Sulaymaniyah: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|City in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=February 2009}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| name = Sulaymaniyah |
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|official_name = Sulaimaniyah |
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| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Iraq|City]] |
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|native_name = |
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| native_name = {{lang|ku|سلێمانی|italic=no}}<br>{{lang|ku-Latn|Silêmanî}} |
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|nickname = |
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| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |
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|settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |
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| photo1a = Sulaymaniyah City - Grand Millenium Hotel.jpg |
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|motto = |
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| photo2a = Romanian amphitheater - sulaymaniyah.jpg |
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|image_skyline = |
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| photo2b = Sharaf Khan Bidlisi Statue at Slemani Public Park.jpg |
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|imagesize = |
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| photo3a = Victims of Saddam Hussein (6556996289).jpg |
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|image_caption = Sulaimaniyah |
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| photo3b = Interior, the Kurd's Heritage Museum, Sulaymaniyah, Iraqi Kurdistan.jpg |
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|image_flag = |
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| photo4a = Grand Millennium Sulaimani Hotel in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan.jpg |
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| spacing = 2 |
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|image_shield = |
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| size = 280 |
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| foot_montage = Top-bottom, R-L:{{br}}View over Suleymaniyah {{br}} Roman amphitheater |
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|city_logo = |
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• [[Sharafkhan Bidlisi]] statue {{br}} Amna Suraka Museum • [[Sulaymaniyah Museum]] {{br}} Suleymaniyah at night |
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}} |
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|image_map = |
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| image_caption = |
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|map_caption = |
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| pushpin_map = Iraq |
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|image_map1 = |
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| coordinates = {{coord|35|33|26|N|45|26|08|E|display=inline,title}} |
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|mapsize1 = |
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| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
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|map_caption1 = |
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| subdivision_name = {{Flag|Iraq}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = Region |
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|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: right, top, bottom, none --> |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Kurdistan Region]] |
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|pushpin_map_caption = Sulaimaniyah's location inside Iraq |
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| subdivision_type2 = Governorate |
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|pushpin_mapsize = |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Sulaymaniyah Governorate]] |
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|subdivision_type = Country |
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| leader_title = Governor |
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|subdivision_name = Iraq |
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| leader_name = [[Haval Abubakir]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spu.edu.iq/index.php/en/archive/15-news/274-sulaimani-polytechnic-university-organized-a-panel-on-bird-flu-the-h5n1-virus |title=Sulaimani Polytechnic University |publisher=spu.edu.iq |date=13 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225163735/http://spu.edu.iq/index.php/en/archive/15-news/274-sulaimani-polytechnic-university-organized-a-panel-on-bird-flu-the-h5n1-virus%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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|subdivision_type1 = Governorate |
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| elevation_footnotes = |
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|subdivision_name1 = Kurdistan [[As Sulaimaniyah Governorate|Sulaimaniyah]] |
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| elevation_m = |
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|subdivision_type2 = |
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| elevation_ft = 2895 |
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|subdivision_name2 = |
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|leader_name = |
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| population_note = |
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|leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |
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| website = https://slemani.gov.krd/ |
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|leader_name1 = |
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| timezone = [[UTC+03:00|AST]] |
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|leader_title2 = |
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| utc_offset = +3 |
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|leader_name2 = |
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| population_est = 676492 |
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|leader_title3 = |
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| pop_est_as_of = 2018 |
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|leader_name3 = |
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| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/iraq/cities.html|title=Iraq: Governorates & Cities}}</ref> |
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|leader_title4 i |
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}} |
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|leader_name4 = |
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|established_title = <!-- Settled --> |
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|established_date = 1784 |
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|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |
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|established_date2 = |
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|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |
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|unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |
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|population_note = |
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|population_total = 759.508 |
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|population_metro = |
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|timezone = |
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|latd=35 |latm=33 |lats=0 |latNS=N |
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|longd=45 |longm=26 |longs=0 |longEW=E |
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|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |
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|elevation_m = |
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|elevation_ft = 2895 |
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|postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |
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|footnotes = |
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|twin1 = [[Tucson, Arizona]] |
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|twin1_country = {{flagcountry|USA}} |
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}} <!-- Infobox ends --> |
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'''Sulaimaniyah''' ([[United States Board on Geographic Names|BGN]]: [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]: '''سلێمانی''', ''Silêmanî'', ''' Sulaimānīyah'''; {{lang-ar|السليمانية}}) is a city in the east of [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. It is situated in the northeast of [[Iraq]], and is the capital of [[As Sulaymaniyah Governorate]].Sulaymaniyah is surrounded by the mountain ranges of Azmar (1700M),Goizja(1525M) and Qaiwan from the north east, Baranan mountain (1373M) from the south and Tasluje hills from the west. The plain of [[Sharazor]] lies to the east stretching up to 45 kilometers in length and 15 kilometers in width.The city is 853 meters above sea level,and has a semi-arid climate which is very hot at summer and very cold at winter.[[Sulaymaniya]] served as the historic capital of the Kurdish [[principality]] of [[Baban]] from 1784 to 1850.The modern city of Sulaimanyah was founded in 1784 by the [[Kurd]]ish prince ''Ibrahim Pashay Baban'' who named it after his father ''Sulaiman Pasha''. Because it was founded as the capital of a powerful Kurdish principality,Sulaimaniah has developed into a large city with a population of about 759.508 people. It is the [[cultural centre]] of the [[Sorani]]-speaking [[Kurds]] and an important economic centre for [[Kurdistan]]. |
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'''Sulaymaniyah''' or '''Slemani''' ({{langx|ku|سلێمانی|Silêmanî}};<ref>{{cite news |title=Bi wêneyên Pêşengeha Pirtûkan a Navnetewî ya Silêmanî |url=https://www.rudaw.net/kurmanci/culture-art/23112019 |access-date=18 December 2019 |work=Rûdaw |date=23 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=سەرۆکی هەرێمی کوردستان سەردانی سلێمانی دەکات |url=https://www.rudaw.net/sorani/kurdistan/2511201926 |access-date=18 December 2019 |work=Rûdaw |date=25 November 2019 |language=ku}}</ref> {{langx|ar|السليمانية|as-Sulaymāniyyah}}<ref>{{cite news |title=السليمانية |url= https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/citiesandregions/2015/5/21/السليمانية |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |language=ar}}</ref>), is a city in the east of the [[Kurdistan Region]] of [[Iraq]] and is the capital of the [[Sulaymaniyah Governorate]]. It is surrounded by the Azmar (Ezmer), Goizha (Goyje) and Qaiwan (Qeywan) Mountains in the northeast, Baranan Mountain in the south and the Tasluja Hills in the west. The city has a semi-arid climate with very hot dry summers and cold wet winters. |
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The modern city of Slemani was founded in 1784<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Cockrell-Abdullah|first=Autumn|date=2018|title=There Is No Kurdish Art|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/jinte.2.2.0103|journal=The Journal of Intersectionality|volume=2|issue=2|pages=103–128|doi=10.13169/jinte.2.2.0103|jstor=10.13169/jinte.2.2.0103 |issn=2515-2114}}</ref> by the Ottoman-Kurdish prince Ibrahim Pasha Baban in Collaboration with Azim Beg and Haji Aziz Noori Aghall Dwanze Swarey Meriwane Jawamer Agha Rangena, who named it after his father Sulayman Pasha.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ali|first=Meer Ako|title=Sulaimany: 227 years of glory|url=https://kurdistantribune.com/sulaimany-years-of-glory/|website=The Kurdistan Tribune|date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009015939/https://kurdistantribune.com/sulaimany-years-of-glory/|archive-date=9 October 2019}}</ref> Slemani was the capital of the historic [[Kurds|Kurdish]] principality of [[Baban]] from 1784 to 1850. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{Further|Timeline of Sulaymaniyah}} |
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[[File:Flag_of_kurdistan-1922_1924.svg|right|thumb|250 px|Flag of [[Kingdom of Kurdistan]] (1921-1924) which was established by Sheikh Mahmud in Sulaymaniyah]] |
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[[File:Stela of Iddi-Sin, King of Simurrum. It dates back to the Old-Babylonian Period. From Qarachatan Village, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan. The Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq.jpg|thumb|left|Stela of [[Iddi-Sin]], King of [[Simurrum]]. It dates back to the [[Old Babylonian Period]]. From [[Qarachatan]] Village, Slemani Governorate, [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. Located in the [[Sulaymaniyah Museum|Slemani Museum]], Iraq.]] |
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[[Image:Newroz 1959.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Men rally at Sulaymaniyah at the day of [[Newroz]] of 1959,the Kurdish new year.Events like this gained Sulaymaniyah it's reputation of being the centre for Kurdish patriotism]] |
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The region of Sulaimanyah was known as ''Zamwa'' prior to its founding in 1784.The capital of the Kurdish [[Baban]] principality (1649-1850),before Sulaymaniyah was a territory named "Qelachwalan".At the time of the Babani's rule there were major conflicts between the [[Safavid dynasty]] and the [[Ottoman empire]],so Qelachuwalan became a battle ground for the two rivals.Being of strategic importance and lying deep inside Safavid teritory,there was major concern that Qelachwalan would be attacked and captured if the Babanies did not give the Safavids military support ,as both Sultan [[Mahmud II]] and [[Nadir Shah]] were trying to gain the support of the disparsed Kurdish Emirates<ref>http://www.sulygov.com/</ref>.This obliged Mahmud Pashah of Baban in 1781 to think about moving the center of it's Emirate to another safer place.He chose Melkandi,then a village, to construct a number of Serahs for his political and armed units<ref>http://www.sulygov.com/</ref>.In 1783 Ibrahim pashah of Baban undertook the rule of the Emirate and began the construction of a new city which would become the capital of the Baban Emirate.In 1784 he finished erecting a number of palaces for trade called Qaiseries and bazars,which were used as baths as well, and began inviting people from the surrounding villages and even Emirates to move over to the newly established city,soon Malkandi which was originally intended to be the city itself instead became one of its quarters and still is today<ref>http://www.sulygov.com/</ref>.During the post-World War I-British occupation of the newly created state of Iraq, Sulaimaniyah was the center of nascent Kurdish nationalism, and it was from here that Shaykh [[Mahmud Barzanji]] sparked the first rebellion against the British occupation in 1919 and declared an independent [[Kurdistan]] in [[May]].On the 10 October 1921, a statement was issued in [[Sulaymaniyah]],then the capital of [[Kurdistan]], to establish the kingdom of Kurdistan<ref>http://www.sulygov.com/</ref>.Sheikh [[Mahmud Barzanji]], now backed by the British, declared himself as the King of the [[Kingdom of Kurdistan]].[3] |
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The region of Slemani was known as ''[[Zamua|Zamwa]]'' prior to the foundation of the modern city in 1784. The capital of the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] [[Baban]] principality (1649–1850), before Slemani, was a territory named "Qelaçiwalan". At the time of the Babani's rule there were major conflicts between the [[Safavid dynasty]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Qelaçiwalan became a battleground for the two rivals.<ref name="sulygov.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sulygov.com/ |title=The Leading Suly Government Site on the Net |publisher=sulygov.com |access-date=9 August 2012}}</ref> |
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The British occupation declared Sheikh Mahmud as king in order to silence the residents of Sulaymaniyah and stop their rebellion, but Sheikh acted and ruled independently from the British, and wanted them out of the kingdom. As a result, in the same year, he was exiled for several years to the [[Andaman islands]] in [[India]] by the British occupation, only to return and raise another unsuccessful rebellion centered in Sulaimaniyah in 1923. |
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[[Kingdom of Kurdistan]] with [[Republic of Ararat]] and [[Republic of Mahabad]] are the only Independent kurdish states in history. |
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With Kurdistan's subsequent inclusion in Arab Iraq, Sulaimaniyah enjoyed a few further years of greater autonomy than the western Kurdish cities like Erbil and Mosul. |
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In 1783, [[Ibrahim Baban]] became ruler of the emirate and began the reconstruction of a city which once constructed by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Sultan Sulayman]] (the name of Sulaymaniyah came from his name) new city which would become its capital. In 1784 he finished erecting a number of palaces for trade called ''Qeyserîs'' and bazaars, which were also used as baths, and began inviting people from the surrounding villages and emirates to move to the newly established city. Soon Melkendî, which was originally intended to be the city itself, instead became one of its quarters.<ref name="sulygov.com"/> The new city of Slemani was named after [[Sulayman Baba]], who was the first [[Baban]] prince to gain control of the province of [[Shahrizor|Şarezûr]]. Sulayman Baban invaded the neighboring Kurdish vassaldom of [[Ardalan]], defeating their forces in 1694. Ottoman Sultan [[Mustafa II]] assigned him the district of Baban.<ref>Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters (2009), ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'', p.70, Infobase Publishing, {{ISBN|9781438110257}}</ref> |
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In 1925 mass revolts broke out against British occupation. [[Winston Churchill]] argued ''‘in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes’'' but contrary to recent claims, there is no evidence that it was ever used (see "British and Poison Gas" for a discussion of sources and inaccuracies). |
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[http://libcom.org/history/1904-2003-history-of-iraq] |
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Haji Aziz Noori Aghall Dwanze Swarey Meriwane Jawamer Agha Rangena, not to be confused with the nobleman [[Jwamer Aga|Jwamer Agha]], but they possess family ties through marriage. He was the [[Billionaire]] [[Bey]] of the [[nobility|noble]] and [[Aristocracy|aristocratic]] Kurdish [[House of Noori-Aghall|Noori Aghall family]], who founded the city in collaboration with [[Ibrahim Pasha Baban]] and Azim Beg. Ibrahim Pasha Baban invited Haji to build Slemani. They founded the city of Sarkarez together. He was the first individual to establish a cemetery in Slemani, utilising his land, which had initially been designated for sumac cultivation. Aghall asserted that he had no intention of generating profit, citing his personal wealth as sufficient to assist the impoverished. He further demonstrated his altruistic nature by opening the doors of his palace, allowing the indigent to take whatever they required. He provided them with nuts, chicken, rice and food items that were typically consumed by the aristocracy during his era. Additionally, he constructed the inaugural bridge in Slemani, testing its stability by riding his horse across it. He expressed a sense of indifference to his own safety, stating that if he were to perish due to the bridge's collapse, it would serve as a testament to its inadequacy and raise awareness among the citizens. Following his demise, his family encountered criticism, which prompted them to sell the mansion and convert it into a car park. Many older Kurds who had known him expressed disapproval of this decision. Regardless of his death, he is a highly respected nobleman. Many peasants offered their religion for his actions, but he refused, saying that he does not need any recognition and that he is happy with everything he has. He was offered royal titles, but he refused. His wife, the noblewoman Fatima [[Khanum |Khanum]], sold all her gold to support her husband in saving hundreds of thousands of peasants with his wealth during the First World War. For their actions, they are buried in a sacred private grave on the sumac farm.<ref>The book of the remarkable Kurds from Sulaymaniyah</ref> |
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Since liberation in 1991, it has been administered by [[Kurdistan Regional Government|Autonomous Kurdish Government]] and serves as one of the metropolises of [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] (KRG). The city is rapidly becoming a tourist attraction for Iraqis and other Middle Easterners due to its relative prosperity, security, and natural beauty. |
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According to Jewish tradition, Sulaiman baban emphasized the importance of a town having Jewish residents for its completeness. A mission was then sent to [[Qaradagh District|Qaradagh]], a town with a thriving Jewish community, and surrounding villages. The Jews of Qaradagh responded by sending the first group of Jewish inhabitants to Sulaymaniyah.<ref name=":2" /> |
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==Education== |
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Education is free from primary school until graduation from university.The [[University of Sulaimani]] opened in 1968 with instruction in Kurdish, Arabic, and English. It has faculties in engineering, agriculture, the arts, science, and medicine. The University was moved during the 1980s to [[Arbil]], and is now known as the University of Salahadin. |
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In the early 1800s refugees from Ardalan moved to Slemani, including [[Mastoureh Ardalan|Mastura Ardalan]], the widow of Xosraw Xanî Erdalan, the ruler of the kingdom. Erdalan wrote an account of Kurdish history in Persian and was buried in Slemani when he died in 1848.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/11/sulaimania-saving-dream-city-kurdish-prince-161120120029235.html|title=Sulaimania: Saving the dream city of a Kurdish prince|last=Goudsouzian|first=Tanya|date=21 November 2016|website=aljazeera.com|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al-Jazeera]]|access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> |
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A new University of Sulaimany was established in 1991, teaching in [[Kurdish]],[[English language|English]] and Arabic. |
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In 2007 the [[American University of Sulaimani]], The American University of Iraq - Sulaimani (AUI-S) is a new addition to the American universities in the Middle East, opening its first classes in October 2007. teaching in English only. |
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From 1922 to 1924, Slemani was the capital of the [[Kingdom of Kurdistan]], a short-lived [[List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies|unrecognized state]] declared by [[Kurds in Iraq|Iraqi Kurds]] following the collapse of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>Prince, J. (1993), "A Kurdish State in Iraq" in Current History, January.</ref> |
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In 2008 the University of Human Development was opened in Qaradax with three colleges and four departments. Its first year courses include law, politics, computer engineering and English language. More than 400 students have enrolled. |
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{{clearleft}} |
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==Demographics== |
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In 1820, only 36 years after the creation of the city, a British man named Rech visited the city and estimated that its population was more than ten thousand, containing 2,144 families of which 2,000 were [[Islam|Muslim]], 130 [[Jewish]], and 14 [[Christians|Christian]].{{CN|date=January 2023}} |
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Ottoman documents from 1907 suggest that there were 8,702 Muslim and 360 non-Muslim residents living in the city at that time.{{Fact|date=January 2024}} The ''Peshkawtin'' newspaper which was distributed in Slemani in 1920 estimated its population to be around ten thousand.{{Fact|date=January 2024}} |
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The early 1920s [[Iraqi Revolt]] against the British rule of the [[Mandate for Mesopotamia]] led by Shaikh Mahmud triggered a wave of Jewish emigration from Sulaymaniyah.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Zaken |first=M. |title=Chapter Five. Sulaimaniya |date=2007-01-01 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789047422129/Bej.9789004161900.i-376_008.xml |work=Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan |pages=107–112 |access-date=2023-10-10 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004161900.i-376.31 |isbn=978-90-474-2212-9}}</ref> |
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According to Iraqi government documents, by 1947 the number of residents had increased to 23,475.<ref name=":3" /> In the same year, records documented the existence of three hundred Jewish families, comprising a total of 1,517 individuals. Notably, nearly the entire Jewish community, except one family, made [[aliyah]] to the emerging [[Israel|State of Israel]] in 1951–52.<ref name=":2" /> |
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By 1998, the local population was estimated at 548,747, which grew in 2015 to an estimated 656,100.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Iraq-Cities.html|title=Iraq: Governorates, Major Cities & Urban Centers – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> |
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[[The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani]] estimated the number of inhabitants in 2016 at 800,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://auis.edu.krd/life-in-sulaimani|title=Life in Sulaimani|website=[[The American University of Iraq Sulaimani]]|date=17 October 2016 }}</ref> |
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== Geography and climate == |
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{{wide image|Sulaymaniyah Panorama on September 2015.jpg|1500px|Panorama of Sulaymaniyah, September 2015}} |
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The city is located in northern Iraq and Southern Kurdistan. Of the [[list of cities in Iraq|main population centres]] in the country, it is characterized by its cooler summer temperatures and its rainier winters. Average temperatures range from {{convert|0|to(-)|39|C}}. In the winters, there can be a significant amount of snow. Snow falls every year or two.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iraq under cold front bringing snow with below zero temperatures |url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2008/jan/11/iraq_under_cold_front_bringing_snow_and_below_zero_temperatures.html |access-date=3 March 2013 |newspaper=Indian Muslims |date=11–12 January 2008 |agency=[[Kuwait News Agency]] (KUNA) |quote=BAGHDAD, Jan 11 (KUNA) – snow fell on large areas of Iraq following two days of low temperatures. |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928003714/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2008/jan/11/iraq_under_cold_front_bringing_snow_and_below_zero_temperatures.html |archive-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Snow covers Sulaimaniya|url=http://www.ninanews.com/english/News_Details.asp?ar95_VQ=ELDEDH|access-date=3 March 2013|date=26 January 2010|agency=[[National Iraqi News Agency]] (NINA)|quote=Sulaimaniya (NINA) –The city of Sulaimaniya witnessed a heavy fall of snow that covered the entire city since Monday midnight. Reporter of the National Iraqi News Agency said 'The citizens of Sulaimaniya woke up on Tuesday morning to see their city covered with snow and the street painted in white color.'|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226033031/http://www.ninanews.com/english/News_Details.asp?ar95_VQ=ELDEDH|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Heavy Snow Blankets Sulaimaniya |url=http://www.iraqupdates.com/business-news/transportation/heavy-snow-blankets-sulaimaniya/2012-03-03|agency=Iraq Updates|access-date=3 March 2013|date=3 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Unusually heavy snow hits Iraq's Sulaimaniya|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/01/14/260307.html|access-date=3 March 2013|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|date=14 January 2013|agency=[[Reuters]]|quote=An unusually heavy snowstorm blanketed Sulaimaniya city, in northern Iraq's autonomous Kurdish region, on Saturday (January 12) as severe weather conditions continue to sweep through the region.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=11 Refugee Children Freeze to Death in Kurdistan Camps |
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|url=http://basnews.com/en/news/2015/01/12/11-refugee-children-freeze-to-death-in-kurdistan-camps/ |access-date=3 February 2015|date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203003019/http://basnews.com/en/news/2015/01/12/11-refugee-children-freeze-to-death-in-kurdistan-camps/ |archive-date=3 February 2015 |location=Erbil }}</ref> |
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The [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies its climate as [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] (Csa).<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/5078/ |title=Climate: Sulaymaniyah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=4 January 2014 }}</ref> |
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{{Weather box |
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|width = auto |
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|metric first = yes |
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|single line = yes |
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|location = Sulaymaniyah (2012–2023 normals) |
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|Jan high C = 11.2 |
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|Feb high C = 13.6 |
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|Mar high C = 17.6 |
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|Apr high C = 23.6 |
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|May high C = 30.4 |
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|Jun high C = 37.6 |
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|Jul high C = 41.3 |
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|Aug high C = 39.2 |
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|Sep high C = 35.4 |
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|Oct high C = 28.6 |
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|Nov high C = 19.1 |
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|Dec high C = 13.3 |
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| year high C = |
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|Jan mean C = 5.3 |
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|Feb mean C = 7.1 |
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|Mar mean C = 10.8 |
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|Apr mean C = 15.6 |
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|May mean C = 21.6 |
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|Jun mean C = 27.8 |
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|Jul mean C = 31.7 |
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|Aug mean C = 30.2 |
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|Sep mean C = 25.7 |
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|Oct mean C = 19.8 |
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|Nov mean C = 12.4 |
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|Dec mean C = 7.6 |
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| year mean C = |
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|Jan low C = -0.6 |
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|Feb low C = 0.6 |
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|Mar low C = 4.1 |
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|Apr low C = 7.6 |
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|May low C = 12.7 |
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|Jun low C = 18.1 |
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|Jul low C = 22.1 |
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|Aug low C = 21.3 |
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|Sep low C = 16.1 |
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|Oct low C = 11.0 |
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|Nov low C = 5.8 |
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|Dec low C = 1.8 |
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| year low C = |
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|precipitation colour = green |
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|Jan precipitation mm = 107.2 |
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|Feb precipitation mm = 118.5 |
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|Mar precipitation mm = 129.4 |
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|Apr precipitation mm = 65.1 |
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|May precipitation mm = 22.5 |
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|Jun precipitation mm = 0.5 |
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|Jul precipitation mm = 0.0 |
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|Aug precipitation mm = 0.2 |
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|Sep precipitation mm = 1.5 |
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|Oct precipitation mm = 41.0 |
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|Nov precipitation mm = 109.3 |
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|Dec precipitation mm = 126.9 |
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|year precipitation mm = 722.0 |
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|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |
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| Jan precipitation days = 11.6 |
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| Feb precipitation days = 9.6 |
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| Mar precipitation days = 14.1 |
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| Apr precipitation days = 11.1 |
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| May precipitation days = 11.1 |
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| Jun precipitation days = 5.9 |
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| Jul precipitation days = 0.9 |
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| Aug precipitation days = 0.1 |
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| Sep precipitation days = 1.0 |
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| Oct precipitation days = 0.5 |
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| Nov precipitation days = 5.3 |
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| Dec precipitation days = 9.0 |
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| year precipitation days = |
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| Jan humidity =75.7 |
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| Feb humidity =70.5 |
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| Mar humidity =70.5 |
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| Apr humidity =64.3 |
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| May humidity =47.2 |
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| Jun humidity =23.2 |
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| Jul humidity =19.0 |
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| Aug humidity =19.2 |
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| Sep humidity =23.8 |
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| Oct humidity =39.4 |
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| Nov humidity =64.8 |
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| Dec humidity =76.3 |
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| Jan dew point C =-1 |
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| Feb dew point C =0 |
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| Mar dew point C =2 |
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| Apr dew point C =4 |
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| May dew point C =5 |
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| Jun dew point C =3 |
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| Jul dew point C =4 |
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| Aug dew point C =4 |
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| Sep dew point C =2 |
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| Oct dew point C =2 |
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| Nov dew point C =1 |
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| Dec dew point C =2 |
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| Jan snow days =1.9 |
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| Feb snow days =1.1 |
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| Mar snow days =0.1 |
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| Apr snow days =0 |
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| May snow days =0 |
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| Jun snow days =0 |
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| Jul snow days =0 |
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| Aug snow days =0 |
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| Sep snow days =0 |
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| Oct snow days =0 |
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| Nov snow days =0 |
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| Dec snow days =0.9 |
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| year snow days = |
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| Jan sun =164.3 |
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| Feb sun =175.2 |
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| Mar sun =213.9 |
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| Apr sun =237.0 |
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| May sun =316.2 |
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| Jun sun =408.0 |
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| Jul sun =418.5 |
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| Aug sun =396.8 |
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| Sep sun =351.0 |
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| Oct sun =272.8 |
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| Nov sun =207.0 |
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| Dec sun =167.4 |
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| year sun = |
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| Jand sun =5.3 |
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| Febd sun =6.2 |
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| Mard sun =6.9 |
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| Aprd sun =7.9 |
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| Mayd sun =10.2 |
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| Jund sun =13.6 |
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| Juld sun =13.5 |
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| Augd sun =12.8 |
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| Sepd sun =11.7 |
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| Octd sun =8.8 |
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| Novd sun =6.9 |
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| Decd sun =5.4 |
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| yeard sun = |
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| Jan light = 10.5 |
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| Feb light = 11.4 |
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| Mar light = 12.4 |
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| Apr light = 13.6 |
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| May light = 14.5 |
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| Jun light = 15.0 |
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| Jul light = 14.8 |
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| Aug light = 13.9 |
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| Sep light = 12.8 |
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| Oct light = 11.7 |
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| Nov light = 10.7 |
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| Dec light = 10.3 |
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| year light= |
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|source 1 = IEM<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/sites/monthlysum.php?station=ORSU&network=IQ__ASOS |
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|title= [ORSU] Sulaymaniyah [2010-] Monthly Summaries |
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|publisher=The Iowa Environmental Mesonet |
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|access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref> KRSO (precipitation 2012–2021, precipitation days 2014–2021 and snow 2013–2021)<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=https://krso.gov.krd/content/upload/1/root/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%89-%D9%83%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7-20-2-2020-%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%891.pdf |
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|title=Weather Statistics in Kurdistan Region Governorates for the years 2012-2021, Station : Sulaimany |
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|publisher=Kurdistan Region Government Ministry of Planning Kurdistan Region Statistics Office |
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|access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref> |
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|source 2= Weatherbase (daylight-dew point),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=32604&cityname=As+Sulaymaniyah%2C+As+Sulaymaniyah%2C+Iraq&units= |title=MONTHLY - ALL WEATHER AVERAGES: As-Sulaymaniyah |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=Weatherbase |publisher=Cantymedia |no-pp=y}}</ref> Weather2visit(sun)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather2visit.com/middle-east/iraq/as-sulaymaniyah.htm |title=As-Sulaymaniyah Weather Averages |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=Weather2visit |no-pp=y}}</ref> |
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}} |
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== Education == |
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The [[University of Sulaymaniyah|University of Slemani]] was opened in 1968 with instruction in Kurdish, Arabic, and English. It has faculties in engineering, agriculture, the arts, science, and medicine. It is the largest university in the Kurdistan Region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.univsul.org/ |title=University of Sulaimani |publisher=Univsul.org |access-date=9 August 2012 |archive-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120134540/http://www.univsul.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A second university, [[Sulaimani Polytechnic University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spu.edu.iq/ |title=Sulaimani Polytechnic University |publisher=spu.edu.iq |access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref> was established in 2012, also teaching in Kurdish, English and Arabic. |
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In 2007 [[The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani]],<ref>[http://www.auis.org/ auis.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123043137/http://www.auis.org/ |date=23 November 2010 }}</ref> (AUI-S) was a new addition to the American universities in the Middle East, graduating its fifth class in 2016. Instruction at this private, not-for-profit liberal arts university is in English only, featuring a US-accredited program in English as a Second Language (ESL). There are a number of other private universities. |
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==Culture== |
==Culture== |
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[[File:Adnan Karim.jpg|thumb|[[Adnan Karim]] in a joint concert with the [[Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by the renowned Kurdish composer A.J. Sagerma performing classical [[Kurdish music]]]] |
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[[File:Sulaymaniyah_public_library.jpg|left|thumb|200 px|Statues of Salim and Kurdi two prodominant Kurdish poets standing in front of the public library of Sulaymaniyah]] |
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Two independent newspapers ''[[Hawlati]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawlati.info/ |title=Hawlati.info |publisher=Hawlati.info |access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> and ''[[Awena]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awene.com/awene.aspx |title=ئاوێنە نیوز |publisher=Awene.com |access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> and two independent political magazines ''Lvin'' and ''Shock'', are published and distributed in Slemani city. Since 2016, there exists an International Film Festival in the city which is organized by the College of Fine Arts of the University of Sulaymanya.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Slemani is the only city in South Kurdistan that regularly celebrates World Music Day or [[Fête de la Musique]]. In one trip to the city, a journalist working for the BBC wrote about Slemani's distinct culture:"Culture is hugely important to the Kurdish people, especially in Slemani, but there is a strong pull to the west—modernisation and consumerism—driven perhaps by the satellite televisions they have had access to since they started running their own affairs...And at the university, students mill around the campus, chattering with each other and doing some last-minute cramming for their exams. The war only stopped lectures for a few weeks. There are probably more women than men and they are happy to air their views to anyone who asks."<ref name="kurdishglobe.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=FF7021ECCC54CC6FE0DD6F8DA9AB3C75 |title=Kurdistan diary: Day Three |publisher=[[KurdishGlobe]] |date=28 October 2006 |access-date=9 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310064326/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=FF7021ECCC54CC6FE0DD6F8DA9AB3C75 |archive-date=10 March 2012 }}</ref> |
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Slemani was the home of poets such as [[Nalî]], [[Mahwi]], and [[Piramerd]].<ref name="Suli-200 years">{{cite book |last=Salih Rasha |first=Akram |title=Sulaymaniyah 200 Years |location=Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan |pages=503–504}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Is the Paris of Iraq |date=21 September 2016 |title=Sulaimani city, on verge of economic collapse? |url=https://ekurd.net/sulaimani-economic-collapse-2016-09-21 |website=Kurd Net – Ekurd.net Daily News}}</ref> |
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== Economy == |
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[[File:Romanian amphitheater - sulaymaniyah.jpg|thumb|Roman [[Amphitheatre|amphitheater]] in Slemani, important tourist attraction in the city]] |
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[[File:Sarchnar Park, Slemani.jpg|left|thumb|Sarchnar Park]] |
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Since 2003, Slemani has experienced a growing local economy. Its economy today relies on tourism, agriculture<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investpromo.gov.iq/index.php?id=43 |title=Slemani |publisher=Investpromo.gov.iq |access-date=9 August 2012}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2016}} and a number of small factories, most of which are involved in the building trade. |
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In 2004 the Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis in Iraq released an in-depth survey of the Slemani Governorate in which they surveyed each city. In this survey, one can see the economic boom of 2003 mentioned earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cosit.gov.iq/english/pdf/e_food_iraq1.pdf |title=Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis in Iraq |access-date=12 April 2011 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814004337/http://cosit.gov.iq/english/pdf/e_food_iraq1.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2011 }}</ref> |
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===Tourism=== |
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[[File:Inbound7554580745082834055.jpg|thumb|Hewari Shar Park]] |
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[[File:Victims of Saddam Hussein (6556996289).jpg|thumb|Victims of the [[Anfal campaign]] are represented by broken glass and tiny lights at the [[Amna Suraka]] museum in Slemani<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The Museum of Amna Suraka: a Critical Case Study of Kurdistani Memory Culture|url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/events/2020/11/whats-new-fall-2020-bareez-majid|access-date=2021-11-28|website=Leiden University|language=en}}</ref>]] |
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[[File:Aram Gallery.jpg|thumb|Kurdish artist [[Tara Jaff]] playing the Harp during a cultural gathering at Aram Gallery]] |
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[[File:Sulaymaniyah at Night.jpg|thumb|Slemani at Night at the Top of Azmar Mountain]] |
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The city was visited by more than 60,000 tourists in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1000:arabische-toeristen-massaal-naar-koerdistan&catid=98:algemeen&Itemid=536 |title=Rudaw.NL, dé Opinieblog... |publisher=Rudaw.nl |access-date=9 August 2012}}</ref> |
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Slemani attracted more than 15,000 Iranian tourists in the first quarter of 2010, many drawn by the fact it is not subject to strict laws faced at home. [[Newroz as celebrated by Kurds|Newroz]] 2010 drew an exodus of Iranian tourists choosing to celebrate the event in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3447:koerdistan-regio-is-het-europa-voor-iraanse-toeristen&catid=81:regio-koerdistan-irak&Itemid=458 |title=Rudaw.NL, dé Opinieblog... |publisher=Rudaw.nl |access-date=9 August 2012}}</ref> |
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=== Museums === |
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* '''[[Sulaimani Museum]]''': It is the second biggest museum after the [[National Museum of Iraq|national museum]] in Baghdad. It is home to many Mesopotamian, Kurdish and ancient Persian artifacts dating back to 1792–1750 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=9D0418F74CC50D35119A23216AF8D240 |title=Suleimaniya Museum: a small place for a great civilization |publisher=KurdishGlobe |date=13 February 2008 |access-date=9 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308032928/http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=9D0418F74CC50D35119A23216AF8D240 |archive-date=8 March 2012 }}</ref> |
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* [[Amna Suraka]] museum<ref name=":1" /> |
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* Museum of Modern Art (''Mozehanai Hunari Howchah'')<ref name=":0" /> |
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* Sulaimani Archeological Museum<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Notable people==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER --> |
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{{Main articles|Category:People from Sulaymaniyah}} |
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[[File:Sheikh Mahmoud - Kurdistan's King (1918-1922).jpg|thumb|[[Mahmud Barzanji]]]] |
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* [[Khâlid-i Baghdâdî]] (1779–1827), sufist and Islamic thinker |
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* [[Salim (poet)|Salim]] (1800–1866), poet |
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* [[Nalî]] (1800–1873), poet |
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* [[Saeb (poet)|Saeb]] (1854–1910), poet |
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* [[Mahwi]] (1830–1906), poet |
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* [[Said Pasha Kurd]], (1834–1907), Ottoman statesman |
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* [[Şerif Pasha]], (1865–1951), Ottoman diplomat, ambassador and statesman |
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* [[Mustafa Yamulki]] (1866–1936), Minister of Education in the Kingdom of Kurdistan |
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* [[Haji Mala Saeed Kirkukli Zada]] (1866–1937), Minister of Justice in the Kingdom of Kurdistan |
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* [[Piramerd]] Tawfeq Mahmoud Hamza, (1867–1950), poet and journalist |
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* [[Mevlanzade Rifat Bey]], (1869–1930), journalist and politician |
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* [[Muhamed Amin Zaki]] (1880–1948), historian, statesman and politician |
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* [[Taufiq Wahby]] (1891–1984), linguist, politician and poet |
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* [[Sheikh Nuri Sheikh Salih Sheikh Ghani Barzinji]] (1896–1958), journalist and poet |
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* [[Ahmad Mukhtar Baban]] (1900–1976), prime Minister of Iraq 1958 |
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* [[Abdulla Goran]] (1904–1962), founder of modern Kurdish poetry |
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* [[Ibrahim Ahmad]] (1914–2000), novelist, poet and translator |
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* [[Jamal Nebez]] (1933–2018), [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] [[linguist]], mathematician, politician, author, translator and writer. |
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* [[Nawshirwan Mustafa]] (1944–2017), politician, historian and media proprietor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wusha.net/ |title=Wusha Corporation |publisher=Wusha.net |access-date=9 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614210745/http://www.wusha.net/ |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> |
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* [[Barham Salih]], 8th president of Iraq |
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* [[Ahmad Hardi]] (1922–2006), poet |
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* [[Sherko Bekas]] (1940–2013), contemporary poet |
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* [[Bachtyar Ali]] (born 1960), novelist |
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* [[Muhamad Salih Dilan]] (1927–1990), musician and poet |
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* [[Shahab Sheikh Nuri]] (1932–1976), politician |
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* [[Dilshad Meriwani]], (1947–1989), actor, poet, writer and journalist |
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* [[Karzan Kardozi]], (born 1983) Filmmaker and writer |
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* [[Rizgar Mohammed Amin]] (born 1958), judge |
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* [[Mahmoud Othman]] (born 1938), politician |
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* [[Jalal Talabani]] (1933–2017), 6th president of Iraq |
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* [[Mahir Hassan]] (born 1963), actor and playwright |
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* [[Shwan Kamal]] (born 1967), artist |
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* [[Sara Omar]] (born 1986), novelist |
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* [[Simko Ahmed]] (born 1972), artist |
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==Sites== |
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* Tomb of king [[Cyaxares]] of [[Media (region)|Media]], Qyzqapan |
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==Politics== |
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[[File:Dilan_1.JPG|right|thumb|130px|[[Muhamad Salih Dilan]] considered one of the most influential Kurdish Poets and one of the greatest Singers ]] |
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In recent years, many people in Slemani have distanced themselves from [[Kurdish nationalism]] as the [[Kurdistan Workers Party]] is experiencing a surge.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurdish Nationalism at an Impasse |url=https://tcf.org/content/report/iraqi-kurdistan-losing-place-center-kurdayeti/?agreed=1 |access-date=18 April 2020 |work=The Century Foundation |agency=tcf.org |date=29 April 2019}}</ref> |
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Sulaimany is considered the center of the [[Sorani]] Kurdish culture in [[Kurdistan]].It is recognized officially as the cultural capital of Iraqi [[Kurdistan]].Development of Sorani as a modern [[literary language]] started in this city in the early 19th century, when many Kurdish poets and [[philosophers]] like [[Nalî]],[[Piremerd]],[[Muhamed Amin Zaki]],[[Abdulla Goran]],[[Muhamad Salih Dilan]],[[Ahmad Hardi]],[[Ibrahim Ahmad]],[[Sherko Bekas]] and [[Bachtyar Ali]] were born,lived or published their works here. |
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The museum of Sulaimani, a popular destination for tourists, is located at Salim avenue, the most popular street of Sulaymaniyah city. It contains many valuable Mesopotamian artifacts. Zamoa Gallery, open all year round, displays the works of the artists of the city<ref>http://www.sulygov.com/</ref>. It is runned by Rostem Aghella, a well-known modern kurdish artist. Aram Gallery is another place for various artistic activities. It intiated the night cinema project where people can go to watch Kurdish and foreign films. The "hall of Art" and "the hall of culture" are the locations of the main occasional artistic displays, such as the concert on 21 February 2009, which featured well-known performers such as the American Tariq Snare, Iranian musician Sohrab Pournazeri playing [[kemancheh]], [Matthaios Tsahouridis] of Greece, Youssif Mohammed from Afghanistan playing the tabla and Hussein Zehawy from [[Kurdistan]] playing the kurdish Deff. More than 3000 people attended.The recently formed the National youth orchestra of Iraq,held their initial concert in [[Sulaymaniyah]] city,over 30 Iraqi musicians formed the orchestra. Their work included European and Iraqi orchestral works: Beethoven,Haydn and "Kurdish Dances" symphony. |
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==Twin towns – sister cities== |
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==Economy== |
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* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tucson, Arizona]]<ref name="Tucson sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Tucson%20Sister%20Cities|title=Tucson Sister Cities|work=Interactive City Directory|publisher=Sister Cities International|accessdate=4 September 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222914/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Tucson%20Sister%20Cities|archivedate=4 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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Sulaymaniyah governorate has many fertile acres of land such as the [[Sharazor]] and Bitwen plains which are considered two of the most fertile plains in the Middle East.Local farmers from Bitwen and [[Sharazor]] are generally more active and are greater in number,and their products are most famouse not only in Sulaymaniyah but across [[Iraq]] as well.Sulaymaniyah used to rely mainly on agriculture in the past.One of Iraq's major supplies of wheat and other agricultural products used to come from [[Kurdistan]] and specially [[Sulaymaniyah]],but its role has declined due to the policies of Seddam Hussein aimed |
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to reduce the city's economical capabilities,as the vast majority of the Kurdish revolution's power was concentrated in this city.Seddam once said that the head of the serpent lies in Sulaymaniyah.Sulaymaniyah's economy also rely's on tourism.Annually thousands of Iraqi Arabs travel to Sulaymaniyah.Small factories are established most of them produce building materials and are contributing to it's economy.Sulaymaniyah is known for its strong economic ties with [[Iran]]. |
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The Chinese telecoms company [[Huawei]] has its Iraq office in Sulaimaniyah. |
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==Transportation== |
==Transportation== |
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The city is served by [[Sulaimaniyah International Airport]], with service on many commercial airlines, including [[Iraqi Airways|Iraqi]], [[Qatar Airways]], [[Royal Jordanian Airlines|Royal Jordanian]] and [[Turkish Airlines]]. |
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In the absence of any railway connecting Sulaymaniyah with other Iraqi cities, the city is dependent on road transport. 0n 20 July 2005 [[Sulaimaniyah International Airport]] opened, with regular flights to various eastern and European destinations such as [[Vienna]],[[Frankfurt]],[[Stockholm]],[[Munich]] and [[Dusseldorf]] as well as Middle Eastern cities like [[Dubai]], [[Amman]],[[Beirut]],[[Damascus]],[[Istanbul]]. A flight from Sulaymaniyah to Baghdad costs about 100.000 ID<ref>http://www.sulairport.net/</ref>. |
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== |
== See also == |
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* [[List of largest cities of Iraq]] |
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* [[Mahmud Barzanji]]..........King of [[Kurdistan]] (1921_1924)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji</ref> |
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* [[2011 Kurdish protests in Iraq]] |
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* [[Piremerd]] (1867-1950).................... poet,writer,novelist and journalist. |
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* [[Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Kirkuk-Sulaimaniya]] (former Eastern Catholic diocese) |
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* [[Muhamed Amin Zaki]] (1880-1948)........ writer, historian, statesman. |
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* [[Duhok]] |
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* [[Abdulla Goran]] (1904-1962)............... poet (Father of modern Kurdish literature)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulla_Goran</ref> |
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* [[Dohuk Governorate]] |
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* [[Muhamad Salih Dilan]]...... poet and musician<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamad_Salih_Dilan</ref> |
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* [[Erbil]] |
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* [[Ahmad Hardi]] (1922—2006)................... Poet. |
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* [[Erbil Governorate]] |
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* [[Ibrahim Ahmad]] (1914—2000)............... writer,novelist,poet and politician |
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* [[Kurdistan]] |
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* [[Sherko Bekas]]................. a prominent contemporary poet<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherko_Bekas</ref> |
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* [[Kurds]] |
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* [[Nawshirwan Mustafa]] (1944—)......... politician,media proprietor,author and historian<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawshirwan_Mustafa</ref> |
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* [[Ranya]] |
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* [[Bachtyar Ali]](1960—).................. novelist.<ref>http://www.bachtyar-ali.com/</ref> |
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* [[Saray Azadi]] |
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* [[Sulaymaniyah Governorate|Slemani Governorate]] |
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* [[Sulaymaniyah Museum]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{ |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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* [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=SUBSITES&id=459badd426 UNHCR, August 2006] |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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* {{Commons category-inline|Sulaymaniyah}} |
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* [http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/As_Sulaimaniyah.html Iraq Image - Sulaimaniyah Satellite Observation] |
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{{Sulaymaniyah Governorate}} |
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[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Iraq]] |
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{{Iraqi Kurdistan}} |
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{{Portal bar|Asia|Cities|Iraq|Middle East}} |
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[[Category:Settlements established in 1784]] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Sulaimaniyah]] |
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[[Category:Sulaymaniyah| ]] |
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[[ar:السليمانية]] |
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[[Category:Cities in Iraqi Kurdistan]] |
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[[da:Sulaymaniyah]] |
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[[Category:District capitals of Iraq]] |
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[[de:Sulaimaniyya]] |
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[[Category:Populated places in Sulaymaniyah Province]] |
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[[et:As-Sulaymānīyah]] |
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1784]] |
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[[es:Suleimaniya]] |
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[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Iraq]] |
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[[fa:سلیمانیه (شهر)]] |
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[[fr:Souleimaniye]] |
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[[id:As-Sulaimaniyah]] |
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[[it:Sulaymaniyah]] |
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[[he:סולימאניה]] |
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[[ku:Silêmanî]] |
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[[ms:As-Sulaimaniyah]] |
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[[nl:Sulaimaniya]] |
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[[ja:スライマーニーヤ]] |
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[[no:Suleimania]] |
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[[pl:Sulajmanijja]] |
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[[ru:Сулеймания]] |
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[[ckb:سلێمانی]] |
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[[sv:Sulaymaniyya]] |
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[[tr:Süleymaniye, Irak]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:24, 4 January 2025
Sulaymaniyah
سلێمانی Silêmanî | |
|---|---|
   .jpg)   Top-bottom, R-L: View over Suleymaniyah Roman amphitheater • Sharafkhan Bidlisi statue Amna Suraka Museum • Sulaymaniyah Museum Suleymaniyah at night | |
  Sulaymaniyah | |
| Coordinates: 35°33′26″N 45°26′08″E / 35.55722°N 45.43556°E | |
| Country |  Iraq |
| Region | Kurdistan Region |
| Governorate | Sulaymaniyah Governorate |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Haval Abubakir[1] |
| Elevation | 882 m (2,895 ft) |
| Population | |
• Estimate (2018)[2] | 676,492 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (AST) |
| Website | https://slemani.gov.krd/ |
Sulaymaniyah or Slemani (Kurdish: سلێمانی, romanized: Silêmanî;[3][4] Arabic: السليمانية, romanized: as-Sulaymāniyyah[5]), is a city in the east of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and is the capital of the Sulaymaniyah Governorate. It is surrounded by the Azmar (Ezmer), Goizha (Goyje) and Qaiwan (Qeywan) Mountains in the northeast, Baranan Mountain in the south and the Tasluja Hills in the west. The city has a semi-arid climate with very hot dry summers and cold wet winters.
The modern city of Slemani was founded in 1784[6] by the Ottoman-Kurdish prince Ibrahim Pasha Baban in Collaboration with Azim Beg and Haji Aziz Noori Aghall Dwanze Swarey Meriwane Jawamer Agha Rangena, who named it after his father Sulayman Pasha.[7] Slemani was the capital of the historic Kurdish principality of Baban from 1784 to 1850.
History
[edit]
The region of Slemani was known as Zamwa prior to the foundation of the modern city in 1784. The capital of the Kurdish Baban principality (1649–1850), before Slemani, was a territory named "Qelaçiwalan". At the time of the Babani's rule there were major conflicts between the Safavid dynasty and the Ottoman Empire. Qelaçiwalan became a battleground for the two rivals.[8]
In 1783, Ibrahim Baban became ruler of the emirate and began the reconstruction of a city which once constructed by Ottoman Sultan Sulayman (the name of Sulaymaniyah came from his name) new city which would become its capital. In 1784 he finished erecting a number of palaces for trade called Qeyserîs and bazaars, which were also used as baths, and began inviting people from the surrounding villages and emirates to move to the newly established city. Soon Melkendî, which was originally intended to be the city itself, instead became one of its quarters.[8] The new city of Slemani was named after Sulayman Baba, who was the first Baban prince to gain control of the province of Şarezûr. Sulayman Baban invaded the neighboring Kurdish vassaldom of Ardalan, defeating their forces in 1694. Ottoman Sultan Mustafa II assigned him the district of Baban.[9]
Haji Aziz Noori Aghall Dwanze Swarey Meriwane Jawamer Agha Rangena, not to be confused with the nobleman Jwamer Agha, but they possess family ties through marriage. He was the Billionaire Bey of the noble and aristocratic Kurdish Noori Aghall family, who founded the city in collaboration with Ibrahim Pasha Baban and Azim Beg. Ibrahim Pasha Baban invited Haji to build Slemani. They founded the city of Sarkarez together. He was the first individual to establish a cemetery in Slemani, utilising his land, which had initially been designated for sumac cultivation. Aghall asserted that he had no intention of generating profit, citing his personal wealth as sufficient to assist the impoverished. He further demonstrated his altruistic nature by opening the doors of his palace, allowing the indigent to take whatever they required. He provided them with nuts, chicken, rice and food items that were typically consumed by the aristocracy during his era. Additionally, he constructed the inaugural bridge in Slemani, testing its stability by riding his horse across it. He expressed a sense of indifference to his own safety, stating that if he were to perish due to the bridge's collapse, it would serve as a testament to its inadequacy and raise awareness among the citizens. Following his demise, his family encountered criticism, which prompted them to sell the mansion and convert it into a car park. Many older Kurds who had known him expressed disapproval of this decision. Regardless of his death, he is a highly respected nobleman. Many peasants offered their religion for his actions, but he refused, saying that he does not need any recognition and that he is happy with everything he has. He was offered royal titles, but he refused. His wife, the noblewoman Fatima Khanum, sold all her gold to support her husband in saving hundreds of thousands of peasants with his wealth during the First World War. For their actions, they are buried in a sacred private grave on the sumac farm.[10]
According to Jewish tradition, Sulaiman baban emphasized the importance of a town having Jewish residents for its completeness. A mission was then sent to Qaradagh, a town with a thriving Jewish community, and surrounding villages. The Jews of Qaradagh responded by sending the first group of Jewish inhabitants to Sulaymaniyah.[11]
In the early 1800s refugees from Ardalan moved to Slemani, including Mastura Ardalan, the widow of Xosraw Xanî Erdalan, the ruler of the kingdom. Erdalan wrote an account of Kurdish history in Persian and was buried in Slemani when he died in 1848.[12]
From 1922 to 1924, Slemani was the capital of the Kingdom of Kurdistan, a short-lived unrecognized state declared by Iraqi Kurds following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.[13]
Demographics
[edit]In 1820, only 36 years after the creation of the city, a British man named Rech visited the city and estimated that its population was more than ten thousand, containing 2,144 families of which 2,000 were Muslim, 130 Jewish, and 14 Christian.[citation needed]
Ottoman documents from 1907 suggest that there were 8,702 Muslim and 360 non-Muslim residents living in the city at that time.[citation needed] The Peshkawtin newspaper which was distributed in Slemani in 1920 estimated its population to be around ten thousand.[citation needed]
The early 1920s Iraqi Revolt against the British rule of the Mandate for Mesopotamia led by Shaikh Mahmud triggered a wave of Jewish emigration from Sulaymaniyah.[11]
According to Iraqi government documents, by 1947 the number of residents had increased to 23,475.[14] In the same year, records documented the existence of three hundred Jewish families, comprising a total of 1,517 individuals. Notably, nearly the entire Jewish community, except one family, made aliyah to the emerging State of Israel in 1951–52.[11]
By 1998, the local population was estimated at 548,747, which grew in 2015 to an estimated 656,100.[14]
The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani estimated the number of inhabitants in 2016 at 800,000.[15]
Geography and climate
[edit]
The city is located in northern Iraq and Southern Kurdistan. Of the main population centres in the country, it is characterized by its cooler summer temperatures and its rainier winters. Average temperatures range from 0 to 39 °C (32–102 °F). In the winters, there can be a significant amount of snow. Snow falls every year or two.[16][17][18][19][20]
The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa).[21]
| Climate data for Sulaymaniyah (2012–2023 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.2 (52.2) |
13.6 (56.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
30.4 (86.7) |
37.6 (99.7) |
41.3 (106.3) |
39.2 (102.6) |
35.4 (95.7) |
28.6 (83.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
13.3 (55.9) |
25.9 (78.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.8 (51.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
31.7 (89.1) |
30.2 (86.4) |
25.7 (78.3) |
19.8 (67.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
18.0 (64.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.1 (39.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
18.1 (64.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.3 (70.3) |
16.1 (61.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
5.8 (42.4) |
1.8 (35.2) |
10.0 (50.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 107.2 (4.22) |
118.5 (4.67) |
129.4 (5.09) |
65.1 (2.56) |
22.5 (0.89) |
0.5 (0.02) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
1.5 (0.06) |
41.0 (1.61) |
109.3 (4.30) |
126.9 (5.00) |
722.0 (28.43) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.6 | 9.6 | 14.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 5.9 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 5.3 | 9.0 | 80.2 |
| Average snowy days | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75.7 | 70.5 | 70.5 | 64.3 | 47.2 | 23.2 | 19.0 | 19.2 | 23.8 | 39.4 | 64.8 | 76.3 | 49.5 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | −1 (30) |
0 (32) |
2 (36) |
4 (39) |
5 (41) |
3 (37) |
4 (39) |
4 (39) |
2 (36) |
2 (36) |
1 (34) |
2 (36) |
2 (36) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 164.3 | 175.2 | 213.9 | 237.0 | 316.2 | 408.0 | 418.5 | 396.8 | 351.0 | 272.8 | 207.0 | 167.4 | 3,328.1 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 5.3 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 10.2 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 11.7 | 8.8 | 6.9 | 5.4 | 9.1 |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 10.5 | 11.4 | 12.4 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 15.0 | 14.8 | 13.9 | 12.8 | 11.7 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 12.6 |
| Source 1: IEM[22] KRSO (precipitation 2012–2021, precipitation days 2014–2021 and snow 2013–2021)[23] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weatherbase (daylight-dew point),[24] Weather2visit(sun)[25] | |||||||||||||
Education
[edit]The University of Slemani was opened in 1968 with instruction in Kurdish, Arabic, and English. It has faculties in engineering, agriculture, the arts, science, and medicine. It is the largest university in the Kurdistan Region.[26] A second university, Sulaimani Polytechnic University[27] was established in 2012, also teaching in Kurdish, English and Arabic.
In 2007 The American University of Iraq – Sulaimani,[28] (AUI-S) was a new addition to the American universities in the Middle East, graduating its fifth class in 2016. Instruction at this private, not-for-profit liberal arts university is in English only, featuring a US-accredited program in English as a Second Language (ESL). There are a number of other private universities.
Culture
[edit]
Two independent newspapers Hawlati[29] and Awena[30] and two independent political magazines Lvin and Shock, are published and distributed in Slemani city. Since 2016, there exists an International Film Festival in the city which is organized by the College of Fine Arts of the University of Sulaymanya.[6]
Slemani is the only city in South Kurdistan that regularly celebrates World Music Day or Fête de la Musique. In one trip to the city, a journalist working for the BBC wrote about Slemani's distinct culture:"Culture is hugely important to the Kurdish people, especially in Slemani, but there is a strong pull to the west—modernisation and consumerism—driven perhaps by the satellite televisions they have had access to since they started running their own affairs...And at the university, students mill around the campus, chattering with each other and doing some last-minute cramming for their exams. The war only stopped lectures for a few weeks. There are probably more women than men and they are happy to air their views to anyone who asks."[31]
Slemani was the home of poets such as Nalî, Mahwi, and Piramerd.[32][33]
Economy
[edit]
Since 2003, Slemani has experienced a growing local economy. Its economy today relies on tourism, agriculture[34][better source needed] and a number of small factories, most of which are involved in the building trade.
In 2004 the Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis in Iraq released an in-depth survey of the Slemani Governorate in which they surveyed each city. In this survey, one can see the economic boom of 2003 mentioned earlier.[35]
Tourism
[edit]
The city was visited by more than 60,000 tourists in 2009.[37] Slemani attracted more than 15,000 Iranian tourists in the first quarter of 2010, many drawn by the fact it is not subject to strict laws faced at home. Newroz 2010 drew an exodus of Iranian tourists choosing to celebrate the event in the region.[38]
Museums
[edit]- Sulaimani Museum: It is the second biggest museum after the national museum in Baghdad. It is home to many Mesopotamian, Kurdish and ancient Persian artifacts dating back to 1792–1750 BC.[39]
- Amna Suraka museum[36]
- Museum of Modern Art (Mozehanai Hunari Howchah)[6]
- Sulaimani Archeological Museum[6]
Notable people
[edit].jpg)
- Khâlid-i Baghdâdî (1779–1827), sufist and Islamic thinker
- Salim (1800–1866), poet
- Nalî (1800–1873), poet
- Saeb (1854–1910), poet
- Mahwi (1830–1906), poet
- Said Pasha Kurd, (1834–1907), Ottoman statesman
- Şerif Pasha, (1865–1951), Ottoman diplomat, ambassador and statesman
- Mustafa Yamulki (1866–1936), Minister of Education in the Kingdom of Kurdistan
- Haji Mala Saeed Kirkukli Zada (1866–1937), Minister of Justice in the Kingdom of Kurdistan
- Piramerd Tawfeq Mahmoud Hamza, (1867–1950), poet and journalist
- Mevlanzade Rifat Bey, (1869–1930), journalist and politician
- Muhamed Amin Zaki (1880–1948), historian, statesman and politician
- Taufiq Wahby (1891–1984), linguist, politician and poet
- Sheikh Nuri Sheikh Salih Sheikh Ghani Barzinji (1896–1958), journalist and poet
- Ahmad Mukhtar Baban (1900–1976), prime Minister of Iraq 1958
- Abdulla Goran (1904–1962), founder of modern Kurdish poetry
- Ibrahim Ahmad (1914–2000), novelist, poet and translator
- Jamal Nebez (1933–2018), Kurdish linguist, mathematician, politician, author, translator and writer.
- Nawshirwan Mustafa (1944–2017), politician, historian and media proprietor[40]
- Barham Salih, 8th president of Iraq
- Ahmad Hardi (1922–2006), poet
- Sherko Bekas (1940–2013), contemporary poet
- Bachtyar Ali (born 1960), novelist
- Muhamad Salih Dilan (1927–1990), musician and poet
- Shahab Sheikh Nuri (1932–1976), politician
- Dilshad Meriwani, (1947–1989), actor, poet, writer and journalist
- Karzan Kardozi, (born 1983) Filmmaker and writer
- Rizgar Mohammed Amin (born 1958), judge
- Mahmoud Othman (born 1938), politician
- Jalal Talabani (1933–2017), 6th president of Iraq
- Mahir Hassan (born 1963), actor and playwright
- Shwan Kamal (born 1967), artist
- Sara Omar (born 1986), novelist
- Simko Ahmed (born 1972), artist
Sites
[edit]Politics
[edit]In recent years, many people in Slemani have distanced themselves from Kurdish nationalism as the Kurdistan Workers Party is experiencing a surge.[41]
Twin towns – sister cities
[edit]
Transportation
[edit]The city is served by Sulaimaniyah International Airport, with service on many commercial airlines, including Iraqi, Qatar Airways, Royal Jordanian and Turkish Airlines.
See also
[edit]- List of largest cities of Iraq
- 2011 Kurdish protests in Iraq
- Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Kirkuk-Sulaimaniya (former Eastern Catholic diocese)
- Duhok
- Dohuk Governorate
- Erbil
- Erbil Governorate
- Kurdistan
- Kurds
- Ranya
- Saray Azadi
- Slemani Governorate
- Sulaymaniyah Museum
References
[edit]- ^ "Sulaimani Polytechnic University". spu.edu.iq. 13 June 2015. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
- ^ "Iraq: Governorates & Cities".
- ^ "Bi wêneyên Pêşengeha Pirtûkan a Navnetewî ya Silêmanî". Rûdaw. 23 November 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
- ^ "سەرۆکی هەرێمی کوردستان سەردانی سلێمانی دەکات". Rûdaw (in Kurdish). 25 November 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
- ^ "السليمانية". Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Retrieved 14 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d Cockrell-Abdullah, Autumn (2018). "There Is No Kurdish Art". The Journal of Intersectionality. 2 (2): 103–128. doi:10.13169/jinte.2.2.0103. ISSN 2515-2114. JSTOR 10.13169/jinte.2.2.0103.
- ^ Ali, Meer Ako (13 November 2011). "Sulaimany: 227 years of glory". The Kurdistan Tribune. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019.
- ^ a b "The Leading Suly Government Site on the Net". sulygov.com. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters (2009), Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, p.70, Infobase Publishing, ISBN 9781438110257
- ^ The book of the remarkable Kurds from Sulaymaniyah
- ^ a b c Zaken, M. (1 January 2007), "Chapter Five. Sulaimaniya", Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan, Brill, pp. 107–112, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004161900.i-376.31, ISBN 978-90-474-2212-9, retrieved 10 October 2023
- ^ Goudsouzian, Tanya (21 November 2016). "Sulaimania: Saving the dream city of a Kurdish prince". aljazeera.com. Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
- ^ Prince, J. (1993), "A Kurdish State in Iraq" in Current History, January.
- ^ a b "Iraq: Governorates, Major Cities & Urban Centers – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de.
- ^ "Life in Sulaimani". The American University of Iraq Sulaimani. 17 October 2016.
- ^ "Iraq under cold front bringing snow with below zero temperatures". Indian Muslims. Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 11–12 January 2008. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
BAGHDAD, Jan 11 (KUNA) – snow fell on large areas of Iraq following two days of low temperatures.
- ^ "Snow covers Sulaimaniya". National Iraqi News Agency (NINA). 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
Sulaimaniya (NINA) –The city of Sulaimaniya witnessed a heavy fall of snow that covered the entire city since Monday midnight. Reporter of the National Iraqi News Agency said 'The citizens of Sulaimaniya woke up on Tuesday morning to see their city covered with snow and the street painted in white color.'
- ^ "Heavy Snow Blankets Sulaimaniya". Iraq Updates. 3 March 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
- ^ "Unusually heavy snow hits Iraq's Sulaimaniya". Al Arabiya. Reuters. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
An unusually heavy snowstorm blanketed Sulaimaniya city, in northern Iraq's autonomous Kurdish region, on Saturday (January 12) as severe weather conditions continue to sweep through the region.
- ^ "11 Refugee Children Freeze to Death in Kurdistan Camps". Erbil. 12 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ^ "Climate: Sulaymaniyah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ^ "[ORSU] Sulaymaniyah [2010-] Monthly Summaries". The Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
- ^ "Weather Statistics in Kurdistan Region Governorates for the years 2012-2021, Station : Sulaimany" (PDF). Kurdistan Region Government Ministry of Planning Kurdistan Region Statistics Office. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
- ^ "MONTHLY - ALL WEATHER AVERAGES: As-Sulaymaniyah". Weatherbase. Cantymedia. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
- ^ "As-Sulaymaniyah Weather Averages". Weather2visit. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
- ^ "University of Sulaimani". Univsul.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ "Sulaimani Polytechnic University". spu.edu.iq. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ auis.org Archived 23 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Hawlati.info". Hawlati.info. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ "ئاوێنە نیوز". Awene.com. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ "Kurdistan diary: Day Three". KurdishGlobe. 28 October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ Salih Rasha, Akram. Sulaymaniyah 200 Years. Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan. pp. 503–504.
- ^ Is the Paris of Iraq (21 September 2016). "Sulaimani city, on verge of economic collapse?". Kurd Net – Ekurd.net Daily News.
- ^ "Slemani". Investpromo.gov.iq. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ "Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis in Iraq" (PDF). Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b "The Museum of Amna Suraka: a Critical Case Study of Kurdistani Memory Culture". Leiden University. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ "Rudaw.NL, dé Opinieblog..." Rudaw.nl. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ "Rudaw.NL, dé Opinieblog..." Rudaw.nl. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ "Suleimaniya Museum: a small place for a great civilization". KurdishGlobe. 13 February 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ "Wusha Corporation". Wusha.net. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- ^ "Kurdish Nationalism at an Impasse". The Century Foundation. tcf.org. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ "Tucson Sister Cities". Interactive City Directory. Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
External links
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Media related to Sulaymaniyah at Wikimedia Commons
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