Duchy of Racibórz.

History

When Władysław's second son Casimir became Duke of Bytom, he at first ruled jointly with his brother Duke Bolko I of Opole and from 1284 on alone. The conflict with his Piast cousin Duke Henryk IV Probus of Silesia-Wrocław led Casimir to seek shelter from King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and in 1289 he became the first Silesian Piast duke to submit himself under Bohemian overlordship.

With the death of Casimir's grandson Duke Bolesław in 1355 the Bytom branch of the Piasts became extinct and in the following inheritance dispute his widow Margareta of Sternberg had to cede the northern part of the duchy including the lordship of Koźle to Duke Konrad I of Oleśnica, while the remaining part was bequested to Duke Casimir I of Cieszyn. Bytom remained divided until in 1459 Duke Wenceslaus I of Cieszyn sold his portion to Duke Konrad IX the Black of Oleśnica and the duchy was reunited under his rule.

In 1472 Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, then self-declared King of Bohemia, annexed Bytom and pledged it to Lord Jan of Zierotin. In 1498 it was finally merged back into the Duchy of Opole under the rule of Duke Jan II the Good. Jan had signed an inheritance treaty with Margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach, who in 1526 was enfeoffed with Bytom by King Louis II Jagiellon of Bohemia.

His rule however was denied by Louis' successors from the House of Habsburg, who suspiciously eyed the gain of power of the House of Hohenzollern in Silesia. After the 1620 Battle of White Mountain Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg took the opportunity to deprive Elector George Wiliam of Brandenburg of the rule over Bytom. It then remained a state country within the Habsburg monarchy until its annexation by Prussia in 1742.

Dukes

Of Bytom (1281/1282-1355/1357):

Cieszyn Piasts (1357-1459):

Oleśnica Piasts (1357-1472/1492):

Konrad I oleśnicki (1357-1366);
Konrad II Siwy (1366-1403);
Konrad III Stary (1403-1412);
Konrad IV Starszy (1412/1413-1416), Konrad V Kącki (1412/1413-1427), Konrad VI Dziekan (1416-1427), Konrad VII Biały (1316-1450), Konrad VIII Młody (1416-1427);
Konrad IX Czarny (1450-1471, Konrad X );
Konrad X Biały (1450-1452, 1471-1472, de facto 1492);

Opole Piasts

Jan II Dobry (1498-1532)

References

^ Emmerling, Ryszard; Zajączkowska, Urszula (2003). Opole. Adan. p. 10. ISBN 9788391537138.

50°21′04″N 18°55′04″E / 50.351031°N 18.917853°E / 50.351031; 18.917853

[1] Emmerling, Ryszard; Zajączkowska, Urszula (2003). Opole. Adan. p. 10. ISBN 9788391537138.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}{{Infobox country
-{{Unreferenced|date=January 2008}}
+|native_name            = ''Księstwo Bytomskie'' <small>([[Polish language|pl]])</small>
-{{Infobox Former Country
-|native_name            = ''Herzogtum Beuthen'' <small>([[German language|de]])</small><br/>''Księstwo Bytomskie'' <small>([[Polish language|pl]])
 |conventional_long_name = Duchy of Bytom
 |common_name            = Bytom
-|continent              = Europe
-|region                 = Silesia
-|country                = Central Europe
 |era                    = Middle Ages
 |status                 = [[Duchies of Silesia|Silesian duchy]]
 |empire                 =
-|government_type        = Principality
+|symbol                 = Coat of arms of Silesia
+|government_type        =
 |year_start             = 1281
 |year_end               = 1498
-|life_span              = 1281 – 1498
+|life_span              = 1281–1498
-|event_start            = Partitioned from [[Duchy of Opole|Opole]]
+|event_start            = Partitioned from <br>{{spaces|4}}[[Duchy of Opole and Racibórz|Opole and Racibórz]]
 |date_start             =
 |event1                 = [[Casimir of Bytom|Casimir]] sole ruler
@@ Line 21: / Line 18: @@
 |date_event2            = 1289
 |event3                 = Divided between<br/>{{spaces|4}}[[Duchy of Oleśnica|Oleśnica]] and [[Duchy of Teschen|Cieszyn]]
-|date_event3            = 1357-1459
+|date_event3            = 1357–1459
 |event_end              = Merged with Opole
 |date_end               =
 |event_post             =
 |date_post              =
-|p1                     = Duchy of Opole
+|religion               = [[Catholicism]]
-|image_p1               = [[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|20px|Duchy of Opole]]
+|p1                     = Duchy of Opole and Racibórz
+|image_p1               = [[File:POL województwo opolskie COA.svg|20px|Duchy of Opole and Racibórz]]
 |s1                     = Duchy of Opole
-|image_s1               = [[File:POL_województwo_opolskie_COA.svg|20px|Duchy of Opole]]
+|image_s1               = [[File:POL województwo opolskie COA.svg|20px|Duchy of Opole]]
 |image_flag             =
-|image_coat             = Śląskie herb.svg
+|image_coat             = POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg
-|image_map              =
+|image_map              = Śląsk 1284-1287.png
-|image_map_caption      =
+|image_map_caption      = Silesian duchies in 1284, Bytom in violet
 |capital                = Bytom
-|footnotes              =
+|today                  = Poland
 }}
-The '''Duchy of Bytom''' ({{lang-pl|Księstwo Bytomskie}}) or '''Duchy of Beuthen''' ({{lang-de|Herzogtum Beuthen}}) was one of many [[duchies of Silesia]]. It was established in [[Upper Silesia]] about 1281 during the division of the [[Duchy of Opole]] among the sons of [[Władysław Opolski]], its capital was [[Bytom]] (''Beuthen''). [[Casimir of Bytom|Casimir]] became Duke of Bytom, who at first ruled jointly with his brother [[Bolko I of Opole]] and from 1284 on alone. The conflict with his cousin Duke [[Henry IV Probus]] of Wrocław led Casimir to seek shelter from King [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia]] and in 1289 he became the first Silesian Piast duke to submit himself under [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] overlordship.
+The '''Duchy of Bytom''' ({{langx|pl|Księstwo Bytomskie}}, {{langx|cs|Bytomské knížectví}}, {{langx|de|Herzogtum Beuthen}}) was a duchy in [[Upper Silesia]], one of the [[Duchies of Silesia|Silesian duchies]] of fragmented [[Piast dynasty|Piast]]-ruled Poland. It was established in [[Upper Silesia]] about 1281 during the division of the [[Duchy of Opole and Racibórz]] among the sons of Duke [[Władysław Opolski]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__8jAQAAIAAJ&q=Bytom+opole+raciborz+1281&dq=Bytom+opole+raciborz+1281|title=Opole|last1=Emmerling|first1=Ryszard|last2=Zajączkowska|first2=Urszula|date=2003|publisher=Adan|isbn=9788391537138|pages=10|language=en}}</ref> The duchy's capital was [[Bytom]], formerly part of [[Lesser Poland]] until in 1177 the Polish High Duke [[Casimir II the Just]] had attached it to the Silesian [[Duchy of Racibórz]].
+==History==
-With the death of Casimir's grand-son Duke [[Bolesław of Bytom|Bolesław]] in 1355 the Bytom branch of the Piasts became extinct and in the following inheritance dispute his widow [[Margareta of Sternberg]] had to cede the northern part of the duchy including the lordship of [[Koźle]] to Duke [[Konrad I of Oleśnica]], while the remaining part was bequested to Duke [[Casimir I, Duke of Cieszyn|Casimir I of Cieszyn]]. Bytom remained divided until in 1459 Duke [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Cieszyn|Wenceslaus I of Cieszyn]] sold his portion to Duke [[Konrad IX the Black]] of Oleśnica and the duchy was reunited under his rule.
+When Władysław's second son [[Casimir of Bytom|Casimir]] became Duke of Bytom, he at first ruled jointly with his brother Duke [[Bolko I of Opole]] and from 1284 on alone. The conflict with his [[Silesian Piasts|Piast]] cousin Duke [[Henryk IV Probus]] of Silesia-[[Wrocław]] led Casimir to seek shelter from King [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia]] and in 1289 he became the first Silesian Piast duke to submit himself under [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] overlordship.
+With the death of Casimir's grandson Duke [[Bolesław of Bytom|Bolesław]] in 1355 the Bytom branch of the Piasts became extinct and in the following inheritance dispute his widow [[Margareta of Sternberg]] had to cede the northern part of the duchy including the lordship of [[Koźle]] to Duke [[Konrad I of Oleśnica]], while the remaining part was bequested to Duke [[Casimir I, Duke of Cieszyn|Casimir I of Cieszyn]]. Bytom remained divided until in 1459 Duke [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Cieszyn|Wenceslaus I of Cieszyn]] sold his portion to Duke [[Konrad IX the Black]] of Oleśnica and the duchy was reunited under his rule.
-In 1472 [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary]], then self-declared King of Bohemia, annexed Bytom and pledged it to Lord Jan of [[House of Zierotin|Zierotin]]. In 1498 it was finally merged back into the Duchy of Opole under the rule of Duke [[Jan II the Good]]. Jan had signed an inheritance treaty with Margrave [[George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach|George of Brandenburg-Ansbach]], who in 1526 was enfeoffed with Bytom by King [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II Jagiellon]] of Bohemia.
-His rule however was denied by Louis' successors from the [[House of Habsburg]], who suspiciously eyed the gain of power of the [[House of Hohenzollern]] in Silesia. After the 1620 [[Battle of White Mountain]] Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II of Habsburg]] took the opportunity to deprive Elector [[George William, Elector of Brandenburg|George Wiliam of Brandenburg]] of the rule over Bytom. It then remained a [[state country]] within the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] until its annexation by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in 1742.
+In 1472 [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary]], then self-declared King of Bohemia, annexed Bytom and pledged it to Lord Jan of [[House of Zierotin|Zierotin]]. In 1498 it was finally merged back into the Duchy of Opole under the rule of Duke [[Jan II the Good]]. Jan had signed an inheritance treaty with Margrave [[George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach|George of Brandenburg-Ansbach]], who in 1526 was enfeoffed with Bytom by King [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II Jagiellon]] of Bohemia.
+His rule however was denied by Louis' successors from the [[House of Habsburg]], who suspiciously eyed the gain of power of the [[House of Hohenzollern]] in Silesia. After the 1620 [[Battle of White Mountain]] Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II of Habsburg]] took the opportunity to deprive Elector [[George William, Elector of Brandenburg|George Wiliam of Brandenburg]] of the rule over Bytom. It then remained a [[state country]] within the [[Habsburg monarchy]] until its annexation by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in 1742.
+== Dukes ==
+'''Of Bytom''' ([[1281]]/[[1282]]-[[1355]]/[[1357]]):
+*[[Casimir of Bytom|Kazimierz]] ([[1281]]/[[1282]]-[[1312]]);
+*[[Siemowit of Bytom|Siemowit]] ([[1312]]-[[1316]]);
+*[[George of Bytom|Jerzy]] ([[1316]]-[[1327]]);
+*[[Władysław of Bytom|Władysław]] ([[1316]]-[[1352]]);
+*[[Bolesław of Bytom|Bolesław I]] ([[1352]]-[[1355]]);
+* [[Margareta of Sternberg|Małgorzata ze Šternberka]] ([[1355]]-[[1357]]);
+'''Cieszyn Piasts''' ([[1357]]-[[1459]]):
+*[[Kazimierz I of Cieszyn|Kazimierz I cieszyński]] ([[1357]]-[[1358]]);
+* [[Przemysław I Noszak]] ([[1358]]-[[1405]])
+*[[Bolesław I, Duke of Cieszyn|Bolesław II]] ([[1405]]-[[1431]])
+*[[Wacław I of Cieszyn|Wacław]] ([[1431]]/[[1442]]-[[1452]] i [[1452]]-[[1459]]);
+*[[Bolesław II of Cieszyn|Bolesław III]] ([[1452]]);
+'''Oleśnica Piasts''' ([[1357]]-[[1472]]/[[1492]]):
+*[[Konrad I of Oleśnica|Konrad I oleśnicki]] ([[1357]]-[[1366]]);
+*[[Konrad II the Gray|Konrad II Siwy]] ([[1366]]-[[1403]]);
+*[[Konrad III the Old|Konrad III Stary]] ([[1403]]-[[1412]]);
+*[[Konrad IV the Elder|Konrad IV Starszy]] ([[1412]]/[[1413]]-[[1416]]), [[Konrad V Kantner|Konrad V Kącki]] ([[1412]]/[[1413]]-[[1427]]), [[Konrad VI the Dean|Konrad VI Dziekan]] ([[1416]]-[[1427]]), [[Konrad VII the White|Konrad VII Biały]] ([[1316]]-[[1450]]), [[Konrad VIII the Younger|Konrad VIII Młody]] ([[1416]]-[[1427]]);
+*[[Konrad IX the Black|Konrad IX Czarny]] ([[1450]]-[[1471]], [[Konrad X the White|Konrad X]] );
+*[[Konrad X the White|Konrad X Biały]] ([[1450]]-[[1452]], [[1471]]-[[1472]], ''de facto [[1492]]'');
+'''Opole Piasts'''
+*[[Jan II the Good|Jan II Dobry]] ([[1498]]-[[1532]])
 ==See also==
 *[[Dukes of Silesia]]
+== References ==
+{{Reflist}}
+{{Fiefs of the Polish Kingdom}}
 {{Duchies of Silesia}}
-{{Poland-hist-stub}}
-{{Germany-hist-stub}}
+{{coord|50.351031|18.917853|format=dms|display=title|type:landmark}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Bytom, Duchy of}}
-[[Category:Duchies of Silesia]]
-[[Category:1281]]
-[[Category:Polish historical regions]]
-[[Category:Former principalities]]
-[[Category:States of the Holy Roman Empire]]
-[[Category:Czech historical regions]]
-[[Category:States and territories established in the 13th century]]
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Bytom, Duchy Of}}
-[[cs:Bytomsko]]
+[[Category:Bytom]]
-[[de:Herzogtum Beuthen]]
+[[Category:13th-century establishments in Poland|Duchy of Bytom]]
-[[lt:Bytomo kunigaikštystė]]
+[[Category:1498 disestablishments]]
-[[pl:Księstwo Bytomskie]]
+[[Category:Duchies of Silesia]]
+[[Category:States and territories established in the 1280s]]
+[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1490s]]
+[[Category:1281 establishments in Europe]]
+[[Category:1490s disestablishments in Europe]]

v t e Duchies of Silesia
	Original	Duchy of Silesia
	Lower Silesia	Duchy of Bierutów Duchy of Brzeg Duchy of Głogów Duchy of Jawor Duchy of Legnica Duchy of Lwówek Duchy of Nysa Duchy of Oleśnica Duchy of Żagań Duchy of Münsterberg
	Upper Silesia	Duchy of Bielsko Duchy of Bytom Duchy of Cieszyn Duchy of Głogówek and Prudnik Duchy of Głubczyce Duchy of Krnov Duchy of Opava Duchy of Opole Duchy of Opole and Racibórz Duchy of Oświęcim Duchy of Prudnik Duchy of Pszczyna Duchy of Racibórz Duchy of Siewierz Duchy of Zator
	Other	Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia County of Kladsko