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A '''prestige dialect''' is the [[dialect]] that is considered most [[prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestigious]] by the members of that [[speech community]]. In nearly all cases, the prestige dialect is also the dialect spoken by the most prestigious members of that community, often the people who have political, economic, or social power.
{{Refimprove | date = May 2013}}
⚫
A '''prestige dialect''' is the [[dialect]] that is considered most [[prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestigious]] by the members of that [[speech community]]. In nearly all cases, the prestige dialect is also the dialect spoken by the most prestigious members of that community, often the people who have political, economic, or social power.


{{dynamic list}}
{{dynamic list}}
{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}
{{CompactTOC2}}


==A==
==A==
*'''Arabic''' – In [[Arabic]]-speaking countries, [[Modern Standard Arabic]] is considered the H-language, or high-prestige language. In contrast to most prestige dialects, it is not used in day-to-day conversation, but rather as a language of the [[Mass media|media]] and as a written language. Prestige dialects differ from state to state, but they are usually the dialect of the capital of each state.
*'''[[Arabic]]''' – In the [[Arab League]] countries, [[Modern Standard Arabic]] is considered the H-language, or high-prestige language. In contrast to most prestige dialects, it is not used in day-to-day conversation, but is rather reserved for literature and elevated or formal discourse. It is not commonly used in everyday conversation.<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&pagename=Zone-Arabic-ArtCulture/ACALayout&cid=1182774570930 islamonline.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220223527/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&cid=1182774570930&pagename=Zone-Arabic-ArtCulture%2FACALayout |date=2011-02-20 }}: "‘Germanus’ [...] looked forward to Cairo, to be entertained by listening the (Classical) Arabic language [...] He was shocked [...] for who were laughing at him for his speaking in (Classical) Arabic and they answered him back with vernacular vocabulary..."</ref>


*'''[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]''' – Among modern [[Assyrian people]], ''[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic#Iraqi Koine|Iraq Koine]]'' is widely considered to be a prestige form of speech, where it is the standard variety in the Assyrian social and political media, and the [[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian church]].<ref>Solomon, Zomaya S. (1994). ''Basic sentence structure in Assyrian Aramaic'', Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, VIII/1:83-107</ref> ''Iraqi Koine'' is a "[[accent reduction|watered down]]", [[koine language|merger]] dialect of the rather coarse [[List of Assyrian tribes|Assyrian tribal varieties]] of the mountains and the classically prestigious ''[[Urmia]]n'' dialect (spoken by [[Iranian Assyrians]]), but would lack the harshness of the rural dialects and the superfluous [[Persian language|Persian]] influence of the Urmian dialect.<ref name="Maclean 1895">[[Arthur John Maclean|Maclean, Arthur John]] (1895). ''Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul''. Cambridge University Press, London.</ref> In the 19th and early 20th century, or at least up to the 1980s, the ''Urmian'' dialect was a standard literary dialect of Assyrian, chosen by an American Presbyterian missioner [[Justin Perkins]] in 1836. In the late 20th century, Assyrians gradually started to mix with each other and spoke ''Iraqi Koine'', as [[Iraq]] had an influx of Assyrians from different villages settling there.<ref>Solomon, Zomaya S. (1997). ''Functional and other exotic sentences in Assyrian Aramaic'', Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, XI/2:44-69.</ref>
*'''Armenian''' – Prior to the twentieth century, the prestige dialect of [[Western Armenian]] was spoken in [[Constantinople]], and the prestige dialect of [[Eastern Armenian]] was spoken in [[Tiflis]]. Currently, the [[Yerevan]] dialect of Eastern Armenian is considered the only prestige dialect of Armenian.

==B==
*'''Bengali''' – Calcatian, the variety of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] spoken in [[Calcutta]] proper, is the prestige dialect of Bengali.

*'''Bulgarian''' – Although the [[Bulgarian language|standard language]] is based almost entirely on the eastern dialects, these dialects are universally considered unprestigious. The dialect of the capital [[Sofia]], which is a mixture of the local [[Shopi|Shopski]] dialects and the standard language, is the prestige dialect. It has various deviations from the literary language (more than the eastern dialects)&mdash;phonological, lexical and especially grammatical&mdash;but it is erroneously perceived by people from all over [[Bulgaria]] as closer to the standard language than most other dialects, including the eastern. This paradox is due to the leading position of Sofia in modern Bulgaria, the mass media (particularly [[television]], where most speakers use the dialect of the capital), the fact that the western dialects have almost no [[vowel reduction]] in contrast with the eastern and are thus more clearly enunciated, and the fact that [[Linguistic prescription|grammatical errors]] are more difficult to detect than [[phonology|phonological]] errors.


==C==
==C==
* '''[[Chinese language|Chinese]]''':
*'''Chinese''' – In [[mainland China]] and [[Taiwan]], [[Standard Mandarin]], which is Chinese based on the [[Beijing dialect]] of Mandarin, is usually regarded as the prestige dialect. However, other varieties of Chinese may be locally prestigious in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] where the official variety of Chinese is [[Standard Cantonese]].
** '''[[Mandarin language|Mandarin]]''' – Specifically the [[Standard Mandarin]] variant based on the [[Beijing dialect]] as spoken by the commoners of the early to mid 20th century. There are differences in the way this standard is defined between the [[People's Republic of China]] and [[Taiwan]]. In Taiwan, for instance, the Standard Mandarin was not based on the commoner's usage of the Beijing dialect but the variety of this dialect as used by the educated class at the time.
** '''[[Cantonese]]''' – Considered the prestige variety of [[Yue Chinese]] variants, based on the dialect of [[Guangzhou City]] and the surrounding areas, including [[Liangguang]] ([[Guangdong]] and [[Guangxi]]), [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].<ref>{{citation |surname = Norman |given = Jerry |author-link = Jerry Norman (sinologist) |title = Chinese |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-521-29653-3 |page=215}}</ref>
** '''[[Shanghainese]]''' – Considered the prestige variety of [[Wu Chinese]] variants, based on the dialect of [[Shanghai City]] and the surrounding districts, having replaced [[Suzhounese]] in this role in the 19th century.<ref>''Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World'', p. 219</ref>
** '''[[Southern Min]] ''' ([[Hokkien]]-[[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]]) – also known as the Quan-Zhang variety of Southern Min, is the mainstream form of [[Southern Min]]. The '''Modern Standard Southern Min''' dialect is based on [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] which includes the Taiwanese prestige accent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nan|title=Chinese, Min Nan}}</ref>


==D==
==D==
*'''Dutch''' – Contrary to popular belief, the [[Amsterdam|Amsterdam accent]] is not the prestige dialect of the Netherlands and neither is the [[Antwerp|Antwerpian accent]] in Flanders. Instead, both have a reputation for being perceived as uneducated and rude. The [[Gooi]]-accent, roughly the Dutch equivalent of [[British English]] [[received pronunciation]]; though occuring among the [[upper class]], is considered to be pompous, and, like the Antwerp and Amsterdam accents, all but prestigious. Dutch in fact lacks a prestige dialect all together, and Standard Dutch is considered most prestigious when no clear traces of the speakers' dialect can be recognized.<ref>M. van der Wal, Geschiedenis van het Nederlands, 1992. ISBN: 902741839X</ref>
*'''[[Dutch language|Dutch]]''' – [[Standard Dutch]] is considered most prestigious when no clear traces of a speaker's dialect can be recognised.<ref>M. van der Wal, Geschiedenis van het Nederlands, 1992. {{ISBN|90-274-1839-X}}</ref>


==E==
==E==
*'''English''' – In the [[United Kingdom]] and in many parts of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Standard English]] is the prestige dialect. (This should not be confused with [[BBC English]], or [[Received Pronunciation]], as these terms refer to accent, not dialect, though this also plays an important role in social prestige.) The [[United States]] is said to have no single prestige dialect.<ref>{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=Kenneth G | year=1993 | title=The Columbia Guide to Standard American English | location=New York | publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> In the early part of the twentieth century, though, [[Locust Valley Lockjaw]] and [[Mid-Atlantic English]] were among prestige accents, especially in [[film]].
*'''[[English language|English]]''' – In the UK, the prestige dialect is often considered to be [[Received Pronunciation]] whereas [[Variation in Australian English#Broad.2C general and cultivated Australian|General Australian English]] and [[South African English|Cultivated South African English]] have traditionally been the prestige dialect in those countries. The [[United States]] is said to have no single prestige dialect.<ref>{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=Kenneth G | year=1993 | title=The Columbia Guide to Standard American English | location=New York | publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> However, American dictionaries, broadcast journalists, and stage, cinema, and television actors favor [[General American]] as the standard form of American speech. Before 1945, [[Mid-Atlantic English]] enjoyed a high level of prestige. In modern India, [[Indian English]], a slightly Indianized version of English having some influence of Indian local languages is generally used in practice.


==F==
==F==
*'''[[Filipino language|Filipino]]''' - is the standardised version of the Manila [[Tagalog Language|Tagalog]] dialect<ref name="Filipino-Tagalog-Not-So-Simple">{{cite web|title= Filipino and Tagalog, Not So Simple |website= svillafania.philippinepen.ph |url=<!-- NOTE:archived version used because (as of 16 Jan 2019) online version has been redirected to a web page which is not useful --> https://web.archive.org/web/20140522052247/http://svillafania.philippinepen.ph/2007/08/articles-filipino-and-tagalog-not-so.html|accessdate =16 January 2019 |date=24 August 2007| author-first = Ricardo Ma. | author-last = Nolasco}}</ref> that is used as the national lingua franca in the Philippines.<ref name="Filipino-not-English-is-the-countrys-lingua-franca">{{cite web|title= Filipino, not English, is the country's lingua franca
*'''French''' – Educated Parisian [[French language|French]] has generally been taken as the prestige dialect of [[Metropolitan France]], though the position is less clear among speakers of other national dialects such as [[Quebec French]].
|website= inquirer.net
|url= https://opinion.inquirer.net/72676/filipino-not-english-is-the-countrys-lingua-franca/amp |date=2014}}</ref> It is used as the language of media in the Philippines instead of or aside from English.

*'''[[French language|French]]'''
**'''France''' – [[Standard French]] is based on the dialect of Paris.
**'''United States''' – [[Colonial French]] (also Plantation Society French) is considered the prestige dialect of [[Louisiana French]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caneriver.tulane.edu/LanguagesLabels.html |title=Overview |accessdate=2007-08-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223085445/http://caneriver.tulane.edu/LanguagesLabels.html |archivedate=2007-12-23 }}</ref> though it is deemed virtually [[Language death|extinct]] due to gradual assimilation with standard [[Cajun French]].


==G==
==G==
*'''[[German language|German]]'''
*'''Greek''' – The conceived [[Modern Greek]] form of [[Katharevousa]] was once considered the prestige dialect. Today, the standard Greek dialect with Athenian pronunciation is considered the prestige dialect. See also [[Greek language question]].
**'''Germany''' – [[Standard German]], Standard High German or often erroneously called High German (in German: ''Hochdeutsch'') is considered the prestige dialect of Germany, especially in northern and central regions of Germany. Dialects are still very common in southern regions across all demographics, though some assimilation does happen in formal settings ([[Bavaria]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]], [[Saxony]]). Towards the North, however, proper dialects have diminished since [[World War II]] and tend to be associated nowadays with rural regions, urban working class and elderly people. Regiolects have replaced dialects in informal speech (e.g. [[Rhinelandic regiolect|Rhinelands]]), but formal speech is very close to Standard German.
**'''Switzerland''' – [[Swiss Standard German]] can be considered the [[lingua franca]] of Switzerland for communication on national levels and with people from other German-speaking countries, whereas the many dialects subsumed under the umbrella term [[Swiss German]] are used in everyday life across all demographics including formal settings.


==H==
==H==
*'''[[Hindi]]''' – the [[Dehlavi dialect]] (Hindustani) is the prestige dialect, and the basis of both [[Modern Standard Hindi]] and [[Modern Standard Urdu]].<ref name="Chall1961">{{cite book|author=Leo P. Chall|title=Sociological abstracts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIrZAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 June 2012|year=1961|publisher=Sociological Abstracts}}</ref>
*'''Hebrew''' – In [[Israel]], [[Hebrew]] was revived as a spoken language in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. [[Israeli Hebrew]] is now regarded as the prestige dialect for the language, combining the traditional [[Ashkenazi Hebrew|Ashkenazi]] (Eastern European) and [[Sephardi Hebrew|Sephardi]] (largely Spanish/Portuguese) dialects, along with significant influence from various other [[Jewish languages|Jewish dialects and languages]] such as [[Yiddish]], [[Yemenite Hebrew|Temani]], and [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]].


*'''Hindi''' – Among the [[Hindi]]-speaking states of India, [[Khariboli]] is the prestige dialect of Hindi.

==I==
==J==
==K==
*'''Korean''' – In [[South Korea]], South Korea's standard accent (''Pyojuneo'') is based on the [[Seoul dialect]]. However, there are a few (slight) differences among an accent that news readers speak with, one spoken by ordinary mid-aged people in Seoul, another spoken by younger generations in Seoul/Gyeonggi regions, since many local people migrated to Seoul throughout the 1960s to the 1980s. Other regional dialects in South Korea are sometimes humorously quoted in media or novels. In [[North Korea]], the standard accent is based on the [[Pyongyang]] dialect, which is also called ''Munhwaeo''.

==L==
==M==
==M==
*'''[[Marathi language|Marathi]]''' – The dialect of [[Pune]] is considered to be the standard and prestige dialect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marathi-language|accessdate=9 August 2017|year=1998|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Marathi language &#124; Definition, History, Alphabet, & Facts}}</ref>
==N==

==O==
==P==
==P==
* '''[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]''' – The [[Majhi dialect]] spoken around [[Amritsar]] is the standardized and most prestigious Punjabi dialect in India.<ref>[http://www.learnpunjabi.org/intro1.asp Punjabi University, Patiala.]</ref><ref>{{Cite LSI|9|1|p=609}}</ref>
*'''Portuguese''' – In [[Brazil]], the variants from the states of [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]] may be considered "prestige dialects" {{Fact|date=March 2007}}, especially for their being used in national news broadcasts; however, those variants used for television usually substitute the dental ''t'' and ''d'' of the São Paulo variant for the more widespread palatalised allophone and the post-alveolar fricative {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (written ''s'') used in Rio de Janeiro for the more usual alveolar fricative /s/, both substitutions characteristic of the variant from cities such as [[Juiz de Fora]], [[Volta Redonda]] and [[Vitória]]. Also, in [[Rio Grande do Sul]] the metropolitan regional accent is considered a prestige accent, and it is considered as such in most of Brazil, as it is the most correct form of speech when used correctly.


==Q==
==R==
==S==
==S==
*'''[[Somali language|Somali]]''' - The [[Northern Somali]] dialect, specifically the varieties spoken in the northernmost parts of the country (in modern day [[Somaliland]]) as well as the [[Mudug]] region, is considered the prestige dialect of the Somali language, and the basis for its standard variety.
*'''Spanish''' – In the Spanish-speaking world, there is no single prestige dialect: instead, the variety used in the capital city is usually the prestige dialect of each country. For example, [[Peruvian Coast Spanish]] is the prestige dialect of [[Peru]], and [[Rioplatense Spanish]] is the prestige dialect in [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]]. In [[Spain]], the prestige dialect is that of [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] and Northern Spain, which is the one spoken in the spanish media; curiously, the local dialect from [[Madrid]], which is now being lost, has never been regarded as a prestige dialect, and has been gradually replaced by a combinations of the dialects of northern Castile (namely, from [[Valladolid]], [[Palencia]] and [[Burgos]]), which are widely regarded as the purest forms of spanish.


==T==
==T==
*'''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''' – Tamil exhibits different standard forms: a classical literary style modelled on the ancient language (''sankattamiḻ''), a modern literary and formal style (''centamiḻ''), and a modern colloquial form (''koṭuntamiḻ''). These styles shade into each other, forming a stylistic continuum.<ref>Schiffman, Harold (1997). "[http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/diglossia/handbuk.html Diglossia as a Sociolinguistic Situation]", in Florian Coulmas (ed.), ''The Handbook of Sociolinguistics''. London: Basil Blackwell, Ltd. pp. 205 ff.</ref>
*'''Thai''' – In [[Thailand]], the standard language is based on the dialect spoken in [[Bangkok]].

*'''[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]''' - The Manila dialect is the prestige dialect among many native speakers due to the city's economic importance and the dialect's implication of wealth and high social status. This dialect is the basis of [[Filipino language|Filipino]], the standardised official and national language of the Philippines. The Bulacan dialect is sometimes held as a higher standard for literary and artistic purposes.

*'''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]''' – The standard form is based on the dialect and accent as spoken in Krishna District. In Hyderabad, the Telugu is heavily influenced by [[Urdu]]<ref>Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages By Andrew Dalby, Columbia University Press, page no. 301, {{ISBN|0-231-11569-5}}</ref>


*'''Turkish''' – In [[Turkey]], the standard language is based on the dialect spoken in [[Istanbul]].
*'''[[Thai language|Thai]]''' – Standard Thai is based on the dialect of the educated classes of [[Bangkok]], in [[Central Thailand]].<ref>{{cite book
|title= Language and national identity in Asia
|author= Andrew Simpson
|year= 2007
|publisher= Oxford University Press
|quote= Standard Thai is a form of Central Thai based on the variety of Thai spoken earlier by the elite of the court, and now by the educated middle and upper classes of Bangkok. It ... was standardized in grammar books in the nineteenth century, and spread dramatically from the 1930s onwards, when public education became much more widespread
}}</ref><ref name=bangkok>{{cite web
|url= http://thaiarc.tu.ac.th/thai/peansiri.htm
|title= Linguistic Perspectives of Thai Culture
|accessdate= 26 April 2011
|author= Peansiri Vongvipanond
|date= Summer 1994
|work= paper presented to a workshop of teachers of social science
|publisher= University of New Orleans
|page= 2
|quote= The dialect one hears on radio and television is the Bangkok dialect, considered the standard dialect.
}}</ref> In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related [[Tai languages]]. Although linguists usually classify these idioms as related, but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai".<ref>{{Citation |author1=Antonio L. Rappa |author2=Lionel Wee |title=Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand |publisher=Springer |year=2006 |pages=114–115}}</ref>
*[[Turkish language|'''Turkish''']]: Modern standard Turkish is based on the dialect of [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Concise compendium of the world's languages|title=Turkish|page=547|last=Campbell|first=George|publisher=Routledge|place=London|year=1995}}</ref> This Istanbulite Turkish (''İstanbul Türkçesi'') constitutes the model of written and spoken Turkish, as recommended by [[Ziya Gökalp]], [[Ömer Seyfettin]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=En iyi İstanbul Türkçesini kim konuşur?|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-magazin-1628628/|access-date=2017-12-30|work=Milliyet}}</ref>


==U==
==U==
*'''[[Urdu]]''' – [[Modern Standard Urdu]] is a prestige dialect of the Hindustani language, spoken in and around the northern [[India]]n city of [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Butt">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-JyisMubaMUC&q=prestige+dialect+Urdu+lucknow&pg=PA8|author=Miriam Butt|title = The structure of complex predicates in Urdu|publisher = Center for the Study of Language and Information|page=8|accessdate = 31 December 2011|quote=The Urdu spoken in Lucknow is held to be the representative of ''pure'' Urdu.|year=1995|isbn=9781881526582}}</ref><ref name="Dil">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2bIGAQAAIAAJ&q=prestige+dialect+Urdu+lucknow|author=Anwar S. Dil|title = Studies in Pakistani linguistics|publisher = Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan|accessdate = 31 December 2011|quote=However, the dialect which enjoys the highest prestige is the Delhi-Lucknow Urdu.|year=1965}}</ref><ref name="King">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B8RjAAAAMAAJ&q=prestige+dialect+Urdu+lucknow|author=Christopher Rolland King|title = One language, two scripts: the Hindi movement in nineteenth century north India|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]|accessdate = 31 December 2011|quote=A line of major Urdu poets arose in Delhi and continued well into the nineteenth century, while somewhat later poets in the eastern UP city of Lucknow began to rival their colleagues in Delhi.|page=24|date=9 December 1999|isbn=9780195651126}}</ref> Since a large part of the Urdu-speaking population from this area migrated to the area around [[Karachi]] during the 1947 [[Partition of India]], this variety has also become the prestige accent in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Butt"/><ref name="Dil"/><ref name="King"/>
*'''Ukrainian''' – In [[Ukraine]], quite a few dialects of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] are in common daily use and are considered to be equally prestigious, with a local dialect being favored in certain areas. [[Surzhyk]], on the other hand, is universally perceived to not be prestigious.


==V==
==W==
==X==
==Y==
==Z==
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Prestige (sociolinguistics)]]
*[[Prestige (sociolinguistics)]]
Line 69: Line 84:


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Sociolinguistics lists|Prestige dialects]]
[[Category:Sociolinguistics]]
[[Category:Language varieties and styles]]
[[Category:Language varieties and styles]]
[[Category:Lists of languages|Prestige dialects]]

Latest revision as of 11:31, 6 August 2024

A prestige dialect is the dialect that is considered most prestigious by the members of that speech community. In nearly all cases, the prestige dialect is also the dialect spoken by the most prestigious members of that community, often the people who have political, economic, or social power.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

A

[edit]
  • Arabic – In the Arab League countries, Modern Standard Arabic is considered the H-language, or high-prestige language. In contrast to most prestige dialects, it is not used in day-to-day conversation, but is rather reserved for literature and elevated or formal discourse. It is not commonly used in everyday conversation.[1]
  • Assyrian Neo-Aramaic – Among modern Assyrian people, Iraq Koine is widely considered to be a prestige form of speech, where it is the standard variety in the Assyrian social and political media, and the Assyrian church.[2] Iraqi Koine is a "watered down", merger dialect of the rather coarse Assyrian tribal varieties of the mountains and the classically prestigious Urmian dialect (spoken by Iranian Assyrians), but would lack the harshness of the rural dialects and the superfluous Persian influence of the Urmian dialect.[3] In the 19th and early 20th century, or at least up to the 1980s, the Urmian dialect was a standard literary dialect of Assyrian, chosen by an American Presbyterian missioner Justin Perkins in 1836. In the late 20th century, Assyrians gradually started to mix with each other and spoke Iraqi Koine, as Iraq had an influx of Assyrians from different villages settling there.[4]

C

[edit]

D

[edit]
  • Dutch – Standard Dutch is considered most prestigious when no clear traces of a speaker's dialect can be recognised.[8]

E

[edit]

F

[edit]
  • Filipino - is the standardised version of the Manila Tagalog dialect[10] that is used as the national lingua franca in the Philippines.[11] It is used as the language of media in the Philippines instead of or aside from English.

G

[edit]
  • German
    • Germany – Standard German, Standard High German or often erroneously called High German (in German: Hochdeutsch) is considered the prestige dialect of Germany, especially in northern and central regions of Germany. Dialects are still very common in southern regions across all demographics, though some assimilation does happen in formal settings (Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Palatinate, Saxony). Towards the North, however, proper dialects have diminished since World War II and tend to be associated nowadays with rural regions, urban working class and elderly people. Regiolects have replaced dialects in informal speech (e.g. Rhinelands), but formal speech is very close to Standard German.
    • Switzerland – Swiss Standard German can be considered the lingua franca of Switzerland for communication on national levels and with people from other German-speaking countries, whereas the many dialects subsumed under the umbrella term Swiss German are used in everyday life across all demographics including formal settings.

H

[edit]

M

[edit]
  • Marathi – The dialect of Pune is considered to be the standard and prestige dialect.[14]

P

[edit]

S

[edit]
  • Somali - The Northern Somali dialect, specifically the varieties spoken in the northernmost parts of the country (in modern day Somaliland) as well as the Mudug region, is considered the prestige dialect of the Somali language, and the basis for its standard variety.

T

[edit]
  • Tamil – Tamil exhibits different standard forms: a classical literary style modelled on the ancient language (sankattamiḻ), a modern literary and formal style (centamiḻ), and a modern colloquial form (koṭuntamiḻ). These styles shade into each other, forming a stylistic continuum.[17]
  • Tagalog - The Manila dialect is the prestige dialect among many native speakers due to the city's economic importance and the dialect's implication of wealth and high social status. This dialect is the basis of Filipino, the standardised official and national language of the Philippines. The Bulacan dialect is sometimes held as a higher standard for literary and artistic purposes.
  • Telugu – The standard form is based on the dialect and accent as spoken in Krishna District. In Hyderabad, the Telugu is heavily influenced by Urdu[18]
  • Thai – Standard Thai is based on the dialect of the educated classes of Bangkok, in Central Thailand.[19][20] In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages. Although linguists usually classify these idioms as related, but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai".[21]
  • Turkish: Modern standard Turkish is based on the dialect of Istanbul.[22] This Istanbulite Turkish (İstanbul Türkçesi) constitutes the model of written and spoken Turkish, as recommended by Ziya Gökalp, Ömer Seyfettin and others.[23]

U

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ islamonline.net Archived 2011-02-20 at the Wayback Machine: "‘Germanus’ [...] looked forward to Cairo, to be entertained by listening the (Classical) Arabic language [...] He was shocked [...] for who were laughing at him for his speaking in (Classical) Arabic and they answered him back with vernacular vocabulary..."
  2. ^ Solomon, Zomaya S. (1994). Basic sentence structure in Assyrian Aramaic, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, VIII/1:83-107
  3. ^ Maclean, Arthur John (1895). Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul. Cambridge University Press, London.
  4. ^ Solomon, Zomaya S. (1997). Functional and other exotic sentences in Assyrian Aramaic, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, XI/2:44-69.
  5. ^ Norman, Jerry (1988), Chinese, Cambridge University Press, p. 215, ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3
  6. ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, p. 219
  7. ^ "Chinese, Min Nan".
  8. ^ M. van der Wal, Geschiedenis van het Nederlands, 1992. ISBN 90-274-1839-X
  9. ^ Wilson, Kenneth G (1993). The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. New York: Columbia University Press.
  10. ^ Nolasco, Ricardo Ma. (24 August 2007). "Filipino and Tagalog, Not So Simple". svillafania.philippinepen.ph. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  11. ^ "Filipino, not English, is the country's lingua franca". inquirer.net. 2014.
  12. ^ "Overview". Archived from the original on 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
  13. ^ Leo P. Chall (1961). Sociological abstracts. Sociological Abstracts. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  14. ^ "Marathi language | Definition, History, Alphabet, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1998. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  15. ^ Punjabi University, Patiala.
  16. ^ Grierson, George A. (1916). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. IX Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 609.
  17. ^ Schiffman, Harold (1997). "Diglossia as a Sociolinguistic Situation", in Florian Coulmas (ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. London: Basil Blackwell, Ltd. pp. 205 ff.
  18. ^ Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages By Andrew Dalby, Columbia University Press, page no. 301, ISBN 0-231-11569-5
  19. ^ Andrew Simpson (2007). Language and national identity in Asia. Oxford University Press. Standard Thai is a form of Central Thai based on the variety of Thai spoken earlier by the elite of the court, and now by the educated middle and upper classes of Bangkok. It ... was standardized in grammar books in the nineteenth century, and spread dramatically from the 1930s onwards, when public education became much more widespread
  20. ^ Peansiri Vongvipanond (Summer 1994). "Linguistic Perspectives of Thai Culture". paper presented to a workshop of teachers of social science. University of New Orleans. p. 2. Retrieved 26 April 2011. The dialect one hears on radio and television is the Bangkok dialect, considered the standard dialect.
  21. ^ Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee (2006), Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, Springer, pp. 114–115
  22. ^ Campbell, George (1995). "Turkish". Concise compendium of the world's languages. London: Routledge. p. 547.
  23. ^ "En iyi İstanbul Türkçesini kim konuşur?". Milliyet. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
  24. ^ a b Miriam Butt (1995). The structure of complex predicates in Urdu. Center for the Study of Language and Information. p. 8. ISBN 9781881526582. Retrieved 31 December 2011. The Urdu spoken in Lucknow is held to be the representative of pure Urdu.
  25. ^ a b Anwar S. Dil (1965). Studies in Pakistani linguistics. Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan. Retrieved 31 December 2011. However, the dialect which enjoys the highest prestige is the Delhi-Lucknow Urdu.
  26. ^ a b Christopher Rolland King (9 December 1999). One language, two scripts: the Hindi movement in nineteenth century north India. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780195651126. Retrieved 31 December 2011. A line of major Urdu poets arose in Delhi and continued well into the nineteenth century, while somewhat later poets in the eastern UP city of Lucknow began to rival their colleagues in Delhi.
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