Jump to content

Baldwin of Forde: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
Changing short description from "12th-century abbot and Archbishop of Canterbury" to "Archbishop of Canterbury from 1185 to 1190"
 
(706 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Archbishop of Canterbury from 1185 to 1190}}
{{start box}}
{{bots|deny=InternetArchiveBot}}
{{succession box | before=[[Richard of Dover|Richard]]| title=[[Archbishop of Canterbury]] | after=[[Reginald Fitz Jocelin]] | years=1185–1190}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{end box}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| name = Baldwin of Forde
| archbishop_of = [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]
| image = Baldwinofexeterstatuecanterburycatheraloutside.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| alt =
| caption = Statue of Baldwin of Forde from the exterior of [[Canterbury Cathedral]]
| appointed = December 1184
| ended = 19 November 1190
| predecessor = [[Richard of Dover]]
| successor = [[Reginald Fitz Jocelin|Reginald fitzJocelin]]
| consecration = {{circa|1180|lk=yes}}
| other_post = [[Archdeacon of Totnes]]<br />[[Bishop of Worcester]]
| birth_date = c. 1125
| birth_place = [[Exeter]], [[Kingdom of England]]
| death_date = 19 November 1190
| death_place = near [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
| parents = [[Hugh de Avigo|Hugh d'Eu]]
}}


'''Baldwin of Forde''' or '''Ford'''<ref name=Sharpe66>Sharpe ''Handlist of Latin Writers'' pp. 66–67</ref> ({{circa|1125|lk=yes}}&nbsp;– 19 November 1190) was [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] between 1185 and 1190. The son of a clergyman, he studied [[canon law]] and theology at [[Bologna]] and was tutor to [[list of popes|Pope]] [[Pope Eugene III|Eugene III]]'s nephew before returning to England to serve successive [[Bishop of Exeter|bishops of Exeter]]. After becoming a [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] [[monk]] he was named abbot of his monastery at [[Forde Abbey|Forde]] and subsequently elected to the episcopate at [[Worcester, England|Worcester]]. Before becoming a bishop, he wrote theological works and sermons, some of which have survived.
{{reli-bio-stub}}


As a bishop, Baldwin came to the attention of King [[Henry II of England]], who was so impressed he insisted that Baldwin become archbishop. In that office, Baldwin quarrelled with his cathedral clergy over the founding of a church, which led to the imprisonment of the clergy in their cloister for more than a year. Baldwin spent some time in Wales with [[Gerald of Wales]], preaching and raising money for the [[Third Crusade]]. After the coronation of [[Richard I of England]], the new king sent Baldwin ahead to the [[Holy Land]], where he became embroiled in the politics of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. Baldwin died in the Holy Land while participating in the crusade.
[[Category:Archbishops of Canterbury|Baldwin]]

==Ecclesiastical career==
Born in [[Exeter]] around 1125, Baldwin was the son of [[Hugh de Avigo|Hugh d'Eu]], [[Archdeacon of Totnes]], and a woman of unknown name who later became a nun. [[Gervase of Canterbury]]'s story, that he was from an even humbler background, has been shown by modern scholarship to stem from bias on the medieval chronicler's part.<ref name=DNB>Holdsworth "Baldwin" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref> It is possible that he studied at Bologna in the 1150s with the future Pope [[Pope Urban III|Urban III]].<ref name=Bartlett509>Bartlett ''England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings'' p. 509</ref><ref name=Becket37>Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 37</ref> [[Robert Warelwast]], who was Bishop of Exeter from 1138 to 1155, had sent Baldwin to Italy to study law.<ref name=DNBRWarelwast>Barlow "Warelwast, Robert de" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref> Baldwin was also said to have taught at Exeter, although this is not substantiated by any contemporary record.<ref name=Morey105>Morey ''Bartholomew of Exeter'' pp. 105–109</ref> In 1150 or 1151 Pope Eugene III appointed him tutor to Eugene's nephew. By 1155 Baldwin seems to have returned to England, where he joined the household of [[Robert of Chichester]], Bishop of Exeter.<ref name=DNB/>

Baldwin attracted the attention of [[Bartholomew Iscanus]], Bishop of Exeter, who made him [[archdeacon]] at [[Totnes]] in about 1161,<ref name=Monastic316>Knowles ''Monastic Order'' pp. 316–324</ref> after Baldwin's father's death.<ref name=DNB/>{{efn|Baldwin is often stated to have been [[Archdeacon of Exeter]], instead of Totnes, but this is an error, probably stemming from the fact that John of Salisbury addressed him with that title. The general practice of the time, however, was to address all the archdeacons of a diocese as archdeacons of that diocese, rather than by their more specific territorial title.<ref name=Morey120>Morey ''Bartholomew of Exeter'' pp. 120–121</ref>}} Baldwin was known as a [[canon lawyer]] during his holding of Totnes.<ref name=Becket184>Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 184</ref> He received a letter from [[John of Salisbury]] in 1167, complaining about Bartholomew's conduct during the [[Becket controversy]]. John accused Bartholomew of not properly supporting [[Thomas Becket]] the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in his dispute with the king, urging Baldwin to influence the bishop to increase his support, and not to sign any appeal by the English bishops against Becket.<ref name=Coll103>Knowles ''Episcopal Colleagues'' p. 103</ref> Other letters from John dealt with rumours concerning [[Roger of Worcester|Roger]], the Bishop of Worcester, who John had heard was speaking badly of Becket. John's purpose seems to have been to have Baldwin pass along a warning from Becket to Roger about his behaviour; John was a supporter of Becket's during the latter's exile.<ref name=Roger36>Cheney ''Roger of Worcester'' p. 36</ref> In 1169 Baldwin was once again peripherally involved in the Becket dispute, when he objected to Becket's excommunication of a number of noblemen and clergy for opposing Becket's cause. Baldwin's objection was not so much that they were excommunicated, but that no warning had been given that such an action was contemplated.<ref name=Becket184/>

Baldwin became a monk in about 1170, and then abbot of the Cistercian monastery of [[Forde Abbey|Forde]].<ref name=Knowles132>Knowles, et al. ''Heads of Religious Houses'' p. 132</ref><ref name=BHOWorc>Greenway "Worcester: Bishops" ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300'': Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces)</ref> He was well known as a [[canon law|canonist]],<ref>Warren ''Henry II'' p. 552</ref> and often acted as a [[papal judge-delegate|judge-delegate]] for the papacy, hearing cases that had reached the Roman [[Curia]] and been remanded to local experts for decision.<ref name=Becket90>Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 90</ref> In 1166, Baldwin was the addressee of a work by John of Salisbury, ''Expectiatione longa'', which was one of the tracts written during the Becket controversy.<ref name=Becket156>Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' pp. 155–157</ref> It was probably at this time that Baldwin wrote ''De sacramento altaris''.<ref name=DNB/> In 1175 he served with his old bishop, Bartholomew, as joint papal judge in a dispute between [[Malmesbury Abbey]] and [[Josceline de Bohon]], the [[Bishop of Salisbury]].<ref name=Morey36>Morey ''Bartholomew of Exeter'' p. 36</ref> In 1178 he was recommended to Pope Alexander as a possible candidate for a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinalship]], but this never occurred.<ref name=Morey105/>

Baldwin became [[Bishop of Worcester]] on 10 August 1180.<ref name=Handbook278>Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 278</ref> While at Worcester, he impressed King Henry II by intervening in a secular case to prevent a hanging on a Sunday.<ref>Warren ''Henry II'' p. 554</ref> Although the medieval writer [[Walter Map]] said that Baldwin was determined to continue writing even after his election to the bishopric, none of Baldwin's writings can be dated to his time as bishop except for one sermon.<ref name=DNB/>

==Archbishop of Canterbury==
Baldwin was [[Translation (ecclesiastical)|translated]] from the [[Anglican Diocese of Worcester|see of Worcester]] to the [[Archbishop of Canterbury|see of Canterbury]] in December 1184,<ref name=Handbook232>Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 232</ref> after Henry II let it be known that he would accept only Baldwin at Canterbury; the previous incumbent, [[Richard of Dover]], had died in April that year.<ref name=Warren555>Warren ''Henry II'' p. 555</ref> The monks put forward three candidates from within [[Canterbury Cathedral|Christ Church Priory]]: Odo, who had been [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|prior]] of Christ Church and was then Abbot of [[Battle Abbey]], [[Peter de Leia]], a [[Cluny Abbey|Cluniac]] prior of [[Much Wenlock Priory|Wenlock Priory]] and later [[Bishop of St David's]], and Theobald, [[Abbot of Cluny]], but none of them found favour with the English bishops. Instead, the prelates selected the king's choice, Baldwin.<ref name=Monastic316/> The selection of Baldwin took place only after a dispute between the members of the cathedral chapter of Canterbury and the [[suffragan bishop]]s of Canterbury, both of whom claimed the right to elect the new archbishop.<ref name=Young12>Young ''Hubert Walter'' p. 12</ref>

Baldwin received his [[pallium]] from Pope [[Pope Lucius III|Lucius III]] along with Lucius' approval of his translation.<ref name=Lawrence73>Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" ''English Church and the Papacy'' p. 73</ref> Baldwin was named a [[papal legate]] in 1185, although his authority was limited to his own archdiocese and did not extend into the [[Archdiocese of York]].<ref name=Papacy173>Robinson ''Papacy'' p. 173</ref>

===Dispute with Christ Church Priory===
During his time as archbishop there was a dispute with the monks of Christ Church Priory in [[Canterbury]], who resented Baldwin's attempts to impose stricter control over them and disputed the legitimacy of Baldwin's election. For his part, Baldwin did not approve of the luxurious and pampered life the monks of Christ Church lived,<ref name=Poole221>Poole ''Domesday Book to Magna Carta'' p. 221</ref> and felt that they profited too much from the cult of Thomas Becket.<ref name=Becket271>Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 271</ref>

The dispute escalated when Baldwin deprived the monks of some of the revenues of their monastic estates. After that, Baldwin proposed to establish a church dedicated to Becket in Canterbury itself, staffed by [[secular clergy|secular]] rather than monastic clergy. The monks of the [[cathedral chapter]] saw this proposed foundation as the first step in an attempt to change the see of Canterbury from a monastic cathedral chapter, a peculiarity of the English Church, to the more normal pattern of secular clergy. It is not clear if Baldwin himself intended such a plan, but the other bishops supported the effort, as contemporary writers made clear. Baldwin sought the advice of [[Hugh of Lincoln|Hugh]], the [[Bishop of Lincoln]], who advised Baldwin to abandon the plan as it would only cause distress to all parties. The controversy was long and involved and, at one point, the monks were imprisoned within their own buildings for a year and a half, from January 1188 to August 1189. This led to the suspension of the [[liturgy]] in the cathedral. Eventually all the prominent ecclesiastics and monastic houses of Europe were forced into choosing sides in the dispute. In October 1189, in an attempt to gain control, Baldwin appointed [[Roger Norreys]] as the chapter's prior, an appointment widely acknowledged by contemporaries as putting a useless individual into the office.<ref name=Monastic316/>{{efn|The monks opposed his appointment,<ref name=Monastic316/> and contemporary writers are universal in their condemnation of his morals.<ref name=Monastic322>Knowles ''Monastic Order'' pp. 321–322</ref>}} His plan for financing the church involved soliciting contributions from donors by promising a one-third reduction in penances for annual donations.<ref name=Little32>Little ''Religious Poverty'' p. 32</ref>

[[File:Henry II of England.jpg|thumb|right|King Henry II of England]]

===Service to King Henry===
In 1188 King Henry II of England called for a tax to support the Third Crusade, following the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|fall of Jerusalem]] to Saladin in 1187.<ref name=HenryII607>Warren ''Henry II'' pp. 607–608</ref> It was collected at the rate of a tenth of all the property and income of any person not vowing to go on crusade.<ref name=Lyon269>Lyon ''Constitutional and Legal History'' p. 269</ref> It was popularly known as the "[[Saladin tithe]]" and was the most extensive tax ever collected in England up to that point.<ref name=Powell89>Powell and Wallis ''House of Lords'' p. 89</ref> Being a tithe and not a secular tax, it was collected by [[diocese]]s rather than by [[shire]]s. Baldwin especially was blamed for its harshness,<ref name=Poole296>Poole ''Domesday Book to Magna Carta'' p. 296</ref> although in February, along with his advisor [[Peter of Blois]], he was in Normandy with the king.<ref name=Southern209>Southern "Peter of Blois" ''Studies in Medieval History'' p. 209</ref>

Baldwin took the cross, or vowed to go on crusade, along with King Henry and many others in January 1188,<ref name=Young33/> or when he began his preaching campaign on 11 February 1188 to drum up support for the Third Crusade.<ref name=Gods378>Tyerman ''God's War'' p. 378</ref> According to the archbishop's secretary, Peter of Blois, Baldwin was initially opposed to joining the crusade, but was persuaded by Peter to take the cross and to preach the crusade, arguing that it was the archbishop's duty to defend "the vineyard of the Lord of Hosts".<ref name=Bennett33-4>Bennett ''Elite Participation'' pp. 33-4</ref> Baldwin preached the crusade with Gilbert of Glanville, bishop of Rochester, at Henry's council at Geddington and in April 1188, Baldwin was in Wales on a tour attempting to secure support for the king's crusade, and was forcing his servants and followers to exercise on foot up and down hills in preparation for the journey to the Holy Land.<ref name=Bennett35>Bennett ''Elite Participation'' p. 35</ref><ref name=Tyerman60>Tyerman ''England and the Crusades'' pp. 60–61</ref> He spent most of the year in Wales, preaching the crusade, accompanied by the chronicler Gerald of Wales.<ref name=Poole296/>{{efn|Gerald wrote up the events of the tour as ''Itinerarium Kambriae'', or ''Journey through Wales'', written in 1191. The historian [[Christopher Tyerman]] says of Gerald's work that it is an "invaluable if self-glorifying personal account".<ref name=Tyerman156>Tyerman ''England and the Crusades'' p. 157 and p. 410 footnote 17</ref>}} Gerald claimed about 3000 recruits for the crusade from his and Baldwin's efforts in Wales,<ref name=Tyerman161>Tyerman ''England and the Crusades'' p. 161</ref> although he also suggested that Baldwin mainly embarked on the tour to avoid his dispute with the Canterbury monks.<ref name=Gods393>Tyerman ''God's War'' p. 393</ref>

A side effect of Baldwin's tour of Wales was the implied assertion of royal authority in a section of Henry's domains that had always been somewhat fractious. Baldwin was also asserting his ecclesiastical authority over the Welsh bishops, especially when he made a point of celebrating [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] at every Welsh cathedral; he was the first Archbishop of Canterbury to celebrate mass at [[St Asaph's Cathedral]].<ref name=Tyerman66/> Baldwin excommunicated the only Welsh prince who refused to appear before him and take the cross, [[Owain Cyfeiliog]].<ref name=Gods385>Tyerman ''God's War'' p. 385</ref>

Baldwin was with King Henry shortly before the latter's death, taking part in unsuccessful efforts to negotiate a truce with Henry's heir, Prince Richard, who had rebelled against his father.<ref name=RichardI97>Gillingham ''Richard I'' p. 97</ref> After Henry's death, Richard sought and obtained [[absolution]] for the sin of disobedience to his father from both Baldwin and [[Walter de Coutances]], [[Archbishop of Rouen]].<ref name=RichardI104>Gillingham ''Richard I'' p. 104</ref> Baldwin, along with Coutances, was with Richard on 20 July 1189 at Rouen when the king was invested with the Duchy of Normandy.<ref name=Turner73>Turner and Heiser ''Reign of Richard Lionheart'' p. 73</ref> Baldwin crowned Richard at [[Westminster Abbey]] on 13 September 1189 in the first English coronation for which a detailed description survives.<ref name=RichardI107>Gillingham ''Richard I'' p. 107</ref>

[[File:Church of Fontevraud Abbey Richard I effigy.jpg|thumb|left|Baldwin crowned Richard I, shown on his effigy, in 1189.]]

===Under Richard===
After the death of Henry II, and the accession of Richard as king, the monks of Christ Church Priory petitioned Richard to intercede in the long-running dispute between them and the archbishop. In November 1189, Richard and the whole court, including the Queen Mother [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]], travelled to Canterbury in an attempt to end the controversy before the papacy become involved.<ref name=RichardI110>Gillingham ''Richard I'' pp. 110–111</ref> Richard finally settled the dispute by persuading Baldwin to abandon his church-building project and to dismiss Norreys. Soon after this, Richard left England and Baldwin declared that he was going to found the proposed church at [[Lambeth]], and then join Richard on crusade.<ref name=Monastic316/> Both Richard and Baldwin agreed to appoint Norreys to [[Evesham Abbey]], as the previous [[Evesham Abbey|abbot of Evesham]], [[Adam of Evesham]], had recently died. This appointment eventually led, after Baldwin's death, to the [[Case of Evesham]].<ref name=Monastic331>Knowles ''Monastic Order'' pp. 331–333</ref> In August 1189 Baldwin objected to the marriage of Prince [[John of England|John]], later King John, to [[Isabel of Gloucester]], on the grounds of [[consanguinity]]. John promised to obtain a papal [[Dispensation (Catholic Church)|dispensation]], but never did so.<ref name=Bartlett557>Bartlett ''England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings'' p. 557</ref> Baldwin laid John's lands under [[interdict]], but it was lifted by a papal legate who declared the marriage legal.<ref name=RichardI110/> Richard also restored to the archbishops of Canterbury the right to operate a mint, staffed by three moneyers.<ref name=Young76>Young ''Hubert Walter'' p. 76</ref>

==Third Crusade==
In April 1190 Baldwin left England with Richard on the Third Crusade.<ref name=Bartlett115/> Leading the English advance guard,<ref name=Tyerman57>Tyerman ''England and the Crusades'' p. 57</ref> Baldwin left Marseilles ahead of Richard together with [[Hubert Walter]] and [[Ranulf de Glanvill]]. The group sailed directly to Syria on 5 August 1190.<ref name=Young33>Young ''Hubert Walter'' pp. 33–36</ref><ref name=Tyerman66>Tyerman ''England and the Crusades'' pp. 66–69</ref> Baldwin delegated the administration of his [[spiritualities]] and [[temporalities]] to [[Gilbert Glanvill]], the [[Bishop of Rochester]], but entrusted any archiepiscopal authority to [[Richard FitzNeal]], the [[Bishop of London]]. The custom of giving the archiepiscopal authority to London had originated in Archbishop [[Lanfranc]]'s time.<ref name=Young94>Young ''Hubert Walter'' pp. 94–95</ref>{{efn|This division of authority between Glanvill and FitzNeal caused a quarrel between the two men during the enthronement of [[Hubert Walter]] as archbishop in 1193.<ref name=Young94/>}} Baldwin continued to conduct some ecclesiastical business however, dealing with the suspended [[Hugh Nonant]], the [[Bishop of Coventry]]. Baldwin had suspended Nonant in March 1190 for holding secular office as sheriff, but Baldwin wrote to FitzNeal after his departure that Nonant had agreed to relinquish his secular offices.<ref name=NonantDNB>Franklin "Nonant, Hugh de" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref>{{efn|Nonant appears to have never actually resigned the offices, as in June he was still negotiating with the king about his holding of a number of shires.<ref name=NonantDNB/>}}

Baldwin and his group arrived at [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] on 16 September 1190.<ref name=Young33/> Richard did not arrive in Syria until 1191.<ref name=Bartlett115>Bartlett ''England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings'' p. 115</ref> It is unclear exactly why they were sent ahead of the king; perhaps it was to look out for the king's interests while Richard took a more leisurely route, or perhaps to rid the king's entourage of a family grouping around Glanvill that the king did not trust. Baldwin was not a member or close associate of the Glanvill faction, so most likely he was sent ahead to look after the king's interests, whatever the reasons for the inclusion of his companions.<ref name=Tyerman66/> Another concern may have been to get help to the Kingdom of Jerusalem as quickly as possible after the king learned of [[Frederick Barbarossa]]'s death on the way to the Holy Land.<ref name=Gods441>Tyerman ''God's War'' p. 441</ref>

When Baldwin arrived at [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] on 12 October 1190,<ref name=Young33/>{{efn|The delay was caused, as Baldwin explained to the monks of Canterbury in a surviving letter, by the illness of some of his companions.<ref name=Young33/>}} the Muslim forces in the city were [[Siege of Acre (1189–1191)|under siege]] by the Frankish forces led by King [[Guy of Lusignan]] and Queen [[Sibylla of Jerusalem]],<ref name=Tyerman409>Tyerman ''God's War'' pp. 409–410</ref><ref name=RichardI148/> who in turn were being besieged by Saladin. As joint commander of the Angevin advance force, Baldwin is described as leading some 200 knights and 300 men-at-arms under the banner of Saint Thomas Becket.<ref name=Bennett54>Bennett ''Elite Participation'' p. 54</ref> Their arrival seemingly revitalised the besiegers' offensive spirit.<ref name=Hosler89-94>Hosler ''Siege of Acre'' pp. 89-94</ref> On 12 November, immediately after the feast of Saint Martin, a significant crusader attack was launched. It is quite possible that the archbishop was already unwell and that participation in the offensive may have contributed to his death a week later. Alongside the other bishops, Baldwin absolved the crusaders before the attack and it is likely that he joined the Angevin forces and [[Templar]] knights that served as rearguard during the army's withdrawal on 13 November.<ref name=Bennett60>Bennett ''Elite Participation'' p. 60</ref> Indeed, the ''Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi'' has the archbishop in the midst of the action, as he "fought amongst the rest, but he outstripped them all" in combat.<ref name=Bennett60-1>Bennett ''Elite Participation'' pp. 60-61</ref>

Soon after Baldwin's arrival, there was a succession crisis in the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. Sibylla, a first cousin of Henry II, and her two young daughters all died in July from an epidemic ravaging the siege camp where they were living. This left Guy without a legal claim to the kingdom as he had held the kingship through his wife. The heiress to the kingdom was Sibylla's half-sister [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella]]; she was already married to [[Humphrey IV of Toron]], but he was loyal to Guy and seems to have had no ambition to be king. A more promising candidate for the throne was [[Conrad of Montferrat]], uncle of the last undisputed king, [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]]. Conrad had saved the kingdom from destruction by leading the successful [[Siege of Tyre (1187)|defence of Tyre]], and had the support of Isabella's mother [[Maria Komnene, Queen consort of Jerusalem|Maria Comnena]] and stepfather [[Balian of Ibelin]]. Maria and Balian abducted Isabella from Humphrey, and compelled her to seek an annulment, so that she could be married to Conrad and enable him to claim the kingship.<ref name=RichardI148>Gillingham ''Richard I'' pp. 148–149</ref>

Baldwin supported Guy's claim, but [[Ubaldo Lanfranchi|Ubaldo]], [[Archdiocese of Pisa|Archbishop of Pisa]], [[Philip of Dreux]], [[Bishop of Beauvais-Noyon-Senlis|Bishop of Beauvais]], and [[Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem|Eraclius]], [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem|Patriarch of Jerusalem]], supported Conrad. Isabella and Humphrey's marriage was forcibly annulled. Baldwin, already ailing, attempted to excommunicate everyone involved in the annulment, but he died on 19 November 1190.<ref name=Handbook232/> He wrote his will shortly before his death, and died surrounded by his followers on the crusade.<ref name=Tyerman179>Tyerman ''England and the Crusades'' p. 179</ref> Hubert Walter assumed the leadership of the English forces, and also became Baldwin's executor. Walter paid the wages of some soldiers and knights from Baldwin's estate, and distributed the rest of the money to the poor.<ref name=Tyerman63>Tyerman ''England and the Crusades'' p. 63</ref>

==Writings and studies==

''De sacramento altaris'', dealing with the [[eucharist]] and [[passover]], is Baldwin's longest surviving work, in 12&nbsp;manuscripts.<ref name=DNB/> It also includes a discussion of martyrdom that reads much like a vindication of Becket's status as a martyr.<ref name=Smalley218>Smalley ''Becket Conflict'' pp. 218–220</ref> It was first printed in 1662, and has more recently been edited and published in the series [[Sources Chrétiennes]], as volumes 93 and 94, in 1963.<ref name=Sharpe66/> Others works include 22 sermons, and a work on faith,<ref name=DNB/> ''De commendatione fidei'', that only survives in two manuscripts, although another five are known to have existed. One of the missing manuscripts survived until at least the mid-1600s, as it formed the basis of the first printed edition of ''De commendatione fidei'' in 1662.<ref name=Fidei13>Freeland and Bell "Introduction" ''Baldwin of Forde'' p. 13</ref> The modern critical edition of ''De commendatione'' was published, along with the sermons, in 1991 as ''Balduini de Forda Opera: Sermones, De Commendatione Fidei'',<ref name=Fidei11>Freeland and Bell "Introduction" ''Baldwin of Forde'' p. 11</ref> with the ''De commendatione fidei'' translated into English in 2000.<ref name=Fidei>Freeland and Bell "Introduction" ''Baldwin of Forde''</ref>

Renowned for his preaching, Baldwin's surviving sermons show that interest in them continued after his death.<ref name=Cheney28>Cheney ''From Becket to Langton'' pp. 28–29</ref> His sermons were first published in 1662; the modern edition includes two more (titled ''de obedientia'' and ''de sancta cruce'') that were not in the original publication. It appears that originally there were 33 sermons, with the others now lost.<ref name=Sharpe66/> The sermons survive in 12 manuscripts, although only 5 are collections of substantial numbers of the works. None of the surviving manuscripts has a complete collection of the 22 sermons.<ref name=Operavii>Bell "Introduction" ''Baldvini de Forda Opera'' p. vii</ref>{{efn|The surviving manuscripts are classified by David Bell, who edited them, into two groups: major and minor. The major ones are categorised by Bell as P, T, T<sup>1</sup>, L, and C.<ref name=Operaxiv>Bell "Introduction" ''Baldvini de Forda Opera'' p. xv</ref> The minor ones are S, A, Pr, P<sup>1</sup>, P<sup>2</sup>, Ca, and O.<ref name=Operaxx>Bell "Introduction" ''Baldvini de Forda Opera'' p. xx</ref> The P (P, P<sup>1</sup>, and P<sup>2</sup>) manuscripts are in Paris at the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|Bibliotheque Nationale]]. The T manuscripts (T and T<sup>1</sup>) are in [[Troyes]]. The L manuscript is held at [[Lambeth Palace]] in London. The C manuscript is held by [[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]], [[Cambridge University]]. Among the minor manuscripts, the S manuscript is at [[Soissons]] and the A manuscript is in [[Alencon]]. The Pr manuscript is held by [[Princeton University]] and the Ca manuscript is in [[Cambrai]]. Lastly, the O manuscript is in the [[Bodleian Library]] at [[Oxford University]].<ref name=Operaviiplus>Bell "Introduction" ''Baldvini de Forda Opera'' pp. vii–xii</ref>}}

Baldwin also collaborated with Bartholomew Iscanus on a ''Liber penitentialis'', which is jointly ascribed to both of them in a [[Lambeth Palace]] manuscript, MS 235. Another work often attributed to Baldwin, the ''Ad laudem Bartholomaei Exoniensis episcopi de coloribus rhetoricis'', survives in three manuscripts and a fragment of a fourth. A number of other works are known to have been authored by Baldwin, but do not survive. These include ''Carmen devotionis'', which was seen by [[John Bale]] at [[Glastonbury Abbey]] in the 16th century. Other lost works were a commentary on the biblical books of ''[[Book of Samuel|Samuel]]'' and ''[[Books of Kings|Kings]]'', ''De sectis haereticis'' which existed at Christ Church Priory in the 13th century, and ''De orthodoxis fidei dogmatibus'', which was seen by [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]] at Christ Church in the 16th century. Some of Baldwin's letters existed in manuscript form, although they appear never to have circulated as a collection, but they are no longer extant. One of his letters is mentioned in a [[Rievaulx Abbey]] catalogue, and Leland mentions others in his works.<ref name=Sharpe66/>

Besides Baldwin's own writings, there is a [[decretal]] collection known as the ''Collectio Wigorniensis'', still extant in manuscript (MS) form. It now resides in the [[British Library]] as Royal MS 10.A.ii. This collection may have belonged to Baldwin. It was probably compiled at Worcester Cathedral before December 1184, when Baldwin went to Canterbury, and besides a basic collection of Pope [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]]'s decretals it includes a number of letters from the papacy addressed to Baldwin as Bishop of Worcester and as Archbishop of Canterbury. Although the main contents are unexceptional, the compiler of the work numbered the books and [[Pilcrow#History and etymology|capitula]] into which the work was divided, an innovation that allowed for much more efficient use of the collection. It is likely that the compiler was one of Baldwin's clerks, and that this testified to Baldwin's continuing interest in canon law.<ref name=Roger197>Cheney ''Roger of Worcester'' pp. 197–200</ref> The manuscript itself was likely owned either by Baldwin himself or a member of his household.<ref name=Duggan114>Duggan ''Twelfth-century Decretal Collections'' pp. 114–115</ref>

The historian [[Frank Barlow (historian)|Frank Barlow]] stated that Baldwin was "one of the greatest English decretalists".<ref name=Becket37/> His work was more influential in his inspiration and support for the development of decretal collections, rather than in terms of the actual influence of his judicial decisions themselves.<ref name=Duggan118>Duggan ''Twelfth-century Decretal Collections'' pp. 118–119</ref> Another collection of writings associated with Baldwin is the correspondence relating to his dispute with the Christ Church monks. The documents relating to this dispute, which dragged on into the archbishopric of Hubert Walter, are published in one whole volume of the [[Rolls Series]], which was edited by the Victorian historian [[William Stubbs]].<ref name=Brooke224>Brooke ''English Church & the Papacy'' pp. 224–225</ref>

==Reputation==

Baldwin's long-running dispute with his cathedral chapter caused the chronicler Gervase of Canterbury to characterise him as "a greater enemy to Christianity than Saladin."<ref name=QRichardI119>Quoted in Gillingham ''Richard I'' pp. 119–120</ref> Another contemporary, Gerald of Wales, praised Baldwin as "distinguished for his learning and religion",<ref name=QSmalley218>Quoted in Smalley ''Becket Conflict'' p. 218</ref> but also said he was gloomy and nervous.<ref name=Morey105/> [[Herbert of Bosham]] dedicated his ''History of Thomas'', a story of Thomas Becket, to the archbishop in the late 1180s.<ref name=Becket263>Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 263</ref> The historian [[Austin Lane Poole|A. L. Poole]] called Baldwin a "distinguished scholar and deeply religious man, [but he] was injudicious and too austere to be a good leader."<ref name=Poole221/> Baldwin was also known as a theologian, as well as being a canon lawyer.<ref name=Monastic645>Knowles ''Monastic Order'' p. 645</ref> His clerk and nephew, [[Joseph of Exeter]],<ref name=Cheney28/> accompanied Baldwin on the crusade, and wrote two works after his return to England: ''[[Antiocheis]]'', an epic poem about King Richard on crusade, and ''[[De bello Troiano|De Bello Trojano]]'', a rewriting of the Trojan War.<ref name=Mortimer210>Mortimer ''Angevin England'' p. 210</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist|60em}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Barlow, Frank |title=Warelwast, Robert de (d. 1155) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |author-link=Frank Barlow (historian) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/94377 |access-date=8 April 2008 |edition=revised May 2007 |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/94377 }} {{ODNBsub}}
* {{cite book |author=Barlow, Frank |title=Thomas Becket |author-link=Frank Barlow (historian) |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=1986 |isbn=0-520-07175-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Bartlett, Robert C. |title=England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225 |author-link=Robert Bartlett (historian) |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-822741-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Bell, David N. |title=Baldvini de Forda Opera: Sermones de Commendatione Fidei |chapter=Introduction |publisher=Brepols |location=Turnholt, Belgium |year=1991 |series=Corpus Christianorum |number=99 |oclc=185471591 }}
* {{cite book |author=Bennett, Stephen |title=Elite Participation in the Third Crusade |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge, UK |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-78327-578-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Brooke, Z. N. |title=The English Church & the Papacy: From the Conquest to the Reign of John |edition=Revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1989 |isbn=0-521-36687-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cheney, C. R. |title=From Becket to Langton: English Church Government 1170–1213 |author-link=C. R. Cheney |year=1956 |edition=Reprint |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester, UK |oclc=5213024 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cheney, Mary G. |title=Roger, Bishop of Worcester 1164–1179: An English Bishop of the Age of Becket |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=1980 |isbn=0-19-821879-6 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Duggan, Charles |title=From the Conquest to the Death of John |encyclopedia=The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages |editor=Lawrence, C. H. |pages=63–116 |place=Stroud, UK |publisher=Sutton Publishing |isbn=0-7509-1947-7 |year=1965 |edition=1999 Reprint }}
* {{cite book |author=Duggan, Charles |title=Twelfth-century Decretal Collections and their Importance in English History |publisher=Athlone Press |location=London |year=1963 |oclc=188968 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Franklin, M. J. |title=Nonant, Hugh de (d. 1198) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20245 |access-date=14 January 2008 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/20245 }} {{ODNBsub}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Freeland, Jane Patricia |author2=Bell, David N. |title=Introduction |encyclopedia=Baldwin of Forde: The Commendation of Faith |series=Cistercian Fathers Series |volume=65 |publisher=Cistercian Publications |location=Kalamazoo, MI |year=2000 |isbn= 0-87907-759-X }}
* {{cite book |author1=Fryde, E. B. |author2=Greenway, D. E. |author3=Porter, S. |author4=Roy, I. |title=Handbook of British Chronology |edition=Third revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1996 |isbn=0-521-56350-X }}
* {{cite book |author=Gillingham, John |title=Richard I |author-link=John Gillingham |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |year=1999 |isbn=0-300-07912-5 }}
* {{cite book |author= Greenway, Diana E. |section=Worcester: Bishops |title=Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300|volume=2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces)|section-url=http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33881 |access-date=3 November 2007 |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1971 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809060958/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33881 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Holdsworth, Christopher |title=Baldwin [Baldwin of Forde] (c.1125–1190) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1164 |access-date=8 November 2007 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/1164 }} {{ODNBsub}}
* {{cite book |author=Hosler, John. D. |title=The Siege of Acre, 1189-1191, Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle That Decided the Third Crusade |publisher=Yale |location=New Haven & London |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-300-21550-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Knowles, David |title=The Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Thomas Becket |author-link=David Knowles (scholar) |year=1951 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |oclc=2742571 }}
* {{cite book |author=Knowles, David |title=The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216 |author-link=David Knowles (scholar) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1976 |edition=Second reprint |isbn=0-521-05479-6 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Knowles, David |author2=London, Vera C. M. |author3=Brooke, Christopher |title=The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales, 940–1216 |author-link1=David Knowles (scholar) |edition=Second |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2001 |isbn=0-521-80452-3 |author-link3=Christopher N. L. Brooke }}
* {{cite book |author=Little, Lester K. |title=Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY |year=1983 |isbn=0-8014-9247-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=Lyon, Bryce Dale |title=A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England|edition=Second |publisher=Norton |location=New York |year=1980 |isbn=0-393-95132-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Morey, Adrian |title=Bartholomew of Exeter: Bishop and Canonist, A Study in the Twelfth Century |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1937 |oclc=154144997 }}
* {{cite book |author=Mortimer, Richard |title=Angevin England 1154–1258 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford, UK |year=1994 |isbn=0-631-16388-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Poole, Austin Lane |title=From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 |author-link=Austin Lane Poole |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=1955 |edition=Second |isbn=0-19-821707-2 }}
* {{cite book |author1= Powell, J. Enoch |author2=Wallis, Keith |title=The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540 |author-link1=Enoch Powell |year=1968 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |location=London |oclc=463626 }}
* {{cite book |author=Robinson, I. S. |title=The Papacy 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1990 |isbn=0-521-31922-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sharpe, Richard |title=Handlist of the Latin Writers of Great Britain and Ireland Before 1540 |author-link= Richard Sharpe (historian) |publisher=Brepols |location=Belgium |series=Publications of the Journal of Medieval Latin |volume=1 |edition=2001 revised |year=2001 |isbn=2-503-50575-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=Smalley, Beryl |title=The Becket Conflict and the Schools: A Study of Intellectuals in Politics |author-link=Beryl Smalley |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |location=Totowa, NJ |year=1973 |isbn=0-87471-172-X }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Southern, R. W. |title=Peter of Blois and the Third Crusade |author-link=Richard Southern |pages=207–218 |encyclopedia=Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. H. C. Davis |editor1=Mayr-Harting, Henry |editor-link=Henry Mayr-Harting |editor2=Moore, R. I. |publisher=Hambledon Press |location=London |year=1985 |isbn=0-907628-68-0 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Turner, Ralph V. |author2=Heiser, Richard R. |title=The Reign of Richard Lionheart: Ruler of the Angevin Empire 1189–1199 |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, UK |series=The Medieval World |year=2000 |isbn=0-582-25660-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 |author-link=Christopher Tyerman |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL |year=1988 |isbn=0-226-82013-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=God's War: A New History of the Crusades |author-link=Christopher Tyerman |publisher=Belknap Press |location=Cambridge, MA |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02387-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Warren, W. L. |title=Henry II |author-link=W. L. Warren |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=1973 |isbn=0-520-03494-5 }}
* {{cite book |author=Young, Charles R. |title=Hubert Walter: Lord of Canterbury and Lord of England |year=1968 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, NC |oclc=443445 }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Bell, D. |title=The Corpus of the Work of Baldwin of Ford |journal = Citeaux |volume=35 |year=1984 |pages=215–234}}
* {{cite book |author= Duggan, C. |title=The Trinity Collection of Decretals and the Early Worcester Family |year=1961 |publisher=Fordham University Press |location=New York |oclc= 33457124}}
{{Refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef| before=[[Roger of Worcester]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Bishop of Worcester]] | years=1180–1185}}
{{s-aft| after=[[William of Northall]] }}
{{s-bef | before=[[Richard of Dover]] }}
{{s-ttl| title=[[Archbishop of Canterbury]] | years=1185–1190}}
{{s-aft| after=[[Reginald fitzJocelin]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Bishops of Worcester}}
{{Archbishops of Canterbury}}

{{Subject bar|portal1=Christianity|portal2=Biography|portal3=Catholicism|portal5=Middle Ages|portal6=England |s=y |s-search= Baldwin (d.1190) (DNB00) |commons=y}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baldwin of Forde}}
[[Category:1120s births]]
[[Category:1190 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:12th-century English Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Anglo-Normans]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Canterbury]]
[[Category:Archdeacons of Totnes]]
[[Category:Bishops of Worcester]]
[[Category:Christians of the Third Crusade]]
[[Category:English Cistercians]]
[[Category:English abbots]]
[[Category:Clergy from Exeter]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:12th-century Christian abbots]]

Latest revision as of 11:01, 26 October 2024

Baldwin of Forde
Archbishop of Canterbury
Statue of Baldwin of Forde from the exterior of Canterbury Cathedral
AppointedDecember 1184
Term ended19 November 1190
PredecessorRichard of Dover
SuccessorReginald fitzJocelin
Other post(s)Archdeacon of Totnes
Bishop of Worcester
Orders
Consecrationc. 1180
Personal details
Bornc. 1125
Exeter, Kingdom of England
Died19 November 1190
near Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem
ParentsHugh d'Eu

Baldwin of Forde or Ford[1] (c. 1125 – 19 November 1190) was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1185 and 1190. The son of a clergyman, he studied canon law and theology at Bologna and was tutor to Pope Eugene III's nephew before returning to England to serve successive bishops of Exeter. After becoming a Cistercian monk he was named abbot of his monastery at Forde and subsequently elected to the episcopate at Worcester. Before becoming a bishop, he wrote theological works and sermons, some of which have survived.

As a bishop, Baldwin came to the attention of King Henry II of England, who was so impressed he insisted that Baldwin become archbishop. In that office, Baldwin quarrelled with his cathedral clergy over the founding of a church, which led to the imprisonment of the clergy in their cloister for more than a year. Baldwin spent some time in Wales with Gerald of Wales, preaching and raising money for the Third Crusade. After the coronation of Richard I of England, the new king sent Baldwin ahead to the Holy Land, where he became embroiled in the politics of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Baldwin died in the Holy Land while participating in the crusade.

Ecclesiastical career

[edit]

Born in Exeter around 1125, Baldwin was the son of Hugh d'Eu, Archdeacon of Totnes, and a woman of unknown name who later became a nun. Gervase of Canterbury's story, that he was from an even humbler background, has been shown by modern scholarship to stem from bias on the medieval chronicler's part.[2] It is possible that he studied at Bologna in the 1150s with the future Pope Urban III.[3][4] Robert Warelwast, who was Bishop of Exeter from 1138 to 1155, had sent Baldwin to Italy to study law.[5] Baldwin was also said to have taught at Exeter, although this is not substantiated by any contemporary record.[6] In 1150 or 1151 Pope Eugene III appointed him tutor to Eugene's nephew. By 1155 Baldwin seems to have returned to England, where he joined the household of Robert of Chichester, Bishop of Exeter.[2]

Baldwin attracted the attention of Bartholomew Iscanus, Bishop of Exeter, who made him archdeacon at Totnes in about 1161,[7] after Baldwin's father's death.[2][a] Baldwin was known as a canon lawyer during his holding of Totnes.[9] He received a letter from John of Salisbury in 1167, complaining about Bartholomew's conduct during the Becket controversy. John accused Bartholomew of not properly supporting Thomas Becket the Archbishop of Canterbury in his dispute with the king, urging Baldwin to influence the bishop to increase his support, and not to sign any appeal by the English bishops against Becket.[10] Other letters from John dealt with rumours concerning Roger, the Bishop of Worcester, who John had heard was speaking badly of Becket. John's purpose seems to have been to have Baldwin pass along a warning from Becket to Roger about his behaviour; John was a supporter of Becket's during the latter's exile.[11] In 1169 Baldwin was once again peripherally involved in the Becket dispute, when he objected to Becket's excommunication of a number of noblemen and clergy for opposing Becket's cause. Baldwin's objection was not so much that they were excommunicated, but that no warning had been given that such an action was contemplated.[9]

Baldwin became a monk in about 1170, and then abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Forde.[12][13] He was well known as a canonist,[14] and often acted as a judge-delegate for the papacy, hearing cases that had reached the Roman Curia and been remanded to local experts for decision.[15] In 1166, Baldwin was the addressee of a work by John of Salisbury, Expectiatione longa, which was one of the tracts written during the Becket controversy.[16] It was probably at this time that Baldwin wrote De sacramento altaris.[2] In 1175 he served with his old bishop, Bartholomew, as joint papal judge in a dispute between Malmesbury Abbey and Josceline de Bohon, the Bishop of Salisbury.[17] In 1178 he was recommended to Pope Alexander as a possible candidate for a cardinalship, but this never occurred.[6]

Baldwin became Bishop of Worcester on 10 August 1180.[18] While at Worcester, he impressed King Henry II by intervening in a secular case to prevent a hanging on a Sunday.[19] Although the medieval writer Walter Map said that Baldwin was determined to continue writing even after his election to the bishopric, none of Baldwin's writings can be dated to his time as bishop except for one sermon.[2]

Archbishop of Canterbury

[edit]

Baldwin was translated from the see of Worcester to the see of Canterbury in December 1184,[20] after Henry II let it be known that he would accept only Baldwin at Canterbury; the previous incumbent, Richard of Dover, had died in April that year.[21] The monks put forward three candidates from within Christ Church Priory: Odo, who had been prior of Christ Church and was then Abbot of Battle Abbey, Peter de Leia, a Cluniac prior of Wenlock Priory and later Bishop of St David's, and Theobald, Abbot of Cluny, but none of them found favour with the English bishops. Instead, the prelates selected the king's choice, Baldwin.[7] The selection of Baldwin took place only after a dispute between the members of the cathedral chapter of Canterbury and the suffragan bishops of Canterbury, both of whom claimed the right to elect the new archbishop.[22]

Baldwin received his pallium from Pope Lucius III along with Lucius' approval of his translation.[23] Baldwin was named a papal legate in 1185, although his authority was limited to his own archdiocese and did not extend into the Archdiocese of York.[24]

Dispute with Christ Church Priory

[edit]

During his time as archbishop there was a dispute with the monks of Christ Church Priory in Canterbury, who resented Baldwin's attempts to impose stricter control over them and disputed the legitimacy of Baldwin's election. For his part, Baldwin did not approve of the luxurious and pampered life the monks of Christ Church lived,[25] and felt that they profited too much from the cult of Thomas Becket.[26]

The dispute escalated when Baldwin deprived the monks of some of the revenues of their monastic estates. After that, Baldwin proposed to establish a church dedicated to Becket in Canterbury itself, staffed by secular rather than monastic clergy. The monks of the cathedral chapter saw this proposed foundation as the first step in an attempt to change the see of Canterbury from a monastic cathedral chapter, a peculiarity of the English Church, to the more normal pattern of secular clergy. It is not clear if Baldwin himself intended such a plan, but the other bishops supported the effort, as contemporary writers made clear. Baldwin sought the advice of Hugh, the Bishop of Lincoln, who advised Baldwin to abandon the plan as it would only cause distress to all parties. The controversy was long and involved and, at one point, the monks were imprisoned within their own buildings for a year and a half, from January 1188 to August 1189. This led to the suspension of the liturgy in the cathedral. Eventually all the prominent ecclesiastics and monastic houses of Europe were forced into choosing sides in the dispute. In October 1189, in an attempt to gain control, Baldwin appointed Roger Norreys as the chapter's prior, an appointment widely acknowledged by contemporaries as putting a useless individual into the office.[7][b] His plan for financing the church involved soliciting contributions from donors by promising a one-third reduction in penances for annual donations.[28]

King Henry II of England

Service to King Henry

[edit]

In 1188 King Henry II of England called for a tax to support the Third Crusade, following the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187.[29] It was collected at the rate of a tenth of all the property and income of any person not vowing to go on crusade.[30] It was popularly known as the "Saladin tithe" and was the most extensive tax ever collected in England up to that point.[31] Being a tithe and not a secular tax, it was collected by dioceses rather than by shires. Baldwin especially was blamed for its harshness,[32] although in February, along with his advisor Peter of Blois, he was in Normandy with the king.[33]

Baldwin took the cross, or vowed to go on crusade, along with King Henry and many others in January 1188,[34] or when he began his preaching campaign on 11 February 1188 to drum up support for the Third Crusade.[35] According to the archbishop's secretary, Peter of Blois, Baldwin was initially opposed to joining the crusade, but was persuaded by Peter to take the cross and to preach the crusade, arguing that it was the archbishop's duty to defend "the vineyard of the Lord of Hosts".[36] Baldwin preached the crusade with Gilbert of Glanville, bishop of Rochester, at Henry's council at Geddington and in April 1188, Baldwin was in Wales on a tour attempting to secure support for the king's crusade, and was forcing his servants and followers to exercise on foot up and down hills in preparation for the journey to the Holy Land.[37][38] He spent most of the year in Wales, preaching the crusade, accompanied by the chronicler Gerald of Wales.[32][c] Gerald claimed about 3000 recruits for the crusade from his and Baldwin's efforts in Wales,[40] although he also suggested that Baldwin mainly embarked on the tour to avoid his dispute with the Canterbury monks.[41]

A side effect of Baldwin's tour of Wales was the implied assertion of royal authority in a section of Henry's domains that had always been somewhat fractious. Baldwin was also asserting his ecclesiastical authority over the Welsh bishops, especially when he made a point of celebrating mass at every Welsh cathedral; he was the first Archbishop of Canterbury to celebrate mass at St Asaph's Cathedral.[42] Baldwin excommunicated the only Welsh prince who refused to appear before him and take the cross, Owain Cyfeiliog.[43]

Baldwin was with King Henry shortly before the latter's death, taking part in unsuccessful efforts to negotiate a truce with Henry's heir, Prince Richard, who had rebelled against his father.[44] After Henry's death, Richard sought and obtained absolution for the sin of disobedience to his father from both Baldwin and Walter de Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen.[45] Baldwin, along with Coutances, was with Richard on 20 July 1189 at Rouen when the king was invested with the Duchy of Normandy.[46] Baldwin crowned Richard at Westminster Abbey on 13 September 1189 in the first English coronation for which a detailed description survives.[47]

Baldwin crowned Richard I, shown on his effigy, in 1189.

Under Richard

[edit]

After the death of Henry II, and the accession of Richard as king, the monks of Christ Church Priory petitioned Richard to intercede in the long-running dispute between them and the archbishop. In November 1189, Richard and the whole court, including the Queen Mother Eleanor of Aquitaine, travelled to Canterbury in an attempt to end the controversy before the papacy become involved.[48] Richard finally settled the dispute by persuading Baldwin to abandon his church-building project and to dismiss Norreys. Soon after this, Richard left England and Baldwin declared that he was going to found the proposed church at Lambeth, and then join Richard on crusade.[7] Both Richard and Baldwin agreed to appoint Norreys to Evesham Abbey, as the previous abbot of Evesham, Adam of Evesham, had recently died. This appointment eventually led, after Baldwin's death, to the Case of Evesham.[49] In August 1189 Baldwin objected to the marriage of Prince John, later King John, to Isabel of Gloucester, on the grounds of consanguinity. John promised to obtain a papal dispensation, but never did so.[50] Baldwin laid John's lands under interdict, but it was lifted by a papal legate who declared the marriage legal.[48] Richard also restored to the archbishops of Canterbury the right to operate a mint, staffed by three moneyers.[51]

Third Crusade

[edit]

In April 1190 Baldwin left England with Richard on the Third Crusade.[52] Leading the English advance guard,[53] Baldwin left Marseilles ahead of Richard together with Hubert Walter and Ranulf de Glanvill. The group sailed directly to Syria on 5 August 1190.[34][42] Baldwin delegated the administration of his spiritualities and temporalities to Gilbert Glanvill, the Bishop of Rochester, but entrusted any archiepiscopal authority to Richard FitzNeal, the Bishop of London. The custom of giving the archiepiscopal authority to London had originated in Archbishop Lanfranc's time.[54][d] Baldwin continued to conduct some ecclesiastical business however, dealing with the suspended Hugh Nonant, the Bishop of Coventry. Baldwin had suspended Nonant in March 1190 for holding secular office as sheriff, but Baldwin wrote to FitzNeal after his departure that Nonant had agreed to relinquish his secular offices.[55][e]

Baldwin and his group arrived at Tyre on 16 September 1190.[34] Richard did not arrive in Syria until 1191.[52] It is unclear exactly why they were sent ahead of the king; perhaps it was to look out for the king's interests while Richard took a more leisurely route, or perhaps to rid the king's entourage of a family grouping around Glanvill that the king did not trust. Baldwin was not a member or close associate of the Glanvill faction, so most likely he was sent ahead to look after the king's interests, whatever the reasons for the inclusion of his companions.[42] Another concern may have been to get help to the Kingdom of Jerusalem as quickly as possible after the king learned of Frederick Barbarossa's death on the way to the Holy Land.[56]

When Baldwin arrived at Acre on 12 October 1190,[34][f] the Muslim forces in the city were under siege by the Frankish forces led by King Guy of Lusignan and Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem,[57][58] who in turn were being besieged by Saladin. As joint commander of the Angevin advance force, Baldwin is described as leading some 200 knights and 300 men-at-arms under the banner of Saint Thomas Becket.[59] Their arrival seemingly revitalised the besiegers' offensive spirit.[60] On 12 November, immediately after the feast of Saint Martin, a significant crusader attack was launched. It is quite possible that the archbishop was already unwell and that participation in the offensive may have contributed to his death a week later. Alongside the other bishops, Baldwin absolved the crusaders before the attack and it is likely that he joined the Angevin forces and Templar knights that served as rearguard during the army's withdrawal on 13 November.[61] Indeed, the Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi has the archbishop in the midst of the action, as he "fought amongst the rest, but he outstripped them all" in combat.[62]

Soon after Baldwin's arrival, there was a succession crisis in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Sibylla, a first cousin of Henry II, and her two young daughters all died in July from an epidemic ravaging the siege camp where they were living. This left Guy without a legal claim to the kingdom as he had held the kingship through his wife. The heiress to the kingdom was Sibylla's half-sister Isabella; she was already married to Humphrey IV of Toron, but he was loyal to Guy and seems to have had no ambition to be king. A more promising candidate for the throne was Conrad of Montferrat, uncle of the last undisputed king, Baldwin V. Conrad had saved the kingdom from destruction by leading the successful defence of Tyre, and had the support of Isabella's mother Maria Comnena and stepfather Balian of Ibelin. Maria and Balian abducted Isabella from Humphrey, and compelled her to seek an annulment, so that she could be married to Conrad and enable him to claim the kingship.[58]

Baldwin supported Guy's claim, but Ubaldo, Archbishop of Pisa, Philip of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais, and Eraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, supported Conrad. Isabella and Humphrey's marriage was forcibly annulled. Baldwin, already ailing, attempted to excommunicate everyone involved in the annulment, but he died on 19 November 1190.[20] He wrote his will shortly before his death, and died surrounded by his followers on the crusade.[63] Hubert Walter assumed the leadership of the English forces, and also became Baldwin's executor. Walter paid the wages of some soldiers and knights from Baldwin's estate, and distributed the rest of the money to the poor.[64]

Writings and studies

[edit]

De sacramento altaris, dealing with the eucharist and passover, is Baldwin's longest surviving work, in 12 manuscripts.[2] It also includes a discussion of martyrdom that reads much like a vindication of Becket's status as a martyr.[65] It was first printed in 1662, and has more recently been edited and published in the series Sources Chrétiennes, as volumes 93 and 94, in 1963.[1] Others works include 22 sermons, and a work on faith,[2] De commendatione fidei, that only survives in two manuscripts, although another five are known to have existed. One of the missing manuscripts survived until at least the mid-1600s, as it formed the basis of the first printed edition of De commendatione fidei in 1662.[66] The modern critical edition of De commendatione was published, along with the sermons, in 1991 as Balduini de Forda Opera: Sermones, De Commendatione Fidei,[67] with the De commendatione fidei translated into English in 2000.[68]

Renowned for his preaching, Baldwin's surviving sermons show that interest in them continued after his death.[69] His sermons were first published in 1662; the modern edition includes two more (titled de obedientia and de sancta cruce) that were not in the original publication. It appears that originally there were 33 sermons, with the others now lost.[1] The sermons survive in 12 manuscripts, although only 5 are collections of substantial numbers of the works. None of the surviving manuscripts has a complete collection of the 22 sermons.[70][g]

Baldwin also collaborated with Bartholomew Iscanus on a Liber penitentialis, which is jointly ascribed to both of them in a Lambeth Palace manuscript, MS 235. Another work often attributed to Baldwin, the Ad laudem Bartholomaei Exoniensis episcopi de coloribus rhetoricis, survives in three manuscripts and a fragment of a fourth. A number of other works are known to have been authored by Baldwin, but do not survive. These include Carmen devotionis, which was seen by John Bale at Glastonbury Abbey in the 16th century. Other lost works were a commentary on the biblical books of Samuel and Kings, De sectis haereticis which existed at Christ Church Priory in the 13th century, and De orthodoxis fidei dogmatibus, which was seen by John Leland at Christ Church in the 16th century. Some of Baldwin's letters existed in manuscript form, although they appear never to have circulated as a collection, but they are no longer extant. One of his letters is mentioned in a Rievaulx Abbey catalogue, and Leland mentions others in his works.[1]

Besides Baldwin's own writings, there is a decretal collection known as the Collectio Wigorniensis, still extant in manuscript (MS) form. It now resides in the British Library as Royal MS 10.A.ii. This collection may have belonged to Baldwin. It was probably compiled at Worcester Cathedral before December 1184, when Baldwin went to Canterbury, and besides a basic collection of Pope Alexander III's decretals it includes a number of letters from the papacy addressed to Baldwin as Bishop of Worcester and as Archbishop of Canterbury. Although the main contents are unexceptional, the compiler of the work numbered the books and capitula into which the work was divided, an innovation that allowed for much more efficient use of the collection. It is likely that the compiler was one of Baldwin's clerks, and that this testified to Baldwin's continuing interest in canon law.[74] The manuscript itself was likely owned either by Baldwin himself or a member of his household.[75]

The historian Frank Barlow stated that Baldwin was "one of the greatest English decretalists".[4] His work was more influential in his inspiration and support for the development of decretal collections, rather than in terms of the actual influence of his judicial decisions themselves.[76] Another collection of writings associated with Baldwin is the correspondence relating to his dispute with the Christ Church monks. The documents relating to this dispute, which dragged on into the archbishopric of Hubert Walter, are published in one whole volume of the Rolls Series, which was edited by the Victorian historian William Stubbs.[77]

Reputation

[edit]

Baldwin's long-running dispute with his cathedral chapter caused the chronicler Gervase of Canterbury to characterise him as "a greater enemy to Christianity than Saladin."[78] Another contemporary, Gerald of Wales, praised Baldwin as "distinguished for his learning and religion",[79] but also said he was gloomy and nervous.[6] Herbert of Bosham dedicated his History of Thomas, a story of Thomas Becket, to the archbishop in the late 1180s.[80] The historian A. L. Poole called Baldwin a "distinguished scholar and deeply religious man, [but he] was injudicious and too austere to be a good leader."[25] Baldwin was also known as a theologian, as well as being a canon lawyer.[81] His clerk and nephew, Joseph of Exeter,[69] accompanied Baldwin on the crusade, and wrote two works after his return to England: Antiocheis, an epic poem about King Richard on crusade, and De Bello Trojano, a rewriting of the Trojan War.[82]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Baldwin is often stated to have been Archdeacon of Exeter, instead of Totnes, but this is an error, probably stemming from the fact that John of Salisbury addressed him with that title. The general practice of the time, however, was to address all the archdeacons of a diocese as archdeacons of that diocese, rather than by their more specific territorial title.[8]
  2. ^ The monks opposed his appointment,[7] and contemporary writers are universal in their condemnation of his morals.[27]
  3. ^ Gerald wrote up the events of the tour as Itinerarium Kambriae, or Journey through Wales, written in 1191. The historian Christopher Tyerman says of Gerald's work that it is an "invaluable if self-glorifying personal account".[39]
  4. ^ This division of authority between Glanvill and FitzNeal caused a quarrel between the two men during the enthronement of Hubert Walter as archbishop in 1193.[54]
  5. ^ Nonant appears to have never actually resigned the offices, as in June he was still negotiating with the king about his holding of a number of shires.[55]
  6. ^ The delay was caused, as Baldwin explained to the monks of Canterbury in a surviving letter, by the illness of some of his companions.[34]
  7. ^ The surviving manuscripts are classified by David Bell, who edited them, into two groups: major and minor. The major ones are categorised by Bell as P, T, T1, L, and C.[71] The minor ones are S, A, Pr, P1, P2, Ca, and O.[72] The P (P, P1, and P2) manuscripts are in Paris at the Bibliotheque Nationale. The T manuscripts (T and T1) are in Troyes. The L manuscript is held at Lambeth Palace in London. The C manuscript is held by Pembroke College, Cambridge University. Among the minor manuscripts, the S manuscript is at Soissons and the A manuscript is in Alencon. The Pr manuscript is held by Princeton University and the Ca manuscript is in Cambrai. Lastly, the O manuscript is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University.[73]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Sharpe Handlist of Latin Writers pp. 66–67
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Holdsworth "Baldwin" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  3. ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 509
  4. ^ a b Barlow Thomas Becket p. 37
  5. ^ Barlow "Warelwast, Robert de" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  6. ^ a b c Morey Bartholomew of Exeter pp. 105–109
  7. ^ a b c d e Knowles Monastic Order pp. 316–324
  8. ^ Morey Bartholomew of Exeter pp. 120–121
  9. ^ a b Barlow Thomas Becket p. 184
  10. ^ Knowles Episcopal Colleagues p. 103
  11. ^ Cheney Roger of Worcester p. 36
  12. ^ Knowles, et al. Heads of Religious Houses p. 132
  13. ^ Greenway "Worcester: Bishops" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces)
  14. ^ Warren Henry II p. 552
  15. ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 90
  16. ^ Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 155–157
  17. ^ Morey Bartholomew of Exeter p. 36
  18. ^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 278
  19. ^ Warren Henry II p. 554
  20. ^ a b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 232
  21. ^ Warren Henry II p. 555
  22. ^ Young Hubert Walter p. 12
  23. ^ Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" English Church and the Papacy p. 73
  24. ^ Robinson Papacy p. 173
  25. ^ a b Poole Domesday Book to Magna Carta p. 221
  26. ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 271
  27. ^ Knowles Monastic Order pp. 321–322
  28. ^ Little Religious Poverty p. 32
  29. ^ Warren Henry II pp. 607–608
  30. ^ Lyon Constitutional and Legal History p. 269
  31. ^ Powell and Wallis House of Lords p. 89
  32. ^ a b Poole Domesday Book to Magna Carta p. 296
  33. ^ Southern "Peter of Blois" Studies in Medieval History p. 209
  34. ^ a b c d e Young Hubert Walter pp. 33–36
  35. ^ Tyerman God's War p. 378
  36. ^ Bennett Elite Participation pp. 33-4
  37. ^ Bennett Elite Participation p. 35
  38. ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades pp. 60–61
  39. ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades p. 157 and p. 410 footnote 17
  40. ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades p. 161
  41. ^ Tyerman God's War p. 393
  42. ^ a b c Tyerman England and the Crusades pp. 66–69
  43. ^ Tyerman God's War p. 385
  44. ^ Gillingham Richard I p. 97
  45. ^ Gillingham Richard I p. 104
  46. ^ Turner and Heiser Reign of Richard Lionheart p. 73
  47. ^ Gillingham Richard I p. 107
  48. ^ a b Gillingham Richard I pp. 110–111
  49. ^ Knowles Monastic Order pp. 331–333
  50. ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 557
  51. ^ Young Hubert Walter p. 76
  52. ^ a b Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 115
  53. ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades p. 57
  54. ^ a b Young Hubert Walter pp. 94–95
  55. ^ a b Franklin "Nonant, Hugh de" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  56. ^ Tyerman God's War p. 441
  57. ^ Tyerman God's War pp. 409–410
  58. ^ a b Gillingham Richard I pp. 148–149
  59. ^ Bennett Elite Participation p. 54
  60. ^ Hosler Siege of Acre pp. 89-94
  61. ^ Bennett Elite Participation p. 60
  62. ^ Bennett Elite Participation pp. 60-61
  63. ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades p. 179
  64. ^ Tyerman England and the Crusades p. 63
  65. ^ Smalley Becket Conflict pp. 218–220
  66. ^ Freeland and Bell "Introduction" Baldwin of Forde p. 13
  67. ^ Freeland and Bell "Introduction" Baldwin of Forde p. 11
  68. ^ Freeland and Bell "Introduction" Baldwin of Forde
  69. ^ a b Cheney From Becket to Langton pp. 28–29
  70. ^ Bell "Introduction" Baldvini de Forda Opera p. vii
  71. ^ Bell "Introduction" Baldvini de Forda Opera p. xv
  72. ^ Bell "Introduction" Baldvini de Forda Opera p. xx
  73. ^ Bell "Introduction" Baldvini de Forda Opera pp. vii–xii
  74. ^ Cheney Roger of Worcester pp. 197–200
  75. ^ Duggan Twelfth-century Decretal Collections pp. 114–115
  76. ^ Duggan Twelfth-century Decretal Collections pp. 118–119
  77. ^ Brooke English Church & the Papacy pp. 224–225
  78. ^ Quoted in Gillingham Richard I pp. 119–120
  79. ^ Quoted in Smalley Becket Conflict p. 218
  80. ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 263
  81. ^ Knowles Monastic Order p. 645
  82. ^ Mortimer Angevin England p. 210

References

[edit]
  • Barlow, Frank (2004). "Warelwast, Robert de (d. 1155)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (revised May 2007 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/94377. Retrieved 8 April 2008. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  • Barlow, Frank (1986). Thomas Becket. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07175-1.
  • Bartlett, Robert C. (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822741-8.
  • Bell, David N. (1991). "Introduction". Baldvini de Forda Opera: Sermones de Commendatione Fidei. Corpus Christianorum. Turnholt, Belgium: Brepols. OCLC 185471591.
  • Bennett, Stephen (2021). Elite Participation in the Third Crusade. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-78327-578-6.
  • Brooke, Z. N. (1989). The English Church & the Papacy: From the Conquest to the Reign of John (Revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36687-9.
  • Cheney, C. R. (1956). From Becket to Langton: English Church Government 1170–1213 (Reprint ed.). Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. OCLC 5213024.
  • Cheney, Mary G. (1980). Roger, Bishop of Worcester 1164–1179: An English Bishop of the Age of Becket. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821879-6.
  • Duggan, Charles (1965). "From the Conquest to the Death of John". In Lawrence, C. H. (ed.). The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages (1999 Reprint ed.). Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. pp. 63–116. ISBN 0-7509-1947-7.
  • Duggan, Charles (1963). Twelfth-century Decretal Collections and their Importance in English History. London: Athlone Press. OCLC 188968.
  • Franklin, M. J. (2004). "Nonant, Hugh de (d. 1198)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20245. Retrieved 14 January 2008. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  • Freeland, Jane Patricia; Bell, David N. (2000). "Introduction". Baldwin of Forde: The Commendation of Faith. Cistercian Fathers Series. Vol. 65. Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications. ISBN 0-87907-759-X.
  • Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
  • Gillingham, John (1999). Richard I. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07912-5.
  • Greenway, Diana E. (1971). "Worcester: Bishops". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2007.
  • Holdsworth, Christopher (2004). "Baldwin [Baldwin of Forde] (c.1125–1190)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1164. Retrieved 8 November 2007. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  • Hosler, John. D. (2018). The Siege of Acre, 1189-1191, Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle That Decided the Third Crusade. New Haven & London: Yale. ISBN 978-0-300-21550-2.
  • Knowles, David (1951). The Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Thomas Becket. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 2742571.
  • Knowles, David (1976). The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216 (Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05479-6.
  • Knowles, David; London, Vera C. M.; Brooke, Christopher (2001). The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales, 940–1216 (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80452-3.
  • Little, Lester K. (1983). Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9247-5.
  • Lyon, Bryce Dale (1980). A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England (Second ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-95132-4.
  • Morey, Adrian (1937). Bartholomew of Exeter: Bishop and Canonist, A Study in the Twelfth Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 154144997.
  • Mortimer, Richard (1994). Angevin England 1154–1258. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16388-3.
  • Poole, Austin Lane (1955). From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 (Second ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821707-2.
  • Powell, J. Enoch; Wallis, Keith (1968). The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. OCLC 463626.
  • Robinson, I. S. (1990). The Papacy 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31922-6.
  • Sharpe, Richard (2001). Handlist of the Latin Writers of Great Britain and Ireland Before 1540. Publications of the Journal of Medieval Latin. Vol. 1 (2001 revised ed.). Belgium: Brepols. ISBN 2-503-50575-9.
  • Smalley, Beryl (1973). The Becket Conflict and the Schools: A Study of Intellectuals in Politics. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-87471-172-X.
  • Southern, R. W. (1985). "Peter of Blois and the Third Crusade". In Mayr-Harting, Henry; Moore, R. I. (eds.). Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. H. C. Davis. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 207–218. ISBN 0-907628-68-0.
  • Turner, Ralph V.; Heiser, Richard R. (2000). The Reign of Richard Lionheart: Ruler of the Angevin Empire 1189–1199. The Medieval World. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 0-582-25660-7.
  • Tyerman, Christopher (1988). England and the Crusades, 1095–1588. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-82013-0.
  • Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02387-1.
  • Warren, W. L. (1973). Henry II. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03494-5.
  • Young, Charles R. (1968). Hubert Walter: Lord of Canterbury and Lord of England. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. OCLC 443445.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Bell, D. (1984). "The Corpus of the Work of Baldwin of Ford". Citeaux. 35: 215–234.
  • Duggan, C. (1961). The Trinity Collection of Decretals and the Early Worcester Family. New York: Fordham University Press. OCLC 33457124.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Bishop of Worcester
1180–1185 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Archbishop of Canterbury
1185–1190 		Succeeded by

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Baldwin_of_Forde&oldid=1253510245"