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{{Short description|US States watching for illness and injury}} |
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[[File:SENSOR logo.jpg|right|thumb|Logo for SENSOR-Pesticides]] |
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[[File:SENSOR logo.jpg|right|alt=Green and white logo of a person spraying crops with pesticides.|thumb|SENSOR-Pesticides Logo]] |
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'''Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides''' is a state-based [[Clinical surveillance|surveillance]] program that monitors [[pesticide]]-related illness and injury. It is administered by the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) |
'''Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides''' is a U.S. state-based [[Clinical surveillance|surveillance]] program that monitors [[pesticide]]-related illness and injury. It is administered by the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH), twelve [[State health agency|state health agencies]] participate. NIOSH provides technical support to all participating states. It also provides funding to some states, in conjunction with the [[US Environmental Protection Agency]] (US EPA). |
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Because workers in |
Pesticide-related illness is a significant occupational health issue, but it is believed to be underreported. Because of this, NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program to track pesticide poisonings. Because workers in many industries are at risk for pesticide exposure, and public concern exists regarding the use of and exposure to pesticides, government and regulatory authorities experience pressure to monitor health effects associated with them. SENSOR-Pesticides state partners collect case data from several different sources using a standard case definition and set of variables. This information is then forwarded to the program headquarters at NIOSH where it is compiled and put into a national database. |
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Researchers and government officials from the SENSOR-Pesticides program have published |
Researchers and government officials from the SENSOR-Pesticides program have published research articles that highlight findings from the data and their implications for environmental and occupational pesticide issues. These issues include eradication of invasive species, [[pesticide poisoning]] in schools, [[birth defect]]s, and residential use of [[fogger|total release foggers]], or "bug bombs," which are devices that release an insecticide mist. |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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Although it is a significant occupational health issue, work-related pesticide poisoning is believed to be [[Reporting bias|underreported]].<ref name=sensortexas/> Before the SENSOR program began, state programs that collected reports of [[occupational disease]]s did not usually conduct interventions.<ref name=concept/> While over 25 states required reporting of pesticide-related illness, most of them could not compile useful information on incidence or prevalence.<ref name=sensortexas/> In response to these challenges, NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program as a model to track certain occupational conditions, including pesticides.<ref name=sensortexas/><ref name=concept/><ref name=sensorcdph/> |
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[[File:Epagraph-pesticideuse.jpg|right|thumb|American pesticide use broken down by type and industry.]] |
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Pesticides are used in a wide variety of industries in the U.S. They are most heavily used in the agricultural sector: from 1995 to 2001, pesticide use in agriculture comprised at least 70% of total usage in the U.S.,<ref> Kiely T, Donaldson D, Grube A. 2004. [http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/01pestsales/market_estimates2001.pdf Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage. 2000 and 2001 Market Estimates.] Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report No. EPA-733-R-99-001.</ref><ref>Donaldson, D., Kiely, T., Grube, A. 2002. [http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/99pestsales/market_estimates1999.pdf Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage. 1998 and 1999 Market Estimates.] Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report No. EPA-733-R-02-001.</ref><ref>Aspelin, A.L., Grube, A.H. 1999. [http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/97pestsales/market_estimates1997.pdf Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage. 1996 and 1997 Market Estimates.] Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report No. EPA-733-R-04-001.</ref><ref name=EPA9495>Aspelin, A.L. 1997. [http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/95pestsales/market_estimates1995.pdf Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage. 1994 and 1995 Market Estimates.] Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report No. EPA-733-R-97-002.</ref> and the [[US Environmental Protection Agency|US EPA]] estimates that it has had a similar market share of pesticides since 1979.<ref name=EPA9495/> They are particularly useful in agriculture because they increase [[crop yields]] and reduce the need for manual labor.<ref>{{cite pmid|16499408}}</ref> However, this extensive use puts agricultural workers at increased risk for pesticide illnesses.<ref>{{cite pmid|12749629 }}</ref><ref name=agpaper>{{cite doi|10.1002/ajim.20623}}</ref><ref name=sensor9899>{{cite doi|10.1002/ajim.10309}}</ref> |
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[[File:Epagraph-pesticideuse.PNG|400px|right|alt=Bar graph showing herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, fumigant, and other pesticide usage in the U.S. Each bar is broken into agriculture, industry, and home & garden segments.|thumb|Pesticide usage in the U.S., 2007.]] |
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| ⚫ | Workers in other industries are at risk for |
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Pesticide poisoning is an important occupational health issue because pesticides are used in a large number of industries, which puts many different categories of workers at risk. From 1995 to 2001, use in agriculture accounted for at least 70% of conventional pesticide use in the U.S.,<ref name=EPA0001/><ref name=EPA9899/><ref name=EPA9697/><ref name=EPA9495/> and the [[US Environmental Protection Agency|US EPA]] estimates that the agricultural sector has had a similar market share of pesticides since 1979.<ref name=EPA9495/> Pesticides are particularly useful in agriculture because they increase [[crop yields]] and reduce the need for manual labor.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 16499408 | year = 2005 | last1 = Litchfield | first1 = M. H.| title = Estimates of acute pesticide poisoning in agricultural workers in less developed countries | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 271–8 | journal = Toxicological Reviews | doi = 10.2165/00139709-200524040-00006| s2cid = 34128610 }}</ref> However, this extensive use puts agricultural workers at increased risk for pesticide illnesses.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1179/107735203800328858 | pmid = 12749629 | year = 2003| last1 = Reeves | first1 = K. S.| title = Greater risks, fewer rights: U.S. Farmworkers and pesticides | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 30–39 | journal = International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health | last2 = Schafer | first2 = K. S.| s2cid = 22617650 }}</ref><ref name=agpaper/><ref name=sensor9899/> |
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| ⚫ | Workers in other industries are at risk for exposure as well.<ref name=agpaper/><ref name=sensor9899/> For example, commercial availability of pesticides in stores puts retail workers at risk for exposure and illness when they handle pesticide products.<ref name=retail/> The ubiquity of pesticides puts emergency responders such as fire-fighters and police officers at risk, because they are often the first responders to emergency events and may be unaware of the presence of a poisoning hazard.<ref name=emergency/> The process of [[aircraft disinsection]], in which pesticides are used on inbound international flights for insect and disease control, can also make flight attendants sick.<ref name=WHO/><ref name=flight_attendants/> |
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The widespread use of |
The widespread use of pesticides, their release into the environment, and the potential for adverse public health effects due to exposure may raise public concern.<ref name=sensor9899/><ref name=bookch/> Some feel that regulatory authorities have an ethical obligation to track the health effects of such chemicals. In the ''Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology'', Calvert ''et al.'' write "[b]ecause society allows pesticides to be disseminated into the environment, society also incurs the obligation to track the health effects of pesticides."<ref name=bookch/> Jay Vroom, president of [[CropLife America]], said in a press release that "...our industry has a moral and ethical obligation...to know how these products impact humans."<ref name=testing/> Surveillance of pesticide-related injuries and illnesses is recommended by the [[American Medical Association]],<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 9085387 | year = 1997 | title = Educational and informational strategies to reduce pesticide risks. Council on Scientific Affairs | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–200 | journal = Preventive Medicine | doi = 10.1006/pmed.1996.0122}}</ref> the [[Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists]] (CSTE),<ref name=CSTE/> the [[The Pew Charitable Trusts|Pew]] Environmental Health Commission,<ref name=pew/> and the [[Government Accountability Office]].<ref name=gao1/><ref name=gao2/><ref name=gao3/> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:SENSOR-Pesticides state participation.png|right|thumb|Map of SENSOR-Pesticides |
[[File:SENSOR-Pesticides state participation 2013 map thumbnail.png|right|alt=U.S. map with SENSOR-Pesticides states highlighted. California, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, and Washington State are blue; Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, and Texas are red.|thumb|Map of SENSOR-Pesticides program participation by State - as of 2013 {{legend|blue| States receiving federal funding for participation}}{{legend|red|Unfunded program partners}}]] |
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Beginning in 1987, NIOSH supported the implementation of the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR) program in ten state health departments. |
Beginning in 1987, NIOSH supported the implementation of the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR) program in ten state health departments. The objectives of the program were to help state health departments develop and refine reporting systems for certain occupational disorders so that they could conduct and evaluate [[health intervention|interventions]] and prevention efforts. The disorders covered by SENSOR included [[silicosis]], [[occupational asthma]], [[carpal tunnel syndrome]], [[lead poisoning]], and [[pesticide poisoning]]. While each participating state health department had previously done surveillance or interventions for some of these occupational illnesses, SENSOR helped the states to develop and refine their reporting systems and programs.<ref name=1992rpt/> |
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The original SENSOR model was based on physician reporting |
The original SENSOR-Pesticides model was based on physician reporting. Each state contacted a select group of sentinel health care professionals on a regular basis to collect information.<ref name=bookch/> However, this system was labor-intensive and did not yield many cases.<ref name=sensortexas/> Because different states used different methods for collecting information, their data could not be compiled or compared to analyze for trends.<ref name=bookch/> In response, NIOSH, along with other federal agencies (US EPA, National Center for Environmental Health), non-federal agencies (CSTE, Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics), and state health departments, developed a standard [[case definition]] and a set of standardized variables.<ref name=bookch/> As of 2013, SENSOR-Pesticides had 12 participating states contributing occupational pesticide-related injury and illness data: [[California]], [[Florida]], [[Iowa]], [[Louisiana]], [[Michigan]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] received federal funding to support surveillance activities, while [[Nebraska]], [[New Mexico]], [[Oregon]], and [[Texas]] were unfunded SENSOR-Pesticides program partners.<ref name=clusterimpact>{{Cite journal| last1 = Calvert | first1 = G. M.| last2 = Higgins | first2 = S. A.| title = Using surveillance data to promote occupational health and safety policies and practice at the state level: A case study| journal = American Journal of Industrial Medicine| pages = 188–193| year = 2009 | pmid = 19479875| doi = 10.1002/ajim.20707| volume = 53| issue = 2| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1229081}}</ref> |
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==Case definition== |
==Case definition== |
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A case of pesticide-related illness or injury is characterized by an acute onset of symptoms that are temporally related to a pesticide exposure.<ref name=bookch/> Cases are classified as occupational if exposure occurs |
A case of pesticide-related illness or injury is characterized by an acute onset of symptoms that are temporally related to a pesticide exposure.<ref name=bookch/> Cases are classified as occupational if exposure occurs at work, unless the case was a suicide or an attempted suicide. |
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Cases are reportable |
Cases are reportable when: |
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*there is documentation of new adverse health effects temporally related to a documented pesticide exposure AND |
*there is documentation of new adverse health effects temporally related to a documented pesticide exposure AND |
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*consistent evidence of a causal relationship between the pesticide and the health effects based on known toxicology of the pesticide OR |
*there is consistent evidence of a causal relationship between the pesticide and the health effects based on the known toxicology of the pesticide OR |
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* |
*there is not enough information to determine whether there is a causal relationship between the exposure and the health effects.<ref name=bookch/> |
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State public health officials rate each case as definite, probable, possible or suspicious. Illness severity is assigned as low, moderate, severe, or fatal.<ref name=bookch/> |
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==Data collection== |
==Data collection== |
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All states |
All states in the program require physicians to report pesticide-related injuries and illnesses; however, most states collect the majority of their data from [[Workers' compensation|workers’ compensation]] claims, [[American Association of Poison Control Centers|poison control centers]], and state agencies with jurisdiction over pesticide use, such as state [[Department of agriculture|departments of agriculture]].<ref name=bookch/><ref name=clusterimpact/> When they receive a report, health department officials review the information to determine whether it was pesticide related. If it was, they request medical records and try to interview the patient (or a proxy) and anyone else involved in the incident (e.g. supervisors, applicators, and witnesses). The data is compiled each year and put into a [[national database]]. |
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In addition to identifying, classifying, and tabulating pesticide poisoning cases, the states periodically |
In addition to identifying, classifying, and tabulating pesticide poisoning cases, the states periodically investigate pesticide-related events and develop interventions aimed at particular industries or pesticide hazards.<ref name=clusterimpact/> |
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==Impact== |
==Impact== |
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Federal and state-level scientists and researchers with SENSOR-Pesticides have published articles on pesticide exposure events and trends using program data. These articles include MMWR publications<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/pesticides/mmwr.html List of SENSOR-Pesticides MMWR articles].</ref> and articles in peer-reviewed journals on exposures such as acute pesticide-related illness in youth,<ref name=youth1/><ref name=youth2/> agricultural workers,<ref name=agpaper/> retail workers,<ref name=retail/> migrant farm workers,<ref name=migrant/> and flight attendants.<ref name=flight_attendants/> Several articles have attracted media attention and motivated legislative or other governmental action. |
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===Florida Medfly Eradication Program=== |
===Florida Medfly Eradication Program=== |
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[[ |
[[File:Male medfly close up insect.jpg|right|alt=Black and orange fly with red eyes sitting on a leaf.|thumb|200px|''Ceratitis capitata'', the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly)]] |
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In response to |
In response to a [[Ceratitis capitata|Mediterranean fruit fly]] (also known as “Medfly”) outbreak, officials from the [[Florida Department of Agriculture]] sprayed pesticides (primarily [[malathion]]) and bait over five counties during the spring and summer of 1998.<ref name=MalathionMMWR>{{Cite journal | pmid = 10577491 | year = 1999 | author1 = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | title = Surveillance for acute pesticide-related illness during the Medfly eradication program--Florida, 1998 | volume = 48 | issue = 44 | pages = 1015–1018, 1027 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}}</ref> Scientists from the [[University of Florida]]’s [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] stated that malathion was being sprayed in a manner that did not pose a significant risk to public health.<ref name=ufmalathion/> During the eradication effort, the [[Florida Department of Health]] investigated 230 cases of illness that were attributed to the pesticide.<ref name=MalathionMMWR/> Officials from the Florida Department of Health and the SENSOR-Pesticides program published an article in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]] (MMWR) that described these case reports and recommended alternative methods for Medfly control, including exclusion activities at [[port of entry|ports of entry]] to prevent importation, more rapid detection through increased sentinel [[insect trap|trapping]] densities, and the release of [[sterile insect technique|sterile male flies]] to interrupt the reproductive cycle.<ref name=MalathionMMWR/> The [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) incorporated these suggestions into their 2001 [[Environmental Impact Statement]] on the Fruit Fly Cooperative Control Program.<ref name=usdaeis/> These impact statements guide the USDA's development of insect control strategies and decisions. |
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Over the course of the eradication effort, 230 cases of illness attributed to the pesticide were reported to and investigated by the [[Florida Department of Health]].<ref name=MalathionMMWR/> Officials from the Florida Department of Health and the SENSOR-Pesticides program published an article in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report]] (MMWR) that described these case reports and recommended alternative methods for Medfly control, including exclusion activities at [[port of entry|ports of entry]] to prevent importation, more rapid detection through increased sentinel [[insect trap|trapping]] densities, and the release of [[sterile insect technique|sterile male flies]] to interrupt the reproductive cycle.<ref name=MalathionMMWR/> The [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) incorporated these suggestions into their 2001 [[Environmental Impact Statement]] on the Fruit Fly Cooperative Control Program.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture. 2001. [http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/ea/downloads/fffeis.pdf Fruit Fly Cooperative Control Program: Environmental Impact Statement]. United States Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC.</ref> |
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===Pesticides in schools=== |
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Researchers from the SENSOR-Pesticides program published an article in 2005 in the [[Journal of the American Medical Association]] (JAMA) on pesticide poisoning in schools. The article, which included data collected by SENSOR, described illnesses in students and school employees associated with pesticide exposures.<ref>{{Cite journal| last1 = Alarcon | first1 = W.| last2 = Calvert | first2 = G.| last3 = Blondell | first3 = J.| last4 = Mehler | first4 = L.| last5 = Sievert | first5 = J.| last6 = Propeck | first6 = M.| last7 = Tibbetts | first7 = D.| last8 = Becker | first8 = A.| last9 = Lackovic | first9 = M.| last10 = Soileau | first10 = S. B.| last11 = Das | first11 = R.| last12 = Beckman | first12 = J.| last13 = Male | first13 = D. P.| last14 = Thomsen | first14 = C. L.| last15 = Stanbury | first15 = M.| title = Acute illnesses associated with pesticide exposure at schools| journal = Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 294| issue = 4| pages = 455–465| year = 2005| pmid = 16046652| doi = 10.1001/jama.294.4.455| s2cid = 9585112| doi-access = }}</ref> The study found that rates of pesticide-related illnesses in children rose significantly from 1998 to 2002 and called for a reduction in pesticide use to prevent pesticide-related illness on or near school grounds. The article generated media coverage and drew attention to pesticide safety in schools and to safer alternatives to pesticides through [[integrated pest management]] (IPM).<ref name=school1/><ref name=school2/><ref name=JAMAcrit/><ref name=school3/><ref name=USAToday/> "[T]he study does provide evidence that using pesticides at schools is not innocuous and that there are better ways to use pesticides," said study co-author Dr. Geoffrey Calvert.<ref name=USAToday/> Officials in organizations supporting the pesticide industry, such as CropLife America and RISE (Responsible Industry for a Sound Environment, a trade association representing pesticide manufacturers and suppliers), reacted strongly to the report, calling it “alarmist” and “incomplete” in its health reporting.<ref name=JAMAcrit/><ref name=USAToday/> CropLife America president Jay Vroom claimed that the report was “written without context about the proper use of pesticides in schools and [did] not mention the positive public health protections they provide"<ref name=JAMAcrit/> and stated that pesticide use in schools is "well regulated" and can be managed so that the risk is low.<ref name=USAToday/> RISE president Allen James faulted the article for relying on unverified reports and said that evidence suggested that such incidents were extremely rare.<ref name=USAToday/> The increased awareness of pesticide use in schools influenced parents and other stakeholders in numerous states to call for the adoption of integrated pest management programs.<ref name=ipm/> According to the [[National Pest Management Association]], three more states passed IPM rules or laws between October 2005 and October 2008.<ref>G. Harrington, committee head for the National Pest Management Association. (10 October 2008). Personal communication.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2023}} |
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Researchers from the SENSOR-Pesticides program published an article in 2005 in the [[Journal of the American Medical Association]] (JAMA) on pesticide poisoning in schools. The article, which included data collected by SENSOR, described illnesses in both students and school employees associated with pesticide exposures.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1001.2Fjama.294.4.455}}</ref> The article generated media coverage and drew attention to the issue of pesticide safety in schools and the use of safer alternatives through [[integrated pest management]], or IPM.<ref> |
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{{cite news |title= JAMA Study of Pesticide Risks in Schools|author= Staff|agency= Pesticide Action Network North America|newspaper= Pesticide Action Network Updates Service|date= 2005-09-15|url= http://www.panna.org/legacy/panups/panup_20050915.dv.html|accessdate= 2009-09-29}}</ref><ref name=JAMAcrit>{{cite news |title= Industry Responds to JAMA Report on Incidence of Pesticide Exposure at Schools|author= Staff|newspaper= U.S. Newswire|date= 2005-07-26|url= http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/187153/industry_responds_to_jama_report_on_incidence_of_pesticide_exposure/|accessdate= 2009-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= School study sparks pesticide row|author= Staff|newspaper= BBC News|date= 2005-07-26|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4718015.stm|accessdate =2009-10-30}}</ref><ref name=USAToday>{{cite news |title= Pesticides may be sickening school kids|author= Staff|newspaper= USA Today|date= 2005-07-26|url= http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-07-26-pesticides-sickening-kids_x.htm|accessdate= 2009-11-02}}</ref> Officials in organizations supporting the pesticide industry, such as CropLife America and RISE (Responsibile Industry for a Sound Environment, a trade association representing pesticide manufacturers and suppliers), reacted strongly to the report, calling it “alarmist” and “incomplete” in its health reporting.<ref name=JAMAcrit/><ref name=USAToday/> CropLife America president Jay Vroom claimed that the report was “written without context about the proper use of pesticides in schools and [did] not mention the positive public health protections they provide to [children]"<ref name=JAMAcrit/> and stated that pesticide use in schools is "well regulated" and can be managed so that the risk is low.<ref name=USAToday/> RISE president Allen James faulted the article for relying on unverified reports and said that evidence suggested that such incidents were extremely rare.<ref name=USAToday/> The increased awareness of pesticide use in schools resulting from the article influenced parents and other stakeholders in numerous states to call for the adoption of integrated pest management programs.<ref>{{Cite press release| title = Parents Urge Schools to Start Year Without Toxic Pesticides; U.S. Senator Introduces Bill To Protect Children from School Pesticide Poisoning| publisher = The National Pediculosis Association| date = 2005-09-07| url = http://bodylice.org/news/2005/september/parents_urge.htm| accessdate = 2009-10-01}}</ref> |
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===Birth defects in Florida and North Carolina=== |
===Birth defects in Florida and North Carolina=== |
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In February 2005, three infants were born with [[Congenital disorder| |
In February 2005, three infants were born with [[Congenital disorder|birth defects]] to migrant farmworkers within eight weeks of each other in [[Collier County, Florida]].<ref name=clusterimpact/><ref name=cluster/> Because one of the mothers had worked in North Carolina and the other two worked in Florida, neither state's health department attributed the cluster to pesticide exposure at first. However, when they presented their findings at the annual SENSOR-Pesticides workshop in 2006, they realized that all three mothers worked for the same tomato grower during the period of [[organogenesis]] while pregnant, and that they may have been exposed to pesticides. The state health departments reported the cluster to their respective state agricultural departments.<ref name=clusterimpact/> The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services inspected the grower's farms in Florida and fined the company $111,200 for violations they discovered; the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services conducted a similar inspection of farms in North Carolina and fined the company $184,500.<ref name=clusterimpact/><ref name=rmn/> After the investigation, North Carolina Governor [[Mike Easley]] assembled the “Governor’s Task Force on Preventing Agricultural Pesticide Exposure.” It presented its findings in April 2008,<ref name=taskforce/> which caused the state legislature to pass anti-retaliation and recordkeeping laws, training mandates to protect the health of agricultural workers, and funding for improved surveillance.<ref name=clusterimpact/> In Florida, the state legislature added ten new pesticide inspectors to the [[Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services]].<ref name=clusterimpact/><ref name=palmbeach/> |
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===Total release foggers=== |
===Total release foggers=== |
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[[Fogger|Total release foggers]] (TRFs), or "bug bombs," release a fog of insecticide to kill bugs in a room and coat surfaces with a chemical so the insects do not return. It is estimated that 50 million TRFs are used in the US annually.<ref name=bradbury_letter/> SENSOR-Pesticides federal and state staff, along with officials from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR), published an article in the CDC MMWR that called attention to injuries and illnesses resulting from use of total release foggers.<ref name=mmwr>{{Cite journal | pmid = 18923383 | year = 2008 | author1 = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | title = Illnesses and injuries related to total release foggers--eight states, 2001-2006 | volume = 57 | issue = 41 | pages = 1125–1129 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report| url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5741a3.htm}}</ref> The [[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation]] (DEC) published a press release in response, stating that the state would restrict their use.<ref name=nydec/> DEC Commissioner [[Alexander Pete Grannis|Pete Granis]] announced that the department would move to classify foggers as a [[Restricted use pesticide|restricted-use product]] in New York State, meaning that only certified pesticide applicators would be able to obtain them. In March 2010, US EPA announced required label changes on indoor TRF products that reflect the label change recommendations made in the MMWR article.<ref name=epa_letter/> |
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== See also == |
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*[[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] |
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*[[Pesticide]] |
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*[[Pesticide poisoning]] |
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*[[US Environmental Protection Agency]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist |
{{reflist|2|refs= |
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<ref name=EPA0001>Kiely T, Donaldson D, Grube A. (2004). [http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/01pestsales/market_estimates2001.pdf "Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage. 2000 and 2001 Market Estimates."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831064941/http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/01pestsales/market_estimates2001.pdf |date=2009-08-31 }} Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report No. EPA-733-R-99-001.</ref> |
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<ref name=EPA9899>Donaldson, D., Kiely, T., Grube, A. (2002). [http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/99pestsales/market_estimates1999.pdf "Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage. 1998 and 1999 Market Estimates."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010195749/http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/99pestsales/market_estimates1999.pdf |date=2008-10-10 }} Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report No. EPA-733-R-02-001.</ref> |
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<ref name=EPA9697>Aspelin, A.L., Grube, A.H. (1999). [http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/97pestsales/market_estimates1997.pdf "Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage. 1996 and 1997 Market Estimates."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010195126/http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/97pestsales/market_estimates1997.pdf |date=2006-10-10 }} Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report No. EPA-733-R-04-001.</ref> |
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<ref name=EPA9495>Aspelin, A.L. (1997). [http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/95pestsales/market_estimates1995.pdf Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage. 1994 and 1995 Market Estimates.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010195052/http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/95pestsales/market_estimates1995.pdf |date=2006-10-10 }} Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report No. EPA-733-R-97-002.</ref> |
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<ref name=pew>Pew Environmental Health Commission. 2001. "[http://www.jhsph.edu/ephtcenter/pew_transition_report.pdf Strengthening our public health defense against environmental threats: transition report to the new administration.]" Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Pew Environmental Research Commission.</ref> |
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<ref name=gao1>Government Accountability Office. (1994). "Pesticides on farms. Limited capability exists to monitor occupational illnesses and injuries." Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO/PEMD–94–6.</ref> |
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<ref name=gao2>Government Accountability Office. (1999). "Pesticides. Use, effects, and alternatives to pesticides in schools." Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED–00–17.</ref> |
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<ref name=gao3>Government Accountability Office. (2000). "Pesticides: improvements needed to ensure the safety of farmworkers and their children." Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED–00–40.</ref> |
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<ref name=concept>{{Cite journal| pmid = 2817207| year = 1989| last1 = Baker | first1 = E. L.| title = Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR): the concept| volume = 79 Suppl| issue = Suppl| pages = 18–20| pmc = 1350124| journal = American Journal of Public Health | doi=10.2105/ajph.79.suppl.18}}</ref> |
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<ref name=1992rpt>Levy B, Johnson A, Rest K. (1992 September 28). "Evaluation of the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR). Final Report."</ref> |
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<ref name=youth1>{{Cite journal | pmid = 12660205 | year = 2003| last1 = Calvert | first1 = G. M.| last2 = Mehler | first2 = L. N.| last3 = Rosales | first3 = R.| last4 = Baum | first4 = L.| last5 = Thomsen | first5 = C.| last6 = Male | first6 = D.| last7 = Shafey | first7 = O.| last8 = Das| first8 = R.| last9 = Lackovic| first9 = M. | last10 = Arvizu | first10 = E. | title = Acute Pesticide-Related Illnesses Among Working Youths, 1988–1999 | volume = 93 | issue = 4 | pages = 605–610 | pmc = 1447798 | journal = American Journal of Public Health | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.93.4.605}}</ref> |
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<ref name=ufmalathion>{{cite news|title=UF Experts Say Fear Unwarranted But Treat Malathion With Respect |author=Spence, Cindy |newspaper=University of Florida News |date=1997-06-27 |url=http://news.ufl.edu/1997/06/27/spray/ |access-date=2009-10-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705051550/http://news.ufl.edu/1997/06/27/spray/ |archive-date=2008-07-05 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=usdaeis>United States Department of Agriculture. 2001. [http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/ea/downloads/fffeis.pdf Fruit Fly Cooperative Control Program: Environmental Impact Statement]. United States Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC.</ref> |
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<ref name=school2>{{cite news|title= JAMA Study of Pesticide Risks in Schools|author= Staff|agency= Pesticide Action Network North America|newspaper= Pesticide Action Network Updates Service|date= 2005-09-15|url= http://www.panna.org/legacy/panups/panup_20050915.dv.html|access-date= 2009-09-29|archive-date= 2016-03-03|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234406/http://www.panna.org/legacy/panups/panup_20050915.dv.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> |
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<ref name=JAMAcrit>{{cite news |title= Industry Responds to JAMA Report on Incidence of Pesticide Exposure at Schools|author= Staff|newspaper= U.S. Newswire|date= 2005-07-26|url= http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/187153/industry_responds_to_jama_report_on_incidence_of_pesticide_exposure/|access-date= 2009-09-29}}</ref> |
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<ref name=school3>{{cite news |title= School study sparks pesticide row|author= Staff|newspaper= BBC News|date= 2005-07-26|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4718015.stm|access-date =2009-10-30}}</ref> |
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<ref name=USAToday>{{cite news |title= Pesticides may be sickening school kids|author= Staff|newspaper= USA Today|date= 2005-07-26|url= https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-07-26-pesticides-sickening-kids_x.htm|access-date= 2009-11-02}}</ref> |
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<ref name=ipm>{{Cite press release| title = Parents Urge Schools to Start Year Without Toxic Pesticides; U.S. Senator Introduces Bill To Protect Children from School Pesticide Poisoning| publisher = The National Pediculosis Association| date = 2005-09-07| url = http://bodylice.org/news/2005/september/parents_urge.htm| access-date = 2009-10-01}}</ref> |
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<ref name=rmn>Rural Migration News. 2005-10-01. [http://migration.ucdavis.edu/RMN/more.php?id=1062_0_3_0 "Florida, Southeast."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508014233/http://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/more.php?id=1062_0_3_0 |date=2008-05-08 }} Rural Migration News 11:4. Accessed 2009-11-03.</ref> |
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<ref name=taskforce>Devlin L, Beauregard K, Borre K, Buhler WG, Engel J, Melton TA, Parks J, Price J, Troxler S. 2008. [http://www.ncdhhs.gov/pressrel/2008/2008-04-23-pesticideexposure.pdf Report to the Honorable Michael F. Easley, Governor of the State of North Carolina from the Governor’s Task Force on Preventing Agricultural Pesticide Exposure.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416231729/http://www.ncdhhs.gov/pressrel/2008/2008-04-23-pesticideexposure.pdf |date=2010-04-16 }} Tallahassee, Florida: Office of the Governor.</ref> |
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<ref name=palmbeach>{{cite news |title= Proposals benefiting migrants quietly having successes|author= Gomez, A.|newspaper= Palm Beach Post|date= 2006-05-01}}</ref> |
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<ref name=nydec>{{cite press release|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/press/48084.html |title=State to Restrict Use of "Bug Bombs" |publisher=New York Department of Environmental Conservation |date=2008-10-17 |access-date=2009-09-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008065534/http://www.dec.ny.gov/press/48084.html |archive-date=2009-10-08 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=epa_letter>Keigwin RP Jr, Rossi LA. 2010-03-23. [http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reevaluation/label-lang-fogger-letter.pdf Re: Required Label Language for Indoor Total Release Fogger Products]. US EPA, Washington, DC. Retrieved 2010-04-05.</ref> |
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<ref name=bradbury_letter>Bradbury SP. 2010-03-24. [http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reevaluation/signedpetitionresponse.pdf Letter to Mr. Kass and Dr. Hoffman]. US EPA, Washington, DC. Retrieved 2010-04-05.</ref> |
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}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/pesticides/overview.html SENSOR-Pesticides Program] |
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*[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/pesticides/pdfs/casedef2003_revAPR2005.pdf Case Definition for Acute Pesticide-Related Illness and Injury] |
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*[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/pesticides/pdfs/standardized_variable_document_SEPT2010.pdf Standardized Variables] |
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{{Pesticide regulation in the United States}} |
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Latest revision as of 11:31, 27 August 2024
Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides is a U.S. state-based surveillance program that monitors pesticide-related illness and injury. It is administered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), twelve state health agencies participate. NIOSH provides technical support to all participating states. It also provides funding to some states, in conjunction with the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).
Pesticide-related illness is a significant occupational health issue, but it is believed to be underreported. Because of this, NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program to track pesticide poisonings. Because workers in many industries are at risk for pesticide exposure, and public concern exists regarding the use of and exposure to pesticides, government and regulatory authorities experience pressure to monitor health effects associated with them. SENSOR-Pesticides state partners collect case data from several different sources using a standard case definition and set of variables. This information is then forwarded to the program headquarters at NIOSH where it is compiled and put into a national database.
Researchers and government officials from the SENSOR-Pesticides program have published research articles that highlight findings from the data and their implications for environmental and occupational pesticide issues. These issues include eradication of invasive species, pesticide poisoning in schools, birth defects, and residential use of total release foggers, or "bug bombs," which are devices that release an insecticide mist.
Background
[edit]Although it is a significant occupational health issue, work-related pesticide poisoning is believed to be underreported.[1] Before the SENSOR program began, state programs that collected reports of occupational diseases did not usually conduct interventions.[2] While over 25 states required reporting of pesticide-related illness, most of them could not compile useful information on incidence or prevalence.[1] In response to these challenges, NIOSH proposed the SENSOR program as a model to track certain occupational conditions, including pesticides.[1][2][3]
Pesticide poisoning is an important occupational health issue because pesticides are used in a large number of industries, which puts many different categories of workers at risk. From 1995 to 2001, use in agriculture accounted for at least 70% of conventional pesticide use in the U.S.,[4][5][6][7] and the US EPA estimates that the agricultural sector has had a similar market share of pesticides since 1979.[7] Pesticides are particularly useful in agriculture because they increase crop yields and reduce the need for manual labor.[8] However, this extensive use puts agricultural workers at increased risk for pesticide illnesses.[9][10][11] Workers in other industries are at risk for exposure as well.[10][11] For example, commercial availability of pesticides in stores puts retail workers at risk for exposure and illness when they handle pesticide products.[12] The ubiquity of pesticides puts emergency responders such as fire-fighters and police officers at risk, because they are often the first responders to emergency events and may be unaware of the presence of a poisoning hazard.[13] The process of aircraft disinsection, in which pesticides are used on inbound international flights for insect and disease control, can also make flight attendants sick.[14][15]
The widespread use of pesticides, their release into the environment, and the potential for adverse public health effects due to exposure may raise public concern.[11][16] Some feel that regulatory authorities have an ethical obligation to track the health effects of such chemicals. In the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Calvert et al. write "[b]ecause society allows pesticides to be disseminated into the environment, society also incurs the obligation to track the health effects of pesticides."[16] Jay Vroom, president of CropLife America, said in a press release that "...our industry has a moral and ethical obligation...to know how these products impact humans."[17] Surveillance of pesticide-related injuries and illnesses is recommended by the American Medical Association,[18] the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE),[19] the Pew Environmental Health Commission,[20] and the Government Accountability Office.[21][22][23]
History
[edit]
States receiving federal funding for participation
Unfunded program partners
Beginning in 1987, NIOSH supported the implementation of the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR) program in ten state health departments. The objectives of the program were to help state health departments develop and refine reporting systems for certain occupational disorders so that they could conduct and evaluate interventions and prevention efforts. The disorders covered by SENSOR included silicosis, occupational asthma, carpal tunnel syndrome, lead poisoning, and pesticide poisoning. While each participating state health department had previously done surveillance or interventions for some of these occupational illnesses, SENSOR helped the states to develop and refine their reporting systems and programs.[24]
The original SENSOR-Pesticides model was based on physician reporting. Each state contacted a select group of sentinel health care professionals on a regular basis to collect information.[16] However, this system was labor-intensive and did not yield many cases.[1] Because different states used different methods for collecting information, their data could not be compiled or compared to analyze for trends.[16] In response, NIOSH, along with other federal agencies (US EPA, National Center for Environmental Health), non-federal agencies (CSTE, Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics), and state health departments, developed a standard case definition and a set of standardized variables.[16] As of 2013, SENSOR-Pesticides had 12 participating states contributing occupational pesticide-related injury and illness data: California, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, and Washington received federal funding to support surveillance activities, while Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, and Texas were unfunded SENSOR-Pesticides program partners.[25]
Case definition
[edit]A case of pesticide-related illness or injury is characterized by an acute onset of symptoms that are temporally related to a pesticide exposure.[16] Cases are classified as occupational if exposure occurs at work, unless the case was a suicide or an attempted suicide.
Cases are reportable when:
- there is documentation of new adverse health effects temporally related to a documented pesticide exposure AND
- there is consistent evidence of a causal relationship between the pesticide and the health effects based on the known toxicology of the pesticide OR
- there is not enough information to determine whether there is a causal relationship between the exposure and the health effects.[16]
State public health officials rate each case as definite, probable, possible or suspicious. Illness severity is assigned as low, moderate, severe, or fatal.[16]
Data collection
[edit]All states in the program require physicians to report pesticide-related injuries and illnesses; however, most states collect the majority of their data from workers’ compensation claims, poison control centers, and state agencies with jurisdiction over pesticide use, such as state departments of agriculture.[16][25] When they receive a report, health department officials review the information to determine whether it was pesticide related. If it was, they request medical records and try to interview the patient (or a proxy) and anyone else involved in the incident (e.g. supervisors, applicators, and witnesses). The data is compiled each year and put into a national database.
In addition to identifying, classifying, and tabulating pesticide poisoning cases, the states periodically investigate pesticide-related events and develop interventions aimed at particular industries or pesticide hazards.[25]
Impact
[edit]Federal and state-level scientists and researchers with SENSOR-Pesticides have published articles on pesticide exposure events and trends using program data. These articles include MMWR publications[26] and articles in peer-reviewed journals on exposures such as acute pesticide-related illness in youth,[27][28] agricultural workers,[10] retail workers,[12] migrant farm workers,[29] and flight attendants.[15] Several articles have attracted media attention and motivated legislative or other governmental action.
Florida Medfly Eradication Program
[edit]
In response to a Mediterranean fruit fly (also known as “Medfly”) outbreak, officials from the Florida Department of Agriculture sprayed pesticides (primarily malathion) and bait over five counties during the spring and summer of 1998.[30] Scientists from the University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences stated that malathion was being sprayed in a manner that did not pose a significant risk to public health.[31] During the eradication effort, the Florida Department of Health investigated 230 cases of illness that were attributed to the pesticide.[30] Officials from the Florida Department of Health and the SENSOR-Pesticides program published an article in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) that described these case reports and recommended alternative methods for Medfly control, including exclusion activities at ports of entry to prevent importation, more rapid detection through increased sentinel trapping densities, and the release of sterile male flies to interrupt the reproductive cycle.[30] The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) incorporated these suggestions into their 2001 Environmental Impact Statement on the Fruit Fly Cooperative Control Program.[32] These impact statements guide the USDA's development of insect control strategies and decisions.
Pesticides in schools
[edit]Researchers from the SENSOR-Pesticides program published an article in 2005 in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) on pesticide poisoning in schools. The article, which included data collected by SENSOR, described illnesses in students and school employees associated with pesticide exposures.[33] The study found that rates of pesticide-related illnesses in children rose significantly from 1998 to 2002 and called for a reduction in pesticide use to prevent pesticide-related illness on or near school grounds. The article generated media coverage and drew attention to pesticide safety in schools and to safer alternatives to pesticides through integrated pest management (IPM).[34][35][36][37][38] "[T]he study does provide evidence that using pesticides at schools is not innocuous and that there are better ways to use pesticides," said study co-author Dr. Geoffrey Calvert.[38] Officials in organizations supporting the pesticide industry, such as CropLife America and RISE (Responsible Industry for a Sound Environment, a trade association representing pesticide manufacturers and suppliers), reacted strongly to the report, calling it “alarmist” and “incomplete” in its health reporting.[36][38] CropLife America president Jay Vroom claimed that the report was “written without context about the proper use of pesticides in schools and [did] not mention the positive public health protections they provide"[36] and stated that pesticide use in schools is "well regulated" and can be managed so that the risk is low.[38] RISE president Allen James faulted the article for relying on unverified reports and said that evidence suggested that such incidents were extremely rare.[38] The increased awareness of pesticide use in schools influenced parents and other stakeholders in numerous states to call for the adoption of integrated pest management programs.[39] According to the National Pest Management Association, three more states passed IPM rules or laws between October 2005 and October 2008.[40][unreliable source?]
Birth defects in Florida and North Carolina
[edit]In February 2005, three infants were born with birth defects to migrant farmworkers within eight weeks of each other in Collier County, Florida.[25][41] Because one of the mothers had worked in North Carolina and the other two worked in Florida, neither state's health department attributed the cluster to pesticide exposure at first. However, when they presented their findings at the annual SENSOR-Pesticides workshop in 2006, they realized that all three mothers worked for the same tomato grower during the period of organogenesis while pregnant, and that they may have been exposed to pesticides. The state health departments reported the cluster to their respective state agricultural departments.[25] The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services inspected the grower's farms in Florida and fined the company $111,200 for violations they discovered; the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services conducted a similar inspection of farms in North Carolina and fined the company $184,500.[25][42] After the investigation, North Carolina Governor Mike Easley assembled the “Governor’s Task Force on Preventing Agricultural Pesticide Exposure.” It presented its findings in April 2008,[43] which caused the state legislature to pass anti-retaliation and recordkeeping laws, training mandates to protect the health of agricultural workers, and funding for improved surveillance.[25] In Florida, the state legislature added ten new pesticide inspectors to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.[25][44]
Total release foggers
[edit]Total release foggers (TRFs), or "bug bombs," release a fog of insecticide to kill bugs in a room and coat surfaces with a chemical so the insects do not return. It is estimated that 50 million TRFs are used in the US annually.[45] SENSOR-Pesticides federal and state staff, along with officials from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR), published an article in the CDC MMWR that called attention to injuries and illnesses resulting from use of total release foggers.[46] The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) published a press release in response, stating that the state would restrict their use.[47] DEC Commissioner Pete Granis announced that the department would move to classify foggers as a restricted-use product in New York State, meaning that only certified pesticide applicators would be able to obtain them. In March 2010, US EPA announced required label changes on indoor TRF products that reflect the label change recommendations made in the MMWR article.[48]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Schnitzer, P. G.; Shannon, J. (1999). "Development of a surveillance program for occupational pesticide poisoning: lessons learned and future directions". Public Health Reports. 114 (3): 242–248. doi:10.1093/phr/114.3.242. PMC 1308475. PMID 10476993.
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External links
[edit]- SENSOR-Pesticides Program
- Case Definition for Acute Pesticide-Related Illness and Injury
- Standardized Variables
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