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{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{Taxobox {{italictitle}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Chroogomphus''<br> (pine-spikes)
| image = Chroogomphus rutilus Bryonia orig.jpg
| image = Chroogomphus rutilus Bryonia orig.jpg
| image_alt = Chroogomphus rutilus
| image_width = 220px
| image_caption = ''C. rutilus''<br>(photo by Alberto Vázquez)
| image_caption = ''[[Chroogomphus rutilus]]''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| taxon = Chroogomphus
| authority = ([[Rolf Singer|Singer]]) [[Orson K. Miller Jr.|O.K.Mill.]] (1964)<ref>([[Rolf Singer|Singer]]) O.K. Mill., Mycologia 56: 529 (1964)</ref>
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| synonyms =
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
*''Gomphidius'' subgen. ''Chroogomphus'' <small>[[Rolf Singer|Singer]] (1948)</small>
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
*''Brauniellula'' <small>[[Alexander H. Smith|A.H.Sm.]] & [[Rolf Singer|Singer]] (1959)</small>
| subordo = Suillineae
| synonyms_ref =
| familia = [[Gomphidiaceae]]
| genus = '''''Chroogomphus'''''
| type_species = ''[[Chroogomphus rutilus]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Jacob Christian Schäffer|Schaeff.]]) [[Orson K. Miller Jr.|O.K.Mill.]] (1964)<ref>(Schaeff.) O.K. Mill., Mycologia 56: 543 (1964) [MB#328192]</ref>
| genus_authoroty = ([[Rolf Singer|Singer]]) O.K. Mill.
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| type_species = ''Chroogomphus rutilis''
| subdivision_ref = <ref>{{cite web|author1=<!-- not stated -->|title=''Chroogomphus''|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=5390&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock|website=NCBI taxonomy|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|access-date=3 September 2019|location=Bethesda, MD|language=English|format=HTML}}</ref>
| type_species_authority = (Schaeff.) O.K. Mill. (1964)
| subdivision =
}}
}}

'''''Chroogomphus''''' ({{pron-en|kroʊəˈɡɒmfəs}}) is a genus of [[mushrooms]] commonly known as '''pine-spikes''' or '''spike-caps''' based on their shape and the fact that they are always found growing in association with [[pine]] trees. The genus is distributed throughout the [[Northern Hemisphere]] including [[North America]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]].<ref name="usda">Aime M, Miller OK. (2005). Proposal to Conserve the Name ''Chroogomphus'' Against ''Brauniellula'' (Gomphidiaceae). Taxon 55(1):227–228. ([http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=187732&pf=1 abstract])</ref>
'''''Chroogomphus''''' {{IPAc-en|k|r|oʊ|.|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɒ|m|f|ə|s}} is a [[genus]] of [[mushroom]]s commonly known as '''pine-spikes''' or '''spike-caps''' based on their shape and because they are often found growing in association with [[pine]] trees. The genus is distributed throughout the [[Northern Hemisphere]] including North America and Eurasia.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
These fungi are members of the family [[Gomphidiaceae]] which are [[agaricoid]] members of the [[Boletales]] ([[suborder (biology)|suborder]] Suillineae).<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971 |last1= Binder M, Hibbett DS.|year=2006|title=Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales|journal=Mycologia|volume=98|issue=6|pages=971–81 |pmid= 17486973 |first1= M |last2= Hibbett |first2= DS}}</ref> Related to the genus ''[[Gomphidius]]'' (in which they were once classified), ''Chroogomphus'' are distinguished from ''Gomphidius'' by their lack of a [[partial veil]].
The genus name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] χρω- chroo-, meaning 'skin' or 'colour', and 'γομφος' ''gomphos'' meaning 'plug' or 'large wedge-shaped nail'.<ref> {{cite book|author=Liddell HJ, Scott R|year=1980|title=Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition |publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK|isbn=0-19-910207-4}}</ref>


''[[Chroogomphus rutilus]]'', found in Europe, is the [[type species]].<ref name="usda"/>
==Relationships==
These fungi are members of the family [[Gomphidiaceae]] which are [[agaricoid]] members of the [[Boletales]] ([[suborder (biology)|suborder]] Suillineae).<ref>{{cite journal |last= Binder M, Hibbett DS.|year=2006|title=Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales|journal=Mycologia|volume=98|issue=6|pages=971–81}}</ref> Related to the genus ''[[Gomphidius]]'' (in which they were once classified), ''Chroogomphus'' are distinguished from ''Gomphidius'' by their lack of a [[partial veil]].


Accepted species of ''Chroogomphus'' include:<ref name="kuo2" /><ref name="Species Fungorum u115">{{cite web |title=Search Page |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Species Fungorum}}</ref>
Members of this genus have been thought to be [[ectomycorrhizal]] with various species of pine, however, there is now evidence that all members of the Gomphidiaceae are [[parasitic]] upon other [[boletes]]. Specifically, ''Chroogomphus'' species are thought to be parasitic on various pine-associated ''[[Suillus]]'' species, with this parasitism often being highly species-specific.<ref name="agerer">Agerer R. (1990). Studies on ectomycorrhizae XXIV: Ectomycorrhizae of ''Chroogomphus helveticus'' and ''C. rutilus'' (Gomphidiaceae, Basidiomyetes) and their relationship to
{| class="wikitable sortable"
those of ''Suillus'' and ''Rhizopogon''. Nova Hedwigia 50:1–63.</ref><ref name="olsson">Olsson PA, et al. (2000). Molecular and
!Image !!Scientific Name !! Year !! Distribution
anatomical evidence for a three-way association between ''Pinus sylvestris'' and the ectomycorrhizal fungi ''Suillus bovinus'' and ''Gomphidius roseus''. Mycological Research 104:1372–1378. ([http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=64133 abstract])</ref>
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus albipes]]'' {{au|(Zeller) Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang}} ||2009||Sierra Nevada
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus asiaticus]]'' {{au|O.K. Mill. & Aime}} ||2001||Eastern Siberia, Nepal
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus conacytiensis]]'' {{au|Ayala-Vásquez, Martínez-Reyes, Pérez-Moreno}} ||2023||Mexico
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus confusus]]'' {{au|Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang}} ||2009||China (Yunnan)
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus filiformis]]'' {{au|Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang}} ||2009||China (Yunnan)
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus flavovinaceus]]'' {{au|Ayala-Vásquez, Martínez-Reyes, Pérez-Moreno}} ||2023||Mexico
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus fulmineus]]'' {{au|(R. Heim) Courtec.}} ||1988||France
|-
| [[File:Chroogomphus helveticus 71400.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Chroogomphus helveticus]]'' {{au|(Singer) M.M. Moser}} ||1967||Czech Republic, United States, Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus himalayanus]]'' {{au|K. Das, Hembrom, A. Parihar & Vizzini}} ||2021||India.
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus jamaicensis]]'' {{au|(Murrill) O.K. Mill.}} ||1964||United States, Dominican Republic, Jamaica
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus leptocystis]]'' {{au|(Singer) O.K. Mill.}} ||1964||Canada
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus loculatus]]'' {{au|Trappe & O.K. Mill.}} ||1970||United States
|-
| [[File:Chroogomphus mediterraneus iNaturalist.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Chroogomphus mediterraneus]]'' {{au|(Finschow) Vila, Pérez-De-Greg. & G. Mir}} ||2006||Greece, United Kingdom, Spain
|-
| [[File:Chroogomphus ochraceus (32044787992).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Chroogomphus ochraceus]]'' {{au|(Kauffman) O.K. Mill.}} ||1964||United States, Canada
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus orientirutilus]]'' {{au|Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang}} ||2009|| China (Yunnan)
|-
| [[File:Chroogomphus (10.3897-mycokeys.66.38659) Figure 2B.png|120px]] ||''[[Chroogomphus pakistanicus]]'' {{au|M. Kiran & A.N. Khalid}} ||2020||Pakistan
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus papillatus]]'' {{au|(Raithelh.) Raithelh. }} ||1983||Southern Hemisphere
|-
| [[File:Chroogomphus (10.3897-mycokeys.66.38659) Figure 2G.png|120px]] ||''[[Chroogomphus pruinosus]]'' {{au|M. Kiran & A.N. Khalid}} ||2020||Pakistan
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus pseudotomentosus]]'' {{au|O.K. Mill. & Aime}} ||2001||China (Yunnan)
|-
| [[File:Chroogomphus pseudovinicolor 182522.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Chroogomphus pseudovinicolor]]'' {{au|O.K. Mill.}} ||1967||United States
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus purpurascens]]'' {{au|(Lj.N. Vassiljeva) M.M. Nazarova}} ||1990||China, Russia, Germany
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus roseolus]]'' {{au|Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang}} ||2009||China
|-
| [[File:Kupferroter Gelbfuß.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Chroogomphus rutilus]]'' {{au|(Schaeff.) O.K. Mill.}} ||1964||Finland, Greece, Russia, South Korea
|-
| [[File:Chroogomphus sibiricus.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Chroogomphus sibiricus]]'' {{au|(Singer) O.K. Mill.}} ||1964||Russia
|-
| [[File:Chroogomphus subfulmineus (19.11.14-Troodos-ML411181-1) 2.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Chroogomphus subfulmineus]]'' {{au|Niskanen, Loizides, Scambler & Liimat.}} ||2018|| Italy, Spain, Cyprus
|-
| ||''[[Chroogomphus superiorensis]]'' {{au|(Kauffman & A.H. Sm.) Singer}} ||1975||
|-
| [[File:2011-12-04 Chroogomphus tomentosus (Murrill) O.K. Mill 187387.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Chroogomphus tomentosus]]'' {{au|(Murrill) O.K. Mill.}} ||1964||Canada,United States
|-
| [[File:Chroogomphus vinicolor 116581.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Chroogomphus vinicolor]]'' {{au|(Peck) O.K. Mill.}} ||1964||United States
|-
|}


==Species==
===Etymology===
The genus name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|χρω-}} ({{transliteration|grc|chroo-}}), meaning "skin" or "colour", and {{lang|grc|γομφος}} ({{transliteration|grc|gomphos}}) meaning "plug" or "large wedge-shaped nail".<ref>{{cite book|author=Liddell HJ, Scott R|year=1980|title=Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition|publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-910207-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/lexicon00lidd}}</ref>
[[Image:Chroogomphus rutilus (1).jpg|333px|thumb|right|''C. rutilus'']]
'''''Chroogomphus rutilus''''' ([http://www.viarural.com.ar/viarural.com.ar/guia-de-hongos/chroogomphus-rutilus/chroogomphus-rutilus-07.htm image]), found in Europe, is the [[type species]] for this genus. It has been the subject of investigation as the source of [[antibiotics]], as well as other potentially useful [[secondary compounds]].<ref name="usda"/>


==Description==
The cap is up to 10&nbsp;cm in diameter and red-brown in colour. The widely spaced gills are brownish-orange and [[Wiktionary:decurrent|decurrent]] with black to brownish-yellow [[spore]]s. The stalk is brownish-yellow and tapers toward the base. The flesh is orange to salmon-coloured and turns violet when chewed.
[[File:Chroogomphus vinicolor 116581.jpg|thumb|''[[Chroogomphus vinicolor]]'']]


The cap of ''C. rutilus'' is up to {{Convert|10|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} in diameter and red-brown in colour. The widely spaced gills are brownish-orange and [[Wiktionary:decurrent|decurrent]] with black to brownish-yellow [[spore]]s. The stalk is brownish-yellow and tapers toward the base. The flesh is orange to salmon-coloured and turns violet when chewed.
'''''Chroogomphus ochraceus''''' ([http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Chroogomphus_ochraceus.html image]) of North America is very similar in [[habit (botany)|habit]] and appearance to ''C. rutilis'', and the latter name has often been misapplied to ''C. ochraceus''.<ref name="ochraceus">Wood M, Stevens F. (2004). [http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Chroogomphus_ochraceus.html ''Chroogomphus ochraceus''.] MykoWeb (website).</ref>


'''''Chroogomphus vinicolor''''' ([http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Chroogomphus_vinicolor.html image]), another North American species, is likewise similar to ''C.&nbsp;rutilus'', although ''C.&nbsp;vinicolor'' tends to be smaller. The cap color is variable in both species, with ''C.&nbsp;vinicolor'' being, as its scientific name suggests, more wine-colored while ''C.&nbsp;rutilus'' is usually more brown. The most distinctive differences between these three species are microscopic.<ref name="kuo1">Kuo M. (2005). [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/chroogomphus_vinicolor.html ''Chroogomphus vinicolor''.] MushroomExpert.Com (website).</ref>
''[[Chroogomphus ochraceus]]'' of North America is very similar in [[habit (botany)|habit]] and appearance to ''C.&nbsp;rutilus'', and the latter name has often been misapplied to ''C.&nbsp;ochraceus''.<ref name="ochraceus">Wood M, '''Stevens F. (2004).''' [http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Chroogomphus_ochraceus.html ''Chroogomphus ochraceus''.] MykoWeb.</ref>
<ref name="kuo2">Kuo M. (2005). [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/chroogomphus.html The genus ''Chroogomphus''.] MushroomExpert.Com (website).</ref><ref name="rich"/>


''[[Chroogomphus vinicolor]]'', another North American species, is likewise similar to ''C.&nbsp;rutilus'', although ''C.&nbsp;vinicolor'' tends to be smaller. The cap color is variable in both species, with ''C.&nbsp;vinicolor'' being, as its scientific name suggests, more wine-colored while ''C.&nbsp;rutilus'' is usually more brown. The most distinctive differences between these three species are microscopic.<ref name="kuo1">Kuo M. (2005). [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/chroogomphus_vinicolor.html ''Chroogomphus vinicolor''.] MushroomExpert.com.</ref><ref name="kuo2">Kuo M. (2005). [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/chroogomphus.html The genus ''Chroogomphus''.] MushroomExpert.com.</ref><ref name="rich"/>
'''Other species''' within genus ''Chroogomphus'' include:<ref name="kuo2" /><ref>Index Fungorum. 2004. [http://www.speciesfungorum.org/names/names.asp?strGenus=Chroogomphus "Chroogomphus"] Index Fungorum website search.</ref>
{|
||
*''[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?stat=BROWSE&query_src=photos_fungi_sci&where-genre=Fungi&where-taxon=Chroogomphus+flavipes C. flavipes]''
*''[http://www.grzyby.pl/gatunki/Chroogomphus_helveticus.htm C. helveticus]''
*''C. leptocystis''
*''C. loculatus''
||
*''C. jamaicensis''
*''C. pseudovinicolor''
*''[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?stat=BROWSE&query_src=photos_fungi_sci&where-genre=Fungi&where-taxon=Chroogomphus+tomentosus C. tomentosus]''
*
|}


==Distribution and habitat==
==Edibility==
The genus is distributed throughout the [[Northern Hemisphere]] including North America, the Caribbean, Europe, and Asia.<ref name="usda">Aime M, Miller OK. (2005). Proposal to Conserve the Name ''Chroogomphus'' Against ''Brauniellula'' (Gomphidiaceae). Taxon 55(1):227–228. ([http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=187732&pf=1 abstract])</ref>
''Chroogomphus rutilis'', ''C.&nbsp;ochraceus'', and ''C.&nbsp;vinicolor'' are edible and interchangeable for culinary purposes. They are not, however, regarded as flavorful and possess neither a distinctive taste nor odor. One food writer states:

==Ecology==
Members of this genus have been thought to be [[ectomycorrhiza]]l with various species of pine, but there is now evidence that all members of the Gomphidiaceae are [[parasitic]] upon other [[bolete]]s. Specifically, ''Chroogomphus'' species are thought to be parasitic on various [[conifer]]-associated ''[[Suillus]]'' species, with this parasitism often being highly species-specific.<ref name="agerer">Agerer R. (1990). Studies on ectomycorrhizae XXIV: Ectomycorrhizae of ''Chroogomphus helveticus'' and ''C.&nbsp;rutilus'' (Gomphidiaceae, Basidiomyetes) and their relationship to those of ''Suillus'' and ''Rhizopogon''. Nova Hedwigia 50:1–63.</ref><ref name="olsson">Olsson PA, et al. (2000). Molecular and anatomical evidence for a three-way association between ''Pinus sylvestris'' and the ectomycorrhizal fungi ''Suillus bovinus'' and ''Gomphidius roseus''. Mycological Research 104:1372–1378. ([http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=64133 abstract])</ref> In the [[Pacific Northwest]] of North America, ''C.&nbsp;tomentosus'' is found with western hemlock (''[[Tsuga heterophylla]]'') and Douglas-fir (''[[Pseudotsuga menziesii]]''), while ''C.&nbsp;helveticus'' of Europe is found in conifer forests containing spruce (''[[Picea]]'' ssp.).<ref name="amm09" /><ref name="assyov" />

== Uses ==
''Chroogomphus rutilus'', ''C.&nbsp;ochraceus'', ''C.&nbsp;oregonensis'', ''C.&nbsp;tomentosus'', and ''C.&nbsp;vinicolor'' are edible<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Roger |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America |year=2010 |publisher=Firefly Books |location=Buffalo, NY |isbn=978-1-55407-651-2 |pages=245–46}}</ref> and may be interchangeable for culinary purposes. They are not, however, regarded as flavorful and possess neither a distinctive taste nor odor. One food writer states about ''C.&nbsp;rutilus'' and ''C.&nbsp;vinicolor'':
{{quotation|They are excellent when dried, have a firm chewy texture but almost no flavor. This means you can put them in any dish without worrying about overpowering them - there's nothing to overpower! They make an excellent textural addition, though, a little crunchy, a little rubbery, very pleasant. Use them in tomato sauce as a meat substitute, or in a spicy [[Thai curry]]. You can't go wrong, because you can't taste them.<ref name="rich">Rich R. (2002). "[http://www.rrich.com/mschroruti.html Chroogomphus rutilis.]" From: Robert's wild mushroom cookbook (website).</ref>}}
{{quotation|They are excellent when dried, have a firm chewy texture but almost no flavor. This means you can put them in any dish without worrying about overpowering them - there's nothing to overpower! They make an excellent textural addition, though, a little crunchy, a little rubbery, very pleasant. Use them in tomato sauce as a meat substitute, or in a spicy [[Thai curry]]. You can't go wrong, because you can't taste them.<ref name="rich">Rich R. (2002). "[http://www.rrich.com/mschroruti.html Chroogomphus rutilis.]" From: Robert's wild mushroom cookbook (website).</ref>}}

''Chroogomphus rutilus'' has been the subject of investigation as the source of [[antibiotic]]s, as well as other potentially useful [[secondary compounds]].<ref name="usda"/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{reflist}}

<ref name=amm09>{{cite book |last1=Trudell |first1=S. |last2=Ammirati |first2=J. |title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest |series=Timber Press Field Guides |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |year=2009 |page=193 |isbn=978-0-88192-935-5}}</ref>

<ref name=assyov>{{cite web|first=Boris| last=Assyov| title=''Chroogomphus helveticus''| work=Boletales.com| url=http://boletales.com/genera/chroogomphus/c-helveticus/| access-date=2011-10-12}}</ref>

}}


{{Commons|Chroogomphus rutilus}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*Arora D. (1986) ''Mushrooms Demystified''. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0898151694
*Arora D. (1986) ''Mushrooms Demystified''. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. {{ISBN|0-89815-169-4}}
*{{cite book | author = Breitenbach J & Kränzlin F | year = 1991 | title = Fungi of Switzerland 3: Boletes & Agarics, 1st Part | isbn = 3-85604-230-X}}
*{{cite book | author = Breitenbach J & Kränzlin F | year = 1991 | title = Fungi of Switzerland 3: Boletes & Agarics, 1st Part | isbn = 978-3-85604-230-1}}
*Nilsson S. & Persson O. (1977) ''Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi)''. Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-14-063005-8}}
</div>
*Nilsson S. & Persson O. (1977) ''Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi)''. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140630058


==External links==
[[Category:Boletales]]
*{{Commons category-inline|Chroogomphus|''Chroogomphus''}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Chroogomphus|''Chroogomphus''}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2575922}}


[[Category:Boletales]]
[[ca:Bec de perdiu]]
[[Category:Boletales genera]]
[[de:Kupferroter Gelbfuß]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Rolf Singer]]
[[ja:クギタケ属]]
[[pl:Klejek lepki]]
[[ru:Мокруха розовая]]
[[sv:Rabarbersvamp]]

Latest revision as of 03:28, 11 March 2024

Chroogomphus
Chroogomphus rutilus
Chroogomphus rutilus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Gomphidiaceae
Genus: Chroogomphus
(Singer) O.K.Mill. (1964)[1]
Type species
Chroogomphus rutilus
Synonyms

Chroogomphus /kroʊ.əˈɡɒmfəs/ is a genus of mushrooms commonly known as pine-spikes or spike-caps based on their shape and because they are often found growing in association with pine trees. The genus is distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere including North America and Eurasia.

Taxonomy

[edit]

These fungi are members of the family Gomphidiaceae which are agaricoid members of the Boletales (suborder Suillineae).[4] Related to the genus Gomphidius (in which they were once classified), Chroogomphus are distinguished from Gomphidius by their lack of a partial veil.

Chroogomphus rutilus, found in Europe, is the type species.[5]

Accepted species of Chroogomphus include:[6][7]

Image Scientific Name Year Distribution
Chroogomphus albipes (Zeller) Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2009 Sierra Nevada
Chroogomphus asiaticus O.K. Mill. & Aime 2001 Eastern Siberia, Nepal
Chroogomphus conacytiensis Ayala-Vásquez, Martínez-Reyes, Pérez-Moreno 2023 Mexico
Chroogomphus confusus Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2009 China (Yunnan)
Chroogomphus filiformis Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2009 China (Yunnan)
Chroogomphus flavovinaceus Ayala-Vásquez, Martínez-Reyes, Pérez-Moreno 2023 Mexico
Chroogomphus fulmineus (R. Heim) Courtec. 1988 France
Chroogomphus helveticus (Singer) M.M. Moser 1967 Czech Republic, United States, Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic
Chroogomphus himalayanus K. Das, Hembrom, A. Parihar & Vizzini 2021 India.
Chroogomphus jamaicensis (Murrill) O.K. Mill. 1964 United States, Dominican Republic, Jamaica
Chroogomphus leptocystis (Singer) O.K. Mill. 1964 Canada
Chroogomphus loculatus Trappe & O.K. Mill. 1970 United States
Chroogomphus mediterraneus (Finschow) Vila, Pérez-De-Greg. & G. Mir 2006 Greece, United Kingdom, Spain
Chroogomphus ochraceus (Kauffman) O.K. Mill. 1964 United States, Canada
Chroogomphus orientirutilus Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2009 China (Yunnan)
Chroogomphus pakistanicus M. Kiran & A.N. Khalid 2020 Pakistan
Chroogomphus papillatus (Raithelh.) Raithelh. 1983 Southern Hemisphere
Chroogomphus pruinosus M. Kiran & A.N. Khalid 2020 Pakistan
Chroogomphus pseudotomentosus O.K. Mill. & Aime 2001 China (Yunnan)
Chroogomphus pseudovinicolor O.K. Mill. 1967 United States
Chroogomphus purpurascens (Lj.N. Vassiljeva) M.M. Nazarova 1990 China, Russia, Germany
Chroogomphus roseolus Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2009 China
Chroogomphus rutilus (Schaeff.) O.K. Mill. 1964 Finland, Greece, Russia, South Korea
Chroogomphus sibiricus (Singer) O.K. Mill. 1964 Russia
Chroogomphus subfulmineus Niskanen, Loizides, Scambler & Liimat. 2018 Italy, Spain, Cyprus
Chroogomphus superiorensis (Kauffman & A.H. Sm.) Singer 1975
Chroogomphus tomentosus (Murrill) O.K. Mill. 1964 Canada,United States
Chroogomphus vinicolor (Peck) O.K. Mill. 1964 United States

Etymology

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The genus name is derived from the Greek χρω- (chroo-), meaning "skin" or "colour", and γομφος (gomphos) meaning "plug" or "large wedge-shaped nail".[8]

Description

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Chroogomphus vinicolor

The cap of C. rutilus is up to 10 centimetres (4 inches) in diameter and red-brown in colour. The widely spaced gills are brownish-orange and decurrent with black to brownish-yellow spores. The stalk is brownish-yellow and tapers toward the base. The flesh is orange to salmon-coloured and turns violet when chewed.

Chroogomphus ochraceus of North America is very similar in habit and appearance to C. rutilus, and the latter name has often been misapplied to C. ochraceus.[9]

Chroogomphus vinicolor, another North American species, is likewise similar to C. rutilus, although C. vinicolor tends to be smaller. The cap color is variable in both species, with C. vinicolor being, as its scientific name suggests, more wine-colored while C. rutilus is usually more brown. The most distinctive differences between these three species are microscopic.[10][6][11]

Distribution and habitat

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The genus is distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere including North America, the Caribbean, Europe, and Asia.[5]

Ecology

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Members of this genus have been thought to be ectomycorrhizal with various species of pine, but there is now evidence that all members of the Gomphidiaceae are parasitic upon other boletes. Specifically, Chroogomphus species are thought to be parasitic on various conifer-associated Suillus species, with this parasitism often being highly species-specific.[12][13] In the Pacific Northwest of North America, C. tomentosus is found with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), while C. helveticus of Europe is found in conifer forests containing spruce (Picea ssp.).[14][15]

Uses

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Chroogomphus rutilus, C. ochraceus, C. oregonensis, C. tomentosus, and C. vinicolor are edible[16] and may be interchangeable for culinary purposes. They are not, however, regarded as flavorful and possess neither a distinctive taste nor odor. One food writer states about C. rutilus and C. vinicolor:

They are excellent when dried, have a firm chewy texture but almost no flavor. This means you can put them in any dish without worrying about overpowering them - there's nothing to overpower! They make an excellent textural addition, though, a little crunchy, a little rubbery, very pleasant. Use them in tomato sauce as a meat substitute, or in a spicy Thai curry. You can't go wrong, because you can't taste them.[11]

Chroogomphus rutilus has been the subject of investigation as the source of antibiotics, as well as other potentially useful secondary compounds.[5]

References

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  1. ^ (Singer) O.K. Mill., Mycologia 56: 529 (1964)
  2. ^ "Chroogomphus" (HTML). NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  3. ^ (Schaeff.) O.K. Mill., Mycologia 56: 543 (1964) [MB#328192]
  4. ^ Binder M, Hibbett DS., M; Hibbett, DS (2006). "Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales". Mycologia. 98 (6): 971–81. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971. PMID 17486973.
  5. ^ a b c Aime M, Miller OK. (2005). Proposal to Conserve the Name Chroogomphus Against Brauniellula (Gomphidiaceae). Taxon 55(1):227–228. (abstract)
  6. ^ a b Kuo M. (2005). The genus Chroogomphus. MushroomExpert.com.
  7. ^ "Search Page". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  8. ^ Liddell HJ, Scott R (1980). Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-0-19-910207-5.
  9. ^ Wood M, Stevens F. (2004). Chroogomphus ochraceus. MykoWeb.
  10. ^ Kuo M. (2005). Chroogomphus vinicolor. MushroomExpert.com.
  11. ^ a b Rich R. (2002). "Chroogomphus rutilis." From: Robert's wild mushroom cookbook (website).
  12. ^ Agerer R. (1990). Studies on ectomycorrhizae XXIV: Ectomycorrhizae of Chroogomphus helveticus and C. rutilus (Gomphidiaceae, Basidiomyetes) and their relationship to those of Suillus and Rhizopogon. Nova Hedwigia 50:1–63.
  13. ^ Olsson PA, et al. (2000). Molecular and anatomical evidence for a three-way association between Pinus sylvestris and the ectomycorrhizal fungi Suillus bovinus and Gomphidius roseus. Mycological Research 104:1372–1378. (abstract)
  14. ^ Trudell, S.; Ammirati, J. (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  15. ^ Assyov, Boris. "Chroogomphus helveticus". Boletales.com. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  16. ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. pp. 245–46. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.


Further reading

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  • Arora D. (1986) Mushrooms Demystified. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-169-4
  • Breitenbach J & Kränzlin F (1991). Fungi of Switzerland 3: Boletes & Agarics, 1st Part. ISBN 978-3-85604-230-1.
  • Nilsson S. & Persson O. (1977) Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi). Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-063005-8
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