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{{Short description|Egyptian archive of correspondence on clay tablets}}
[[Image:Amarna Akkadian letter.png|thumb|200px|EA 161, letter by [[Aziru]], leader of [[Amurru]], (stating his case to [[pharaoh]]), one of the Amarna letters in cuneiform writing on a clay tablet.]]
[[File:Five Amarna letters on display at the British Museum, LondonA.jpg|thumb|Five Amarna letters on display at the British Museum, London]]
The '''Amarna letters''' (sometimes '''"Amarna correspondence"''' or "Amarna tablets") are an archive of correspondence on [[clay tablet]]s, mostly diplomatic, between the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] administration and its representatives in [[Canaan]] and [[Amurru]] during the [[New Kingdom]]. The letters were found in [[Upper Egypt]] at [[Amarna]], the modern name for the Egyptian capital of ''Akhetaten'', founded by pharaoh [[Akhenaten]] (1350s – 1330s BC) during the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt]]. The Amarna letters are unusual in Egyptological research, being mostly written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] cuneiform, the writing system of ancient [[Mesopotamia]] rather than ancient Egypt. The known tablets currently total 382 in number, 24 further tablets having been recovered since the Norwegian Assyriologist [[Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon]]'s landmark edition of the Amarna correspondence, ''Die El-Amarna-Tafeln'' in two volumes (1907 and 1915).<ref>{{TheAmarnaLettersRef|page=p.xiv}}</ref>
[[File:Amarna Akkadian letter.png|thumb|[[Amarna letter EA 161|EA 161]], letter by [[Aziru]], leader of [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]] (stating his case to [[pharaoh]]), one of the Amarna letters in cuneiform writing on a clay tablet.]]

The '''Amarna letters''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|m|ɑr|n|ə}}; sometimes referred to as the '''Amarna correspondence''' or '''Amarna tablets''', and cited with the abbreviation '''EA''', for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on [[clay tablet]]s, primarily consisting of [[diplomatic correspondence]] between the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] administration and its representatives in [[Canaan]] and [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]], or neighboring kingdom leaders, during the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], spanning a period of no more than thirty years in the middle 14th century BC. The letters were found in [[Upper Egypt]] at [[Amarna|el-Amarna]], the modern name for the ancient Egyptian capital of ''Akhetaten'', founded by pharaoh [[Akhenaten]] (c. 1351–1334 BC) during the [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt]].

The Amarna letters are unusual in Egyptological research, because they are written not in the language of ancient Egypt, but in [[cuneiform]], the writing system of ancient [[Mesopotamia]]. Most are in a variety of [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] sometimes characterised as a [[mixed language]], [[Canaano-Akkadian language|Canaanite-Akkadian]];<ref name="IzreelTAU">{{cite web |author=Shlomo Izre'el |title=The Amarna Tablets |url=https://humanities.tau.ac.il/hebrew/research/el-amarna-akkadian/el-amarna-introduction |publisher=[[Tel Aviv University]] |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref> one especially long letter—abbreviated [[Amarna letter EA 24|EA 24]]—was written in a late dialect of [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]], and is the longest contiguous text known to survive in that language.

The known tablets total 382 and fragments (350 are letters and the rest literary texts
and school texts), of which 358 have been published by the Norwegian Assyriologist [[Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon]] in his work, ''Die El-Amarna-Tafeln'', which came out in two volumes (1907 and 1915) and remains the standard edition to this day.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knudtzon|first=Jørgen Alexander|author-link=Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon|year=1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/dieelamarnatafel01knud |title=Die El-Amarna-Tafeln|volume= 1 |publisher=Hinrichs|location=Leipzig}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Knudtzon|first=Jørgen Alexander|author-link=Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon|year=1915 |url=https://archive.org/details/dieelamarnatafel02knud |title=Die El-Amarna-Tafeln|volume= 2 |publisher=Hinrichs|location=Leipzig}}</ref><ref name="IzreelTAU"/><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Moran |first=William L. |url=https://archive.org/details/amarnaletters0000unse_c3q4 |title=The Amarna Letters |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-8018-4251-4 |location=Baltimore |page=xiv}}</ref> The texts of the remaining 24 complete or fragmentary tablets excavated since Knudtzon have also been made available.<ref name="IzreelTAU"/> Only 26 of the known tablets and fragments were found in their archaeological context, Building Q42.21.<ref>[https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/317192/1/2023-Colonna%20d%27Istria%20L.-2023-Cuneiform%20in%20Egypt-The%20el-Amarna%20Letters-.pdf]Colonna d'Istria, Laurent, "Cuneiform in Egypt: The el-Amarna Letters", in Stéphane Polis (ed.) Guide to the Writing Systems
of Ancient Egypt , pp. 88-93, 2023 {{ISBN|978-2-7247-0873-8}}</ref>

The Amarna letters are of great significance for [[biblical studies]] as well as [[Semitic languages|Semitic linguistics]] because they shed light on the culture and language of the Canaanite peoples in this time period. Though most are written in Akkadian, the Akkadian of the letters is heavily colored by the mother tongue of their writers, who probably spoke an early form of [[Canaanite languages|Proto-Canaanite]], the language(s) which would later evolve into the daughter languages of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]. These "Canaanisms" provide valuable insights into the proto-stage of those languages several centuries prior to their first actual manifestation.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/diesprachederama00bh F.M.T. de Liagre Böhl, ''Die Sprache der Amarnabriefe, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kanaanismen'' ('The language of the Amarna letters, with special attention to the Canaanisms'), Leipzig 1909].</ref><ref>[http://img2.timg.co.il/forums/1_138177365.pdf Eva von Dassow, 'Canaanite in Cuneiform', ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 124/4 (2004): 641–674.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145317/http://img2.timg.co.il/forums/1_138177365.pdf |date=2015-04-02 }} (pdf)</ref>


==The letters==
==The letters==
[[File:Amarna letter- Royal Letter from Abi-milku of Tyre to the king of Egypt MET 24.2.12 EGDP021809.jpg|thumb|left|274px|[[Amarna letter EA 153]] from [[Abimilku]].]]
[[Image:Amarna tablet.jpg|right|thumb|200px|One of the Amarna Letters. (from [[Alashiya]]) ]]
<!--[[File:Amarna tablet.jpg|left|thumb|One of the Amarna Letters (from [[Alashiya]])]]-->
These letters, consisting of [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] tablets mostly written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] &ndash; the regional [[Diplomatic language|language of diplomacy]] for this period &ndash; were first discovered by local Egyptians around 1887, who secretly dug most of them from the ruined city (they were originally stored in an ancient building archaeologists have since called the [[Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh]]) and then sold them on the antiquities market. Once the location where they were found was determined, the ruins were explored for more. The first archaeologist who successfully recovered more tablets was [[William Flinders Petrie]] in 1891–92, who found 21 fragments. [[Émile Chassinat]], then director of the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology in [[Cairo]], acquired two more tablets in 1903. Since Knudtzon's edition, some 24 more tablets, or fragments of tablets, have been found, either in Egypt, or identified in the collections of various museums.<ref>Moran, p.xv</ref>
These letters, comprising [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] tablets written primarily in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] – the regional [[Diplomatic language|language of diplomacy]] for this period – were first discovered around 1887 by local Egyptians who secretly dug most of them from the ruined city of Amarna, and sold them in the antiquities market.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cu31924026821904][[Claude Reignier Conder]], "The Tell Amarna tablets", London; New York: Macmillan, 1893</ref> They had originally been stored in an ancient building that archaeologists have since called the [[Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh]]. Once the location where they were found was determined, the ruins were explored for more. The first archaeologist who successfully recovered more tablets was [[Flinders Petrie]], who in 1891 and 1892 uncovered 21 fragments.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/tellelamarna00petr]Petrie, W. M. Flinders, "Tell el Amarna", London, Methuen & co, 1894</ref> [[Émile Chassinat]], then director of the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology in [[Cairo]], acquired two more tablets in 1903. Since Knudtzon's edition, some 24 more tablets, or fragments, have been found, either in Egypt, or identified in the collections of various museums.<ref>Rainey, Anson F., and William M. Schniedewind, "The El-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters From the Site of El-Amarna Based On Collations of All Extant Tablets", Boston: Brill, 2014 {{ISBN|978-90-04-28145-5}}</ref>

The initial group of letters recovered by local Egyptians have been scattered among museums in [[Germany]], [[England]], [[Egypt]], France, Russia, and the United States. Either 202 or 203 tablets are at the [[Vorderasiatisches Museum]] in [[Berlin]];<ref>[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_R8QxAQAAMAAJ/mode/2up]Winckler, Hugo, "Der Thontafelfund von el-Amarna", Berlin: W. Spemann, 1889</ref> 99 are at the [[British Museum]] in London;<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cu31924026821714/page/n7/mode/2up]C. Bezold and E. A. W. Budge, "The Tell el-Amarna tablets in the British Museum with autotype facsimiles", [[British Museum]], 1892</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection|title=Collection|website=The British Museum}}</ref> 49 or 50 are at the [[Egyptian Museum]] in Cairo;<ref>Sayce, A.H., "The cuneiform tablets of Tel el-Amarna, now preserved in the Boulaq Museum", Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology 11, pp. 326-413, 1888-89</ref> 7 at the [[Louvre]] in Paris;<ref>Rainey, Anson F, "El Amarna Tablets 359–379", Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn, Neukirchener Verlag des Erziehungsvereins, 1970</ref> 3 at the [[Pushkin Museum]] in Moscow; and 1 in the collection of the [[Oriental Institute, Chicago|Oriental Institute]] in [[Chicago]].<ref name=":0"/> A few tablets are at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and the Royal Museum of Art and History in Brussels.<ref>Baranowski, Krzysztof J. "1. The Amarna Letters and Their Study". The Verb in the Amarna Letters from Canaan, University Park, US: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 4–20</ref>

The archive contains a wealth of information about cultures, kingdoms, events and individuals in a period from which few written sources survive. It includes correspondence from Akhenaten's reign ([[Akhenaten]] who was also titled [[Amenhotep IV]]), as well as his predecessor [[Amenhotep III]]'s reign. The tablets consist of over 300 diplomatic letters; the remainder comprise miscellaneous literary and educational materials. These tablets shed much light on Egyptian relations with [[Babylonia]], [[Assyria]], [[Syria]], [[Canaan]], and [[Alashiya]] ([[Cyprus]]) as well as relations with the [[Mitanni]], and the [[Hittites]]. The letters have been important in establishing both the history and the chronology of the period. Letters from the Babylonian king, [[Kadashman-Enlil I]], anchor the timeframe of Akhenaten's reign to the mid-14th century BC. They also contain the first mention of a Near Eastern group known as the ''[[Habiru]]'', whose possible connection with the [[Hebrews]]—due to the similarity of the words and their geographic location—remains debated. Other rulers involved in the letters include [[Tushratta]] of Mitanni, [[Lib'ayu]] of Shechem, [[Abdi-Heba]] of Jerusalem, and the quarrelsome king, [[Rib-Hadda]], of [[Byblos]], who, in over 58 letters, continuously pleads for Egyptian military help. Specifically, the letters include requests for military help in the north against Hittite invaders, and in the south to fight against the Habiru.<ref name="wsrp 1">[http://wsrp.usc.edu/educational_site/ancient_texts/elamarna.shtml El-Amarna Tablets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307171917/http://wsrp.usc.edu/educational_site/ancient_texts/elamarna.shtml |date=2018-03-07 }}, article at West Semitic Research Project, website of University of Southern California accessed 2/8/15.</ref>
{{clear}}


===Letter found at Tell Beth-Shean===
The tablets originally recovered by local Egyptians have been scattered among museums in Cairo, Europe and the United States: 202 or 203 are at the [[Vorderasiatisches Museum]] in [[Berlin]]; 80 in the [[British Museum]]; 49 or 50 at the [[Egyptian Museum]] in Cairo; seven at the [[Louvre]]; 3 at the [[Pushkin Museum]]; and 1 is currently in the collection of the [[Oriental Institute, Chicago|Oriental Institute]] in [[Chicago]].<ref>Moran, pp.xiii-xiv</ref>
During excavation in 1993 a small, damaged, clay cylinder (first thought to be a cylinder seal) was found. It was inscribed with "Amarna Cuneiform" and held a letter which appears to be part of the Amarna correspondence.<ref>[https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/download/19435/19076]Mynářová, Jana, "Handbook of Amarna Cuneiform Palaeography: A Project Update", Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 11, pp. 15-16, 2016</ref>
[[Image:Amarnamap.png|thumb|left|300px|Map of the ancient [[Near East]] during the Amarna period, showing the great powers of the period: Egypt (green), [[Hatti]] (yellow), the [[Kassites|Kassite]] kingdom of Babylon (purple), Assyria (grey), and Mittani (red). Lighter areas show direct control, darker areas represent spheres of influence. The extent of the Achaean/Mycenaean civilization is shown in orange.]]
{{blockquote|text="To Lab'aya, my lord, speak. Message of Tagi: To the King (Pharaoh), my lord: "I have listened carefully to your missive to me ...(illegible traces)"<ref>Horowitz, Wayne, "An Inscribed Clay Cylinder From Amarna Age Beth Shean", Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 46, no. 3/4, pp. 208–218, 1996</ref><ref>Horowitz, Wayne, "The Amarna Age Inscribed Clay Cylinder from Beth-Shean", The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 97–100, 1997</ref>
The full archive, which includes correspondence from the preceding reign of [[Amenhotep III]] as well, contained over three hundred diplomatic letters; the remainder are a miscellany of literary or educational materials. These tablets shed much light on Egyptian relations with [[Babylonia]], [[Assyria]], the [[Mitanni]], the [[Hittites]], [[Syria]], [[Canaan]], and [[Alashiya]] ([[Cyprus]]). They are important for establishing both the history and chronology of the period. Letters from the Babylonian king [[Kadashman-Enlil I]] anchor the timeframe of Akhenaten's reign to the mid-14th century BC. Here was also found the first mention of a Near Eastern group known as the ''[[Habiru]]'', whose possible connection with the [[Hebrews]] remains debated. Other rulers include [[Tushratta]] of Mittani, [[Lib'ayu]] of Shehchem, [[Abdi-Heba]] of Jerusalem and the quarrelsome king [[Rib-Hadda]] of [[Byblos]], who in over 58 letters continuously pleads for Egyptian military help.
}}


=== Letter summary ===
===Letter summary===
[[File:Amarnamap.png|thumb|300px|Map of the ancient [[Near East]] during the Amarna period, showing the great powers of the period: Egypt (green), Mycenaean Greece (orange), [[History of the Hittites|Hatti]] (yellow), the [[Kassites|Kassite]] kingdom of [[Babylon]] (purple), [[Assyria]] (grey), and [[Mitanni]] (red). Lighter areas show direct control, darker areas represent spheres of influence.]]
Amarna Letters are arranged politically roughly counterclockwise:
Amarna Letters are politically arranged in a rough counterclockwise fashion:
* 001–014 Babylonia
* 001–014 Babylonia
* 015–016 Assyria
* 015–016 Assyria
* 017–030 Mittani
* 017–030 Mitanni
* 031–032 Arzawa
* 031–032 Arzawa
* 033–040 Alasia
* 033–040 Alashiya
* 041–044 Hatti
* 041–044 Hatti
* 045–380+ Syria/Lebanon/Canaan
* 045–380+ Syria/Lebanon/Canaan
Line 23: Line 42:
* 045–067 Syria
* 045–067 Syria
* 068–227 Lebanon (where 68–140 are from Gubla aka Byblos)
* 068–227 Lebanon (where 68–140 are from Gubla aka Byblos)
* 227–380 Canaan
* 227–380 Canaan (written mostly in the [[Canaano-Akkadian language]]).


=== Akhenaten and Tushratta ===
==Amarna letters list==
Note: Many assignments are tentative; spellings vary widely. This is just a guide.


Early in his reign, [[Akhenaten]], the pharaoh of Egypt, had conflicts with [[Tushratta]], the king of [[Mitanni]], who had courted favor with his father, [[Amenhotep III]], against the Hittites. Tushratta complains in numerous letters that Akhenaten had sent him gold-plated statues rather than statues made of solid gold; the statues formed part of the bride-price that Tushratta received for letting his daughter [[Tadukhepa]] marry Amenhotep III and then later marry Akhenaten.<ref>[https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/11693/51237/1/Tushratta_s_requests_to_the_pharaohs.pdf]Güner, Serdar, and Daniel Druckman, "Tushratta’S Requests to the Pharaohs", How People Negotiate: Resolving Disputes in Different Cultures. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 67-71, 2003</ref>
<center>
<div style = "height: 300px; overflow: auto" >
<table border = "1" callpadding = "4" class = "wikitable" >
<tr><th> EA# </th><th> letter author to recipient </th><th> summary </th><th> notes </th></tr>


An Amarna letter preserves a complaint by Tushratta to Akhenaten about the situation:
<tr><th> EA# 1 </th><td> [[Amenhotep III]] to [[Babylon]] king [[Kadashman-Enlil]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<blockquote>
<tr><th> EA# 2 </th><td> Babylon king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
I...asked your father Mimmureya [i.e., Amenhotep III] for statues of solid cast gold, ... and your father said, 'Don't talk of giving statues just of solid cast gold. I will give you ones made also of lapis lazuli. I will give you too, along with the statues, much additional gold and [other] goods beyond measure.' Every one of my messengers that were staying in Egypt saw the gold for the statues with their own eyes. ... But my brother [i.e., Akhenaten] has not sent the solid [gold] statues that your father was going to send. You have sent plated ones of wood. Nor have you sent me the goods that your father was going to send me, but you have reduced [them] greatly. Yet there is nothing I know of in which I have failed my brother. ... May my brother send me much gold. ... In my brother's country gold is as plentiful as dust. May my brother cause me no distress. May he send me much gold in order that my brother [with the gold and m]any [good]s may honor me.<ref name=":0"/>
<tr><th> EA# 3 </th><td> Babylon king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</blockquote>
<tr><th> EA# 4 </th><td> Babylon king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 5 </th><td> Amenhotep 3 to Babylon king KadashmanEnlil </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 6 </th><td> Babylon king [[Burna-Buriash II]] to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 7 </th><td> Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to [[Amenhotep IV]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 8 </th><td> Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 9 </th><td> Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 10 </th><td> Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 11 </th><td> Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 to Amenhotep 4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 12 </th><td> princess to her lord </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 13 </th><td> Babylon </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 14 </th><td> Amenhotep 4 to Babylon king Burna-Buriash 2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 15 </th><td> [[Assyria]] king [[Ashur-Uballit I]] to Amenhotep 4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 16 </th><td> Assyria king Ashur-Uballit 1 to Amenhotep 4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 17 </th><td> [[Mitanni]] king [[Tushratta]] to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 18 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 19 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 20 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 21 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 22 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 23 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 24 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 25 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 26 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to widow Tiy </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 27 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 28 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 29 </th><td> Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep 4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 30 </th><td> Mitanni king to Palestine kings </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 31 </th><td> Amenhotep 3 to [[Arzawa]] king [[Tarhundaraba]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 32 </th><td> Arzawa king Tarhundaraba to Amenhotep 3(?) </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 33 </th><td> [[Alashiya]] king to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 34 </th><td> Alashiya king to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 35 </th><td> Alashiya king to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 36 </th><td> Alashiya king to pharaoh #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 37 </th><td> Alashiya king to pharaoh #5 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 38 </th><td> Alashiya king to pharaoh #6 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 39 </th><td> Alashiya king to pharaoh #7 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 40 </th><td> Alashiya minister to Egypt minister </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 41 </th><td> [[Hittite]] king [[Suppiluliuma]] to [[Huri]][a] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 42 </th><td> Hittite king to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 43 </th><td> Hittite king to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 44 </th><td> Hittite prince Zi[k]ar to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 45 </th><td> [[Ugarit]] king [[Mistu|[M]istu]] ... to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 46 </th><td> Ugarit king ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 47 </th><td> Ugarit king ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 48 </th><td> Ugarit queen ..[h]epa to pharaohs queen </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 49 </th><td> Ugarit king [[Niqm-Adda II]] to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA# 50 </th><td> woman to her mistress B[i]... </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#051 </th><td> [[Nuhasse]] king [[Addunirari]] to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#052 </th><td> [[Qatna]] king [[Akizzi]] to Amenhotep 3 #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#053 </th><td> Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep 3 #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#054 </th><td> Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep 3 #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#055 </th><td> Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep 3 #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#056 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#057 </th><td> ... </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#058 </th><td> </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#058 </th><td> [[Qatihutisupa|[Qat]ihutisupa]] to king(?) obverse </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#059 </th><td> [[Tunip]] peoples to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#060 </th><td> [[Amurru]] king [[Abdi-Asirta]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#061 </th><td> Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#062 </th><td> Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to Pahanate </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#063 </th><td> Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#064 </th><td> Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#065 </th><td> Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to pharaoh #5 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#066 </th><td> --- to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#067 </th><td> --- to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#068 </th><td> [[Gubal]] king [[Rib-Addi]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#069 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to Egypt official </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#070 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#071 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to Haia(?) </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#072 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#073 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#074 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#075 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #5 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#076 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #6 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#077 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#078 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #7 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#079 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #8 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#080 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #9 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#081 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #10 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#082 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#083 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #11 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#084 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #12 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#085 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #13 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#086 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#087 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #5 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#088 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #14 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#089 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #15 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#090 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #16 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#091 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #17 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#092 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #18 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#093 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa #6 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#094 </th><td> Gubla man to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#095 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to chief </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#096 </th><td> chief to Rib-Addi </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#097 </th><td> [[Iapah-Addi]] to [[Sumu-Hadi]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#098 </th><td> Iapah-Addi to [[Ianhamu]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#099 </th><td> pharaoh to [[Ammia]] prince(?) </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#100 </th><td> [[Irqata]] peoples </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#1001</th><td> [[Tagi]] to [[Lab-Aya]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#101 </th><td> Gubla man to Egypt official </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#102 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to [Ianha]m[u] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#103 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #19 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#104 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #20 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#105 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #21 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#106 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #22 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#107 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #23 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#108 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #24 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#109 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #25 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#110 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #26 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#111 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #27 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#112 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #28 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#113 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to Egypt official </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#114 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #29 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#115 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #30 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#116 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #31 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#117 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #32 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#118 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #33 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#119 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #34 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#120 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #35 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#121 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #36 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#122 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #37 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#123 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #38 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#124 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #39 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#125 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #40 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#126 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #41 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#127 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #42 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#128 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #43 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#129 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #44 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#129 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #45 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#130 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #46 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#131 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #47 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#132 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #48 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#133 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #49 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#134 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #50 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#135 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #51 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#136 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #52 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#137 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #53 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#138 </th><td> Gubal king Rib-Addi to pharaoh #54 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#139 </th><td> [[Ilirabih]] & Gubla to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#140 </th><td> Ilirabih & Gubla to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#141 </th><td> [[Beruta]] king [[Ammunira]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#142 </th><td> Beruta king Ammunira to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#143 </th><td> Beruta king Ammunira to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#144 </th><td> [[Zidon]] king [[Zimriddi]] to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#145 </th><td> [Z]imrid[a] to an official </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#146 </th><td> [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] king [[Abi-Milki]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#147 </th><td> Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#148 </th><td> Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#149 </th><td> Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#150 </th><td> Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #5 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#151 </th><td> Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #6 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#152 </th><td> Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #7 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#153 </th><td> Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #8 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#154 </th><td> Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #9 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#155 </th><td> Tyre king AbiMilki to pharaoh #10 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#156 </th><td> [[Amurru]] king [[Aziri]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#157 </th><td> Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#158 </th><td> Amurru king Aziri to Dudu #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#159 </th><td> Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#160 </th><td> Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#161 </th><td> Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #5 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#162 </th><td> pharaoh to Amurra prince </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#163 </th><td> pharaoh to ... </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#164 </th><td> Amurru king Aziri to [[Dudu]] #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#165 </th><td> Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #6 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#166 </th><td> Amurru king Aziri to [[Hai]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#167 </th><td> Amurru king Aziri to (Hai #2?) </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#168 </th><td> Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #7 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#169 </th><td> Amurru son of Aziri to a Egypt official </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#170 </th><td> [[Ba-Aluia]] & [[Battiilu]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#171 </th><td> Amurru son of Aziri to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#172 </th><td> --- </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#173 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#174 </th><td> [[Bieri]] of [[Hasabu]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#175 </th><td> [[Ildaja]] of [[Hazi]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#176 </th><td> [[Abdi-Risa]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#177 </th><td> [[Guddasuna]] king [[Jamiuta]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#178 </th><td> [[Hibija]] to a chief </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#179 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#180 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#181 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#182 </th><td> [[Mittani]] king [[Shuttarna]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#183 </th><td> Mittani king Shuttarna to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#184 </th><td> Mittani king Shuttarna to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#185 </th><td> [[Hazi]] king [[Majarzana]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#186 </th><td> Majarzana of Hazi to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#187 </th><td> [[Satija]] of ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#188 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#189 </th><td> [[Qadesh]] mayor [[Etakkama]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#190 </th><td> pharaoh to Qadesh mayor Etakkama(?) </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#191 </th><td> [[Ruhiza]] king [[Arzawaija]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#192 </th><td> Ruhiza king Arzawaija to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#193 </th><td> [[Dijate]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#194 </th><td> [[Damascus]] mayor [[Biryawaza]] to king #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#195 </th><td> Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#196 </th><td> Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#197 </th><td> Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#198 </th><td> [[Arahattu|Ara[ha]ttu]] of [[Kumidi]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#199 </th><td> ... the king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#200 </th><td> servant to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#2001</th><td> Sealants </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#2002</th><td> Sealants </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#201 </th><td> [[Artemanja]] of [[Ziribasani]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#202 </th><td> [[Amajase]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#203 </th><td> [[Abdi-Milki]] of [[Sashimi (Amarna letters)|Sashimi]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#204 </th><td> prince of [[Qanu]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#205 </th><td> [[Gubbu]] prince to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#206 </th><td> prince of [[Naziba]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#207 </th><td> [[Ipteh]] ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#208 </th><td> ... to Egypt official or king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#209 </th><td> [[Zisamimi]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#210 </th><td> Zisami[mi] to [[Amenhotep IV]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#2100</th><td> [[Carchemish]] king to [[Ugarit]] king [[Asukwari]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#211 </th><td> [[Zitrijara]] to king #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#2110</th><td> [[Ewiri-Shar]] to [[Plsy]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#212 </th><td> [[Zitrijara]] to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#213 </th><td> Zitrijara to king #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#214 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#215 </th><td> [[Baiawa]] to king #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#216 </th><td> [[Baiawa]] to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#217 </th><td> A[h]... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#218 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#219 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#220 </th><td> [[Nukurtuwa]] of (?) [Z]unu to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#221 </th><td> [[Wiktazu]] to king #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#222 </th><td> pharaoh to [[Intaruda]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#222 </th><td> Wik[tazu] to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#223 </th><td> [[Enguta|En[g]u[t]a]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#224 </th><td> [[Sum-Adda|Sum-Add[a]]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#225 </th><td> Sum-Adda of [[Samhuna]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#226 </th><td> Sipturi_ to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#227 </th><td> [[Hazor]] king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#228 </th><td> Hazor king [[Abdi-Tirsi]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#229 </th><td> Abdi-na-... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#230 </th><td> [[Iama]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#231 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#232 </th><td> [[Acco]] king [[Zurata]] to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#233 </th><td> Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#234 </th><td> Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#235 </th><td> [[Zitatna|Zitatna/(Zatatna)]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#236 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#237 </th><td> [[Bajadi]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#238 </th><td> Bajadi </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#239 </th><td> [[Baduzana]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#240 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#241 </th><td> [[Rusmania]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#242 </th><td> [[Megiddo]] king [[Biridija]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#243 </th><td> Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#244 </th><td> Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#245 </th><td> Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#246 </th><td> Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #5 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#247 </th><td> Megiddo king Biridija or Jasdata </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#248 </th><td> [[Jasdata|Ja[sd]ata]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#248 </th><td> Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#249 </th><td> </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#249 </th><td> [[Addu-Ur-sag]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#250 </th><td> Addu-Ur-sag to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#2500</th><td> [[Shechem]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#251 </th><td> ... to Egypt official </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#252 </th><td> [[Labaja]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#253 </th><td> Labaja to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#254 </th><td> Labaja to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#255 </th><td> [[Mut-Balu]] or [[Mut-Bahlum]] to king
</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#256 </th><td> Mut-Balu to Ianhamu </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#257 </th><td> [[Balu-Mihir]] to king #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#258 </th><td> Balu-Mihir to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#259 </th><td> Balu-Mihir to king #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#260 </th><td> Balu-Mihir to king #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#261 </th><td> [[Dasru]] to king #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#262 </th><td> Dasru to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#263 </th><td> ... to lord </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#264 </th><td> [[Gezer]] leader [[Tagi]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#265 </th><td> Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#266 </th><td> Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#267 </th><td> Gezer mayor [[Milkili]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#268 </th><td> Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#269 </th><td> Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#270 </th><td> Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#271 </th><td> Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #5 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#272 </th><td> Sum. .. to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#273 </th><td> [[Ba-Lat-Nese]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#274 </th><td> Ba-Lat-Nese to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#275 </th><td> [[Iahazibada]] to king #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#276 </th><td> Iahazibada to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#277 </th><td> [[Qiltu]] king [[Suwardata]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#278 </th><td> Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#279 </th><td> Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#280 </th><td> Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#281 </th><td> Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#282 </th><td> Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #5 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#283 </th><td> Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #6 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#284 </th><td> Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #7 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#285 </th><td> [[Jerusalem]] king [[Abdi-Hiba]] to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#286 </th><td> Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#287 </th><td> Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#288 </th><td> Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#289 </th><td> Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#290 </th><td> Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#290 </th><td> Qiltu king Suwardata to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#291 </th><td> ... to ... </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#292 </th><td> [[Gezer]] mayor [[Addudani]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#293 </th><td> Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#294 </th><td> Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#295 </th><td> </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#295 </th><td> Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#296 </th><td> [[Gaza]] king [[Iahtiri]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#297 </th><td> [[Gezer]] mayor [[Iapahi|Iapah[i]]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#298 </th><td> Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#299 </th><td> Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#300 </th><td> Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#301 </th><td> [[Subandu]] to king #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#302 </th><td> Subandu to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#303 </th><td> Subandu to king #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#304 </th><td> Subandu to king #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#305 </th><td> Subandu to king #5 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#306 </th><td> Subandu to king #6 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#307 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#308 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#309 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#310 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#311 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#312 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#313 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#314 </th><td> [[Jursa]] king [[Pu-Ba-Lu]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#315 </th><td> Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#316 </th><td> Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#317 </th><td> [[Dagantakala]] to king #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#318 </th><td> Dagantakala to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#319 </th><td> [[Ahtirumna|A[h]tirumna]] king [[Zurasar]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#320 </th><td> [[Asqalon]] king [[Widia]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#321 </th><td> Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#322 </th><td> Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#323 </th><td> Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #4 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#324 </th><td> Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #5 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#325 </th><td> Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #6 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#326 </th><td> Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #7 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#327 </th><td> ... the king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#328 </th><td> [[Lakis]] mayor [[Iabniilu]] to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#329 </th><td> Lakis king [[Zimridi]] to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#330 </th><td> Lakis mayor [[Sipti-Ba-Lu]] to pharaoh #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#331 </th><td> Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#332 </th><td> Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #3 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#333 </th><td> [[Ebi]] to a prince </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#334 </th><td> ---dih of Zuhra [-?] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#335 </th><td> --- [of Z]uhr[u] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#336 </th><td> [[Hiziri]] to king #1 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#337 </th><td> Hiziri to king #2 </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#338 </th><td> Zi. .. to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#339 </th><td> ... to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#340 </th><td> ... </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#341 </th><td> ... </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#342 </th><td> ... </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#356 </th><td> myth of Adapa and the South Wind </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#357 </th><td> myth the Ereskigal and Nergal </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#358 </th><td> myth fragments </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#359 </th><td> myth Epic of king of Battle </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#360 </th><td> ... </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#361 </th><td> ...


==Amarna letters list==
</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
Note: Many assignments are tentative; spellings vary widely. This is just a guide.<ref name=":0" />
<tr><th> EA#364 </th><td> [[Aiab]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#365 </th><td> [[Megiddo]] king [[Biridiya]] to pharaoh </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#367 </th><td> pharaoh to [[Endaruta]] of [[Akshapa]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> EA#xxx </th><td> [[Amenhotep III]] to [[Milkili]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> H#3100 </th><td> [[Tell el-Hesi]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> P#3200 </th><td> [[Pella]] prince [[Mut-Balu]] to [[Yanhamu]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> P#3210 </th><td> [[Lion Woman]] to king </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> T#3002 </th><td> [[Amenhotep]] to [[Taanach]] king [[Rewassa]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> T#3005 </th><td> Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> T#3006 </th><td> Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa </td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><th> U#4001 </th><td> [[Ugarit]] king [[Niqmaddu II|Niqmaddu]] </td><td></td><td></td></tr>


{| class = "wikitable"
</table>
!EA# || Letter author to recipient
</div></center>
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 1|EA# 1]] || [[Amenhotep III]] to [[Babylon]]ian king [[Kadashman-Enlil]]
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 2|EA# 2]] || Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep III
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 3|EA# 3]] || Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep III
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 4|EA# 4]] || Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep III
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 5|EA# 5]] || Amenhotep III to Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 6|EA# 6]] || Babylonian king [[Burna-Buriash II]] to Amenhotep III
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 7|EA# 7]] || Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to [[Amenhotep IV]]
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 8|EA# 8]] || Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 9|EA# 9]] || Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 10|EA# 10]] || Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 11|EA# 11]] || Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 12|EA# 12]] || A Babylonian Princess to the King of Egypt
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 13|EA# 13]]|| Burraburiash's Gifts to an Egyptian Princess
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 14|EA# 14]]|| Amenhotep IV to Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 15|EA# 15]] || [[Assyria]]n king [[Ashur-Uballit I]] to Amenhotep IV
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 16|EA# 16]]|| Assyrian king Ashur-Uballit I to Amenhotep IV
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 17|EA# 17]]|| [[Mitanni]] king [[Tushratta]] to Amenhotep III
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 18|EA# 18]]|| Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 19|EA# 19]] || Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 20|EA# 20]]|| Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 21|EA# 21]]|| Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 22|EA# 22]]|| Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 23|EA# 23]] || Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 24|EA# 24]]|| Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 25|EA# 25]]|| Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 26|EA# 26]] || Mitanni king Tushratta to widow Tiy
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 27|EA# 27]] || Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 28|EA# 28]]|| Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 29|EA# 29]]|| Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 30|EA# 30]]|| Mitanni king to the kings of Canaan
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 31|EA# 31]]|| Amenhotep III to [[Arzawa]] king [[Tarhundaraba]]
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 32|EA# 32]]|| Arzawa king Tarhundaraba to King of Egypt Amenhotep III
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 33|EA# 33]]|| [[Alashiya]] king to King of Egypt #1
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 34|EA# 34]]|| Alashiya king to King of Egypt #2
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 35|EA# 35]] || Alashiya king to King of Egypt #3
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 36|EA# 36]]|| Alashiya king to King of Egypt #4
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 37|EA# 37]]|| Alashiya king to King of Egypt #5
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 38|EA# 38]] || Alashiya king to King of Egypt #6
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 39|EA# 39]] || Alashiya king to King of Egypt #7
|-
|EA# 40 || Alashiya minister to Egypt minister
|-
|EA# 41 || [[Hittites|Hittite]] king [[Suppiluliuma I]] to Huri[a]
|-
|EA# 42 || Hittite king to King of Egypt
|-
|EA# 43 || Suppiluliuma, Hittite King, to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA# 44 || Hittite prince Zi[k]ar to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA# 45 || 'Ammittamru I, [[Ugarit]] king, to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA# 46 || Ugarit king to Egyptian king
|-
|EA# 47 || Ugarit king to Egyptian king
|-
|EA# 48 || Heba, Queen of Ugarit, to the Queen of Egypt
|-
|EA# 49 || Ugarit king [[Niqm-Adda II]] to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA# 50 || Maidservant to the Queen of Egypt
|-
|EA# 51 || [[Nuhasse]] king [[Adad-Nirari of Nuhašše|Addunirari]] to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA# 52 || [[Qatna]] king [[Akizzi]] to Amenhotep III #1
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 53|EA# 53]]|| Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #2
|-
|EA# 54 || Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #3
|-
|EA# 55 || Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #4
|-
|EA# 56 || Akizzi(?), the Ruler of Qatna, to Amenhotep IV, the King of Egypt
|-
|EA# 57 || Akizzi, the Ruler of Qatna, to Amenhotep IV, the King of Egypt
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 58|EA# 58]]||Tehu-Teshupa, a Ruler in North Canaan(?), to the King of Egypt
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 59|EA# 58]] || [[Qatihutisupa|[Qat]ihutisupa]] to king(?) obverse
|-
||[[Amarna letter EA 59|EA# 59]] || [[Tunip]] peoples to pharaoh
|-
|EA# 60 || [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]] king [[Abdi-Asirta]] to Amenhotep III, the king of Egypt
|-
|EA# 61 || [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]] king [[Abdi-Asirta]] to Amenhotep III, the king of Egypt #2
|-
|EA# 62 || Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to Pahanate, the Commissioner of Sumur
|-
|EA# 63 || 'Abdi-Ashtarti, a Ruler in Southern Canaan (Gath?), to the king of Egypt
|-
|EA# 64 || 'Abdi-Ashtarti, a Ruler in Southern Canaan (Gath?), to the king of Egypt #2
|-
|EA# 65 || 'Abdi-Ashtarti, a Ruler in Southern Canaan (Gath?), to the king of Egypt #3
|-
|EA# 66 || Rib-Hadda, the Ruler of Byblos, to Haya, the Vizier of Egypt
|-
|EA# 67 || An unknown ruler in the north of Canaan to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA# 68 || [[Byblos|Gubal]] king [[Rib-Addi]] to the king of Egypt #1
|-
|EA# 69 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to Egypt official
|-
|EA# 70 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #2
|-
|EA# 71 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to Haya, the Vizier of Egypt
|-
|EA# 72 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #3
|-
|EA# 73 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #1
|-
|EA# 74 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #4
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 75|EA# 75]]|| Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #5
|-
|EA# 76 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #6
|-
|EA# 77 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #2
|-
|EA# 78 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #7
|-
|EA# 79 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to he king of Egypt #8
|-
|EA# 80 || Gubal king Rib-Addi(?) to the king of Egypt #9
|-
|EA# 81 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #10
|-
|EA# 82 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #3
|-
|EA# 83 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #11
|-
|EA# 84 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #12
|-
|EA# 85 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #13
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 86|EA# 86]] || Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #4
|-
|EA# 87 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #5
|-
|EA# 88 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #14
|-
|EA# 89 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #15
|-
|EA# 90 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #16
|-
|EA# 91 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #17
|-
|EA# 92 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #18
|-
|EA# 93 || Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #6
|-
|EA# 94 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #19
|-
|EA# 95 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the Egyptian Senior Official
|-
|EA# 96 || An army commander to Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos
|-
|EA# 97 || Yappah-Hadda to Shumu-Hadda
|-
|EA# 98 || Yappah-Hadda to Yanhamu, the Egyptian Commissioner
|-
|EA# 99 || The king of Egypt to the ruler of the city of 'Ammiya(?)
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 100|EA#100]] || [[Irqata|The city of Irqata]] to the king of Egypt
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 100|EA#100]]|| [[Tagi of Ginti|Tagi]] to [[Labaya|Lab-Aya]]
|-
|EA#101 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #20
|-
|EA#102 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to Yanhamu(?), the Egyptian commissioner
|-
|EA#103 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #21
|-
|EA#104 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #22
|-
|EA#105 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #23
|-
|EA#106 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #24
|-
|EA#107 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #25
|-
|EA#108 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #26
|-
|EA#109 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #27
|-
|EA#110 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #28
|-
|EA#111 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #29
|-
|EA#112 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #30
|-
|EA#113 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #31
|-
|EA#114 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #32
|-
|EA#115 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #33
|-
|EA#116 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #34
|-
|EA#117 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #35
|-
|EA#118 || Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #36
|-
|EA#119 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #37
|-
|EA#120 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #38
|-
|EA#121 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #39
|-
|EA#122 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #40
|-
|EA#123 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #41
|-
|EA#124 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #42
|-
|EA#125 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #43
|-
|EA#126 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #44
|-
|EA#127 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #45
|-
|EA#128 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #46
|-
|EA#129 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #47
|-
|EA#129 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #48
|-
|EA#130 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #49
|-
|EA#131 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #50
|-
|EA#132 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #51
|-
|EA#133 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #52
|-
|EA#134 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #53
|-
|EA#135 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #54
|-
|EA#136 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #55
|-
|EA#137 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #56
|-
|EA#138 ||Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #57
|-
|EA#139 || [[Ilirabih]] the city of Byblos to the king of Egypt #1
|-
|EA#140 || [[Ilirabih]] the city of Byblos to the king of Egypt #2
|-
|EA#141 || [[Beirut|Beruta]] king [[Ammunira]] to the king of Egypt #1
|-
|EA#142 || Beruta king Ammunira to the king of Egypt #2
|-
|EA#143 || Beruta king Ammunira to the king of Egypt #2
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 144|EA#144]] || Zimredda, the ruler of Sidon, to the king of Egypt #1
|-
|EA#145 || Zimredda, the ruler of Sidon, to the king of Egypt #2
|-
|EA#146 || [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] king [[Abi-Milki]] to the king of Egypt #1
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 147|EA#147]] || Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #2
|-
|EA#148 || Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #3
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 149|EA#149]] || Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #4
|-
|EA#150 || Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #5
|-
|EA#151 || Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #6
|-
|EA#152 || Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #7
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 153|EA#153]] || Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #8
|-
|EA#154 || Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #9
|-
|EA#155 || Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #10
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 156|EA#156]] || [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]] king [[Aziru|Aziri]] to pharaoh #1
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 157|EA#157]]|| Amurru king [[Aziru|Aziri]] to pharaoh #2
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 158|EA#158]] || Amurru king [[Aziru|Aziri]] to [[Tutu (Egyptian official)|Dudu]] #1
|-
|EA#159 || Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #3
|-
|EA#160 || Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #4
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 161|EA#161]] || Amurru king [[Aziru|Aziri]] to pharaoh #5
|-
|EA#162 || pharaoh to Amurra prince
|-
|EA#163 || The King of Egypt to a Canaanite Ruler(?)
|-
|EA#164 || Amurru king Aziri to [[Tutu (Egyptian official)|Dudu]] #2
|-
|EA#165 || Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #6
|-
|EA#166 || Amurru king Aziri to Hai
|-
|EA#167 || Amurru king Aziri to (Hai #2?)
|-
|EA#168 || Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #7
|-
|EA#169 || Amurru son of Aziri to an Egypt official
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 170|EA#170]]|| [[Ba-Aluia]] & Battiilu to the king
|-
|EA#171 || Amurru son of Aziri to pharaoh
|-
|EA#172 || A ruler of Amurru to the king of Egypt
|-
|EA#173 || The Ruler of (?) to the king of Egypt
|-
|EA#174 || Bieri of [[Hasabu]]
|-
|EA#175 || [[Ildaja]] of Hazi to king
|-
|EA#176 || [[Abdi-Risa]]
|-
|EA#177 || [[Guddasuna]] king [[Jamiuta]]
|-
|EA#178 || [[Hibija]] to a chief
|-
|EA#179 || The deposed ruler of Oftobihi to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#180 || The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#181 || The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#182 || [[Mitanni]] king [[Shuttarna II|Shuttarna]] to pharaoh #1
|-
|EA#183 || Mitanni king Shuttarna to pharaoh #2
|-
|EA#184 || Mitanni king Shuttarna to pharaoh #3
|-
|EA#185 || [[Majarzana]] of Hazi to king
|-
|EA#186 || Majarzana of Hazi to king #2
|-
|EA#187 || [[Satija]] of ... to king
|-
|EA#188 || The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#189 || [[Kadesh (Syria)|Qadesh]] mayor [[Etakkama]]
|-
|EA#190 || pharaoh to Qadesh mayor Etakkama(?)
|-
|EA#191 || [[Ruhiza]] king [[Arzawaija]] to king
|-
|EA#192 || Ruhiza king Arzawaija to king #2
|-
|EA#193 || [[Dijate]] to king
|-
|EA#194 || [[Damascus]] mayor [[Biryawaza]] to king #1
|-
|EA#195 || Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #2
|-
|EA#196 || Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #3
|-
|EA#197 || Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #4
|-
|EA#198 || [[Arahattu|Ara[ha]ttu]] of [[Kumidi]] to king
|-
|EA#199 || The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#200 || The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#2001|| Sealants
|-
|EA#2002|| Sealants
|-
|EA#201 || [[Artemanja]] of [[Ziribasani]] to king
|-
|EA#202 || [[Amajase]] to king
|-
|EA#203 || [[Abdi-Milki]] of [[Sashimi (Amarna letters)|Sashimi]]
|-
|EA#204 || prince of [[Qanu]] to king
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 205|EA#205]] || [[Gubbu]] prince to king
|-
|EA#206 || prince of [[Naziba]] to king
|-
|EA#207 || [[Ipteh]] ... to king
|-
|EA#208 || ... to Egypt official or king
|-
|EA#209 || [[Zisamimi]] to king
|-
|EA#210 || Zisami[mi] to [[Amenhotep IV]]
|-
|EA#210|| [[Carchemish]] king to [[Ugarit]] king [[Asukwari]]
|-
|EA#211 || [[Zitrijara]] to king #1
|-
|EA#2110|| [[Ewiri-Shar]] to [[Plsy]]
|-
|EA#212 || [[Zitrijara]] to king #2
|-
|EA#213 || Zitrijara to king #3
|-
|EA#214 || The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#215 || [[Baiawa]] to king #1
|-
|EA#216 || [[Baiawa]] to king #2
|-
|EA#217 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#218 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#219 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#220 || [[Nukurtuwa]] of (?) [Z]unu to king
|-
|EA#221 || [[Wiktazu]] to king #1
|-
|EA#222 || Yiqdasu, a ruler of a Canaanite city, to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#222 || Wik[tazu] to king #2
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 223|EA#223]] || [[Enguta|En[g]u[t]a]] to king
|-
|EA#224 || [[Sum-Adda|Sum-Add[a]]] to king
|-
|EA#225 || Sum-Adda of [[Samhuna]] to king
|-
|EA#226 || Sipturi_ to king
|-
|EA#227 || [[Tel Hazor|Hazor]] king
|-
|EA#228 || Hazor king [[Abdi-Tirsi]]
|-
|EA#229 || Abdi-na-... to king
|-
|EA#230 || [[Iama (person)|Iama]] to king
|-
|EA#231 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#232 || [[Acre, Israel|Acco]] king [[Zurata]] to pharaoh
|-
|EA#233 || Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #1
|-
|EA#234 || Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #2
|-
|EA#235 || [[Satatna|Zitatna/(Zatatna)]] to king
|-
|EA#236 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#237 || [[Bajadi]] to king
|-
|EA#238 || Bajadi to an Eyptian Official
|-
|EA#239 || [[Baduzana]] to the king of Egypt
|-
|EA#240 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#241 || [[Rusmania]] to king
|-
|EA#242 || [[Tel Megiddo|Megiddo]] king [[Biridija]] to pharaoh #1
|-
|EA#243 || Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #2
|-
|EA#244 || Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #3
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 245|EA#245]] || Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #4
|-
|EA#246 || Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #5
|-
|EA#247 || Megiddo king Biridija or Jasdata
|-
|EA#248 || [[Jasdata|Ja[sd]ata]] to king
|-
|[[Amarna Letter EA 248|EA#248]]|| Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh
|-
|EA#249 ||Ba'lu-Meher(?), the ruler of Gath-Padalla, to the king of Egypt
|-
|EA#249 || [[Addu-Ur-sag]] to king
|-
|EA#250 || Addu-Ur-sag to king
|-
|EA#2500|| [[Shechem]]
|-
|EA#251 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 252|EA#252]] || [[Labaja]] to king
|-
|EA#253 || Labaja to king
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 254|EA#254]] || Labaja to king
|-
|EA#255 || [[Mutbaal|Mut-Balu]] or Mut-Bahlum to king
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 256|EA#256]] || Mut-Balu to Ianhamu
|-
|EA#257 || [[Tel_Yokneam#Late_Bronze_Age|Balu-Mihir]] to king #1
|-
|EA#258 || Balu-Mihir to king #2
|-
|EA#259 || Balu-Mihir to king #3
|-
|EA#260 || Balu-Mihir to king #4
|-
|EA#261 || [[Dasru]] to king #1
|-
|EA#262 || Dasru to king #2
|-
|EA#263 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#264 || [[Gezer]] leader Tagi to pharaoh #1
|-
|EA#265 || Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #2
|-
|EA#266 || Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #3
|-
|EA#267 || Gezer mayor [[Milkilu|Milkili]] to pharaoh #1
|-
|EA#268 || Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #2
|-
|EA#269 || Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #3
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 270|EA#270]] || Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #4
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 271|EA#271]] || Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #5
|-
|EA#272 || Ba'lu-Dani (Or Ba'lu-Shipti), the ruler of Gezer, to the king of Egypt
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 273|EA#273]] || [[Ba-Lat-Nese]] to king
|-
|EA#274 || Ba-Lat-Nese to king #2
|-
|EA#275 || [[Iahazibada]] to king #1
|-
|EA#276 || Iahazibada to king #2
|-
|EA#277 || [[Gath (city)|Qiltu]] king [[Suwardata]] to pharaoh #1
|-
|EA#278 || Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #2
|-
|EA#279 || Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3
|-
|EA#280 || Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3
|-
|EA#281 || Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #4
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 282|EA#282]] || Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #5
|-
|EA#283 || Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #6
|-
|EA#284 || Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #7
|-
|EA#285 || [[Jerusalem]] king [[Abdi-Hiba]] to pharaoh
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 286|EA#286]] || Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 287|EA#287]] || Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 288|EA#288]] || Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 289|EA#289]] || Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 290|EA#290]]|| Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh
|-
|EA#290 || Qiltu king Suwardata to king
|-
|EA#291 || 'Abdi-Heba, the ruler of Jerusalem, to the king of Egypt
|-
|EA#292 || [[Gezer]] mayor [[adda-danu|Addudani]] to pharaoh #1
|-
|EA#293 || Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #2
|-
|EA#294 || Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #3
|-
|EA#295 || Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #4
|-
|EA#296 || [[Gaza City|Gaza]] king [[Iahtiri]]
|-
|EA#297 || [[Gezer]] mayor [[Yapahu|Iapah[i]]] to pharaoh #1
|-
|EA#298 || Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #2
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 299|EA#299]]|| Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #3
|-
|EA#300 || Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #4
|-
|EA#301 || [[Subandu]] to king #1
|-
|EA#302 || Subandu to king #2
|-
|EA#303 || Subandu to king #3
|-
|EA#304 || Subandu to king #4
|-
|EA#305 || Subandu to king #5
|-
|EA#306 || Subandu to king #6
|-
|EA#307 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#308 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#309 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#310 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#311 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#312 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#313 ||The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
|-
|EA#314 || [[Yursa|Jursa]] king [[Pu-Ba'lu|Pu-Ba-Lu]] to pharaoh #1
|-
|EA#315 || Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh #2
|-
|EA#316 || Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh
|-
|EA#317 || [[Dagantakala]] to king #1
|-
|EA#318 || Dagantakala to king #2
|-
|EA#319 || [[Ahtirumna|A[h]tirumna]] king [[Zurasar]] to king
|-
|EA#320 || [[Ascalon|Asqalon]] king [[Yidya|Widia]] to pharaoh #1
|-
|EA#321 || Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #2
|-
|EA#322 || Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #3
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 323|EA#323]] || Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #4
|-
|EA#324 || Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #5
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 325|EA#325]] || Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #6
|-
|EA#326 || Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #7
|-
|EA#327 || ... the king
|-
|EA#328 || [[Tel Lachish|Lakis]] mayor [[Iabniilu]] to pharaoh
|-
|EA#329 || Lakis king [[Zimredda of Lachish|Zimridi]] to pharaoh
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 330|EA#330]]|| Lakis mayor [[Sipti-Ba-Lu]] to pharaoh #1
|-
|EA#331 || Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #2
|-
|EA#332 || Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #3
|-
|EA#333 || Ebi to a prince
|-
|EA#334 || ---dih of Zuhra [-?] to king
|-
|EA#335 || --- [of Z]uhr[u] to king
|-
|EA#336 || [[Hiziri]] to king #1
|-
|EA#337 || Hiziri to king #2
|-
|EA#338 || Zi. .. to king
|-
|EA#339 || ... to king
|-
|EA#340 || ...
|-
|EA#341 || ...
|-
|EA#342 || ...
|-
|EA#356 || myth of Adapa and the South Wind
|-
|EA#357 || myth the Ereskigal and Nergal
|-
|EA#358 || myth fragments
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 359|EA#359]] || myth Epic of [[King of Battle]]
|-
|EA#360 || ...
|-
|EA#361 || ...
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 362|EA#362]] || ...
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 364|EA#364]] || [[Ayyab]] to king
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 365|EA#365]] || [[Tel Megiddo|Megiddo]] king [[Biridiya]] to pharaoh
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 366|EA#366]] || Shuwardata, the ruler of Gath, to the king
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 367|EA#367]] || pharaoh to [[Endaruta]] of [[Akshapa]]
|-
|[[Amarna letter EA 369|EA#369]] || Amenhotep IV to Milkilu, the ruler of [[Gezer]]
|-
|EA#xxx || [[Amenhotep III]] to [[Milkilu|Milkili]]
|-
|H#3100 || [[Tell el-Hesi]]
|-
|P#3200 || [[Pella, Jordan|Pella]] prince [[Mutbaal|Mut-Balu]] to [[Yanhamu]]
|-
|P#3210 || [[Lady of the Lions|Lion Woman]] to king
|-
|T#3002 || [[Amenhotep]] to [[Taanach]] king [[Rewassa]]
|-
|T#3005 || Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa
|-
|T#3006 || Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa
|-
|U#4001 || [[Ugarit]] king [[Niqmaddu II|Niqmaddu]]
|}


===Chronology===
===Chronology===
[[William L. Moran]] summarizes the state of the [[chronology]] of these tablets as follows:
[[William L. Moran]] summarizes the state of the [[chronology]] of these tablets as follows:


{{quote|Despite a long history of inquiry, the chronology of the Amarna letters, both relative and absolute, presents many problems, some of bewildering complexity, that still elude definitive solution. Consensus obtains only about what is obvious, certain established facts, and these provide only a broad framework within which many and often quite different reconstructions of the course of events reflected in the Amarna letters are possible and have been defended. ...The Amarna archive, it is now generally agreed, spans at most about thirty years, perhaps only fifteen or so.<ref>Moran, p.xxxiv</ref>|}}
{{blockquote|Despite a long history of inquiry, the chronology of the Amarna letters, both relative and absolute, presents many problems, some of bewildering complexity, that still elude definitive solution. Consensus obtains only about what is obvious, certain established facts, and these provide only a broad framework within which many and often quite different reconstructions of the course of events reflected in the Amarna letters are possible and have been defended. ...The Amarna archive, it is now generally agreed, spans at most about thirty years, perhaps only fifteen or so.<ref name=":0"/>|}}


From the internal evidence, the earliest possible date for this correspondence is the final decade of the reign of [[Amenhotep III]], who ruled from 1388 (or 1391) BC to 1351 (or 1353) BC, possibly as early as this king's 30th [[regnal year]]; the latest date any of these letters were written is the desertion of the city of [[Amarna]], commonly believed to have happened in the second year of the reign of [[Tutankhamun]] later in the same century in 1332 BC. Moran notes that some scholars believe one tablet, EA 16, may have been addressed to Tutankhamun's successor [[Ay]].<ref>Moran, p.xxxv, n.123</ref> However, this speculation appears improbable because the Amarna archives were closed by Year 2 of Tutankhamun, when this king transferred Egypt's capital from Amarna to Thebes.
From the internal evidence, the earliest possible date for this correspondence is the final decade of the reign of [[Amenhotep III]], who ruled from 1388 to 1351&nbsp;BC (or 1391 to 1353&nbsp;BC), possibly as early as this king's 30th [[regnal year]]; the latest date any of these letters were written is the desertion of the city of [[Amarna]], commonly believed to have happened in the second year of the reign of [[Tutankhamun]] later in the same century in 1332&nbsp;BC. Moran notes that some scholars believe one tablet, EA 16, may have been addressed to Tutankhamun's successor [[Ay (pharaoh)|Ay]] or [[Smenkhkare]].<ref>Redford, Donald, "The coregency of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare", History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 170-182, 1967</ref> However, this speculation appears improbable because the Amarna archives were closed by Year 2 of [[Tutankhamun]], when this king transferred Egypt's capital from Amarna to Thebes.

==Quotations and phrases==

A small number of the Amarna letters are in the class of [[poetry]]. An example is [[Amarna letter EA 153|EA 153]], entitled: ''"Ships on hold"'', from [[Abimilku]] of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. This is a short, 20-line letter. Lines 6–8 and 9-11 are parallel phrases, each ending with ''"...before the troops of the king, my lord."''-('before', then line 8, line 11). Both sentences are identical, and repetitive, with only the subject statement changing.

The entire [[Text corpus|corpus]] of Amarna letters has many standard phrases. It also has some phrases, and quotations used only once. Some are [[parable]]s: ([[Amarna letter EA 252|EA 252]]: ''"...when an ant is pinched (struck), does it not fight back and bite the hand of the man that struck it?"''....)

===Bird in a Cage===
:''A bird in a cage (Trap)''—[[Rib-Hadda]] subcorpus of letters. (Rib-Hadda was trapped in Gubla-([[Byblos]]), unable to move freely.)

==="A brick may move.."===
:''A [[brick]] may move from under its partner, still I will not move from under the feet of the king, my lord.''—Used in letters [[Amarna letter EA 266|EA 266]], [[Amarna letter EA 292|292]], and [[Amarna letter EA 296|296]]. EA 292 by [[Adda-danu]] of [[Gezer|Gazru]].

==="For the lack of a cultivator.."===
:''"For the lack of a cultivator, my field is like a woman without a husband."''—Rib-Hadda [[Amarna letter EA 75|letter EA 75]]

==="Hale like the Sun..."===
:''"And know that the King-(pharaoh) is hale like the [[Rê|Sun]] in the Sky.'' For his troops and his [[chariot]]s in multitude all goes very well...."—See: [[Endaruta]], for the ''Short Form''; See: [[Milkilu]], for a ''Long Form''. Also found in [[Amarna letter EA 99|EA 99]]: entitled: ''"From the [[Pharaoh]] to a vassal".'' (with addressee damaged)

==="I looked this way, and I looked..."===
:''"I looked this way, and I looked that way, and there was no light. Then I looked towards the king, my lord, and there was light."''—[[Amarna letter EA 266|EA 266]] by [[Tagi (Ginti mayor)]]; [[Amarna letter EA 296|EA 296]] by [[Yahtiru]].

==="May the Lady of Gubla.."===
:''"May the [[Ba'alat Gubla|Lady of Gubla]] grant power to the king, my lord."''—varieties of the phrase in the [[Rib-Hadda]] letters

===a pot held in pledge===
:''a pot held in pledge''—The Pot of a Debt. [[Amarna letter EA 292|EA 292]] by [[Adda-danu]] of [[Gezer|Gazru]].

===7 times and 7 times again===
:''7 times and 7 times''—Over and over again
:''7 times plus 7''—[[Amarna letter EA 189|EA 189]], See: "[[Etakkama]] of Kadesh"(title)-(Qidšu)

===I fall ... 7 times and 7...''"on the back and on the stomach"''===
:I fall, at the feet, ... 7 times and 7 times, ''"on the back and on the stomach"''—[[Amarna letter EA 316|EA 316]], by [[Pu-Ba'lu]], and used in numerous letters to [[pharaoh]]. See: Commissioner: [[Tahmašši]].

===''when an ant is struck..''===
:''"...when an ant is pinched (struck), does it not fight back and bite the hand of the man that struck it?"''—A phrase used by [[Labayu]] defending his actions of overtaking cities, [[Amarna letter EA 252|EA 252]]. Title: ''"Sparing one's enemies".''

==Example, single letter photo gallery, multiple sides==
[[Amarna letter EA 15]], from [[Ashur-uballit I]]; see also [[Amarna letter EA 153]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="185">
Image:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit,_the_king_of_Assyria,_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021806.jpg|Obverse
Image:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit,_the_king_of_Assyria,_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_DP-211-142.jpg|Line drawing, obverse

Image:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit,_the_king_of_Assyria,_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021805.jpg|Reverse

File:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Ashur-uballit,_the_king_of_Assyria,_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.11_EGDP021808.jpg|View from bottom
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Ancient Egypt portal}}
{{Portal|Ancient Egypt}}
{{ANE portal}}
*[[Abdi-Heba]]
*[[Abdi-Heba]]
*[[Amarna letters–localities and their rulers]]
*[[Labaya]]
*[[Ashur-uballit I]]
*[[Ashur-uballit I]]
*[[Amarna Period]]
*[[Hittite inscriptions]]
*[[Labaya]]
*[[List of Amarna letters by size]]
*[[List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology]]
*[[Mari, Syria#Mari tablets|Mari tablets]]
*[[Mutbaal]]
*[[Mutbaal]]
*[[Suwardata]]
*[[Šuwardata]]
*[[Ugaritic texts]]
*See the town of "Lakiša", [[Lachish]], for "find" of one tablet, EA 333.
*[[Amarna letters–localities and their rulers]]
*[[List of artifacts significant to the Bible]]
*[[Mari letters]]
*[[David Rohl]]
*[[New Chronology (Rohl)]]


==Bibliography==
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons|Category:Amarna letters}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
===Research and analysis===
*Aruz, Joan, Kim Benzel, and Jean M. Evans, eds. ''Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
*Goren, Y., [[Israel Finkelstein|Finkelstein]], I. & Na'aman, N., ''Inscribed in Clay - Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts'', Tel Aviv: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 2004. ISBN 965-266-020-5
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21450/page/n9/mode/2up]Bristowe, Sydney, Mrs, "The Oldest Letters In The World", LONDON: GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN, LTD, 1923
*Budge, E.A.W., "On cuneiform despatches from Tûshratta, king of Mitanni, Burraburiyasch, the son of Kuri-Galzu, and the king of Alashiya, to Amenophis III, king of Egypt, and on the cuneiform tablets from Tell el-Amarna", Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology 10, pp. 540-569, 1887-88
*Cohen, Raymond, and Raymond Westbrook, eds. ''Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000
*Gordon, C.H., "Eight new cuneiform fragments from Tell el Amarna", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 20, pp. 137-138, 1934
*[https://knowledgebasedsociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/43077947.pdf]Gordon, Cyrus H., "The new Amarna tablets", Orientalia 16.1, pp. 1-21, 1947
*Goren, Y., [[Israel Finkelstein|Finkelstein]], I. & Na'aman, N., ''Inscribed in Clay – Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts'', Tel Aviv: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 2004. {{ISBN|965-266-020-5}}
*Hagen, F., "The hieratic dockets on the cuneiform tablets from Amarna", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 97, pp. 214-216, 2011
*[https://archive.org/details/selectionsfromte00handrich/page/14/mode/2up]Handcock, Percy, "Selections from the Tell-el-Amarna letters", London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge; New York, The Macmillan company, 1920
*Mynářová, J., "Egyptians and the cuneiform tradition: On the palaeography of the Amarna documents", in Current research in cuneiform palaeography, eds. E. Devecchi, G.G.W. Müller, and J. Mynářová. Gladbeck: PeWe, pp. 89-102, 2015
*Mynářová, Jana. ''Language of Amarna – Language of Diplomacy: Perspectives On the Amarna Letters''. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology; Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, 2007
*[https://archive.org/details/syriaandegyptfr00petrgoog]Petrie, W. M. ''Flinders Syria and Egypt From the Tell El Amarna Letters'', Methuen & co, 1898
*Rainey, Anson F. ''Canaanite in the Amarna Tablets: A Linguistic Analysis of the Mixed Dialect Used by Scribes from Canaan''. 4 vols. Atlanta: [[Society of Biblical Literature]], 2010
*Sayce, A.H., "The cuneiform inscriptions of Tel el-Amarna", Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain 24, pp. 12-31, 1890
*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Janet|title=Dust or dew: Immortality in the Ancient Near East and in Psalm 49|date=2011|publisher=Wipf and Stock|location=Eugene, OR, US|isbn=978-1-60899-661-2|pages=286}}
*Vita, Juan-Pablo. ''Canaanite Scribes In the Amarna Letters''. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2015


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Amarna letters}}
*[http://www.specialtyinterests.net/eae.html Encyclopedia of el-Amarna] Contains summaries of the letters.
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Amarna letters |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
*[http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/projects/proj_amarna.html Mineralogical and Chemical Study of the Amarna Tablets - Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets] – University of Tel Aviv web page
*{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=The Tell el-Amarna Tablets |short=x}}
*[http://cdli.ucla.edu/dl/photo/P135963.jpg All 6 views on 1--Sample letter(Mesopotamian)]
*[https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Line&requestFrom=Search&PrimaryPublication=&Author=&PublicationDate=&SecondaryPublication=&Collection=&AccessionNumber=&MuseumNumber=&Provenience=akhetaten&ExcavationNumber=&Period=&DatesReferenced=&ObjectType=&ObjectRemarks=&Material=&TextSearch=&TranslationSearch=&CommentSearch=&StructureSearch=&Language=&Genre=&SubGenre=&CompositeNumber=&SealID=&ObjectID=&ATFSource=&CatalogueSource=&TranslationSource= CDLI, ''Chicago Digital Library Listing'' of the Amarna letters]
*[http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~veldhuis/ Article explanation of 6 views of a Tablet-letter.]
*[http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/semitic/amarna.html Electronic version of the Amarna tablets], Akkadian in English transliteration.
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=The Tell el-Amarna Tablets}}
*[http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/semitic/amarna.html Electronic version of the Amarna tablets]
*[http://www.amarna.cchs.csic.es/maineng.html High-resolution images], from the [[Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin]].
*[http://archaeology.tau.ac.il/?page_id=2072 Mineralogical and Chemical Study of the Amarna Tablets – Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets] – University of Tel Aviv web page
*[http://cdli.ucla.edu/dl/photo/P135963.jpg Sample letter]
*[https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfromte00handuoft/selectionsfromte00handuoft_djvu.txt Text of some letters], archive.org


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[[ar:رسائل تل العمارنة]]
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[[pt:Cartas de Amarna]]
[[ro:Scrisorile de la Amarna]]
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[[sv:Amarnabreven]]
[[ta:அமர்னா நிருபங்கள்]]
[[tr:Amarna mektupları]]
[[uk:Амарнський архів]]

Latest revision as of 16:36, 3 January 2025

Five Amarna letters on display at the British Museum, London
EA 161, letter by Aziru, leader of Amurru (stating his case to pharaoh), one of the Amarna letters in cuneiform writing on a clay tablet.

The Amarna letters (/əˈmɑːrnə/; sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru, or neighboring kingdom leaders, during the New Kingdom, spanning a period of no more than thirty years in the middle 14th century BC. The letters were found in Upper Egypt at el-Amarna, the modern name for the ancient Egyptian capital of Akhetaten, founded by pharaoh Akhenaten (c. 1351–1334 BC) during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.

The Amarna letters are unusual in Egyptological research, because they are written not in the language of ancient Egypt, but in cuneiform, the writing system of ancient Mesopotamia. Most are in a variety of Akkadian sometimes characterised as a mixed language, Canaanite-Akkadian;[1] one especially long letter—abbreviated EA 24—was written in a late dialect of Hurrian, and is the longest contiguous text known to survive in that language.

The known tablets total 382 and fragments (350 are letters and the rest literary texts and school texts), of which 358 have been published by the Norwegian Assyriologist Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon in his work, Die El-Amarna-Tafeln, which came out in two volumes (1907 and 1915) and remains the standard edition to this day.[2][3][1][4] The texts of the remaining 24 complete or fragmentary tablets excavated since Knudtzon have also been made available.[1] Only 26 of the known tablets and fragments were found in their archaeological context, Building Q42.21.[5]

The Amarna letters are of great significance for biblical studies as well as Semitic linguistics because they shed light on the culture and language of the Canaanite peoples in this time period. Though most are written in Akkadian, the Akkadian of the letters is heavily colored by the mother tongue of their writers, who probably spoke an early form of Proto-Canaanite, the language(s) which would later evolve into the daughter languages of Hebrew and Phoenician. These "Canaanisms" provide valuable insights into the proto-stage of those languages several centuries prior to their first actual manifestation.[6][7]

The letters

[edit]
Amarna letter EA 153 from Abimilku.

These letters, comprising cuneiform tablets written primarily in Akkadian – the regional language of diplomacy for this period – were first discovered around 1887 by local Egyptians who secretly dug most of them from the ruined city of Amarna, and sold them in the antiquities market.[8] They had originally been stored in an ancient building that archaeologists have since called the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh. Once the location where they were found was determined, the ruins were explored for more. The first archaeologist who successfully recovered more tablets was Flinders Petrie, who in 1891 and 1892 uncovered 21 fragments.[9] Émile Chassinat, then director of the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology in Cairo, acquired two more tablets in 1903. Since Knudtzon's edition, some 24 more tablets, or fragments, have been found, either in Egypt, or identified in the collections of various museums.[10]

The initial group of letters recovered by local Egyptians have been scattered among museums in Germany, England, Egypt, France, Russia, and the United States. Either 202 or 203 tablets are at the Vorderasiatisches Museum in Berlin;[11] 99 are at the British Museum in London;[12][13] 49 or 50 are at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo;[14] 7 at the Louvre in Paris;[15] 3 at the Pushkin Museum in Moscow; and 1 in the collection of the Oriental Institute in Chicago.[4] A few tablets are at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and the Royal Museum of Art and History in Brussels.[16]

The archive contains a wealth of information about cultures, kingdoms, events and individuals in a period from which few written sources survive. It includes correspondence from Akhenaten's reign (Akhenaten who was also titled Amenhotep IV), as well as his predecessor Amenhotep III's reign. The tablets consist of over 300 diplomatic letters; the remainder comprise miscellaneous literary and educational materials. These tablets shed much light on Egyptian relations with Babylonia, Assyria, Syria, Canaan, and Alashiya (Cyprus) as well as relations with the Mitanni, and the Hittites. The letters have been important in establishing both the history and the chronology of the period. Letters from the Babylonian king, Kadashman-Enlil I, anchor the timeframe of Akhenaten's reign to the mid-14th century BC. They also contain the first mention of a Near Eastern group known as the Habiru, whose possible connection with the Hebrews—due to the similarity of the words and their geographic location—remains debated. Other rulers involved in the letters include Tushratta of Mitanni, Lib'ayu of Shechem, Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem, and the quarrelsome king, Rib-Hadda, of Byblos, who, in over 58 letters, continuously pleads for Egyptian military help. Specifically, the letters include requests for military help in the north against Hittite invaders, and in the south to fight against the Habiru.[17]

Letter found at Tell Beth-Shean

[edit]

During excavation in 1993 a small, damaged, clay cylinder (first thought to be a cylinder seal) was found. It was inscribed with "Amarna Cuneiform" and held a letter which appears to be part of the Amarna correspondence.[18]

"To Lab'aya, my lord, speak. Message of Tagi: To the King (Pharaoh), my lord: "I have listened carefully to your missive to me ...(illegible traces)"[19][20]

Letter summary

[edit]
Map of the ancient Near East during the Amarna period, showing the great powers of the period: Egypt (green), Mycenaean Greece (orange), Hatti (yellow), the Kassite kingdom of Babylon (purple), Assyria (grey), and Mitanni (red). Lighter areas show direct control, darker areas represent spheres of influence.

Amarna Letters are politically arranged in a rough counterclockwise fashion:

  • 001–014 Babylonia
  • 015–016 Assyria
  • 017–030 Mitanni
  • 031–032 Arzawa
  • 033–040 Alashiya
  • 041–044 Hatti
  • 045–380+ Syria/Lebanon/Canaan

Amarna Letters from Syria/Lebanon/Canaan are distributed roughly:

  • 045–067 Syria
  • 068–227 Lebanon (where 68–140 are from Gubla aka Byblos)
  • 227–380 Canaan (written mostly in the Canaano-Akkadian language).

Akhenaten and Tushratta

[edit]

Early in his reign, Akhenaten, the pharaoh of Egypt, had conflicts with Tushratta, the king of Mitanni, who had courted favor with his father, Amenhotep III, against the Hittites. Tushratta complains in numerous letters that Akhenaten had sent him gold-plated statues rather than statues made of solid gold; the statues formed part of the bride-price that Tushratta received for letting his daughter Tadukhepa marry Amenhotep III and then later marry Akhenaten.[21]

An Amarna letter preserves a complaint by Tushratta to Akhenaten about the situation:

I...asked your father Mimmureya [i.e., Amenhotep III] for statues of solid cast gold, ... and your father said, 'Don't talk of giving statues just of solid cast gold. I will give you ones made also of lapis lazuli. I will give you too, along with the statues, much additional gold and [other] goods beyond measure.' Every one of my messengers that were staying in Egypt saw the gold for the statues with their own eyes. ... But my brother [i.e., Akhenaten] has not sent the solid [gold] statues that your father was going to send. You have sent plated ones of wood. Nor have you sent me the goods that your father was going to send me, but you have reduced [them] greatly. Yet there is nothing I know of in which I have failed my brother. ... May my brother send me much gold. ... In my brother's country gold is as plentiful as dust. May my brother cause me no distress. May he send me much gold in order that my brother [with the gold and m]any [good]s may honor me.[4]

Amarna letters list

[edit]

Note: Many assignments are tentative; spellings vary widely. This is just a guide.[4]

EA# Letter author to recipient
EA# 1 Amenhotep III to Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil
EA# 2 Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep III
EA# 3 Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep III
EA# 4 Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil to Amenhotep III
EA# 5 Amenhotep III to Babylonian king Kadashman-Enlil
EA# 6 Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep III
EA# 7 Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV
EA# 8 Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV
EA# 9 Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV
EA# 10 Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV
EA# 11 Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IV
EA# 12 A Babylonian Princess to the King of Egypt
EA# 13 Burraburiash's Gifts to an Egyptian Princess
EA# 14 Amenhotep IV to Babylonian king Burna-Buriash II
EA# 15 Assyrian king Ashur-Uballit I to Amenhotep IV
EA# 16 Assyrian king Ashur-Uballit I to Amenhotep IV
EA# 17 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
EA# 18 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
EA# 19 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
EA# 20 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
EA# 21 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
EA# 22 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
EA# 23 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
EA# 24 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
EA# 25 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep III
EA# 26 Mitanni king Tushratta to widow Tiy
EA# 27 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV
EA# 28 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV
EA# 29 Mitanni king Tushratta to Amenhotep IV
EA# 30 Mitanni king to the kings of Canaan
EA# 31 Amenhotep III to Arzawa king Tarhundaraba
EA# 32 Arzawa king Tarhundaraba to King of Egypt Amenhotep III
EA# 33 Alashiya king to King of Egypt #1
EA# 34 Alashiya king to King of Egypt #2
EA# 35 Alashiya king to King of Egypt #3
EA# 36 Alashiya king to King of Egypt #4
EA# 37 Alashiya king to King of Egypt #5
EA# 38 Alashiya king to King of Egypt #6
EA# 39 Alashiya king to King of Egypt #7
EA# 40 Alashiya minister to Egypt minister
EA# 41 Hittite king Suppiluliuma I to Huri[a]
EA# 42 Hittite king to King of Egypt
EA# 43 Suppiluliuma, Hittite King, to the King of Egypt
EA# 44 Hittite prince Zi[k]ar to the King of Egypt
EA# 45 'Ammittamru I, Ugarit king, to the King of Egypt
EA# 46 Ugarit king to Egyptian king
EA# 47 Ugarit king to Egyptian king
EA# 48 Heba, Queen of Ugarit, to the Queen of Egypt
EA# 49 Ugarit king Niqm-Adda II to the King of Egypt
EA# 50 Maidservant to the Queen of Egypt
EA# 51 Nuhasse king Addunirari to the King of Egypt
EA# 52 Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #1
EA# 53 Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #2
EA# 54 Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #3
EA# 55 Qatna king Akizzi to Amenhotep III #4
EA# 56 Akizzi(?), the Ruler of Qatna, to Amenhotep IV, the King of Egypt
EA# 57 Akizzi, the Ruler of Qatna, to Amenhotep IV, the King of Egypt
EA# 58 Tehu-Teshupa, a Ruler in North Canaan(?), to the King of Egypt
EA# 58 [Qat]ihutisupa to king(?) obverse
EA# 59 Tunip peoples to pharaoh
EA# 60 Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to Amenhotep III, the king of Egypt
EA# 61 Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to Amenhotep III, the king of Egypt #2
EA# 62 Amurru king Abdi-Asirta to Pahanate, the Commissioner of Sumur
EA# 63 'Abdi-Ashtarti, a Ruler in Southern Canaan (Gath?), to the king of Egypt
EA# 64 'Abdi-Ashtarti, a Ruler in Southern Canaan (Gath?), to the king of Egypt #2
EA# 65 'Abdi-Ashtarti, a Ruler in Southern Canaan (Gath?), to the king of Egypt #3
EA# 66 Rib-Hadda, the Ruler of Byblos, to Haya, the Vizier of Egypt
EA# 67 An unknown ruler in the north of Canaan to the King of Egypt
EA# 68 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #1
EA# 69 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Egypt official
EA# 70 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #2
EA# 71 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Haya, the Vizier of Egypt
EA# 72 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #3
EA# 73 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #1
EA# 74 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #4
EA# 75 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #5
EA# 76 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #6
EA# 77 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #2
EA# 78 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #7
EA# 79 Gubal king Rib-Addi to he king of Egypt #8
EA# 80 Gubal king Rib-Addi(?) to the king of Egypt #9
EA# 81 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #10
EA# 82 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #3
EA# 83 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #11
EA# 84 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #12
EA# 85 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #13
EA# 86 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #4
EA# 87 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #5
EA# 88 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #14
EA# 89 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #15
EA# 90 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #16
EA# 91 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #17
EA# 92 Gubal king Rib-Addi to the king of Egypt #18
EA# 93 Gubal king Rib-Addi to Amanappa, an Egyptian official #6
EA# 94 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #19
EA# 95 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the Egyptian Senior Official
EA# 96 An army commander to Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos
EA# 97 Yappah-Hadda to Shumu-Hadda
EA# 98 Yappah-Hadda to Yanhamu, the Egyptian Commissioner
EA# 99 The king of Egypt to the ruler of the city of 'Ammiya(?)
EA#100 The city of Irqata to the king of Egypt
EA#100 Tagi to Lab-Aya
EA#101 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #20
EA#102 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to Yanhamu(?), the Egyptian commissioner
EA#103 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #21
EA#104 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #22
EA#105 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #23
EA#106 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #24
EA#107 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #25
EA#108 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #26
EA#109 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #27
EA#110 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #28
EA#111 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #29
EA#112 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #30
EA#113 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #31
EA#114 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #32
EA#115 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #33
EA#116 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #34
EA#117 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #35
EA#118 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #36
EA#119 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #37
EA#120 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #38
EA#121 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #39
EA#122 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #40
EA#123 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #41
EA#124 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #42
EA#125 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #43
EA#126 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #44
EA#127 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #45
EA#128 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #46
EA#129 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #47
EA#129 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #48
EA#130 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #49
EA#131 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #50
EA#132 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #51
EA#133 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #52
EA#134 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #53
EA#135 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #54
EA#136 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #55
EA#137 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #56
EA#138 Rib-Hadda, the ruler of Byblos, to the king of Egypt #57
EA#139 Ilirabih the city of Byblos to the king of Egypt #1
EA#140 Ilirabih the city of Byblos to the king of Egypt #2
EA#141 Beruta king Ammunira to the king of Egypt #1
EA#142 Beruta king Ammunira to the king of Egypt #2
EA#143 Beruta king Ammunira to the king of Egypt #2
EA#144 Zimredda, the ruler of Sidon, to the king of Egypt #1
EA#145 Zimredda, the ruler of Sidon, to the king of Egypt #2
EA#146 Tyre king Abi-Milki to the king of Egypt #1
EA#147 Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #2
EA#148 Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #3
EA#149 Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #4
EA#150 Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #5
EA#151 Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #6
EA#152 Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #7
EA#153 Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #8
EA#154 Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #9
EA#155 Tyre king AbiMilki to the king of Egypt #10
EA#156 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #1
EA#157 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #2
EA#158 Amurru king Aziri to Dudu #1
EA#159 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #3
EA#160 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #4
EA#161 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #5
EA#162 pharaoh to Amurra prince
EA#163 The King of Egypt to a Canaanite Ruler(?)
EA#164 Amurru king Aziri to Dudu #2
EA#165 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #6
EA#166 Amurru king Aziri to Hai
EA#167 Amurru king Aziri to (Hai #2?)
EA#168 Amurru king Aziri to pharaoh #7
EA#169 Amurru son of Aziri to an Egypt official
EA#170 Ba-Aluia & Battiilu to the king
EA#171 Amurru son of Aziri to pharaoh
EA#172 A ruler of Amurru to the king of Egypt
EA#173 The Ruler of (?) to the king of Egypt
EA#174 Bieri of Hasabu
EA#175 Ildaja of Hazi to king
EA#176 Abdi-Risa
EA#177 Guddasuna king Jamiuta
EA#178 Hibija to a chief
EA#179 The deposed ruler of Oftobihi to the King of Egypt
EA#180 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#181 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#182 Mitanni king Shuttarna to pharaoh #1
EA#183 Mitanni king Shuttarna to pharaoh #2
EA#184 Mitanni king Shuttarna to pharaoh #3
EA#185 Majarzana of Hazi to king
EA#186 Majarzana of Hazi to king #2
EA#187 Satija of ... to king
EA#188 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#189 Qadesh mayor Etakkama
EA#190 pharaoh to Qadesh mayor Etakkama(?)
EA#191 Ruhiza king Arzawaija to king
EA#192 Ruhiza king Arzawaija to king #2
EA#193 Dijate to king
EA#194 Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #1
EA#195 Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #2
EA#196 Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #3
EA#197 Damascus mayor Biryawaza to king #4
EA#198 Ara[ha]ttu of Kumidi to king
EA#199 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#200 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#2001 Sealants
EA#2002 Sealants
EA#201 Artemanja of Ziribasani to king
EA#202 Amajase to king
EA#203 Abdi-Milki of Sashimi
EA#204 prince of Qanu to king
EA#205 Gubbu prince to king
EA#206 prince of Naziba to king
EA#207 Ipteh ... to king
EA#208 ... to Egypt official or king
EA#209 Zisamimi to king
EA#210 Zisami[mi] to Amenhotep IV
EA#210 Carchemish king to Ugarit king Asukwari
EA#211 Zitrijara to king #1
EA#2110 Ewiri-Shar to Plsy
EA#212 Zitrijara to king #2
EA#213 Zitrijara to king #3
EA#214 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#215 Baiawa to king #1
EA#216 Baiawa to king #2
EA#217 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#218 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#219 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#220 Nukurtuwa of (?) [Z]unu to king
EA#221 Wiktazu to king #1
EA#222 Yiqdasu, a ruler of a Canaanite city, to the King of Egypt
EA#222 Wik[tazu] to king #2
EA#223 En[g]u[t]a to king
EA#224 Sum-Add[a] to king
EA#225 Sum-Adda of Samhuna to king
EA#226 Sipturi_ to king
EA#227 Hazor king
EA#228 Hazor king Abdi-Tirsi
EA#229 Abdi-na-... to king
EA#230 Iama to king
EA#231 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#232 Acco king Zurata to pharaoh
EA#233 Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #1
EA#234 Acco king Zatatna to pharaoh #2
EA#235 Zitatna/(Zatatna) to king
EA#236 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#237 Bajadi to king
EA#238 Bajadi to an Eyptian Official
EA#239 Baduzana to the king of Egypt
EA#240 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#241 Rusmania to king
EA#242 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #1
EA#243 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #2
EA#244 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #3
EA#245 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #4
EA#246 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh #5
EA#247 Megiddo king Biridija or Jasdata
EA#248 Ja[sd]ata to king
EA#248 Megiddo king Biridija to pharaoh
EA#249 Ba'lu-Meher(?), the ruler of Gath-Padalla, to the king of Egypt
EA#249 Addu-Ur-sag to king
EA#250 Addu-Ur-sag to king
EA#2500 Shechem
EA#251 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#252 Labaja to king
EA#253 Labaja to king
EA#254 Labaja to king
EA#255 Mut-Balu or Mut-Bahlum to king
EA#256 Mut-Balu to Ianhamu
EA#257 Balu-Mihir to king #1
EA#258 Balu-Mihir to king #2
EA#259 Balu-Mihir to king #3
EA#260 Balu-Mihir to king #4
EA#261 Dasru to king #1
EA#262 Dasru to king #2
EA#263 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#264 Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #1
EA#265 Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #2
EA#266 Gezer leader Tagi to pharaoh #3
EA#267 Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #1
EA#268 Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #2
EA#269 Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #3
EA#270 Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #4
EA#271 Gezer mayor Milkili to pharaoh #5
EA#272 Ba'lu-Dani (Or Ba'lu-Shipti), the ruler of Gezer, to the king of Egypt
EA#273 Ba-Lat-Nese to king
EA#274 Ba-Lat-Nese to king #2
EA#275 Iahazibada to king #1
EA#276 Iahazibada to king #2
EA#277 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #1
EA#278 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #2
EA#279 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3
EA#280 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #3
EA#281 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #4
EA#282 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #5
EA#283 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #6
EA#284 Qiltu king Suwardata to pharaoh #7
EA#285 Jerusalem king Abdi-Hiba to pharaoh
EA#286 Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh
EA#287 Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh
EA#288 Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh
EA#289 Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh
EA#290 Jerusalem king AbdiHiba to pharaoh
EA#290 Qiltu king Suwardata to king
EA#291 'Abdi-Heba, the ruler of Jerusalem, to the king of Egypt
EA#292 Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #1
EA#293 Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #2
EA#294 Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #3
EA#295 Gezer mayor Addudani to pharaoh #4
EA#296 Gaza king Iahtiri
EA#297 Gezer mayor Iapah[i] to pharaoh #1
EA#298 Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #2
EA#299 Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #3
EA#300 Gezer mayor Iapahi to pharaoh #4
EA#301 Subandu to king #1
EA#302 Subandu to king #2
EA#303 Subandu to king #3
EA#304 Subandu to king #4
EA#305 Subandu to king #5
EA#306 Subandu to king #6
EA#307 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#308 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#309 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#310 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#311 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#312 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#313 The Ruler of (?) to the King of Egypt
EA#314 Jursa king Pu-Ba-Lu to pharaoh #1
EA#315 Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh #2
EA#316 Jursa king PuBaLu to pharaoh
EA#317 Dagantakala to king #1
EA#318 Dagantakala to king #2
EA#319 A[h]tirumna king Zurasar to king
EA#320 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #1
EA#321 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #2
EA#322 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #3
EA#323 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #4
EA#324 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #5
EA#325 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #6
EA#326 Asqalon king Widia to pharaoh #7
EA#327 ... the king
EA#328 Lakis mayor Iabniilu to pharaoh
EA#329 Lakis king Zimridi to pharaoh
EA#330 Lakis mayor Sipti-Ba-Lu to pharaoh #1
EA#331 Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #2
EA#332 Lakis mayor SiptiBaLu to pharaoh #3
EA#333 Ebi to a prince
EA#334 ---dih of Zuhra [-?] to king
EA#335 --- [of Z]uhr[u] to king
EA#336 Hiziri to king #1
EA#337 Hiziri to king #2
EA#338 Zi. .. to king
EA#339 ... to king
EA#340 ...
EA#341 ...
EA#342 ...
EA#356 myth of Adapa and the South Wind
EA#357 myth the Ereskigal and Nergal
EA#358 myth fragments
EA#359 myth Epic of King of Battle
EA#360 ...
EA#361 ...
EA#362 ...
EA#364 Ayyab to king
EA#365 Megiddo king Biridiya to pharaoh
EA#366 Shuwardata, the ruler of Gath, to the king
EA#367 pharaoh to Endaruta of Akshapa
EA#369 Amenhotep IV to Milkilu, the ruler of Gezer
EA#xxx Amenhotep III to Milkili
H#3100 Tell el-Hesi
P#3200 Pella prince Mut-Balu to Yanhamu
P#3210 Lion Woman to king
T#3002 Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa
T#3005 Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa
T#3006 Amenhotep to Taanach king Rewassa
U#4001 Ugarit king Niqmaddu

Chronology

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William L. Moran summarizes the state of the chronology of these tablets as follows:

Despite a long history of inquiry, the chronology of the Amarna letters, both relative and absolute, presents many problems, some of bewildering complexity, that still elude definitive solution. Consensus obtains only about what is obvious, certain established facts, and these provide only a broad framework within which many and often quite different reconstructions of the course of events reflected in the Amarna letters are possible and have been defended. ...The Amarna archive, it is now generally agreed, spans at most about thirty years, perhaps only fifteen or so.[4]

From the internal evidence, the earliest possible date for this correspondence is the final decade of the reign of Amenhotep III, who ruled from 1388 to 1351 BC (or 1391 to 1353 BC), possibly as early as this king's 30th regnal year; the latest date any of these letters were written is the desertion of the city of Amarna, commonly believed to have happened in the second year of the reign of Tutankhamun later in the same century in 1332 BC. Moran notes that some scholars believe one tablet, EA 16, may have been addressed to Tutankhamun's successor Ay or Smenkhkare.[22] However, this speculation appears improbable because the Amarna archives were closed by Year 2 of Tutankhamun, when this king transferred Egypt's capital from Amarna to Thebes.

Quotations and phrases

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A small number of the Amarna letters are in the class of poetry. An example is EA 153, entitled: "Ships on hold", from Abimilku of Tyre. This is a short, 20-line letter. Lines 6–8 and 9-11 are parallel phrases, each ending with "...before the troops of the king, my lord."-('before', then line 8, line 11). Both sentences are identical, and repetitive, with only the subject statement changing.

The entire corpus of Amarna letters has many standard phrases. It also has some phrases, and quotations used only once. Some are parables: (EA 252: "...when an ant is pinched (struck), does it not fight back and bite the hand of the man that struck it?"....)

Bird in a Cage

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A bird in a cage (Trap)—Rib-Hadda subcorpus of letters. (Rib-Hadda was trapped in Gubla-(Byblos), unable to move freely.)

"A brick may move.."

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A brick may move from under its partner, still I will not move from under the feet of the king, my lord.—Used in letters EA 266, 292, and 296. EA 292 by Adda-danu of Gazru.

"For the lack of a cultivator.."

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"For the lack of a cultivator, my field is like a woman without a husband."—Rib-Hadda letter EA 75

"Hale like the Sun..."

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"And know that the King-(pharaoh) is hale like the Sun in the Sky. For his troops and his chariots in multitude all goes very well...."—See: Endaruta, for the Short Form; See: Milkilu, for a Long Form. Also found in EA 99: entitled: "From the Pharaoh to a vassal". (with addressee damaged)

"I looked this way, and I looked..."

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"I looked this way, and I looked that way, and there was no light. Then I looked towards the king, my lord, and there was light."—EA 266 by Tagi (Ginti mayor); EA 296 by Yahtiru.

"May the Lady of Gubla.."

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"May the Lady of Gubla grant power to the king, my lord."—varieties of the phrase in the Rib-Hadda letters

a pot held in pledge

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a pot held in pledge—The Pot of a Debt. EA 292 by Adda-danu of Gazru.

7 times and 7 times again

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7 times and 7 times—Over and over again
7 times plus 7—EA 189, See: "Etakkama of Kadesh"(title)-(Qidšu)

I fall ... 7 times and 7..."on the back and on the stomach"

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I fall, at the feet, ... 7 times and 7 times, "on the back and on the stomach"—EA 316, by Pu-Ba'lu, and used in numerous letters to pharaoh. See: Commissioner: Tahmašši.

when an ant is struck..

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"...when an ant is pinched (struck), does it not fight back and bite the hand of the man that struck it?"—A phrase used by Labayu defending his actions of overtaking cities, EA 252. Title: "Sparing one's enemies".

Example, single letter photo gallery, multiple sides

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Amarna letter EA 15, from Ashur-uballit I; see also Amarna letter EA 153.

  • Obverse
    Obverse
  • Line drawing, obverse
    Line drawing, obverse
  • Reverse
    Reverse
  • View from bottom
    View from bottom

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Shlomo Izre'el. "The Amarna Tablets". Tel Aviv University. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  2. ^ Knudtzon, Jørgen Alexander (1915). Die El-Amarna-Tafeln. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
  3. ^ Knudtzon, Jørgen Alexander (1915). Die El-Amarna-Tafeln. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
  4. ^ a b c d e Moran, William L. (1992). The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. xiv. ISBN 0-8018-4251-4.
  5. ^ [1]Colonna d'Istria, Laurent, "Cuneiform in Egypt: The el-Amarna Letters", in Stéphane Polis (ed.) Guide to the Writing Systems of Ancient Egypt , pp. 88-93, 2023 ISBN 978-2-7247-0873-8
  6. ^ F.M.T. de Liagre Böhl, Die Sprache der Amarnabriefe, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kanaanismen ('The language of the Amarna letters, with special attention to the Canaanisms'), Leipzig 1909.
  7. ^ Eva von Dassow, 'Canaanite in Cuneiform', Journal of the American Oriental Society 124/4 (2004): 641–674. Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine (pdf)
  8. ^ [2]Claude Reignier Conder, "The Tell Amarna tablets", London; New York: Macmillan, 1893
  9. ^ [3]Petrie, W. M. Flinders, "Tell el Amarna", London, Methuen & co, 1894
  10. ^ Rainey, Anson F., and William M. Schniedewind, "The El-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters From the Site of El-Amarna Based On Collations of All Extant Tablets", Boston: Brill, 2014 ISBN 978-90-04-28145-5
  11. ^ [4]Winckler, Hugo, "Der Thontafelfund von el-Amarna", Berlin: W. Spemann, 1889
  12. ^ [5]C. Bezold and E. A. W. Budge, "The Tell el-Amarna tablets in the British Museum with autotype facsimiles", British Museum, 1892
  13. ^ "Collection". The British Museum.
  14. ^ Sayce, A.H., "The cuneiform tablets of Tel el-Amarna, now preserved in the Boulaq Museum", Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology 11, pp. 326-413, 1888-89
  15. ^ Rainey, Anson F, "El Amarna Tablets 359–379", Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn, Neukirchener Verlag des Erziehungsvereins, 1970
  16. ^ Baranowski, Krzysztof J. "1. The Amarna Letters and Their Study". The Verb in the Amarna Letters from Canaan, University Park, US: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 4–20
  17. ^ El-Amarna Tablets Archived 2018-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, article at West Semitic Research Project, website of University of Southern California accessed 2/8/15.
  18. ^ [6]Mynářová, Jana, "Handbook of Amarna Cuneiform Palaeography: A Project Update", Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 11, pp. 15-16, 2016
  19. ^ Horowitz, Wayne, "An Inscribed Clay Cylinder From Amarna Age Beth Shean", Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 46, no. 3/4, pp. 208–218, 1996
  20. ^ Horowitz, Wayne, "The Amarna Age Inscribed Clay Cylinder from Beth-Shean", The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 97–100, 1997
  21. ^ [7]Güner, Serdar, and Daniel Druckman, "Tushratta’S Requests to the Pharaohs", How People Negotiate: Resolving Disputes in Different Cultures. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 67-71, 2003
  22. ^ Redford, Donald, "The coregency of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare", History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 170-182, 1967

Further reading

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  • Aruz, Joan, Kim Benzel, and Jean M. Evans, eds. Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
  • [8]Bristowe, Sydney, Mrs, "The Oldest Letters In The World", LONDON: GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN, LTD, 1923
  • Budge, E.A.W., "On cuneiform despatches from Tûshratta, king of Mitanni, Burraburiyasch, the son of Kuri-Galzu, and the king of Alashiya, to Amenophis III, king of Egypt, and on the cuneiform tablets from Tell el-Amarna", Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology 10, pp. 540-569, 1887-88
  • Cohen, Raymond, and Raymond Westbrook, eds. Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000
  • Gordon, C.H., "Eight new cuneiform fragments from Tell el Amarna", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 20, pp. 137-138, 1934
  • [9]Gordon, Cyrus H., "The new Amarna tablets", Orientalia 16.1, pp. 1-21, 1947
  • Goren, Y., Finkelstein, I. & Na'aman, N., Inscribed in Clay – Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Tel Aviv: Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 2004. ISBN 965-266-020-5
  • Hagen, F., "The hieratic dockets on the cuneiform tablets from Amarna", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 97, pp. 214-216, 2011
  • [10]Handcock, Percy, "Selections from the Tell-el-Amarna letters", London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge; New York, The Macmillan company, 1920
  • Mynářová, J., "Egyptians and the cuneiform tradition: On the palaeography of the Amarna documents", in Current research in cuneiform palaeography, eds. E. Devecchi, G.G.W. Müller, and J. Mynářová. Gladbeck: PeWe, pp. 89-102, 2015
  • Mynářová, Jana. Language of Amarna – Language of Diplomacy: Perspectives On the Amarna Letters. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology; Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, 2007
  • [11]Petrie, W. M. Flinders Syria and Egypt From the Tell El Amarna Letters, Methuen & co, 1898
  • Rainey, Anson F. Canaanite in the Amarna Tablets: A Linguistic Analysis of the Mixed Dialect Used by Scribes from Canaan. 4 vols. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2010
  • Sayce, A.H., "The cuneiform inscriptions of Tel el-Amarna", Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain 24, pp. 12-31, 1890
  • Smith, Janet (2011). Dust or dew: Immortality in the Ancient Near East and in Psalm 49. Eugene, OR, US: Wipf and Stock. p. 286. ISBN 978-1-60899-661-2.
  • Vita, Juan-Pablo. Canaanite Scribes In the Amarna Letters. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2015
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