Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid: Difference between revisions

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Names
	IUPAC name N,N′-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis[N-(carboxymethyl)glycine]
	Systematic IUPAC name 2,2′,2′′,2′′′-(Ethane-1,2-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetic acid
	Other names EthyleneDiamineTetraAcetic acid; Diaminoethane-tetraacetic acid; Edetic acid (conjugate base edetate) (INN, USAN); Versene;
Identifiers
CAS Number	60-00-4 (free acid) ; 6381-92-6 (dihydrate disodium salt) ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Abbreviations	EDTA, H4EDTA
Beilstein Reference	1716295
ChEBI	CHEBI:4735 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL858 ;
ChemSpider	5826 ;
DrugBank	DB00974 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.409
EC Number	200-449-4;
Gmelin Reference	144943
KEGG	D00052 ;
MeSH	Edetic+Acid
PubChem CID	6049;
RTECS number	AH4025000;
UNII	9G34HU7RV0 ; 7FLD91C86K (dihydrate disodium salt) ;
UN number	3077
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6022977 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C10H16N2O8/c13-7(14)3-11(4-8(15)16)1-2-12(5-9(17)18)6-10(19)20/h1-6H2,(H,13,14)(H,15,16)(H,17,18)(H,19,20) Key: KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	SMILES OC(=O)CN(CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C10H16N2O8
Molar mass	292.244 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colourless crystals
Density	0.860 g cm−3 (at 20 °C)
log P	−0.836
Acidity (pKa)	2.0, 2.7, 6.16, 10.26
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−1765.4 to −1758.0 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of; combustion (ΔcH⦵298)	−4461.7 to −4454.5 kJ mol−1
Pharmacology
ATC code	S01XA05 (WHO) V03AB03 (WHO) (salt)
Routes of; administration	Intramuscular; Intravenous;
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H319
Precautionary statements	P305+P351+P338
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 0 0
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	1000 mg/kg (oral, rat)
Related compounds
Related alkanoic acids	Daminozide; Octopine;
Related compounds	Triethylenetetramine; Tetraacetylethylenediamine; PMDTA; Bis-tris propane;
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 00:59, 24 December 2024

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), also called EDTA acid, is an aminopolycarboxylic acid with the formula [CH₂N(CH₂CO₂H)₂]₂. This white, slightly water-soluble solid is widely used to bind to iron (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺) and calcium ions (Ca²⁺), forming water-soluble complexes even at neutral pH. It is thus used to dissolve Fe- and Ca-containing scale as well as to deliver iron ions under conditions where its oxides are insoluble. EDTA is available as several salts, notably disodium EDTA, sodium calcium edetate, and tetrasodium EDTA, but these all function similarly.^[4]

Uses

EDTA Is widely used in industry. It also has applications in food preservation, medicine, cosmetics, water softening, in laboratories, and other fields.

Industrial

EDTA is mainly used to sequester (bind or confine) metal ions in aqueous solution. In the textile industry, it prevents metal ion impurities from modifying colours of dyed products. In the pulp and paper industry, EDTA inhibits the ability of metal ions, especially Mn²⁺, from catalysing the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide, which is used in chlorine-free bleaching.

Gas scrubbing

Aqueous [Fe(EDTA)]⁻ is used for removing ("scrubbing") hydrogen sulfide from gas streams. This conversion is achieved by oxidising the hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur, which is non-volatile:

2 [Fe(EDTA)]⁻ + H₂S → 2 [Fe(EDTA)]²⁻ + S + 2 H⁺

In this application, the iron(III) centre is reduced to its iron(II) derivative, which can then be reoxidised by air. In a similar manner, nitrogen oxides are removed from gas streams using [Fe(EDTA)]²⁻.

Food

In a similar manner, EDTA is added to some food as a preservative or stabiliser to prevent catalytic oxidative decolouration, which is catalysed by metal ions.^[5]

Water softener

The reduction of water hardness in laundry applications and the dissolution of scale in boilers both rely on EDTA and related complexants to bind Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, as well as other metal ions. Once bound to EDTA, these metal complexes are less likely to form precipitates or to interfere with the action of the soaps and detergents.^{[citation needed]} For similar reasons, cleaning solutions often contain EDTA. In a similar manner EDTA is used in the cement industry for the determination of free lime and free magnesia in cement and clinkers.^[6]^{[page needed]}

The solubilisation of Fe³⁺ ions at or below near neutral pH can be accomplished using EDTA. This property is useful in agriculture including hydroponics. However, given the pH dependence of ligand formation, EDTA is not helpful for improving iron solubility in above neutral soils.^[7] Otherwise, at near-neutral pH and above, iron(III) forms insoluble salts, which are less bioavailable to susceptible plant species.

Ion-exchange chromatography

EDTA was used in separation of the lanthanide metals by ion-exchange chromatography. Perfected by F. H. Spedding et al. in 1954, the method relies on the steady increase in stability constant of the lanthanide EDTA complexes with atomic number.^[8] Using sulfonated polystyrene beads and Cu²⁺ as a retaining ion, EDTA causes the lanthanides to migrate down the column of resin while separating into bands of pure lanthanides. The lanthanides elute in order of decreasing atomic number. Due to the expense of this method, relative to countercurrent solvent extraction, ion exchange is now used only to obtain the highest purities of lanthanides (typically greater than 99.99%).^{[citation needed]}

Medicine

Sodium calcium edetate, an EDTA derivative, is used to bind metal ions in the practice of chelation therapy, such as for treating mercury and lead poisoning.^[9] It is used in a similar manner to remove excess iron from the body. This therapy is used to treat the complication of repeated blood transfusions, as would be applied to treat thalassaemia.

In testing

In medical diagnosis and organ function tests (here, kidney function test), the chromium(III) complex [Cr(EDTA)]⁻ (as radioactive chromium-51 (⁵¹Cr)) is administered intravenously and its filtration into the urine is monitored. This method is useful for evaluating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in nuclear medicine.^[10]

EDTA is used extensively in the analysis of blood. It is an anticoagulant for blood samples for CBC/FBCs, where the EDTA chelates the calcium present in the blood specimen, arresting the coagulation process and preserving blood cell morphology.^[11] Tubes containing EDTA are marked with lavender (purple) or pink tops.^[12] EDTA is also in tan top tubes for lead testing and can be used in royal blue top tubes for trace metal testing.^[12]

EDTA is a slime dispersant, and has been found to be highly effective in reducing bacterial growth during implantation of intraocular lenses (IOLs).^[13]

Dentistry

Dentists and endodontists use EDTA solutions to remove inorganic debris (smear layer) and lubricate the root canals in endodontics. This procedure helps prepare root canals for obturation. Furthermore, EDTA solutions with the addition of a surfactant loosen up calcifications inside a root canal and allow instrumentation (canal shaping) and facilitate apical advancement of a file in a tight or calcified root canal towards the apex.

Eyedrops

It serves as a preservative (usually to enhance the action of another preservative such as benzalkonium chloride or thiomersal) in ocular preparations and eyedrops.

Alternative medicine

Some alternative practitioners believe EDTA acts as an antioxidant, preventing free radicals from injuring blood vessel walls, therefore reducing atherosclerosis.^[14] These ideas are unsupported by scientific studies, and seem to contradict some currently accepted principles.^[15] The U.S. FDA has not approved it for the treatment of atherosclerosis.^[16]

Cosmetics

In shampoos, cleaners, and other personal care products, EDTA salts are used as a sequestering agent to improve their stability in air.^[17]

Laboratory applications

In the laboratory, EDTA is widely used for scavenging metal ions: In biochemistry and molecular biology, ion depletion is commonly used to deactivate metal-dependent enzymes, either as an assay for their reactivity or to suppress damage to DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides.^[18] EDTA also acts as a selective inhibitor against dNTP hydrolyzing enzymes (Taq polymerase, dUTPase, MutT),^[19] liver arginase^[20] and horseradish peroxidase^[21] independently of metal ion chelation. These findings urge the rethinking of the utilisation of EDTA as a biochemically inactive metal ion scavenger in enzymatic experiments. In analytical chemistry, EDTA is used in complexometric titrations and analysis of water hardness or as a masking agent to sequester metal ions that would interfere with the analyses.

EDTA finds many specialised uses in the biomedical labs, such as in veterinary ophthalmology as an anticollagenase to prevent the worsening of corneal ulcers in animals. In tissue culture, EDTA is used as a chelating agent that binds to calcium and prevents joining of cadherins between cells, preventing clumping of cells grown in liquid suspension, or detaching adherent cells for passaging. In histopathology, EDTA can be used as a decalcifying agent making it possible to cut sections using a microtome once the tissue sample is demineralised.

EDTA is also known to inhibit a range of metallopeptidases, the method of inhibition occurs via the chelation of the metal ion required for catalytic activity.^[22] EDTA can also be used to test for bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments. However, it may influence the bioavailability of metals in solution, which may pose concerns regarding its effects in the environment, especially given its widespread uses and applications.

Other

The oxidising properties of [Fe(EDTA)]⁻ are used in photography to solubilise silver particles.^[4]

EDTA is also used to remove crud (corroded metals) from fuel rods in nuclear reactors.^[23]

Side effects

EDTA exhibits low acute toxicity with LD₅₀ (rat) of 2.0 g/kg to 2.2 g/kg.^[4] It has been found to be both cytotoxic and weakly genotoxic in laboratory animals. Oral exposures have been noted to cause reproductive and developmental effects.^[17] The same study^[17] also found that both dermal exposure to EDTA in most cosmetic formulations and inhalation exposure to EDTA in aerosolised cosmetic formulations would produce exposure levels below those seen to be toxic in oral dosing studies.

Synthesis

The compound was first described in 1935 by Ferdinand Münz,^[24] who prepared the compound from ethylenediamine and chloroacetic acid.^[25] Today, EDTA is mainly synthesised from ethylenediamine (1,2-diaminoethane), formaldehyde, and sodium cyanide.^[26] This route yields the tetrasodium EDTA, which is converted in a subsequent step into the acid forms:

H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂ + 4 CH₂O + 4 NaCN + 4 H₂O → (NaO₂CCH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂N(CH₂CO₂Na)₂ + 4 NH₃

(NaO₂CCH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂N(CH₂CO₂Na)₂ + 4 HCl → (HO₂CCH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂N(CH₂CO₂H)₂ + 4 NaCl

This process is used to produce about 80,000 tonnes of EDTA each year. Impurities cogenerated by this route include glycine and nitrilotriacetic acid; they arise from reactions of the ammonia coproduct.^[4]

Nomenclature

To describe EDTA and its various protonated forms, chemists distinguish between EDTA⁴⁻, the conjugate base that is the ligand, and H₄EDTA, the precursor to that ligand. At very low pH (very acidic conditions) the fully protonated H₆EDTA²⁺ form predominates, whereas at very high pH or very basic condition, the fully deprotonated EDTA⁴⁻ form is prevalent. In this article, the term EDTA is used to mean H_4−xEDTA^x−, whereas in its complexes EDTA⁴⁻ stands for the tetraanion ligand.

Coordination chemistry principles

Metal–EDTA chelate as found in Co(III) complexes

Structure of [Fe(EDTA)(H₂O)]⁻, showing that the EDTA⁴⁻ ligand does not fully encapsulate Fe(III), which is seven-coordinate^[27]

In coordination chemistry, EDTA⁴⁻ is a member of the aminopolycarboxylic acid family of ligands. EDTA⁴⁻ usually binds to a metal cation through its two amines and four carboxylates, i.e., it is a hexadentate ("six-toothed") chelating agent. Many of the resulting coordination compounds adopt octahedral geometry. Although of little consequence for its applications, these octahedral complexes are chiral. The cobalt(III) anion [Co(EDTA)]⁻ has been resolved into enantiomers.^[28] Many complexes of EDTA⁴⁻ adopt more complex structures due to either the formation of an additional bond to water, i.e. seven-coordinate complexes, or the displacement of one carboxylate arm by water. The iron(III) complex of EDTA is seven-coordinate.^[29] Early work on the development of EDTA was undertaken by Gerold Schwarzenbach in the 1940s.^[30] EDTA forms especially strong complexes with Mn(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Pb(II) and Co(III).^[31]^{[page needed]}

Several features of EDTA's complexes are relevant to its applications. First, because of its high denticity, this ligand has a high affinity for metal cations:

[Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ + H₄EDTA ⇌ [Fe(EDTA)]⁻ + 6 H₂O + 4 H⁺ K_eq = 10^25.1

Written in this way, the equilibrium quotient shows that metal ions compete with protons for binding to EDTA. Because metal ions are extensively enveloped by EDTA, their catalytic properties are often suppressed. Finally, since complexes of EDTA⁴⁻ are anionic, they tend to be highly soluble in water. For this reason, EDTA is able to dissolve deposits of metal oxides and carbonates.

The pK_a values of free EDTA are 0, 1.5, 2, 2.66 (deprotonation of the four carboxyl groups) and 6.16, 10.24 (deprotonation of the two amino groups).^[32]

Environmental concerns

Abiotic degradation

EDTA is in such widespread use that questions have been raised whether it is a persistent organic pollutant. While EDTA serves many positive functions in different industrial, pharmaceutical and other avenues, the longevity of EDTA can pose serious issues in the environment. The degradation of EDTA is slow. It mainly occurs abiotically in the presence of sunlight.^[33]

The most important process for the elimination of EDTA from surface waters is direct photolysis at wavelengths below 400 nm.^[34] Depending on the light conditions, the photolysis half-lives of iron(III) EDTA in surface waters can range as low as 11.3 minutes up to more than 100 hours.^[35] Degradation of FeEDTA, but not EDTA itself, produces iron complexes of the triacetate (ED3A), diacetate (EDDA), and monoacetate (EDMA) – 92% of EDDA and EDMA biodegrades in 20 hours while ED3A displays significantly higher resistance. Many environmentally-abundant EDTA species (such as Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺) are more persistent.

Biodegradation

In many industrial wastewater treatment plants, EDTA elimination can be achieved at about 80% using microorganisms.^[36] Resulting byproducts are ED3A and iminodiacetic acid (IDA) – suggesting that both the backbone and acetyl groups were attacked. Some microorganisms have even been discovered to form nitrates out of EDTA, but they function optimally at moderately alkaline conditions of pH 9.0–9.5.^[37]

Several bacterial strains isolated from sewage treatment plants efficiently degrade EDTA. Specific strains include Agrobacterium radiobacter ATCC 55002^[38] and the sub-branches of Pseudomonadota like BNC1, BNC2,^[39] and strain DSM 9103.^[40] The three strains share similar properties of aerobic respiration and are classified as gram-negative bacteria. Unlike photolysis, the chelated species is not exclusive to iron(III) in order to be degraded. Rather, each strain uniquely consumes varying metal–EDTA complexes through several enzymatic pathways. Agrobacterium radiobacter only degrades Fe(III) EDTA^[39] while BNC1 and DSM 9103 are not capable of degrading iron(III) EDTA and are more suited for calcium, barium, magnesium and manganese(II) complexes.^[41] EDTA complexes require dissociation before degradation.

Alternatives to EDTA

Interest in environmental safety has raised concerns about biodegradability of aminopolycarboxylates such as EDTA. These concerns incentivize the investigation of alternative aminopolycarboxylates.^[33] Candidate chelating agents include nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), iminodisuccinic acid (IDS), polyaspartic acid, S,S-ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS), methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), and L-Glutamic acid N,N-diacetic acid, tetrasodium salt (GLDA).^[42]

Iminodisuccinic acid (IDS)

Commercially used since 1998, iminodisuccinic acid (IDS) biodegrades by about 80% after only 7 days. IDS binds to calcium exceptionally well and forms stable compounds with other heavy metal ions. In addition to having a lower toxicity after chelation, IDS is degraded by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (BY6), which can be harvested on a large scale. The enzymes involved, IDS epimerase and C−N lyase, do not require any cofactors.^[43]

Polyaspartic acid

Polyaspartic acid, like IDS, binds to calcium and other heavy metal ions. It has many practical applications including corrosion inhibitors, wastewater additives, and agricultural polymers. A Polyaspartic acid-based laundry detergent was the first laundry detergent in the world to receive the EU flower ecolabel.^[44] Calcium binding ability of polyaspartic acid has been exploited for targeting of drug-loaded nanocarriers to bone.^[45] Preparation of hydrogels based on polyaspartic acid, in a variety of physical forms ranging from fiber to particle, can potentially enable facile separation of the chelated ions from a solution.^[46] Therefore, despite being weaker than EDTA, polyaspartic acid can still be regarded as a viable alternative due to these features as well as biocompatibility, and biodegradability.^[47]

S,S-Ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS)

A structural isomer of EDTA, ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS) is readily biodegradable at high rate in its S,S form.^[48]

Methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA)

Trisodium dicarboxymethyl alaninate, also known as methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), has a high rate of biodegradation at over 68%, but unlike many other chelating agents can degrade without the assistance of adapted bacteria. Additionally, unlike EDDS or IDS, MGDA can withstand higher temperatures while maintaining a high stability as well as the entire pH range.^{[citation needed]} MGDA has been shown to be an effective chelating agent, with a capacity for mobilization comparable with that of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), with application to water for industrial use and for the removal of calcium oxalate from urine from patients with kidney stones.^[49]

Methods of detection and analysis

The most sensitive method of detecting and measuring EDTA in biological samples is selected reaction monitoring capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (SRM-CE/MS), which has a detection limit of 7.3 ng/mL in human plasma and a quantitation limit of 15 ng/mL.^[50] This method works with sample volumes as small as 7–8 nL.^[50]

EDTA has also been measured in non-alcoholic beverages using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at a level of 2.0 μg/mL.^[51]^[52]

In popular culture

In the movie Blade (1998), EDTA is used as a weapon to kill vampires, exploding when in contact with vampire blood.^[53]

References

^ ^a ^b Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. pp. 79, 123, 586, 754. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
^ Raaflaub, Jürg (1956). "Applications of Metal Buffers and Metal Indicators in Biochemistry". Methods of Biochemical Analysis. Vol. 3. pp. 301–325. doi:10.1002/9780470110195.ch10. ISBN 978-0-470-30492-1. PMID 13369167.
^ Substance Name: Sodium calcium edetate. NIH.gov
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hart, J. Roger (2005). "Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Related Chelating Agents". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_095. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Furia, T. (1964). "EDTA in Foods – A technical review". Food Technology. 18 (12): 1874–1882.
^ Taylor, H. F. W. (1990). Cement Chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-683900-5.
^ Norvell, W. A.; Lindsay, W. L. (1969). "Reactions of EDTA Complexes of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu with Soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 33 (1): 86. Bibcode:1969SSASJ..33...86N. doi:10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300010024x.
^ Powell, J. E.; Spedding, F. H. (1956). Basic Principles Involved in the Macro-Separation of Adjacent Rare Earths from Each Other by Means of Ion Exchange (Technical report). Iowa State College. doi:10.2172/4289324. OSTI 4289324. S2CID 93195586.
^ DeBusk, Ruth; et al. (2002). "Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)". University of Maryland Medical Center. Archived from the original on 2007-05-04.
^ Soveri, Inga; Berg, Ulla B.; Björk, Jonas; Elinder, Carl-Gustaf; Grubb, Anders; Mejare, Ingegerd; Sterner, Gunnar; Bäck, Sten-Erik (September 2014). "Measuring GFR: A Systematic Review". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 64 (3): 411–424. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.04.010. PMID 24840668.
^ Banfi, G; Salvagno, G. L; Lippi, G (2007). "The role of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as in vitro anticoagulant for diagnostic purposes". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 45 (5): 565–76. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.110. PMID 17484616. S2CID 23824484.
^ ^a ^b "Order of draw for multiple tube collections" (PDF). Michigan Medicine Laboratories. 2019-09-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-26. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
^ Kadry, A. A.; Fouda, S. I.; Shibl, A. M.; Abu El-Asrar, A. A. (2009). "Impact of slime dispersants and anti-adhesives on in vitro biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis on intraocular lenses and on antibiotic activities". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 63 (3): 480–4. doi:10.1093/jac/dkn533. PMID 19147522.
^ Seely, D. M.; Wu, P.; Mills, E. J. (2005). "EDTA chelation therapy for cardiovascular disease: a systematic review". BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 5 (32): 480–484. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-5-32. PMC 1282574. PMID 19147522.
^ Green, Saul; Sampson, Wallace (December 14, 2002). "EDTA Chelation Therapy for Atherosclerosis And Degenerative Diseases: Implausibility and Paradoxical Oxidant Effects". Quackwatch. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
^ "Postmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers – Questions and Answers on Edetate Disodium (marketed as Endrate and generic products)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lanigan, R. S.; Yamarik, T. A. (2002). "Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA". International Journal of Toxicology. 21 Suppl. 2 (5): 95–142. doi:10.1080/10915810290096522. PMID 12396676. S2CID 83388249.
^ Domínguez, K.; Ward, W. S. (December 2009). "A novel nuclease activity that is activated by Ca²⁺ chelated to EGTA". Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine. 55 (5–6): 193–199. doi:10.3109/19396360903234052. PMC 2865586. PMID 19938954.
^ Lopata, Anna; Jójárt, Balázs; Surányi, Éva V.; Takács, Enikő; Bezúr, László; Leveles, Ibolya; Bendes, Ábris Á; Viskolcz, Béla; Vértessy, Beáta G.; Tóth, Judit (October 2019). "Beyond Chelation: EDTA Tightly Binds Taq DNA Polymerase, MutT and dUTPase and Directly Inhibits dNTPase Activity". Biomolecules. 9 (10): 621. doi:10.3390/biom9100621. PMC 6843921. PMID 31627475.
^ Carvajal, Nelson; Orellana, María S; Bórquez, Jessica; Uribe, Elena; López, Vasthi; Salas, Mónica (2004-08-01). "Non-chelating inhibition of the H101N variant of human liver arginase by EDTA". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 98 (8): 1465–1469. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.05.005. ISSN 0162-0134. PMID 15271525.
^ Bhattacharyya, D K; Adak, S; Bandyopadhyay, U; Banerjee, R K (1994-03-01). "Mechanism of inhibition of horseradish peroxidase-catalysed iodide oxidation by EDTA". Biochemical Journal. 298 (Pt 2): 281–288. doi:10.1042/bj2980281. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1137937. PMID 8135732.
^ Auld, D. S. (1995). "Removal and replacement of metal ions in metallopeptidases". Proteolytic Enzymes: Aspartic and Metallo Peptidases. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 248. pp. 228–242. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(95)48016-1. ISBN 978-0-12-182149-4. PMID 7674923.
^ Choppin, Gregory; Liljenzin, Jan-Olov; Rydberg, Jan; Ekberg, Christian (2013). "Chapter 20 - Nuclear Power Reactors". Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry (Fourth ed.): 655–684. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-405897-2.00020-3. ISBN 978-0-12-405897-2.
^ Paolieri, Matteo (December 2017). "Ferdinand Münz: EDTA and 40 years of inventions". Bull. Hist. Chem. 42 (2). ACS: 133–140.
^ US 2130505, Münz, Ferdinand, "Polyamino carboxylic acids and process of making same", published 1938-09-20, assigned to General Aniline Works Ltd. . Also DE 718981, Münz, Ferdinand, "Verfahren zum Unschädlichmachen der Härtebildner des Wassers [Process for rendering the hardness components of water harmless]", published 1938-09-20, assigned to I. G. Farbenindustrie
^ "Industrial Synthesis of EDTA". University of Bristol.
^ Solans, X.; Font Altaba, M.; García Oricain, J. (1984). "Crystal Structures of Ethylenediaminetetraacetato Metal Complexes. V. Structures Containing the [Fe(C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₈)(H₂O)]⁻ Anion". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 40 (4): 635–638. doi:10.1107/S0108270184005151.
^ Kirchner, S.; Gyarfas, Eleonora C. (1957). "Barium (Ethylenediaminetetraacetato)cobaltate(III) 4-Hydrate". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 5. pp. 186–188. doi:10.1002/9780470132364.ch52. ISBN 978-0-470-13236-4.
^ López Alcalá, J. M.; Puerta Vizcaíno, M. C.; González Vílchez, F.; Duesler, E. N.; Tapscott, R. E. (1984). "A redetermination of sodium aqua[ethylenediaminetetraacetato(4−)]ferrate(III) dihydrate, Na[Fe(C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₈)(H₂O)]·2H₂O". Acta Crystallogr C. 40 (6): 939–941. Bibcode:1984AcCrC..40..939L. doi:10.1107/S0108270184006338.
^ Sinex, Scott A. "EDTA – A Molecule with a Complex Story". University of Bristol.
^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9.
^ Hans Peter Latscha: Analytische Chemie. Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-18493-2, p. 303.
^ ^a ^b Bucheli-Witschel, M.; Egli, T. (2001), "DAB: Environmental Fate and Microbial Degradation of Aminopolycarboxylic Acids", FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 25 (1): 69–106, doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00572.x, PMID 11152941
^ Kari, F. G. (1994). Umweltverhalten von Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) under spezieller Berucksuchtigung des photochemischen Ab-baus (PhD). Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.
^ Frank, R.; Rau, H. (1989). "Photochemical transformation in aqueous solution and possible environmental fate of Ethylenediaminetetraacetatic acid (EDTA)". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 19 (1): 55–63. doi:10.1016/0147-6513(90)90078-j. PMID 2107071.
^ Kaluza, U.; Klingelhofer, P.; K., Taeger (1998). "Microbial degradation of EDTA in an industrial wastewater treatment plant". Water Research. 32 (9): 2843–2845. Bibcode:1998WatRe..32.2843K. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00048-7.
^ VanGinkel, C. G.; Vandenbroucke, K. L.; C. A., Troo (1997). "Biological removal of EDTA in conventional activated-sludge plants operated under alkaline conditions". Bioresource Technology. 32 (2–3): 2843–2845. Bibcode:1997BiTec..59..151V. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(96)00158-7.
^ Lauff, J. J.; Steele, D. B.; Coogan, L. A.; Breitfeller, J. M. (1990). "Degradation of the ferric chelate of EDTA by a pure culture of an Agrobacterium sp". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 56 (11): 3346–3353. Bibcode:1990ApEnM..56.3346L. doi:10.1128/AEM.56.11.3346-3353.1990. PMC 184952. PMID 16348340.
^ ^a ^b Nortemannl, B (1992). "Total degradation of EDTA by mixed culturesand a bacterial isolate". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 58 (2): 671–676. Bibcode:1992ApEnM..58..671N. doi:10.1128/AEM.58.2.671-676.1992. PMC 195300. PMID 16348653.
^ Witschel, M.; Weilemann, H.-U.; Egli, T. (1995). Degradation of EDTA by a bacterial isolate. Poster presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the Swiss Society for Microbiology (Speech). Lugano, Switzerland.
^ Hennekenl, L.; Nortemann, B.; Hempel, D. C. (1995). "Influence of physiological conditions on EDTA degradation". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 44 (1–2): 190–197. doi:10.1007/bf00164501. S2CID 30072817.
^ Tandy, Susan; Bossart, Karin; Mueller, Roland; Ritschel, Jens; Hauser, Lukas; Schulin, Rainer; Nowack, Bernd (2004). "Extraction of Heavy Metals from Soils Using Biodegradable Chelating Agents". Environmental Science & Technology. 38 (3): 937–944. Bibcode:2004EnST...38..937T. doi:10.1021/es0348750. PMID 14968886.
^ Cokesa, Z.; Knackmuss, H.; Rieger, P. (2004), "Biodegradation of All Stereoisomers of the EDTA Substitute Iminodisuccinate by Agrobacterium Tumefaciens BY6 Requires an Epimerase and a Stereoselective C−N Lyase", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70 (7): 3941–3947, Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.3941C, doi:10.1128/aem.70.7.3941-3947.2004, PMC 444814, PMID 15240267
^ Thomas Klein; Ralf-Johann Moritz; René Graupner (2008). "Polyaspartates and Polysuccinimide". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.l21_l01. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Adelnia, Hossein; Tran, Huong D.N.; Little, Peter J.; Blakey, Idriss; Ta, Hang T. (2021-06-14). "Poly(aspartic acid) in Biomedical Applications: From Polymerization, Modification, Properties, Degradation, and Biocompatibility to Applications". ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering. 7 (6): 2083–2105. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00150. hdl:10072/404497. PMID 33797239. S2CID 232761877.
^ Adelnia, Hossein; Blakey, Idriss; Little, Peter J.; Ta, Hang T. (2019). "Hydrogels Based on Poly(aspartic acid): Synthesis and Applications". Frontiers in Chemistry. 7: 755. Bibcode:2019FrCh....7..755A. doi:10.3389/fchem.2019.00755. ISSN 2296-2646. PMC 6861526. PMID 31799235.
^ Hasson, David; Shemer, Hilla; Sher, Alexander (2011-06-15). "State of the Art of Friendly "Green" Scale Control Inhibitors: A Review Article". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 50 (12): 7601–7607. doi:10.1021/ie200370v. ISSN 0888-5885.
^ Tandy, S.; Ammann, A.; Schulin, R.; Nowack, B. (2006). "Biodegredation and speciation of residual SS-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) in soil solution left after soil washing". Environmental Pollution. 142 (2): 191–199. Bibcode:2006EPoll.142..191T. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.013. PMID 16338042.
^ Bretti, Clemente; Cigala, Rosalia Maria; De Stefano, Concetta; Lando, Gabriele; Sammartano, Silvio (2017). "Thermodynamic solution properties of a biodegradable chelant (MGDA) and its interaction with the major constituents of natural fluids". Fluid Phase Equilibria. 434: 63–73. Bibcode:2017FlPEq.434...63B. doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2016.11.027.
^ ^a ^b Sheppard, R. L.; Henion, J. (1997). "Peer Reviewed: Determining EDTA in Blood". Analytical Chemistry. 69 (15): 477A – 480A. doi:10.1021/ac971726p. PMID 9253241.
^ Loyaux-Lawniczak, S.; Douch, J.; Behra, P. (1999). "Optimisation of the analytical detection of EDTA by HPLC in natural waters". Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 364 (8): 727. doi:10.1007/s002160051422. S2CID 95648833.
^ Cagnasso, C. E.; López, L. B.; Rodríguez, V. G.; Valencia, M. E. (2007). "Development and validation of a method for the determination of EDTA in non-alcoholic drinks by HPLC". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 20 (3–4): 248. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2006.05.008.
^ "Blade (1998)". Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Retrieved 2022-11-14.

External links

EDTA: Molecule of the Month
EDTA Determination of Total Water Hardness
Oviedo, Claudia; Rodríguez, Jaime (2003). "EDTA: The chelating agent under environmental scrutiny". Química Nova. 26 (6): 901–905. doi:10.1590/S0100-40422003000600020.

[iupac2013-1] Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. pp. 79, 123, 586, 754. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.

[2] Raaflaub, Jürg (1956). "Applications of Metal Buffers and Metal Indicators in Biochemistry". Methods of Biochemical Analysis. Vol. 3. pp. 301–325. doi:10.1002/9780470110195.ch10. ISBN 978-0-470-30492-1. PMID 13369167.

[3] Substance Name: Sodium calcium edetate. NIH.gov

[Ullmann-4] Hart, J. Roger (2005). "Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Related Chelating Agents". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_095. ISBN 978-3527306732.

[furia1964-5] Furia, T. (1964). "EDTA in Foods – A technical review". Food Technology. 18 (12): 1874–1882.

[Cement_Chemistry,_H._F._W._Taylor-6] Taylor, H. F. W. (1990). Cement Chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-683900-5.

[7] Norvell, W. A.; Lindsay, W. L. (1969). "Reactions of EDTA Complexes of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu with Soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 33 (1): 86. Bibcode:1969SSASJ..33...86N. doi:10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300010024x.

[8] Powell, J. E.; Spedding, F. H. (1956). Basic Principles Involved in the Macro-Separation of Adjacent Rare Earths from Each Other by Means of Ion Exchange (Technical report). Iowa State College. doi:10.2172/4289324. OSTI 4289324. S2CID 93195586.

[r1-9] DeBusk, Ruth; et al. (2002). "Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)". University of Maryland Medical Center. Archived from the original on 2007-05-04.

[10] Soveri, Inga; Berg, Ulla B.; Björk, Jonas; Elinder, Carl-Gustaf; Grubb, Anders; Mejare, Ingegerd; Sterner, Gunnar; Bäck, Sten-Erik (September 2014). "Measuring GFR: A Systematic Review". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 64 (3): 411–424. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.04.010. PMID 24840668.

[11] Banfi, G; Salvagno, G. L; Lippi, G (2007). "The role of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as in vitro anticoagulant for diagnostic purposes". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 45 (5): 565–76. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.110. PMID 17484616. S2CID 23824484.

[mi-12] "Order of draw for multiple tube collections" (PDF). Michigan Medicine Laboratories. 2019-09-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-26. Retrieved 2020-03-27.

[13] Kadry, A. A.; Fouda, S. I.; Shibl, A. M.; Abu El-Asrar, A. A. (2009). "Impact of slime dispersants and anti-adhesives on in vitro biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis on intraocular lenses and on antibiotic activities". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 63 (3): 480–4. doi:10.1093/jac/dkn533. PMID 19147522.

[14] Seely, D. M.; Wu, P.; Mills, E. J. (2005). "EDTA chelation therapy for cardiovascular disease: a systematic review". BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 5 (32): 480–484. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-5-32. PMC 1282574. PMID 19147522.

[15] Green, Saul; Sampson, Wallace (December 14, 2002). "EDTA Chelation Therapy for Atherosclerosis And Degenerative Diseases: Implausibility and Paradoxical Oxidant Effects". Quackwatch. Retrieved 16 December 2009.

[16] "Postmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers – Questions and Answers on Edetate Disodium (marketed as Endrate and generic products)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

[lanigan2002-17] Lanigan, R. S.; Yamarik, T. A. (2002). "Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA". International Journal of Toxicology. 21 Suppl. 2 (5): 95–142. doi:10.1080/10915810290096522. PMID 12396676. S2CID 83388249.

[18] Domínguez, K.; Ward, W. S. (December 2009). "A novel nuclease activity that is activated by Ca²⁺ chelated to EGTA". Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine. 55 (5–6): 193–199. doi:10.3109/19396360903234052. PMC 2865586. PMID 19938954.

[19] Lopata, Anna; Jójárt, Balázs; Surányi, Éva V.; Takács, Enikő; Bezúr, László; Leveles, Ibolya; Bendes, Ábris Á; Viskolcz, Béla; Vértessy, Beáta G.; Tóth, Judit (October 2019). "Beyond Chelation: EDTA Tightly Binds Taq DNA Polymerase, MutT and dUTPase and Directly Inhibits dNTPase Activity". Biomolecules. 9 (10): 621. doi:10.3390/biom9100621. PMC 6843921. PMID 31627475.

[20] Carvajal, Nelson; Orellana, María S; Bórquez, Jessica; Uribe, Elena; López, Vasthi; Salas, Mónica (2004-08-01). "Non-chelating inhibition of the H101N variant of human liver arginase by EDTA". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 98 (8): 1465–1469. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.05.005. ISSN 0162-0134. PMID 15271525.

[21] Bhattacharyya, D K; Adak, S; Bandyopadhyay, U; Banerjee, R K (1994-03-01). "Mechanism of inhibition of horseradish peroxidase-catalysed iodide oxidation by EDTA". Biochemical Journal. 298 (Pt 2): 281–288. doi:10.1042/bj2980281. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1137937. PMID 8135732.

[22] Auld, D. S. (1995). "Removal and replacement of metal ions in metallopeptidases". Proteolytic Enzymes: Aspartic and Metallo Peptidases. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 248. pp. 228–242. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(95)48016-1. ISBN 978-0-12-182149-4. PMID 7674923.

[23] Choppin, Gregory; Liljenzin, Jan-Olov; Rydberg, Jan; Ekberg, Christian (2013). "Chapter 20 - Nuclear Power Reactors". Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry (Fourth ed.): 655–684. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-405897-2.00020-3. ISBN 978-0-12-405897-2.

[24] Paolieri, Matteo (December 2017). "Ferdinand Münz: EDTA and 40 years of inventions". Bull. Hist. Chem. 42 (2). ACS: 133–140.

[25] US 2130505, Münz, Ferdinand, "Polyamino carboxylic acids and process of making same", published 1938-09-20, assigned to General Aniline Works Ltd. . Also DE 718981, Münz, Ferdinand, "Verfahren zum Unschädlichmachen der Härtebildner des Wassers [Process for rendering the hardness components of water harmless]", published 1938-09-20, assigned to I. G. Farbenindustrie

[26] "Industrial Synthesis of EDTA". University of Bristol.

[27] Solans, X.; Font Altaba, M.; García Oricain, J. (1984). "Crystal Structures of Ethylenediaminetetraacetato Metal Complexes. V. Structures Containing the [Fe(C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₈)(H₂O)]⁻ Anion". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 40 (4): 635–638. doi:10.1107/S0108270184005151.

[28] Kirchner, S.; Gyarfas, Eleonora C. (1957). "Barium (Ethylenediaminetetraacetato)cobaltate(III) 4-Hydrate". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 5. pp. 186–188. doi:10.1002/9780470132364.ch52. ISBN 978-0-470-13236-4.

[29] López Alcalá, J. M.; Puerta Vizcaíno, M. C.; González Vílchez, F.; Duesler, E. N.; Tapscott, R. E. (1984). "A redetermination of sodium aqua[ethylenediaminetetraacetato(4−)]ferrate(III) dihydrate, Na[Fe(C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₈)(H₂O)]·2H₂O". Acta Crystallogr C. 40 (6): 939–941. Bibcode:1984AcCrC..40..939L. doi:10.1107/S0108270184006338.

[30] Sinex, Scott A. "EDTA – A Molecule with a Complex Story". University of Bristol.

[31] Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9.

[Latscha-32] Hans Peter Latscha: Analytische Chemie. Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-18493-2, p. 303.

[Bucheli-33] Bucheli-Witschel, M.; Egli, T. (2001), "DAB: Environmental Fate and Microbial Degradation of Aminopolycarboxylic Acids", FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 25 (1): 69–106, doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00572.x, PMID 11152941

[34] Kari, F. G. (1994). Umweltverhalten von Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) under spezieller Berucksuchtigung des photochemischen Ab-baus (PhD). Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.

[35] Frank, R.; Rau, H. (1989). "Photochemical transformation in aqueous solution and possible environmental fate of Ethylenediaminetetraacetatic acid (EDTA)". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 19 (1): 55–63. doi:10.1016/0147-6513(90)90078-j. PMID 2107071.

[36] Kaluza, U.; Klingelhofer, P.; K., Taeger (1998). "Microbial degradation of EDTA in an industrial wastewater treatment plant". Water Research. 32 (9): 2843–2845. Bibcode:1998WatRe..32.2843K. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00048-7.

[37] VanGinkel, C. G.; Vandenbroucke, K. L.; C. A., Troo (1997). "Biological removal of EDTA in conventional activated-sludge plants operated under alkaline conditions". Bioresource Technology. 32 (2–3): 2843–2845. Bibcode:1997BiTec..59..151V. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(96)00158-7.

[38] Lauff, J. J.; Steele, D. B.; Coogan, L. A.; Breitfeller, J. M. (1990). "Degradation of the ferric chelate of EDTA by a pure culture of an Agrobacterium sp". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 56 (11): 3346–3353. Bibcode:1990ApEnM..56.3346L. doi:10.1128/AEM.56.11.3346-3353.1990. PMC 184952. PMID 16348340.

[Nortemannl_1992_671–676-39] Nortemannl, B (1992). "Total degradation of EDTA by mixed culturesand a bacterial isolate". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 58 (2): 671–676. Bibcode:1992ApEnM..58..671N. doi:10.1128/AEM.58.2.671-676.1992. PMC 195300. PMID 16348653.

[40] Witschel, M.; Weilemann, H.-U.; Egli, T. (1995). Degradation of EDTA by a bacterial isolate. Poster presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the Swiss Society for Microbiology (Speech). Lugano, Switzerland.

[41] Hennekenl, L.; Nortemann, B.; Hempel, D. C. (1995). "Influence of physiological conditions on EDTA degradation". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 44 (1–2): 190–197. doi:10.1007/bf00164501. S2CID 30072817.

[42] Tandy, Susan; Bossart, Karin; Mueller, Roland; Ritschel, Jens; Hauser, Lukas; Schulin, Rainer; Nowack, Bernd (2004). "Extraction of Heavy Metals from Soils Using Biodegradable Chelating Agents". Environmental Science & Technology. 38 (3): 937–944. Bibcode:2004EnST...38..937T. doi:10.1021/es0348750. PMID 14968886.

[43] Cokesa, Z.; Knackmuss, H.; Rieger, P. (2004), "Biodegradation of All Stereoisomers of the EDTA Substitute Iminodisuccinate by Agrobacterium Tumefaciens BY6 Requires an Epimerase and a Stereoselective C−N Lyase", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70 (7): 3941–3947, Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.3941C, doi:10.1128/aem.70.7.3941-3947.2004, PMC 444814, PMID 15240267

[Roweton_1997-44] Thomas Klein; Ralf-Johann Moritz; René Graupner (2008). "Polyaspartates and Polysuccinimide". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.l21_l01. ISBN 978-3527306732.

[45] Adelnia, Hossein; Tran, Huong D.N.; Little, Peter J.; Blakey, Idriss; Ta, Hang T. (2021-06-14). "Poly(aspartic acid) in Biomedical Applications: From Polymerization, Modification, Properties, Degradation, and Biocompatibility to Applications". ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering. 7 (6): 2083–2105. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00150. hdl:10072/404497. PMID 33797239. S2CID 232761877.

[46] Adelnia, Hossein; Blakey, Idriss; Little, Peter J.; Ta, Hang T. (2019). "Hydrogels Based on Poly(aspartic acid): Synthesis and Applications". Frontiers in Chemistry. 7: 755. Bibcode:2019FrCh....7..755A. doi:10.3389/fchem.2019.00755. ISSN 2296-2646. PMC 6861526. PMID 31799235.

[47] Hasson, David; Shemer, Hilla; Sher, Alexander (2011-06-15). "State of the Art of Friendly "Green" Scale Control Inhibitors: A Review Article". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 50 (12): 7601–7607. doi:10.1021/ie200370v. ISSN 0888-5885.

[48] Tandy, S.; Ammann, A.; Schulin, R.; Nowack, B. (2006). "Biodegredation and speciation of residual SS-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) in soil solution left after soil washing". Environmental Pollution. 142 (2): 191–199. Bibcode:2006EPoll.142..191T. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.013. PMID 16338042.

[49] Bretti, Clemente; Cigala, Rosalia Maria; De Stefano, Concetta; Lando, Gabriele; Sammartano, Silvio (2017). "Thermodynamic solution properties of a biodegradable chelant (MGDA) and its interaction with the major constituents of natural fluids". Fluid Phase Equilibria. 434: 63–73. Bibcode:2017FlPEq.434...63B. doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2016.11.027.

[sheppard-50] Sheppard, R. L.; Henion, J. (1997). "Peer Reviewed: Determining EDTA in Blood". Analytical Chemistry. 69 (15): 477A – 480A. doi:10.1021/ac971726p. PMID 9253241.

[51] Loyaux-Lawniczak, S.; Douch, J.; Behra, P. (1999). "Optimisation of the analytical detection of EDTA by HPLC in natural waters". Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 364 (8): 727. doi:10.1007/s002160051422. S2CID 95648833.

[52] Cagnasso, C. E.; López, L. B.; Rodríguez, V. G.; Valencia, M. E. (2007). "Development and validation of a method for the determination of EDTA in non-alcoholic drinks by HPLC". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 20 (3–4): 248. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2006.05.008.

[53] "Blade (1998)". Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Retrieved 2022-11-14.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

v t e Chelating agents / chelation therapy (V03AC, others)
Copper	Penicillamine^#
Iron	Deferasirox Deferiprone Deferoxamine^#
Lead	BAL^# EDTA^# Dexrazoxane
Thallium	Prussian blue^#
Other	ALA BAPTA DMPS DMSA^# DTPA EGTA
^#WHO-EM ^‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: ^†Phase III ^§Never to phase III

v t e Consumer food safety
Adulterants, food contaminants	3-MCPD Aldicarb Antibiotic use in livestock Cyanide Formaldehyde HGH controversies Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I
Food additives	Flavorings Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Salt Sugar High-fructose corn syrup Vegetable oil controversy
Intestinal parasites, parasitic disease	Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxocariasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis
Microorganisms	Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Cronobacter Enterovirus Escherichia coli O104:H4 Escherichia coli O157:H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic E. coli Vibrio cholerae
Pesticides	Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos
Preservatives	Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Sodium benzoate
Sugar substitutes	Acesulfame potassium Aspartame controversy Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose
Toxins, poisons, environment pollution	Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning
Food fraud	Bread Breast milk Egg Olive oil Prawn Seafood Shrimp Tea Wine
Food processing	4-Hydroxynonenal Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein Acrylamide Food additives Food irradiation Heterocyclic amines Modified starch Nitrosamines Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Shortening Trans fat Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Water fluoridation controversy
Food contamination incidents	Devon colic Swill milk scandal Esing Bakery incident 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1900 English beer poisoning Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident Minamata disease 1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster [ar] 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster Toxic oil syndrome 1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal United Kingdom BSE outbreak Australian meat substitution scandal Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks ICA meat repackaging controversy 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak Bihar school meal poisoning 2013 horse meat scandal 2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning 2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat 2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak 2018 Australian strawberry contamination 2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal Food safety incidents in China Food safety incidents in Taiwan Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States
Regulation, standards, watchdogs	Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws Food safety in Australia International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Nutrition facts label Organic certification Quality Assurance International United Kingdom food information regulations
Institutions	Centre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) European Food Safety Authority Food and Drug Administration Food Information and Control Agency (Spain) Food Standards Agency (United Kingdom) Institute for Food Safety and Health International Food Safety Network Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (South Korea) Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
Related topics	Curing (food preservation) Food and drink prohibitions Food marketing Food politics Food preservation Food quality Genetically modified food Conspiracy theories
Food portal Drink portal Category Commons Cookbook WikiProject