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{{Short description|Chancellor of the German Empire from 1894 to 1900}}
{{Infobox Chancellor
{{Infobox officeholder
|name=Prince Hohenlohe
| honorific_prefix = [[His Serene Highness]]
|image=Hohenlohe.png
| name = Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
|order =[[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of the German Empire]]
| honorific_suffix = Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
|term_start =[[October 29]], [[1894]]
| image = Die Gartenlaube (1894) b 773 (cropped).jpg
|term_end =[[October 17]], [[1900]]
| caption = Chlodwig {{c.}} 1894
|monarch =[[William II, German Emperor|William II]]
| office1 = [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor of the German Empire]]
|predecessor =[[Leo von Caprivi|Count Caprivi]]
| term_start1 = 29 October 1894
|successor =[[Bernhard von Bülow]]
| term_end1 = 17 October 1900
|order2 =[[Minister President of Prussia]]
| monarch1 = [[Wilhelm II]]
|term_start2 =[[October 29]], [[1894]]
| deputy1 = {{ubl|[[Karl Heinrich von Boetticher]]|[[Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner]]}}
|term_end2 =[[October 17]], [[1900]]
| predecessor1 = [[Leo von Caprivi]]
|monarch2 =[[William II, German Emperor|William II]]
| successor1 = [[Bernhard von Bülow]]
|predecessor2 =[[Botho zu Eulenburg]]
| office2 = [[Minister President of Prussia]]
|successor2 =[[Bernhard von Bülow]]
| monarch2 = Wilhelm II
|order3 =[[List of Ministers-President of Bavaria|Minister-President of Bavaria]]
| term_start2 = 29 October 1894
|term_start3 =1866
| term_end2 = 17 October 1900
|term_end3 =1870
| predecessor2 = [[Botho zu Eulenburg]]
|monarch3 =[[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]]
| successor2 = Bernhard von Bülow
|predecessor3 =[[Karl Ludwig von der Pfordten]]
| office3 = [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)#State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs (1871–1919)|State Secretary for Foreign Affairs]]
|successor3 =[[Otto von Bray-Steinburg]]
| monarch3 = [[Wilhelm I]]
|order4 =[[Reichsstatthalter|Reichsstatthalter of Alsace-Lorraine]]
| chancellor3 = [[Otto von Bismarck]]
|term_start4 =[[October 5]], [[1885]]
| term_start3 = 20 April 1880
|term_end4 =1894
| term_end3 = 1 September 1880
|monarch4 =[[William II, German Emperor|William II]]
| predecessor3 = [[Joseph Maria von Radowitz Jr.|Joseph Maria von Radowitz]]
|predecessor4 =[[Edwin von Manteuffel]]
| successor3 = [[Friedrich zu Limburg-Stirum]]
|successor4 =[[Hermann zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg]]
| office4 = [[Minister President of Bavaria]]
|birth_date ={{birth date|1819|3|31|df=y}}
| term_start4 = 31 December 1866
|death_date ={{death date and age|1901|7|6|1819|3|31|df=y}}
| term_end4 = 8 March 1870
|birth_place =[[Schillingsfürst]], [[Bavaria]]
| monarch4 = [[Ludwig II]]
|death_place =[[Bad Ragaz]], [[Switzerland]]
| predecessor4 = [[Baron Karl Ludwig von der Pfordten|Ludwig von der Pfordten]]
|party =None
| successor4 = [[Count Otto von Bray-Steinburg|Otto von Bray-Steinburg]]
|signature =Unterschrift Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.svg
| office5 = [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Member of the Reichstag]]
| term_start5 = 1871
| term_end5 = 1881
| constituency5 = [[Oberfranken]] 3
| birth_name = Chlodwig Carl Viktor zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
| birth_date = 31 March 1819
| birth_place = [[Rotenburg an der Fulda]], [[Electorate of Hesse]], [[German Confederation]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1901|07|06|1819|03|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bad Ragaz]], [[Switzerland]]
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| otherparty = [[Imperial Liberal Party]] (1871–1874)
| signature = Unterschrift Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.svg
| spouse = {{marriage|Princess Marie von Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn|16 February 1847|11 December 1897|end=died}}
| children = {{ubl|[[Philipp Ernst, 8th Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|Philipp Ernst]]|Elisabeth Constanze Leonille|Stephanie Marie Antonie|Albert|Alexander|[[Moritz, 9th Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|Moritz]]}}
}}
}}
'''Chlodwig Carl Viktor, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince of Ratibor and Corvey''' ({{langx|de|Chlodwig Carl Viktor Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prinz von Ratibor und von Corvey}}) (31 March 1819{{spaced ndash}}6 July 1901), usually referred to as the '''Prince of Hohenlohe''',<ref name=obit>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1901/07/07/archives/prince-hohenlohe-dead-exchancellor-of-germany-expires-in.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | title=Prince Hohenlohe Dead. Ex-Chancellor of Germany Expires in Switzerland. Was Eighty-two Years Old. Kaiser Likely to Postpone Trip to Norway in Order to Attend the Funeral | date=7 July 1901 | access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref> was a German [[politician|statesman]], who served as the [[chancellor of the German Empire]] and [[minister-president of Prussia]] from 1894 to 1900. Prior to his appointment as Chancellor, he had served in a number of other positions, including as [[minister-president of Bavaria]] (1866–1870), German Ambassador to Paris (1873–1880), [[Foreign Minister of Germany|Foreign Secretary]] (1880) and [[Reichsstatthalter|Imperial Lieutenant]] of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] (1885–1894). He was regarded as one of the most prominent [[National Liberal Party (Germany)|liberal]] politicians of his time in Germany.


==Biography==
'''Chlodwig Carl Viktor, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince of [[Racibórz|Ratibor]] and [[Corvey]]''' ({{lang-de|Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Fürst von Ratibor und Corvey}}) ([[31 March]] [[1819]]{{ndash}} [[6 July]] [[1901]]), usually referred to as the '''Prince of Hohenlohe'''<ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E00E2D91139E733A25754C0A9619C946097D6CF</ref>, was a [[Germany|German]] [[statesman]], serving as [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]] and [[Prime Minister of Prussia]] from 1894 to 1900. Prior to his appointment as Chancellor, he had served in a number of other positions, including as [[Prime Minister of Bavaria]] (1866–1870), Ambassador to Paris (1873–1880), [[Foreign Minister of Germany|Foreign Secretary]] (1880) and [[Reichsstatthalter|Imperial Lieutenant]] of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] (1885–1894). He was regarded as one of the most prominent liberal politicians of his time in Germany.
Chlodwig was born at [[Rotenburg an der Fulda]], in [[Hesse]], a member of the princely House of [[Hohenlohe]]. His father, [[Franz Joseph, 5th Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|Prince Franz Joseph]] (1787&ndash;1841), was a [[Catholic]]; his mother, Princess Konstanze of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, a [[Lutheran]]. In accordance with the compromise customary at the time, Chlodwig and his brothers were brought up in the [[Roman Catholic]] religion of their father.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}


=== Early career ===
==Birth==
As the younger son of a [[cadet line]] of his house, it was necessary for Chlodwig to follow a profession. For a while he thought of obtaining a commission in the British army through the influence of his aunt, Princess [[Princess Feodora of Leiningen|Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]], half-sister to [[Queen Victoria]]. Instead, however, he decided to enter the Prussian diplomatic service.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}
Chlodwig was born at [[Rotenburg an der Fulda]], in [[Hesse]], a member of the princely House of [[Hohenlohe]]. His father, Prince Franz Joseph (1787&ndash;1841), was a [[Catholic]]; his mother, Princess Konstanze of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, a [[Lutheran]]. In accordance with the compromise customary at the time, Chlodwig and his brothers were brought up in the religion of their father, while his sisters followed that of their mother.


Chlodwig's application to be excused the preliminary steps, which involved several years' work in subordinate positions in the Prussian civil service, was refused by King [[Frederick William IV]]. As auscultator{{Clarify|reason=Bad translation?|date=November 2020}} in the courts at [[Koblenz]] he acquired a taste for jurisprudence. He became a [[referendar]] in September 1843, and after some months of travel in [[France]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Italy]] he went to [[Potsdam]] as a civil servant 13 May 1844.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}
==Early career==
As the younger son of a [[cadet line]] of his house it was necessary for Chlodwig to follow a profession. For a while he thought of obtaining a commission in the British army through the influence of his aunt, Princess [[Princess Feodora of Leiningen|Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]], half-sister to Queen [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]]. Instead, however, he decided to enter the Prussian diplomatic service.


These early years were invaluable - not only did it provide him experience of practical affairs, it also afforded him an insight into the strength and weakness of the Prussian system. The immediate result was to confirm his Liberalism. The Prussian principle of propagating enlightenment with a stick did not appeal to him; he recognized the confusion and want of clear ideas in the highest circles, the tendency to make agreement with the views of the government the test of loyalty to the state; and he noted in his journal (25 June 1844) four years before the revolution of 1848, "a slight cause and we shall have a rising." "The free press," he notes on another occasion, "is a necessity, progress the condition of the existence of a state." If he was an ardent advocate of German unity, and saw in Prussia the instrument for its attainment, he was throughout opposed to the "Prussification" of Germany.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}
Chlodwig's application to be excused the preliminary steps, which involved several years' work in subordinate positions in the Prussian civil service, was refused by King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Frederick William IV]]. As auscultator in the courts at [[Koblenz]] he acquired a taste for jurisprudence. He became a Referendar in September 1843, and after some months of travel in [[France]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Italy]] he went to [[Potsdam]] as a civil servant [[May 13]], [[1844]].


=== Succession to family titles and estates ===
These early years were invaluable, not only as giving him experience of practical affairs but as affording him an insight into the strength and weakness of the Prussian system. The immediate result was to confirm his Liberalism. The Prussian principle of propagating enlightenment with a stick did not appeal to him; he recognized the confusion and want of clear ideas in the highest circles, the tendency to make agreement with the views of the government the test of loyalty to the state; and he noted in his journal ([[June 25]], [[1844]]) four years before the revolution of 1848, "a slight cause and we shall have a rising." "The free press," he notes on another occasion, "is a necessity, progress the condition of the existence of a state." If he was an ardent advocate of German unity, and saw in Prussia the instrument for its attainment, he was throughout opposed to the "Prussification" of Germany.
Chlodwig was the second of six sons. In 1834 his mother's brother-in-law Landgrave Viktor Amadeus of [[Hesse-Rotenburg]] died, leaving his estates to his nephews. It was not until 1840 that it was determined how to divide these estates. On 15 October 1840 Chlodwig's older brother, [[Victor I, Duke of Ratibor|Viktor Moritz Karl zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]], 1st Fürst von Corvey (10 February 1818 – 30 January 1893), renounced his rights as first-born son to the Principality of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, and was made Duke of Ratibor and Prince of Corvey by King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]]; at the same time Chlodwig received the additional title of Prince of Ratibor and Corvey. He also received the lordship of [[Treffurt]] in the Prussian governmental district of [[Erfurt]].


On 14 January 1841, Chlodwig's father, Fürst Franz Joseph (1787&ndash;1841), died. As second son he ought to have succeeded as Prince (''Fürst'') of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, but instead he renounced his rights to his third brother Philipp Ernst, (24 May 1820 – 3 May 1845), with the stipulation that they would revert to him in case of his brother's death. On 3 May 1845 Philipp Ernst died, and Chlodwig succeeded as seventh Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst. As such he was an hereditary member of the Upper House of the Bavarian Reichsrat. Such a position was incompatible with his political career in Prussia. On 18 April 1846, he took his seat as a member of the Bavarian Reichsrat, and the following 26 June he received his formal discharge from the Prussian service.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}
==Succession to family titles and estates==
Chlodwig was the second of six sons. In 1834 his mother's brother-in-law Landgrave Viktor Amadeus of [[Hesse-Rotenburg]] died, leaving his estates to his nephews. It was not until 1840 that it was determined how to divide these estates. On [[October 15]] [[1840]] Chlodwig's older brother renounced his rights as first-born son to the Principality of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, and was made Duke of Ratibor and Prince of Corvey by King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]]; at the same time Chlodwig received the additional title of Prince of Ratibor and Corvey. He also received the lordship of [[Treffurt]] in the Prussian governmental district of [[Erfurt]].


Chlodwig's political life for the next eighteen years was generally uneventful. During the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|Revolution of 1848]] his sympathies were with the Liberal idea of a united Germany, and he compromised his chances of favor from King [[Maximilian II of Bavaria]] by accepting the task of announcing to the courts of Rome, Florence and Athens the accession to office of the [[Archduke Johann of Austria]] as regent of Germany.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}
On [[January 14]] [[1841]] Chlodwig's father died. As second son he ought to have succeeded as Prince (''Fürst'') of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, but instead he renounced his rights to his third brother Philipp Ernst with the stipulation that they would revert to him in case of his brother's death. On [[May 3]] [[1845]] Philipp Ernst died, and Chlodwig succeeded as 7th Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst. As such he was an hereditary member of the Upper House of the Bavarian Reichsrat. Such a position was incompatible with his political career in Prussia. On [[April 18]] [[1846]] he took his seat as a member of the Bavarian Reichsrat, and the following [[June 26]] he received his formal discharge from the Prussian service.


In general, this period of Chlodwig's life was occupied in the management of his estates, in the sessions of the Bavarian Reichsrat and in travels. In 1856 he visited Rome, during which he noted the influence of the [[Jesuits]]. In 1859 he was studying the political situation at Berlin, and in the same year he paid a visit to England. The marriage of his cadet brother, [[Prince Konstantin of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]] (8 September 1828 – [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], 14 February 1896), to [[:de:Marie zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|Princess Marie of Sayn-Wittgenstein]] (18 February 1837 – 21 January 1920), on 15 October 1859 at [[Weimar]], [[Germany]] led also to frequent visits to [[Vienna]]. Thus Chlodwig was brought into close touch with all the most notable people in Europe,{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}} including Catholic leaders of the [[Austrian Empire]].
Chlodwig's political life for the next eighteen years was generally uneventful. During the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|Revolution of 1848]] his sympathies were with the Liberal idea of a united Germany, and he compromised his chances of favor from King [[Maximilian II of Bavaria]] by accepting the task of announcing to the courts of Rome, Florence and Athens the accession to office of the [[Archduke Johann of Austria]] as regent of Germany.


At the same time, during this period (1850–1866) he was endeavouring to get into relations with the Bavarian government, with a view to taking a more active part in affairs. Towards the German question his attitude at this time was tentative. He had little hope of a practical realization of a united Germany, and inclined towards the tripartite divisions under Austria, Prussia and Bavaria (the so-called "Trias-Lösung"). He attended the Fürstentag at [[Frankfurt]] in 1863; further, in the [[Schleswig-Holstein question]], he was a supporter of the prince of Augustenburg. It was at this time that, at the request of [[Queen Victoria]], he began to send her regular reports on the political condition of Germany.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}
In general this period of Chlodwig's life was occupied in the management of his estates, in the sessions of the Bavarian Reichsrat and in travels. In 1856 he visited Rome, during which he noted the influence of the [[Jesuits]]. In 1859 he was studying the political situation at Berlin, and in the same year he paid a visit to England. The marriage of his brother Konstantin in 1859 to another princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg led also to frequent visits to Vienna. Thus Chlodwig was brought into close touch with all the most notable people in Europe.


His portrait was painted by [[Philip de László]].
At the same time, during this period (1850-1866) he was endeavouring to get into relations with the Bavarian government, with a view to taking a more active part in affairs. Towards the German question his attitude at this time was tentative. He had little hope of a practical realization of a united Germany, and inclined towards the tripartite divisions under Austria, Prussia and Bavaria the so-called Trias. He attended the Fürstentag at [[Frankfurt]] in 1863, and in the [[Schleswig-Holstein question]] was a supporter of the prince of Augustenburg. It was at this time that, at the request of Queen Victoria, he began to send her regular reports on the political condition of Germany.


=== Minister-President of Bavaria ===
His portrait was painted by [[Philip de Laszlo]].
After the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of 1866, Chlodwig argued in the Bavarian Reichsrat for a closer union with mainly Protestant Prussia. King [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]] was opposed to any dilution of his power, but was eventually brought around, after [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] secretly bequeathed him a large sum from the ''Welfen-Funds'' (a large part of the fortune of the royal [[House of Hanover]] used after the [[annexation]] of [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]] by Prussia to fight Hannoverian loyalists) to pay off his large debts.


On 31 December 1866, Chlodwig was appointed minister of the royal house and of foreign affairs and president of the council of ministers.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}} According to Chlodwig's son Alexander (''Denkwurdigkeiten'', i. 178, 211) Chlodwig's appointment as Minister-President occurred at the instigation of the composer [[Richard Wagner]].
==Minister-President of Bavaria==
After the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of 1866 Chlodwig argued in the Bavarian Reichsrat for a closer union with Prussia. King [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]] was opposed to any dilution of his power, but was eventually brought around, after Bismarck secretely bequeathed him a large sum from the ''Welfen-Funds'' (a large part of the fortune of the royal [[House of Hanover]] used after the [[annexation]] of [[Hannover (state)|Hannover]] by Prussia to fight Hannoverian loyalists) to pay off his large debts. On [[December 31]] [[1866]] Chlodwig was appointed minister of the royal house and of foreign affairs and president of the council of ministers. According to Chlodwig's son Alexander (''Denkwurdigkeiten'', i. 178, 211)) Chlodwig's appointment as Minister-President occurred at the instigation of the composer [[Richard Wagner]].


As head of the Bavarian government Chlodwig's principal task was to discover some basis for an effective union of the South German states with the [[North German Confederation]]. During the three critical years of his tenure of office he was, next to Bismarck, the most important statesman in Germany. He carried out the reorganization of the Bavarian army on the Prussian model, brought about the military union of the southern states, and took a leading share in the creation of the customs parliament (Zollparlament), of which on the 28th of April 1868 he was elected a vice-president.
As head of the Bavarian government Chlodwig's principal task was to discover some basis for an effective union of the South German states with the [[North German Confederation]]. During the three critical years of his tenure of office he was, next to Bismarck, the most important statesman in Germany. He carried out the reorganization of the Bavarian army on the Prussian model, brought about the military union of the southern states, and took a leading share in the creation of the customs parliament (Zollparlament), of which on 28 April 1868 he was elected a vice-president.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}


During the agitation that arose in connection with the summoning of the [[First Vatican Council]] Chlodwig took up an attitude of strong opposition to the [[ultramontane]] position. In common with his brothers, the Duke of Ratibor and Cardinal Gustav Adolf zu Hohenlohe, he believed that the policy of [[Pope Pius IX]] of setting the Church in opposition to the modern state would prove ruinous to both, and that the definition of the dogma of [[papal infallibility]] would irrevocably commit the Church to the pronouncements of the [[Syllabus of Errors]] (1864). This view he embodied into a circular note to the Roman Catholic powers (April 9, 1869), drawn up by [[Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger]], inviting them to exercise the right of sending ambassadors to the council and to combine to prevent the definition of the dogma. The greater powers, however, were for one reason or another unwilling to intervene, and the only practical outcome of Chlodwig's action was that in Bavaria the powerful ultramontane party combined against him with the Bavarian patriots who accused him of bartering away Bavarian independence to Prussia. The combination was too strong for him; a bill which he brought in for curbing the influence of the Church over education was defeated, the elections of 1869 went against him, and in spite of the continued support of the king he was forced to resign (March 7, 1870).
During the agitation that arose in connection with the summoning of the [[First Vatican Council]] Chlodwig took up an attitude of strong opposition to the [[ultramontane]] position. In common with his brothers, the Duke of Ratibor and [[Gustav Adolf, Cardinal Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|Cardinal Prince Gustav Adolf zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]], he believed that the policy of [[Pope Pius IX]] of setting the Church in opposition to the modern state would prove ruinous to both, and that the definition of the dogma of [[papal infallibility]] would irrevocably commit the Church to the pronouncements of the [[Syllabus of Errors]] (1864).{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}


This view he embodied into a circular note to the Roman Catholic powers (9 April 1869), drawn up by [[Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger]], inviting them to exercise the right of sending ambassadors to the council and to combine to prevent the definition of the dogma. The greater powers, however, were for one reason or another unwilling to intervene, and the only practical outcome of Chlodwig's action was that in Bavaria the powerful ultramontane party combined against him with the Bavarian patriots who accused him of bartering away Bavarian independence to Prussia. The combination was too strong for him; a bill which he brought in for curbing the influence of the Church over education was defeated, the elections of 1869 went against him, and in spite of the continued support of the king he was forced to resign (7 March 1870).{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}
==Continuing influence==
Though out of office, his personal influence continued to be very great both at Munich and Berlin, in no small part due to the favorable terms of the treaty of the North German Confederation with Bavaria, which embodied his views, and with its acceptance by the Bavarian parliament. Elected a member of the German [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]], he was on [[March 23]] [[1871]] chosen as one of its vice-presidents. He was instrumental in founding the new groups which took the name of the Liberal Imperial party (Liberale Reichspartei), the objects of which were to support the new empire, to secure its internal development on Liberal lines, and to oppose the [[Catholic Centre Party|Catholic Centre]].


=== Continuing influence ===
Like his brother the Duke of Ratibor, Chlodwig was from the first a strenuous supporter of Bismarck's anti-papal policy (the ''[[Kulturkampf]]''), the main lines of which (prohibition of the [[Society of Jesus]], etc.) he himself suggested. Although he sympathized with the motives of the [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholics]], he did not join them, believing that the only hope for a reform of the Church lay with those who desired it remaining in her communion. In 1872 Bismarck proposed appointing Chlodwig's younger brother Cardinal Hohenlohe as Prussian envoy to the [[Holy See]], but Pope Pius IX refused to receive him in this capacity.
[[Image:Franz von Lenbach Fürst Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 1896.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Prince Hohenlohe, by [[Franz von Lenbach]], 1896]]


Though out of office, his personal influence continued to be very great both at [[Munich]] and [[Berlin]], in no small part due to the favorable terms of the treaty of the North German Confederation with Bavaria, which embodied his views, and with its acceptance by the Bavarian parliament. Elected a member of the German [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]], he was chosen as one of its vice-presidents on 23 March 1871. He was instrumental in founding the new groups which took the name of the [[Imperial Liberal Party]] (Liberale Reichspartei), the objects of which were to support the new empire, to secure its internal development on Liberal lines, and to oppose the [[Catholic Centre Party|Catholic Centre]].{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}
In 1873 Bismarck chose Chlodwig to succeed Count Harry Arnim as German ambassador in Paris, where he remained for seven years. In 1878 he attended the [[Congress of Berlin]] as third German representative. In 1880, after the death of the German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, [[Bernhard Ernst von Bülow]] (October 20, 1879), Chlodwig was called to Berlin as temporary head of the Foreign Office and representative of Bismarck during his absence through illness.


Like his brother the Duke of Ratibor, Chlodwig was from the first a strenuous supporter of Bismarck's anti-papal policy (the ''[[Kulturkampf]]''), the main lines of which (prohibition of the [[Society of Jesus]], etc.) he himself suggested. Although he sympathized with the motives of the [[Old Catholics]], he did not join them, believing that the only hope for a reform of the church lay with those who desired it remaining within the church.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}} In 1872 Bismarck proposed appointing Chlodwig's younger brother, [[cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] Prince [[Gustav Adolf von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]], as Prussian envoy to the [[Holy See]], but Pope Pius IX refused to receive him in this capacity.
In 1885 Chlodwig was chosen to succeed [[Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel]] as governor of [[Alsace-Lorraine]]. In this capacity he had to carry out the coercive measures introduced by Bismarck in 1887 and 1888, though he largely disapproved of them; his conciliatory disposition, however, did much to reconcile the Alsace-Lorrainers to German rule.


In 1873, Bismarck chose Chlodwig to succeed Count [[Harry von Arnim]] as German ambassador in Paris, where he remained for seven years. In 1878, he attended the [[Congress of Berlin]] as third German representative. In 1880, after the death of the German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, [[Bernhard Ernst von Bülow]] (20 October 1879), Chlodwig was called to Berlin as temporary head of the [[Foreign Office (Germany)|Foreign Office]] and representative of Bismarck during his absence through illness.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}
==Chancellor of Germany==
[[Image:Franz von Lenbach Fürst Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 1896.jpg|thumb|Prince Hohenlohe, 1896]]
Chlodwig remained at [[Strasbourg]] till October 1894, when, at the urgent request of the Emperor [[William II, German Emperor|William II]], he consented, in spite of his advanced years, to accept the chancellorship as Caprivi's successor. The events of his chancellorship belong to the general history of Germany; as regards the inner history of this time the editor of his memoirs has very properly suppressed the greater part of the detailed comments which the prince left behind him. In general, during his term of office, the personality of the chancellor was less conspicuous in public affairs than in the case of either of his predecessors. His appearances in the Prussian and German parliaments were rare, and great independence was left to the secretaries of state.


In 1885, Chlodwig was chosen to succeed [[Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel]] as governor of [[Alsace-Lorraine]], incorporated after the 1870 war against France. In this capacity, he had to carry out the coercive measures{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} introduced by Bismarck in 1887 and 1888, though he largely disapproved of them; his conciliatory disposition, however, did much to reconcile the Alsace-Lorrainers to German rule.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}
Chlodwig resigned the chancellorship on [[October 17]] [[1900]]. He died at [[Bad Ragaz]], [[Switzerland]], [[July 6]] [[1901]].


=== Chancellor of Germany ===
==Marriage and family==
{{see|Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst cabinet (Prussia)}}
On [[February 16]] [[1847]] at [[Rödelheim]] Chlodwig married Princess Marie of [[Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn]], daughter of [[Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg|Ludwig Adolf Friedrich, 2nd Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn]] and his first wife Princess Caroline (Stephanie) [[Radziwill]]. Marie was the heiress to vast estates in Russia. This led to two prolonged visits to [[Verkiai]], [[Lithuania]] from 1851 to 1853 and again in 1860 in connection with the management of these properties.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
!colspan=4 | Cabinet (1894–1900) {{Anchor|Cabinet}}
|-
!colspan=1 | Office
!colspan=1 | Incumbent
!colspan=1 | In office
!colspan=1 | Party
|-
|[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]
|Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
|29 October 1894 – 17 October 1900
|[[Independent politician|None]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Vice-Chancellor of Germany]]<br>[[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)|Secretary for the Interior]]
|[[Karl Heinrich von Boetticher|Karl von Boetticher]]
|20 March 1890 – 1 July 1897
|None
|-
|[[Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner]]
|1 July 1897 – 24 June 1907
|None
|-
|rowspan=2 | [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)|Secretary for the Foreign Affairs]]
|[[Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein|Adolf von Bieberstein]]
|26 March 1890 – 20 October 1897
|None
|-
|[[Bernhard von Bülow]]
|20. Oktober 1897 – 16 October 1900
|None
|-
|[[Reichsjustizamt|Secretary for the Justice]]
|[[Rudolf Arnold Nieberding]]
|10 July 1893 – 25 October 1909
|None
|-
|rowspan=2|[[German Imperial Naval Office|Secretary for the Navy]]
|[[Friedrich von Hollmann]]
|22 April 1890 – 18 June 1897
|None
|-
|[[Alfred von Tirpitz]]
|18 June 1897 – 15 March 1916
|None
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[List of German postal ministers|Secretary for the Post]]
|[[Heinrich von Stephan]]
|20 March 1890 – 1 July 1897
|None
|-
|[[Victor von Podbielski]]
|1 July 1897 – 6 May 1901
|None
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[List of German finance ministers|Secretary for the Treasury]]
|Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner
|1 September 1893 – 1 July 1897
|None
|-
|[[Max von Thielmann]]
|1 July 1897 – 23 August 1903
|None
|}


Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst remained at [[Strasbourg]] until October 1894, when, at the urgent request of the Emperor [[William II, German Emperor|William II]], he consented, in spite of his advanced years, to accept the chancellorship as [[Leo von Caprivi|Caprivi]]'s successor.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}} The Kaiser's "great friend" [[Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg]] wanted his cousin [[Botho zu Eulenburg]] to be Caprivi's replacement, but [[Friedrich von Holstein]], the head of the political department of the [[German Foreign Office]], was able to persuade William II not to appoint Eulenburg as chancellor. However, Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg then managed to convince the emperor to appoint the aged Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, who was the German ambassador to France in 1881 when Eulenburg served in the Paris embassy, as the new chancellor. During this time, Eulenburg repeatedly advised Wilhelm that the best man to be chancellor was [[Bernhard von Bülow]], whom Eulenburg painted in the most glowing terms; he wrote in February 1895 to Wilhelm saying that "Bernhard is the most valuable servant Your Imperial Majesty possesses, the predestined ''Reich'' Chancellor of the future".
Chlodwig and Marie had six children:
* Elisabeth Constanze Leonille Stephanie ([[November 30]] [[1847]], Schillingsfürst - [[October 26]] [[1915]] Alt-Aussee)


The events of Hohenlohe's chancellorship belong to the general history of Germany; as regards the inner history of this time the editor of his memoirs has suppressed the greater part of the detailed comments which the prince left behind him. In general, during his term of office, the personality of the chancellor was less conspicuous in public affairs than in the case of either of his predecessors. His appearances in the Prussian and German parliaments were rare, and great independence was left to the secretaries of state.{{sfn|Phillips|Atkinson|1911}}
* Stephanie Marie Antonie ([[July 6]] [[1851]], Schillingsfürst - [[March 18]] [[1882]], [[Munich]]); married ([[April 12]] [[1871]], Schillingsfürst) Count Arthur von [[Schönborn-Wiesentheid]] ([[January 30]] [[1846]], [[Würzburg]] - [[September 29]] [[1915]], [[Wiesentheid]])


Chlodwig von Hohenlohe appointed the Foreign Secretary [[Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein]] as Prussian Minister of State. He served also as a support in the Prussian cabinet and as his mouthpiece in the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]]. Bieberstein was increasingly involved in disputes with William II, who aspired to have a greater personal influence on foreign policy. He was also opposed by the Agrarians because he advocated the reduction of corn duties. In 1897, he was dismissed from both his offices and replaced by Bernhard von Bülow. In the same year William II initiated numerous reshuffles. Among them was the appointment of [[Alfred von Tirpitz]] as head of the [[German Imperial Naval Office]]. In sum, the imperial personnel policy meant a de facto disempowerment of Chlodwig von Hohenlohe. He was no longer able to halt the transition to an increasingly imperialist German world politics and the naval armaments. The rapprochement with Russia and the deterioration of relations with Great Britain ([[Kruger telegram]] in 1896, [[Samoan crisis]] in 1899) ran past him, same as the response to the [[Boxer Rebellion]].
* Philipp Ernst, 8th Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst ([[June 5]] [[1853]], Schillingsfürst - [[December 26]] [[1915]], [[Bad Reichenhall]]); married 1st ([[January 10]] [[1882]], Vienna) Princess Chariclée [[Ypsilantis|Ypsilanti]] ([[October 8]] [[1863]], [[Paris]] - [[June 22]] [[1912]], Schillingsfürst); married 2nd [[Morganatic marriage|morganatically]] ([[August 6]], [[1913]], [[Edinburgh]]) Henriette Gindra, created ''Frau'' von Hellberg [[July 10]] [[1914]] ([[October 7]] [[1884]], [[Vienna]] - [[May 15]] [[1952]], [[Innsbruck]])


Only cautiously, Chlodwig von Hohenlohe ventured an at least internal opposition to the imperial intervention in the affairs of state. In particular he initiated a reform of the Prussian Military Law (1898) and the Law on Associations (1899). During his tenure also the [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]] was adopted (1896). Chlodwig resigned the chancellorship on 17 October 1900 and was succeeded by Bernhard von Bülow.
* Albert ([[October 14]] [[1857]], Schillingsfürst - [[April 13]] [[1866]], Munich)


=== Death ===
* Moritz, 9th Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst ([[August 6]] [[1862]], [[Lindau]] - [[February 27]] [[1940]], Schillingsfürst); married ([[August 19]] [[1893]], Dyck) [[Graf#Rhinegrave, Wildgrave, Raugrave, Altgrave|Altgravine]] Rosa of [[Salm-Reifferscheidt-Krautheim and Dyck]] ([[April 12]] [[1868]], [[Herrschberg]] am [[Bodensee]] - [[December 1]] [[1942]], Munich)
Chlodwig died on 6 July 1901 at [[Bad Ragaz]] aged 82.


=== Marriage and family ===
* Alexander ([[August 6]] [[1862]], [[Lindau]] - [[May 16]] [[1924]], [[Badenweiler]]); married ([[May 16]] [[1895]], [[Cologne]]) Emanuela Gallone dei Principi di Tricase Moliterno ([[February 19]] [[1854]], [[Naples]] - [[March 26]] [[1936]], Naples)
[[File:Marie, Princess of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.jpg|thumb|Marie, Princess of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, 1860s, by [[Camille Silvy]]]]

On 16 February 1847 at [[Rödelheim]] Chlodwig married Princess Marie of [[Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn]] ([[Saint Petersburg]], 16 February 1829 – [[Berlin]], 11 December 1897), daughter of [[Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg|Ludwig Adolf Friedrich, 2nd Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn]] (the son of Russian field marshal [[Peter Wittgenstein|Ludwig Adolf Peter, 1st Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg-Ludwigsburg]]) and his first wife Princess Caroline (Stephanie) [[Radziwill]]. Marie was the heiress to vast estates in Imperial Russia. This led to two prolonged visits to [[Verkiai]], [[Lithuania]] from 1851 to 1853 and again in 1860 in connection with the management of these properties.

Chlodwig and Marie had six children:
* Elisabeth Constanze Leonille Stephanie (Schillingsfürst, 30 November 1847 – [[Altaussee|Alt-Aussee]], 26 October 1915)
* Stephanie Marie Antonie (Schillingsfürst, 6 July 1851 – [[Munich]], 18 March 1882); married (Schillingsfürst, 12 April 1871) Count Arthur von [[Schönborn-Wiesentheid]] ([[Würzburg]], 30 January 1846 – [[Wiesentheid]], 29 September 1915)
* [[Philipp Ernst, 4th Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]] (Schillingsfürst, 5 June 1853 – [[Bad Reichenhall]], 26 December 1915); married 1st (Vienna, 10 January 1882) Princess Chariclée [[Ypsilantis|Ypsilanti]] ([[Paris]], 8 October 1863 – Schillingsfürst, 22 June 1912); married 2nd [[morganatically]] ([[Edinburgh]], 6 August 1913) Henriette Gindra, created ''Frau'' von Hellberg 10 July 1914 ([[Vienna]], 7 October 1884 – [[Innsbruck]], 15 May 1952)
* Albert (Schillingsfürst, 14 October 1857 – Munich, 13 April 1866)
* [[Moritz, 5th Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]] ([[Lindau]], 6 August 1862 – Schillingsfürst, 27 February 1940); married (Dyck, 19 August 1893) [[Graf#Rhinegrave, Wildgrave, Raugrave, Altgrave|Altgravine]] Rosa of [[Salm-Reifferscheidt-Krautheim and Dyck]] ([[Herrschberg]] am [[Bodensee]], 12 April 1868 – Munich, 1 December 1942)
* Alexander (Lindau, 6 August 1862 – [[Badenweiler]], 16 May 1924); married ([[Cologne]], 16 May 1895) Emanuela Gallone dei Principi di Tricase Moliterno ([[Naples]], 19 February 1854 – Naples, 26 March 1936)

==Honours==
He received the following orders and decorations:<ref>{{citation|title=Handbuch über den Königlich Preussischen Hof und Staat|year=1896|chapter=Ministerium und andere Zentral-Behörden|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TuHOrAEv9dgC/page/n97/mode/2up|page=63|location=Berlin|access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flagicon image|Wappenbanner Hohenlohe (Adelsgeschlecht).svg}} [[House of Hohenlohe]]: Knight of the House Order of the Phoenix, 1st Class<ref>{{cite book|title=Archiv für hohenlohische Geschichte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGYtpDklzMAC|year=1860|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SGYtpDklzMAC&pg=PA84 84]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]:
** [[Order of the Red Eagle|Grand Cross of the Red Eagle]], ''16 May 1870''<ref name="prus">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|journal=Preussische Ordens-Liste|volume=1|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=16&skin=2021 8], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=30&skin=2021 22]|language=German|location=Berlin|year=1886}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], ''5 December 1878''; with Collar, ''1879''<ref name="prus"/>
** Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal [[House Order of Hohenzollern]], ''1896''; with Star, ''15 June 1898''<ref name="prus2">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste| journal=Preussische Ordens-Liste |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=11&skin=2021 160], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=518&skin=2021 268]|language=German|location=Berlin|year=1895|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** [[Red Cross Medal (Prussia)|Red Cross Medal]], 1st Class, ''27 January 1899''<ref name="prus2"/>
* {{flagicon|Anhalt}} [[Duchy of Anhalt|Anhalt]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Albert the Bear]]
* {{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary|1867}} [[Austria-Hungary]]:<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1901&size=45&page=335|chapter=Ritter-Orden|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1901|access-date=31 August 2020|pages=[http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1901&page=336&size=45 56], [http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1901&size=45&page=339 59]}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary|Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen]], ''1868''; in Brilliants, ''1900''
** [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Knight of the Golden Fleece]], ''1896''
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bavaria}}:<ref>{{cite book|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw48WCSE3FcC|chapter=Königliche Orden|year=1877|publisher=Landesamt|pages=9, 18}}</ref>
** [[Order of Merit of the Bavarian Crown|Grand Cross of Merit of the Bavarian Crown]], ''1868''
** [[Order of St. Hubert|Knight of St. Hubert]], ''1870''
* {{flag|Baden}}:<ref name = "HandbuchBaden">''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878738 pp. 64], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1878753 79]</ref>
** Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1887''
** Knight of the [[Order of Berthold the First]], ''1887''
* {{Flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen}} [[Ernestine duchies]]: Grand Cross of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order]]<ref name="Handbuch">{{cite book|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1877|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw48WCSE3FcC&pg=PA6|chapter=Großbeamte der Krone|year=1877|publisher=Landesamt|page=6}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]], ''July 1878''<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. & B. Wattel |title=Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers |date=2009 |publisher=Archives & Culture |isbn=978-2-35077-135-9 |location=Paris |page=411 |ref=M. et B. Wattel}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}: [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation|Knight of the Annunciation]], ''22 March 1897''<ref name="dell'interno1898">{{cite book|author=Italia : Ministero dell'interno|title=Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PP5|year=1898|publisher=Unione tipografico-editrice|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PA54 54]}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}: Knight of Honour and Devotion
* {{Flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg}} [[Mecklenburg]]: [[House Order of the Wendish Crown|Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown]], with Crown in Ore
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: [[Order of the Netherlands Lion|Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion]]
* {{flag|Oldenburg}}: [[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis|Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig]], with Golden Crown
* {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}: [[Order of Osmanieh]], 1st Class in Brilliants
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg}} [[Beylik of Tunis|Tunisia]]: [[Order of Glory (Tunisia)|Grand Cordon of the Order of Glory]]
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Portugal}}: [[Order of the Tower and Sword|Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword]], with Collar
* {{flagcountry|Russian Empire|1858}}: [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]]<ref name = "Almanach">{{cite book|author=Justus Perthes|year=1900|volume=137|title=Almanach de Gotha|language=fr|page=[https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha00unse_81/page/144/mode/2up 144]}}</ref>
* {{flag|San Marino}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of San Marino]]
* {{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: [[Order of the White Falcon|Grand Cross of the White Falcon]], ''1880''<ref>''Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach'' (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0252.tif 30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623100919/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0252.tif |date=2020-06-23 }}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Saxony}}: [[Order of the Rue Crown|Knight of the Rue Crown]], ''1895''<ref name="Sachsen1901">{{cite book|author=Sachsen|title=Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901|year=1901|publisher=Heinrich|chapter=Königlich Orden|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030492006&view=1up&seq=46&skin=2021 6]|location=Dresden|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]], with Collar, ''11 January 1886''<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000976079&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1900|access-date=13 July 2020|page=169|language=es}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Vatican City (2 by 3).svg}} [[Holy See]]: [[Order of Saint Gregory the Great|Grand Cross of St. Gregory the Great]]
* {{flag|Württemberg}}: [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1867''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg'' (1896), "Königliche Orden" p. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n77/mode/2up 42]</ref>
}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Chlodwig, 3rd Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst'''
|2= 2. [[Franz Joseph, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|Franz Joseph, 1st Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]]
|3= 3. [[Princess Constanze of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]]
|4= 4. [[Charles Albert II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst|Karl Albrecht II, 3rd Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst]]
|5= 5. [[Baroness Judith Reviczky de Revisnye]]
|6= 6. [[Karl Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Karl Ludwig, 3rd Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]]
|7= 7. [[Countess Amalie Henriette of Solms-Baruth]]
|8= 8. [[Karl Albrecht I, 2nd Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst]]
|9= 9. [[Princess Sophie of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort]]
|10= 10. Baron Johann Kazimir Reviczky de Revisnye
|11= 11. Baroness Rosalie Perényi de Perény
|12= 12. [[Christian Albrecht, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Christian Albrecht, 2nd Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]]
|13= 13. [[Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern (1732–1796)|Countess Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern]]
|14= 14. [[Johann Christian II, Count of Solms-Baruth]]
|15= 15. [[Countess Friederike Reuss of Köstritz]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle= Hohenlohe | volume= 13 |last1=Phillips|first1=Walter Alison |author1-link=Walter Alison Phillips| |last2= Atkinson |first2= Charles Francis |author2-link= | pages = 572&ndash;575;see page 573|quote=V. Chlodwig Karl Victor, prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1819–1901)...}}

==Further reading==
* Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Chlodwig zu. ''Memoirs of Prince Chlowig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfuerst''. London: W. Heinemann, 1906. Chlodwig's own memoirs.
* Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Alexander zu. ''Denkwürdigkeiten''. Stuttgart, 1907. An outspoken biography by Chlodwig's youngest son.
* Hedemann, Alexandrine von. ''My Friendship with Prince Hohenlohe''. London: E. Nash, 1912.
* Fraley, Jonathan David Jr. ''The Domestic Policy of Prince Hohenlohe as Chancellor of Germany, 1894-1900''. 1971. A Ph.D. dissertation at [[Duke University]].
* Stalmann, Volker: ''Fürst Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 1819–1901. Ein deutscher Reichskanzler''. Schöningh, Paderborn 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-506-70118-3}}.
* Zachau, Olav. ''Die Kanzlerschaft des Fürsten Hohenlohe 1894–1900. Politik unter dem "Stempel der Beruhigung" im Zeitalter der Nervosität''. Hamburg 2007. (Studien zur Geschichtsforschung der Neuzeit, Vol. 48)
* {{NDB|9|487|489|Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chlodwig Fürst zu|Günter Richter|118706314}}
* [[Winfried Baumgart]]: ''Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.'' In: Wilhelm von Sternburg (Hrsg.): ''Die deutschen Kanzler. Von Bismarck bis Kohl.'' 2. Auflage, Berlin 1998, S. 55–67.
* Zachau, Olav: ''Fürst Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1819–1901). Der letzte Patriot.'' In: Alma Hannig, Martina Winkelhofer-Thyri (Hrsg.): ''Die Familie Hohenlohe. Eine europäische Dynastie im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert''. Verlag Böhlau, Köln 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-412-22201-7}}, p.&nbsp;77–105.


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst}}
{{commons category|Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst}}
*{{cite book
*{{cite book
|title=Memoirs of Prince Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfuerst
|title=Memoirs of Prince Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfuerst
|author=Chlodwig Karl Viktor Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Friedrich Curtius, George William Chrystal
|author1=Chlodwig Karl Viktor Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst |author2=Friedrich Curtius |author3=George William Chrystal |year=1907
|year=1907
|publisher=W. Heinemann
|publisher=W. Heinemann
|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsprincech01schgoog
|isbn=
|page=[https://archive.org/details/memoirsprincech01schgoog/page/n23 3]
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qnINAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Chlodwig,+Prince+of+Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst#PPP11,M1
|quote=Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.
}}
}}

{{start box}}{{s-off}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Hohenlohe|House of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]]|31 March|1819|6 July|1901|[[House of Hohenlohe]]|name=Chlodwig, 3rd Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst}}
{{s-reg|de}}
{{Succession box|title=Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|after=[[Philipp Ernst, 4th Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|Philipp Ernst]] |before=[[Philipp Ernst, 2nd Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst|Philipp Ernst]]|years=3 May 1845 – 6 July 1901}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
{{succession box
| title=[[List of Minister-Presidents of Bavaria|Minister-President of Bavaria]]
| title=[[Minister-President of Bavaria]]
| before=[[Baron Karl Ludwig von der Pfordten]]
| before=[[Baron Karl Ludwig von der Pfordten]]
| after=[[Count Otto von Bray-Steinburg]]
| after=[[Count Otto von Bray-Steinburg]]
| years=1866{{ndash}} 1870
| years=1866–1870
}}
}}

{{succession box two to one|before1=[[Botho zu Eulenburg|Count Botho zu Eulenburg]]|title1=[[Prime Minister of Prussia]]|years1=1894-1900|before2=[[Leo von Caprivi|Count Leo von Caprivi]]|title2=[[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]]|years2=1894-1900|after=[[Bernhard von Bülow|Prince Bernhard von Bülow]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Botho zu Eulenburg|Count Botho zu Eulenburg]] }}
{{end}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Prime Minister of Prussia]]
| years = 1894–1900 }}
{{s-aft| rows = 2 | after = [[Bernhard von Bülow|Prince Bernhard von Bülow]] }}
{{s-bef| before = [[Leo von Caprivi|Count Leo von Caprivi]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Chancellor of Germany]]
| years = 1894–1900 }}
{{s-end}}


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{{Foreign Ministers of Germany}}
{{Foreign Ministers of Germany}}


{{Authority control}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Chlodwig Of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst, Prince}}
==Literature==

{{1911}}

* Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Chlodwig zu. ''Memoirs of Prince Chlowig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfuerst''. London: W. Heinemann, 1906. Chlodwig's own memoirs.
* Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Alexander zu. ''Denkwürdigkeiten''. Stuttgart, 1907. An outspoken biography by Chlodwig's youngest son.
* Hedemann, Alexandrine von. ''My Friendship with Prince Hohenlohe''. London: E. Nash,, 1912.
* Fraley, Jonathan David, Jr. ''The Domestic Policy of Prince Hohenlohe as Chancellor of Germany, 1894-1900''. 1971. A Ph.D. dissertation at [[Duke University]].
* Stalmann, Volker: ''Fürst Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 1819-1911. Ein deutscher Reichskanzler''. Schöningh, Paderborn 2009. ISBN 3-506-70118-3.
* Zachau, Olav. ''Die Kanzlerschaft des Fürsten Hohenlohe 1894-1900. Politik unter dem "Stempel der Beruhigung" im Zeitalter der Nervosität''. Hamburg 2007. (Studien zur Geschichtsforschung der Neuzeit, Vol. 48)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hohenlohe, Furst Chlodwig zu}}
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Latest revision as of 01:58, 25 November 2024

His Serene Highness
Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
Chlodwig c. 1894
Chancellor of the German Empire
In office
29 October 1894 – 17 October 1900
MonarchWilhelm II
Deputy
Preceded byLeo von Caprivi
Succeeded byBernhard von Bülow
Minister President of Prussia
In office
29 October 1894 – 17 October 1900
MonarchWilhelm II
Preceded byBotho zu Eulenburg
Succeeded byBernhard von Bülow
State Secretary for Foreign Affairs
In office
20 April 1880 – 1 September 1880
MonarchWilhelm I
ChancellorOtto von Bismarck
Preceded byJoseph Maria von Radowitz
Succeeded byFriedrich zu Limburg-Stirum
Minister President of Bavaria
In office
31 December 1866 – 8 March 1870
MonarchLudwig II
Preceded byLudwig von der Pfordten
Succeeded byOtto von Bray-Steinburg
Member of the Reichstag
In office
1871–1881
ConstituencyOberfranken 3
Personal details
Born
Chlodwig Carl Viktor zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst

31 March 1819
Rotenburg an der Fulda, Electorate of Hesse, German Confederation
Died6 July 1901(1901-07-06) (aged 82)
Bad Ragaz, Switzerland
Political partyIndependent
Other political
affiliations		Imperial Liberal Party (1871–1874)
Spouse
Princess Marie von Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn
​
​
(m. 1847; died 1897)​
Children
Signature

Chlodwig Carl Viktor, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince of Ratibor and Corvey (German: Chlodwig Carl Viktor Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prinz von Ratibor und von Corvey) (31 March 1819 – 6 July 1901), usually referred to as the Prince of Hohenlohe,[1] was a German statesman, who served as the chancellor of the German Empire and minister-president of Prussia from 1894 to 1900. Prior to his appointment as Chancellor, he had served in a number of other positions, including as minister-president of Bavaria (1866–1870), German Ambassador to Paris (1873–1880), Foreign Secretary (1880) and Imperial Lieutenant of Alsace-Lorraine (1885–1894). He was regarded as one of the most prominent liberal politicians of his time in Germany.

Biography

[edit]

Chlodwig was born at Rotenburg an der Fulda, in Hesse, a member of the princely House of Hohenlohe. His father, Prince Franz Joseph (1787–1841), was a Catholic; his mother, Princess Konstanze of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, a Lutheran. In accordance with the compromise customary at the time, Chlodwig and his brothers were brought up in the Roman Catholic religion of their father.[2]

Early career

[edit]

As the younger son of a cadet line of his house, it was necessary for Chlodwig to follow a profession. For a while he thought of obtaining a commission in the British army through the influence of his aunt, Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, half-sister to Queen Victoria. Instead, however, he decided to enter the Prussian diplomatic service.[2]

Chlodwig's application to be excused the preliminary steps, which involved several years' work in subordinate positions in the Prussian civil service, was refused by King Frederick William IV. As auscultator[clarification needed] in the courts at Koblenz he acquired a taste for jurisprudence. He became a referendar in September 1843, and after some months of travel in France, Switzerland and Italy he went to Potsdam as a civil servant 13 May 1844.[2]

These early years were invaluable - not only did it provide him experience of practical affairs, it also afforded him an insight into the strength and weakness of the Prussian system. The immediate result was to confirm his Liberalism. The Prussian principle of propagating enlightenment with a stick did not appeal to him; he recognized the confusion and want of clear ideas in the highest circles, the tendency to make agreement with the views of the government the test of loyalty to the state; and he noted in his journal (25 June 1844) four years before the revolution of 1848, "a slight cause and we shall have a rising." "The free press," he notes on another occasion, "is a necessity, progress the condition of the existence of a state." If he was an ardent advocate of German unity, and saw in Prussia the instrument for its attainment, he was throughout opposed to the "Prussification" of Germany.[2]

Succession to family titles and estates

[edit]

Chlodwig was the second of six sons. In 1834 his mother's brother-in-law Landgrave Viktor Amadeus of Hesse-Rotenburg died, leaving his estates to his nephews. It was not until 1840 that it was determined how to divide these estates. On 15 October 1840 Chlodwig's older brother, Viktor Moritz Karl zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, 1st Fürst von Corvey (10 February 1818 – 30 January 1893), renounced his rights as first-born son to the Principality of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, and was made Duke of Ratibor and Prince of Corvey by King Frederick William IV of Prussia; at the same time Chlodwig received the additional title of Prince of Ratibor and Corvey. He also received the lordship of Treffurt in the Prussian governmental district of Erfurt.

On 14 January 1841, Chlodwig's father, Fürst Franz Joseph (1787–1841), died. As second son he ought to have succeeded as Prince (Fürst) of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, but instead he renounced his rights to his third brother Philipp Ernst, (24 May 1820 – 3 May 1845), with the stipulation that they would revert to him in case of his brother's death. On 3 May 1845 Philipp Ernst died, and Chlodwig succeeded as seventh Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst. As such he was an hereditary member of the Upper House of the Bavarian Reichsrat. Such a position was incompatible with his political career in Prussia. On 18 April 1846, he took his seat as a member of the Bavarian Reichsrat, and the following 26 June he received his formal discharge from the Prussian service.[2]

Chlodwig's political life for the next eighteen years was generally uneventful. During the Revolution of 1848 his sympathies were with the Liberal idea of a united Germany, and he compromised his chances of favor from King Maximilian II of Bavaria by accepting the task of announcing to the courts of Rome, Florence and Athens the accession to office of the Archduke Johann of Austria as regent of Germany.[2]

In general, this period of Chlodwig's life was occupied in the management of his estates, in the sessions of the Bavarian Reichsrat and in travels. In 1856 he visited Rome, during which he noted the influence of the Jesuits. In 1859 he was studying the political situation at Berlin, and in the same year he paid a visit to England. The marriage of his cadet brother, Prince Konstantin of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (8 September 1828 – Vienna, Austria, 14 February 1896), to Princess Marie of Sayn-Wittgenstein (18 February 1837 – 21 January 1920), on 15 October 1859 at Weimar, Germany led also to frequent visits to Vienna. Thus Chlodwig was brought into close touch with all the most notable people in Europe,[2] including Catholic leaders of the Austrian Empire.

At the same time, during this period (1850–1866) he was endeavouring to get into relations with the Bavarian government, with a view to taking a more active part in affairs. Towards the German question his attitude at this time was tentative. He had little hope of a practical realization of a united Germany, and inclined towards the tripartite divisions under Austria, Prussia and Bavaria (the so-called "Trias-Lösung"). He attended the Fürstentag at Frankfurt in 1863; further, in the Schleswig-Holstein question, he was a supporter of the prince of Augustenburg. It was at this time that, at the request of Queen Victoria, he began to send her regular reports on the political condition of Germany.[2]

His portrait was painted by Philip de László.

Minister-President of Bavaria

[edit]

After the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Chlodwig argued in the Bavarian Reichsrat for a closer union with mainly Protestant Prussia. King Ludwig II of Bavaria was opposed to any dilution of his power, but was eventually brought around, after Bismarck secretly bequeathed him a large sum from the Welfen-Funds (a large part of the fortune of the royal House of Hanover used after the annexation of Hanover by Prussia to fight Hannoverian loyalists) to pay off his large debts.

On 31 December 1866, Chlodwig was appointed minister of the royal house and of foreign affairs and president of the council of ministers.[2] According to Chlodwig's son Alexander (Denkwurdigkeiten, i. 178, 211) Chlodwig's appointment as Minister-President occurred at the instigation of the composer Richard Wagner.

As head of the Bavarian government Chlodwig's principal task was to discover some basis for an effective union of the South German states with the North German Confederation. During the three critical years of his tenure of office he was, next to Bismarck, the most important statesman in Germany. He carried out the reorganization of the Bavarian army on the Prussian model, brought about the military union of the southern states, and took a leading share in the creation of the customs parliament (Zollparlament), of which on 28 April 1868 he was elected a vice-president.[2]

During the agitation that arose in connection with the summoning of the First Vatican Council Chlodwig took up an attitude of strong opposition to the ultramontane position. In common with his brothers, the Duke of Ratibor and Cardinal Prince Gustav Adolf zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, he believed that the policy of Pope Pius IX of setting the Church in opposition to the modern state would prove ruinous to both, and that the definition of the dogma of papal infallibility would irrevocably commit the Church to the pronouncements of the Syllabus of Errors (1864).[2]

This view he embodied into a circular note to the Roman Catholic powers (9 April 1869), drawn up by Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger, inviting them to exercise the right of sending ambassadors to the council and to combine to prevent the definition of the dogma. The greater powers, however, were for one reason or another unwilling to intervene, and the only practical outcome of Chlodwig's action was that in Bavaria the powerful ultramontane party combined against him with the Bavarian patriots who accused him of bartering away Bavarian independence to Prussia. The combination was too strong for him; a bill which he brought in for curbing the influence of the Church over education was defeated, the elections of 1869 went against him, and in spite of the continued support of the king he was forced to resign (7 March 1870).[2]

Continuing influence

[edit]
Portrait of Prince Hohenlohe, by Franz von Lenbach, 1896

Though out of office, his personal influence continued to be very great both at Munich and Berlin, in no small part due to the favorable terms of the treaty of the North German Confederation with Bavaria, which embodied his views, and with its acceptance by the Bavarian parliament. Elected a member of the German Reichstag, he was chosen as one of its vice-presidents on 23 March 1871. He was instrumental in founding the new groups which took the name of the Imperial Liberal Party (Liberale Reichspartei), the objects of which were to support the new empire, to secure its internal development on Liberal lines, and to oppose the Catholic Centre.[2]

Like his brother the Duke of Ratibor, Chlodwig was from the first a strenuous supporter of Bismarck's anti-papal policy (the Kulturkampf), the main lines of which (prohibition of the Society of Jesus, etc.) he himself suggested. Although he sympathized with the motives of the Old Catholics, he did not join them, believing that the only hope for a reform of the church lay with those who desired it remaining within the church.[2] In 1872 Bismarck proposed appointing Chlodwig's younger brother, Cardinal Prince Gustav Adolf von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, as Prussian envoy to the Holy See, but Pope Pius IX refused to receive him in this capacity.

In 1873, Bismarck chose Chlodwig to succeed Count Harry von Arnim as German ambassador in Paris, where he remained for seven years. In 1878, he attended the Congress of Berlin as third German representative. In 1880, after the death of the German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Bernhard Ernst von Bülow (20 October 1879), Chlodwig was called to Berlin as temporary head of the Foreign Office and representative of Bismarck during his absence through illness.[2]

In 1885, Chlodwig was chosen to succeed Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel as governor of Alsace-Lorraine, incorporated after the 1870 war against France. In this capacity, he had to carry out the coercive measures[citation needed] introduced by Bismarck in 1887 and 1888, though he largely disapproved of them; his conciliatory disposition, however, did much to reconcile the Alsace-Lorrainers to German rule.[2]

Chancellor of Germany

[edit]
Further information: Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst cabinet (Prussia)
Cabinet (1894–1900)
Office Incumbent In office Party
Chancellor Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 29 October 1894 – 17 October 1900 None
Vice-Chancellor of Germany
Secretary for the Interior 		Karl von Boetticher 20 March 1890 – 1 July 1897 None
Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner 1 July 1897 – 24 June 1907 None
Secretary for the Foreign Affairs Adolf von Bieberstein 26 March 1890 – 20 October 1897 None
Bernhard von Bülow 20. Oktober 1897 – 16 October 1900 None
Secretary for the Justice Rudolf Arnold Nieberding 10 July 1893 – 25 October 1909 None
Secretary for the Navy Friedrich von Hollmann 22 April 1890 – 18 June 1897 None
Alfred von Tirpitz 18 June 1897 – 15 March 1916 None
Secretary for the Post Heinrich von Stephan 20 March 1890 – 1 July 1897 None
Victor von Podbielski 1 July 1897 – 6 May 1901 None
Secretary for the Treasury Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner 1 September 1893 – 1 July 1897 None
Max von Thielmann 1 July 1897 – 23 August 1903 None

Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst remained at Strasbourg until October 1894, when, at the urgent request of the Emperor William II, he consented, in spite of his advanced years, to accept the chancellorship as Caprivi's successor.[2] The Kaiser's "great friend" Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg wanted his cousin Botho zu Eulenburg to be Caprivi's replacement, but Friedrich von Holstein, the head of the political department of the German Foreign Office, was able to persuade William II not to appoint Eulenburg as chancellor. However, Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg then managed to convince the emperor to appoint the aged Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, who was the German ambassador to France in 1881 when Eulenburg served in the Paris embassy, as the new chancellor. During this time, Eulenburg repeatedly advised Wilhelm that the best man to be chancellor was Bernhard von Bülow, whom Eulenburg painted in the most glowing terms; he wrote in February 1895 to Wilhelm saying that "Bernhard is the most valuable servant Your Imperial Majesty possesses, the predestined Reich Chancellor of the future".

The events of Hohenlohe's chancellorship belong to the general history of Germany; as regards the inner history of this time the editor of his memoirs has suppressed the greater part of the detailed comments which the prince left behind him. In general, during his term of office, the personality of the chancellor was less conspicuous in public affairs than in the case of either of his predecessors. His appearances in the Prussian and German parliaments were rare, and great independence was left to the secretaries of state.[2]

Chlodwig von Hohenlohe appointed the Foreign Secretary Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein as Prussian Minister of State. He served also as a support in the Prussian cabinet and as his mouthpiece in the Reichstag. Bieberstein was increasingly involved in disputes with William II, who aspired to have a greater personal influence on foreign policy. He was also opposed by the Agrarians because he advocated the reduction of corn duties. In 1897, he was dismissed from both his offices and replaced by Bernhard von Bülow. In the same year William II initiated numerous reshuffles. Among them was the appointment of Alfred von Tirpitz as head of the German Imperial Naval Office. In sum, the imperial personnel policy meant a de facto disempowerment of Chlodwig von Hohenlohe. He was no longer able to halt the transition to an increasingly imperialist German world politics and the naval armaments. The rapprochement with Russia and the deterioration of relations with Great Britain (Kruger telegram in 1896, Samoan crisis in 1899) ran past him, same as the response to the Boxer Rebellion.

Only cautiously, Chlodwig von Hohenlohe ventured an at least internal opposition to the imperial intervention in the affairs of state. In particular he initiated a reform of the Prussian Military Law (1898) and the Law on Associations (1899). During his tenure also the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch was adopted (1896). Chlodwig resigned the chancellorship on 17 October 1900 and was succeeded by Bernhard von Bülow.

Death

[edit]

Chlodwig died on 6 July 1901 at Bad Ragaz aged 82.

Marriage and family

[edit]
Marie, Princess of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, 1860s, by Camille Silvy

On 16 February 1847 at Rödelheim Chlodwig married Princess Marie of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (Saint Petersburg, 16 February 1829 – Berlin, 11 December 1897), daughter of Ludwig Adolf Friedrich, 2nd Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (the son of Russian field marshal Ludwig Adolf Peter, 1st Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg-Ludwigsburg) and his first wife Princess Caroline (Stephanie) Radziwill. Marie was the heiress to vast estates in Imperial Russia. This led to two prolonged visits to Verkiai, Lithuania from 1851 to 1853 and again in 1860 in connection with the management of these properties.

Chlodwig and Marie had six children:

Honours

[edit]

He received the following orders and decorations:[3]

Ancestry

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Prince Hohenlohe Dead. Ex-Chancellor of Germany Expires in Switzerland. Was Eighty-two Years Old. Kaiser Likely to Postpone Trip to Norway in Order to Attend the Funeral". The New York Times. 7 July 1901. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Phillips & Atkinson 1911.
  3. ^ "Ministerium und andere Zentral-Behörden", Handbuch über den Königlich Preussischen Hof und Staat, Berlin, 1896, p. 63, retrieved 31 August 2020{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Archiv für hohenlohische Geschichte. 1860. p. 84.
  5. ^ a b "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1, Berlin: 8, 22, 1886
  6. ^ a b "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), Berlin: 160, 268, 1895 – via hathitrust.org
  7. ^ "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1901, pp. 56, 59, retrieved 31 August 2020
  8. ^ "Königliche Orden". Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1877. Landesamt. 1877. pp. 9, 18.
  9. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 64, 79
  10. ^ "Großbeamte der Krone". Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1877. Landesamt. 1877. p. 6.
  11. ^ M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 411. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
  12. ^ Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.
  13. ^ Justus Perthes (1900). Almanach de Gotha (in French). Vol. 137. p. 144.
  14. ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 30 Archived 2020-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 6 – via hathitrust.org.
  16. ^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1900. p. 169. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  17. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1896), "Königliche Orden" p. 42

Further reading

[edit]
  • Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Chlodwig zu. Memoirs of Prince Chlowig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfuerst. London: W. Heinemann, 1906. Chlodwig's own memoirs.
  • Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Alexander zu. Denkwürdigkeiten. Stuttgart, 1907. An outspoken biography by Chlodwig's youngest son.
  • Hedemann, Alexandrine von. My Friendship with Prince Hohenlohe. London: E. Nash, 1912.
  • Fraley, Jonathan David Jr. The Domestic Policy of Prince Hohenlohe as Chancellor of Germany, 1894-1900. 1971. A Ph.D. dissertation at Duke University.
  • Stalmann, Volker: Fürst Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 1819–1901. Ein deutscher Reichskanzler. Schöningh, Paderborn 2009. ISBN 978-3-506-70118-3.
  • Zachau, Olav. Die Kanzlerschaft des Fürsten Hohenlohe 1894–1900. Politik unter dem "Stempel der Beruhigung" im Zeitalter der Nervosität. Hamburg 2007. (Studien zur Geschichtsforschung der Neuzeit, Vol. 48)
  • Günter Richter (1972), "Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chlodwig Fürst zu", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 9, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 487–489; (full text online)
  • Winfried Baumgart: Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst. In: Wilhelm von Sternburg (Hrsg.): Die deutschen Kanzler. Von Bismarck bis Kohl. 2. Auflage, Berlin 1998, S. 55–67.
  • Zachau, Olav: Fürst Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1819–1901). Der letzte Patriot. In: Alma Hannig, Martina Winkelhofer-Thyri (Hrsg.): Die Familie Hohenlohe. Eine europäische Dynastie im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Verlag Böhlau, Köln 2013, ISBN 978-3-412-22201-7, p. 77–105.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.
Chlodwig, 3rd Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
Cadet branch of the House of Hohenlohe
Born: 31 March 1819 Died: 6 July 1901
German nobility
Preceded by Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
3 May 1845 – 6 July 1901 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Minister-President of Bavaria
1866–1870 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Prussia
1894–1900 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chancellor of Germany
1894–1900
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