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{{Short description|Genus of seaweed}}
{{Taxobox
{{About||the color known in Greek as ''porphyra''|Tyrian purple|species previously in this genus that have been reclassified as ''pyropia''|Pyropia}}
| color = #{{Taxobox color|[[Plant]]ae}}
{{Distinguish|Porphyria}}
| image = Porphyra_yezoensis.jpg
{{Automatic taxobox
| image_caption=''Porphyra yezoensis''
| image = Porphyra umbilicalis, Porphyra purpurea Helgoland.JPG
| name = ''Porphyra''
| image_caption = ''[[Porphyra umbilicalis]]'' (right) and ''[[Porphyra purpurea]]'' (front), in [[Heligoland]]
| domain = [[Eukaryota]]
| image_alt = Porphyra umbilicalis (right) and Porphyra purpurea (front), in Heligoland
| unranked_phylum = [[Archaeplastida]]
| taxon = Porphyra
| phylum = [[Rhodophyta]]
| authority = [[Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]] 1824
| classis = [[Bangiophyceae]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| ordo = [[Bangiales]]
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=WoRMS>[[Michael D. Guiry|Guiry, Michael D.]] (2012). Porphyra. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2017). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=143808 on 2017-09-06</ref>
| familia = [[Bangiaceae]]
| genus = '''''Porphyra'''''
| subdivision = [[Porphyra#Species|see text]]
| synonyms = ''Conchocelis'' <small>[[Edward Arthur Lionel Batters|Batters]] 1892</small><br/>
''Phyllona'' <small>[[J.Hill]] 1773</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WoRMS />
}}
}}


'''''Porphyra''''' is a foliose [[red alga]]l genus of [[Laver (seaweed)|laver]], comprising approximately 70 species.<ref name="Brodie 02">'''Brodie, J.A. and Irvine, L.M.''' 2003. ''Seaweeds of the British Isles.'' Volume 1 Part 3b. The Natural History Museum, London.ISBN 1 898298 87 4</ref> It grows in the [[intertidal zone]], typically between the upper intertidal zone and the splash zone in cold waters of temperate oceans. In East Asia, it is used to produce the [[seaweed|sea vegetable]] products ''[[nori]]'' (in Japan) and ''[[Gim (Korean food)|gim]]'' (in Korea), the most commonly eaten seaweed.<!--The most commonly eaten seaweed where? And is this referring to Porphyra, laver, nori, or gim?--> There are considered to be 60 to 70 species of ''Porphyra'' worldwide<ref name="Kain 91">'''Kain, J.M.''' 1991. Cultivation of attached seaweeds. ''in'' Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. 1992. ''Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential.'' John Wiley and Sons, Chichester ISBN 0 471 92947 6</ref> and seven in the British Isles.<ref name="Hardy and Guiry 06">'''Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D.''' 2006. ''A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland.'' British Phycological Society, London. ISBN 3 906166 35 X</ref>
'''''Porphyra''''' is a [[genus]] of coldwater [[seaweed]]s that grow in cold, shallow [[seawater]]. More specifically, it belongs to [[red algae]] phylum of laver species (from which comes [[laverbread]]), comprising approximately 70 species.<ref name="Brodie 02">Brodie, J.A. and Irvine, L.M. 2003. ''Seaweeds of the British Isles.'' Volume 1 Part 3b. The Natural History Museum, London.{{ISBN|1 898298 87 4}}</ref> It grows in the [[intertidal zone]], typically between the upper intertidal zone and the [[splash zone]] in cold waters of [[temperate climate|temperate]] oceans. In East Asia, it is used to produce the [[seaweed|sea vegetable]] products ''[[nori]]'' (in Japan) and ''[[Gim (food)|gim]]'' (in Korea). There are considered to be 60–70 species of ''Porphyra'' worldwide<ref name="Kain 91">[[Joanna M. Kain|Kain, J.M.]] 1991. Cultivation of attached seaweeds. in Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. 1992. ''Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential.'' John Wiley and Sons, Chichester {{ISBN|0-471-92947-6}}</ref> and seven around Britain and Ireland, where it has been traditionally used to produce edible [[edible seaweed|sea vegetables]] on the [[Irish Sea]] coast.<ref name="Hardy and Guiry 06">Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2006. ''A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland.'' British Phycological Society, London. {{ISBN|3-906166-35-X}}</ref> The species ''[[Porphyra purpurea]]'' has one of the largest [[plastid]] [[genome]]s known, with 251 genes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=E-MXsGnAVAQC&dq=%22red+alga+Porphyra+purpurea+%28251+genes%29%22&pg=PA878 The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook: Organellar and Metabolic Processes Volum 2]</ref>


==Life cycle==
==Life cycle==
''Porphyra'' displays a [[wikt:heteromorphic|heteromorphic]] alternation of generations. The [[thallus]] we see is the [[haploid]] generation; it can reproduce asexually by forming [[spores]] which grow to replicate the original thallus. It can also reproduce sexually. Both male and female [[gametes]] are formed on the one thallus. The female gametes while still on the thallus are fertilized by the released male gametes, which are non-motile. The fertilised, now [[diploid]], [[carposporangia]] after [[mitosis]] produce spores ([[carpospores]]) which settle, then bore into shells, germinate and form a filamentous stage. This stage was originally thought to be a different species of alga, and was referred to as ''Conchocelis rosea''. It is now known to be the diploid stage of ''Porphyra''. <ref name="Brodie 02"/><ref name="Thomas 02">'''Thomas, D.''' 2002. ''Seaweeds.'' The Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0 565 09175 1</ref> [http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/reds/lisa/lhist.htm]
''Porphyra'' displays a heteromorphic [[alternation of generations]].<ref>[http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/reds/lisa/lhist.htm Porphyra life cycle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411151035/http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/reds/lisa/lhist.htm |date=2007-04-11 }} {{dead link|date=February 2024}}</ref> The [[thallus]] we see is the [[Ploidy|haploid]] generation; it can reproduce asexually by forming [[spore]]s which grow to replicate the original thallus. It can also reproduce sexually. Both male and female [[gamete]]s are formed on the one thallus. The female gametes while still on the thallus are fertilized by the released male gametes, which are non-motile. The fertilized, now [[Ploidy|diploid]], carposporangia after [[mitosis]] produce spores ([[carpospore]]s) which settle, then bore into shells, germinate and form a filamentous stage. This stage was originally thought to be a different species of alga, and was referred to as ''Conchocelis rosea''. That ''Conchocelis'' was the [[Ploidy|diploid]] stage of ''Porphyra'' was discovered in 1949 by the British [[phycology|phycologist]] [[Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker]] for the [[Europe]]an species ''[[Porphyra umbilicalis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Drew |first1= Kathleen M. |year=1949 |title= Conchocelis-phase in the life-history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz|journal=Nature |volume= 164|issue= 4174|pages= 748–749|doi= 10.1038/164748a0|bibcode= 1949Natur.164..748D |s2cid= 4134419 }}</ref> It was later shown for species from other regions as well.<ref name="Brodie 02"/><ref name="Thomas 02">Thomas, D. 2002. ''Seaweeds.'' The Natural History Museum, London. {{ISBN|0-565-09175-1}}</ref>

==Food==
==Food==
Most human cultures with access to ''Porphyra'' use it as a food or somehow in the diet, making it perhaps the most domesticated of the marine algae, <ref name="Mumford 88">'''Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A.''' 4.''Porphyra'' as food: cultivation and economics. in Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. 1988. ''Algae and Human Affairs.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-32115-8</ref> known as [[Laver (seaweed)|laver]], '''[[nori]]''' ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]), '''amanori''' (Japanese),<ref name=Abbott>{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Isabella A|authorlink=Isabella Abbott|content=Food and food products from seaweeds|editor1-last=Lembi|editor1-first=Carole A.|editor2-last=Waaland|editor2-first=J. Robert|title=Algae and human affairs|date=1989|pages=141|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]], [[Phycological Society of America]]|id=ISBN-13: 9780521321150}}</ref> zakai, kim ([[Korean language|Korean]]),<ref name=Abbott /> zicai ([[Standard Mandarin|Chinese]]),<ref name=Abbott /> [[karengo]], sloke or slukos.<ref name="Kain 91"/> The marine red alga ''Porphyra'' has been cultivated extensively in many Asian countries as an edible seaweed used to wrap the rice and fish that compose the Japanese food [[sushi]], and the Korean food ''[[gimbap]]''. In Japan, the annual production of ''Porphyra'' spp. is valued at 100 billion yen (US$ 1 billion).<ref name="Aoki 06">'''Aoki, Y. and Kamei, Y.''' 2006 Preparation of recombinant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from the marine bacterium, ''Pseudomonas'' sp. ND137 for the production of protoplasts of ''Porphyra yezoensis'' ''Eur. J. Phycol.'' '''41''': 321 - 328</ref>
Most human cultures with access to {{lang|la|Porphyra}} use it as a food or somehow in the diet, making it perhaps the most domesticated of the marine algae,<ref name="Mumford 88">Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A. 4.''Porphyra'' as food: cultivation and economics. in Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. 1988. ''Algae and Human Affairs.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-32115-8}}</ref> known as [[Laverbread|laver]], {{lang|vi|rong biển}} ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]), ''[[nori]]'' ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]:{{lang|ja|海苔}}), ''amanori'' (Japanese),<ref name=Abbott>{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Isabella A|author-link=Isabella Abbott|type=Food and food products from seaweeds|editor1-last=Lembi|editor1-first=Carole A.|editor2-last=Waaland|editor2-first=J. Robert|title=Algae and human affairs|year=1989|pages=141|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]], [[Phycological Society of America]]|isbn= 978-0-521-32115-0}}</ref> ''zakai'', ''[[gim (food)|gim]]'' ([[Korean language|Korean]]:{{lang|ko|김}}),<ref name=Abbott /> ''zǐcài'' ([[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]:{{Lang|zh|紫菜}}),<ref name=Abbott /> [[Pyropia columbina|karengo]], ''sloke'' or ''slukos''.<ref name="Kain 91"/> The marine red alga ''Porphyra'' has been cultivated extensively in many [[Asia]]n countries as an [[edible seaweed]] used to wrap the rice and fish that compose the Japanese food [[sushi]] and the Korean food ''[[gimbap]]''. In Japan, the annual production of ''Porphyra'' species is valued at 100 billion [[Japanese yen|yen]] (US$1 billion).<ref name="Aoki 06">Aoki, Y. and Kamei, Y. 2006 Preparation of recombinant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from the marine bacterium, ''Pseudomonas'' sp. ND137 for the production of protoplasts of ''Porphyra yezoensis'' ''Eur. J. Phycol.'' '''41''': 321-328.</ref>


{{lang|la|P.{{nbsp}}umbilicalis}} is harvested from the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, where it has a variety of culinary uses, including [[laverbread]].<ref name="eatweeds">{{cite web |title= Laver Seaweed – A Foraging Guide to Its Food, Medicine and Other Uses |url=https://www.eatweeds.co.uk/laver-porphyra |website=eatweeds.co.uk |date=30 August 2018 |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref> In Hawaii, "the species {{lang|la|P.{{nbsp}}atropurpurea}} is considered a delicacy, called {{lang|haw|Limu luau}}".<ref name="eatweeds" /> Porphyra was also harvested by the [[Southern Kwakiutl]], [[Haida people|Haida]], Seechelt, [[Squamish, British Columbia|Squawmish]], [[Nuu-chah-nulth]], [[Nuxalk]], [[Tsimshian]], and [[Tlingit]] peoples of the North American Pacific coast.<ref name="eatweeds" />
==Species==

*''Porphyra abbottae'' [[Vasudeva B. Krishnamurthy|V.Krishnam.]], '''Red laver'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Turner|first=Nancy J.|title=Food plants of coastal First Peoples|date=2003|page=21|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|isbn13=9780774805339}}</ref>
==Vitamin B12==
*''Porphyra leucosticta'' [[Gustave Adolphe Thuret|Thur.]]
''Porphyra'' contains [[vitamin B12]] and one study suggests that it is the most suitable non-meat source of this essential vitamin.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Bito T, Teng F |title=Vitamin B₁₂-containing plant food sources for vegetarians |journal=Nutrients |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=1861–73 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24803097 |pmc=4042564 |doi=10.3390/nu6051861 |quote="A nutritional analysis of six vegan children who had consumed vegan diets including brown rice and dried purple laver (nori) for 4–10 years suggested that the consumption of nori may prevent Vitamin B12 deficiency in vegans."|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the view of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, however, it may not provide an adequate source of B12 for [[vegan]]s.<ref name=MelinaCraig2016>{{cite journal| vauthors=Melina V, Craig W, Levin S| title=Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets |journal=J Acad Nutr Diet|year= 2016|volume= 116|issue= 12|pages= 1970–1980|pmid=27886704|doi=10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025| s2cid=4984228 |quote=Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources— meaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplements—or they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults.|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27886704/}}</ref>
*''Porphyra linearis'' [[Robert Kaye Greville|Grev.]]

*''Porphyra miniata'' ([[Carl Adolph Agardh|C.Agardh]]) C.Agardh)
==Species==
*''Porphyra purpurea'' ([[Albrecht Wilhelm Roth|Roth]]) C.Agardh)
''Porphyra'' currently contains 57 confirmed species and 14 unconfirmed species.<ref name=WORMS1>{{cite WoRMS |author=Michael D. Guiry |year= 2024|title= ''Porphyra'' C.Agardh, 1824|id= 143808|accessdate=17 April 2024}}</ref>
*''Porphyra umbilicalis'' ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jacob Georg Agardh|J.Agardh.]]<ref name=''Morton94''>'''Morton, O.''' 1994. ''Marine Algae of Northern Ireland.'' Ulster Museum, Belfast. ISBN 0 90076128 8</ref>
===Confirmed===
{{Columns-list|colwidth=35em|
*''[[Porphyra akasakae]]'' <small>[[species:Akio Miura|A.Miura]], 1977</small>
*''[[Porphyra angusta]]'' <small>[[Kintarô Okamura|Okamura]] & [[species:Saburo Ueda|Ueda]], 1932</small>
*''[[Porphyra argentinensis]]'' <small>[[M.L.Piriz]], 1981</small>
*''[[Porphyra atropurpurea]]'' <small>(Olivi) [[Giovanni Battista de Toni|De Toni]], 1897</small>
*''[[Porphyra augustinae]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]], 1843</small>
*''[[Porphyra autumnalis]]'' <small>[[Zanardini]], 1860</small>
*''[[Porphyra bulbopes]]'' <small>([[species:Kichisaburo Yendo|Yendo]]) [[species:Saburo Ueda|Ueda]], 1932</small>
*''[[Porphyra capensis]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]], 1843</small>
*''[[Porphyra ceylanica]]'' <small>[[J.Agardh]], 1883</small>
*''[[Porphyra chauhanii]]'' <small>[[species:C. Anil Kumar|C.Anil Kumar]] & [[species:M.V.N. Panikkar|M.V.N.Panikkar]], 1995</small>
*''[[Porphyra coccinea]]'' <small>[[J.Agardh]]</small>
*''[[Porphyra corallicola]]'' <small>[[species:Hana Kucera|H.Kucera]] & [[species:Gary W. Saunders|G.W. Saunders]], 2012</small>
*''[[Porphyra delicatula]]'' <small>[[Welwitsch]]</small>
*''[[Porphyra dentimarginata]]'' <small>[[Chu Chia-yen]] & [[Wang Su-chuan]], 1960</small>
*''[[Porphyra dioica]]'' <small>[[species:Juliet Brodie|J.Brodie]] & [[species:Linda Mary Irvine|L.M.Irvine]], 1997</small>
*''[[Porphyra fujianensis]]'' <small>Zhang & Wang, 1993</small>
*''[[Porphyra grateloupicola]]'' <small>[[species:Pierre Louis Crouan|P.L.Crouan]] & [[species:Hippolyte Marie Crouan|H.M.Crouan]], 1878</small>
*''[[Porphyra guangdongensis]]'' <small>[[species:Cheng Kwei Tseng|C.K.Tseng]] & T.J.Chang, 1978</small>
*''[[Porphyra inaequicrassa]]'' <small>[[species:Luiza Pavlovna Perestenko|Perestenko]], 1980</small>
*''[[Porphyra indica]]'' <small>[[V.Krishnamurthy]] & [[species:Murugesan Baluswami|M.Baluswami]], 1984</small>
*''[[Porphyra ionae]]'' <small>[[species:Robert Wallace Ricker|R.W.Ricker]], 1987</small>
*''[[Porphyra irregularis]]'' <small>[[E.Fukuhara]], 1968</small>
*''[[Porphyra kanyakumariensis]]'' <small>[[V.Krishnamurthy]] & [[species:Murugesan Baluswami|M.Baluswami]], 1984</small>
*''[[Porphyra ledermannii]]'' <small>[[Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger|Pilger]], 1911</small>
*''[[Porphyra linearis]]'' <small>[[Robert Kaye Greville|Greville]], 1830</small>
*''[[Porphyra longissima]]'' <small>[[species:Andrés Meynard|A.Meynard]], [[species:Maria Eliana Ramírez|M.E.Ramírez]] & [[species:Loretto Contreras‐Porcia|L.Contreras-Porcia]], 2018</small>
*''[[Porphyra lucasii]]'' <small>[[species:Carl Tore Christian Levring|Levring]], 1953</small>
*''[[Porphyra luchea]]'' <small>[[species:Andrés Meynard|A.Meynard]], [[species:Maria Eliana Ramírez|M.E.Ramírez]] & [[species:Loretto Contreras‐Porcia|L.Contreras-Porcia]], 2018</small>
*''[[Porphyra malvanensis]]'' <small>[[species:C. Anilkumar|Anilkumar]] & [[species:P. Satyanarayana Rao|P.S.N.Rao]], 2005</small>
*''[[Porphyra marcosii]]'' <small>[[species:Paciente A. Cordero|P.A.Cordero]], 1976</small>
*''[[Porphyra marginata]]'' <small>[[species:Cheng Kwei Tseng|C.K.Tseng]] & [[T.J.Chang]], 1958</small>
*''[[Porphyra microphylla]]'' <small>[[Zanardini]], 1860</small>
*''[[Porphyra monosporangia]]'' <small>[[S.Wang]] & [[J.Zhang]], 1980</small>
*''[[Porphyra mumfordii]]'' <small>[[species:Sandra C. Lindstrom|S.C.Lindstrom]] & [[K.M.Cole]], 1992</small>
*''[[Porphyra njordii]]'' <small>[[species:Poul Møller Pedersen|P.M.Pedersen]], 2011</small>
*''[[Porphyra ochotensis]]'' <small>[[species:Masaji Nagai|Nagai]], 1941</small>
*''[[Porphyra okamurae]]'' <small>[[species:Saburo Ueda|Ueda]], 1932</small>
*''[[Porphyra okhaensis]]'' <small>[[species:H.V. Joshi|H.V.Joshi]], [[R.M.Oza]] & [[A.Tewari]], 1992</small>
*''[[Porphyra oligospermatangia]]'' <small>[[species:Cheng Kwei Tseng|C.K.Tseng]] & [[species:Bao Fu Zheng|B.F.Zheng]], 1981</small>
*''[[Porphyra plocamiestris]]'' <small>[[species:Robert Wallace Ricker|R.W.Ricker]], 1987</small>
*''[[Porphyra pujalsiae]]'' <small>[[species:Javier Coll|Coll]] & [[species:Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]], 1976</small>
*''[[Porphyra punctata]]'' <small>[[species:Yukio Yamada|Y.Yamada]] & [[species:Hideo Mikami|H.Mikami]], 1956</small>
*''[[Porphyra purpurea]]'' <small>([[Albrecht Wilhelm Roth|Roth]]) [[C.Agardh]], 1824</small>
*''[[Porphyra qingdaoensi]]'' <small>[[species:Cheng Kwei Tseng|C.K.Tseng]] & [[species:Bao Fu Zheng|B.F.Zheng]], 1988</small>
*''[[Porphyra ramosissima]]'' <small>Pan & Wang, 1982</small>
*''[[Porphyra rizzinii]]'' <small>[[species:Javier Coll|Coll]] & [[species:Eurico Cabral de Oliveira|E.C.Oliveira]], 1976</small>
*''[[Porphyra roseana]]'' <small>[[M.Howe]], 1928</small>
*''[[Porphyra schistothallus]]'' <small>[[species:Bao Fu Zheng|B.F.Zheng]] & [[J.Li]]</small>
*''[[Porphyra segregata]]'' <small>([[William Albert Setchell|Setchell]] & [[species:Henri Theodore Antoine de Leng Hus|Hus]]) [[V.Krishnamurthy]], 1972</small>
*''[[Porphyra subtumens]]'' <small>[[J.Agardh]]</small>
*''[[Porphyra tanakae]]'' <small>[[species:Pham-Hoàng Hô|Pham Hoang-Ho]], 1985</small>
*''[[Porphyra tenuis]]'' <small>[[species:Bao Fu Zheng|B.F.Zheng]] & [[J.Li]]</small>
*''[[Porphyra tristanensis]]'' <small>[[Egil Baardseth|Baardseth]], 1941</small>
*''[[Porphyra umbilicalis]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]], 1843</small>
*''[[Porphyra violacea]]'' <small>[[J.Agardh]], 1899</small>
*''[[Porphyra vulgaris]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Traugott Kützing|Kützing]], 1843</small>
*''[[Porphyra woolhouseae]]'' <small>[[William Henry Harvey|Harvey]], 1863</small>
}}

===Unconfirmed===
{{Columns-list|colwidth=35em|
*''[[Porphyra carnea]]'' <small>[[Albert Grunow|Grunow]], 1889</small>
*''[[Porphyra cordata]]'' <small>[[Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini|Meneghini]], 1844</small>
*''[[Porphyra cucullata]]'' <small>[[Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]], 1865</small>
*''[[Porphyra grayana]]'' <small>[[Paul Friedrich Reinsch|Reinsch]], 1875</small>
*''[[Porphyra hospitans]]'' <small>[[Zanardini]], 1855</small>
*''[[Porphyra livida]]'' <small>[[Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]], 1846</small>
*''[[Porphyra microphylla]]'' <small>[[Paul Friedrich Reinsch|Reinsch]], 1878</small>
*''[[Porphyra minor]]'' <small>[[Zanardini]], 1847</small>
*''[[Porphyra nobilis]]'' <small>[[Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]], 1846</small> or <small>[[J.Agardh]], 1883</small>
*''[[Porphyra reniformis]]'' <small>[[Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini|Meneghini]], 1849</small>
*''[[Porphyra sericea]]'' <small>(Wulfen) [[J.Agardh]], 1883</small>
*''[[Porphyra subtumens]]'' <small>[[J.Agardh]] ex [[species:Robert Malcolm Laing|R.M.Laing]], 1928</small>
*''[[Porphyra tenuissima]]'' <small>[[C.Agardh]] ex [[Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld|Frauenfeld]], 1855</small>
}}
Following a major reassessment of the genus in 2011, many species previously included in ''Porphyra'' have been transferred to ''[[Pyropia]]'': for example ''[[Pyropia tenera]]'', ''[[Pyropia yezoensis]]'', and the species from New Zealand ''[[Pyropia rakiura]]'' and ''[[Pyropia virididentata]]'', leaving only five species out of seventy still within ''Porphyra'' itself.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sutherland|title=A New Look at an Ancient Order: Generic Revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta)|journal=J. Phycol.|date=October 2011|volume=47|issue=5|pages=1131–1151|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01052.x|pmid=27020195|s2cid=2779596|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Green laver]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
<references/>


== External links ==
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Porphyra|''Porphyra''}}
* http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/reds/lisa/consume.htm ''Porphyra'' human consumption.
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Porphyra|''Porphyra''}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DxnL1DwA6w Video footage of Laverbread or Bara Lawr]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2104475}}
[[Category:Red algae]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Sea vegetables]]
[[Category:Seaweeds]]


[[Category:Red algae genera]]
[[es:Porphyra]]
[[Category:Bangiophyceae]]
[[fr:Porphyra]]
[[Category:Edible seaweeds]]
[[ka:პორფირა]]
[[pt:Porphyra]]
[[Category:Seaweeds]]
[[Category:Edible algae]]
[[ru:Порфира]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Adolph Agardh]]

Latest revision as of 13:45, 28 June 2024

For the color known in Greek as porphyra, see Tyrian purple. For species previously in this genus that have been reclassified as pyropia, see Pyropia.
Not to be confused with Porphyria.

Porphyra
Porphyra umbilicalis (right) and Porphyra purpurea (front), in Heligoland
Porphyra umbilicalis (right) and Porphyra purpurea (front), in Heligoland
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Archaeplastida
Division: Rhodophyta
Class: Bangiophyceae
Order: Bangiales
Family: Bangiaceae
Genus: Porphyra
C.Agardh 1824
Species[1]

see text

Synonyms[1]

Conchocelis Batters 1892
Phyllona J.Hill 1773

Porphyra is a genus of coldwater seaweeds that grow in cold, shallow seawater. More specifically, it belongs to red algae phylum of laver species (from which comes laverbread), comprising approximately 70 species.[2] It grows in the intertidal zone, typically between the upper intertidal zone and the splash zone in cold waters of temperate oceans. In East Asia, it is used to produce the sea vegetable products nori (in Japan) and gim (in Korea). There are considered to be 60–70 species of Porphyra worldwide[3] and seven around Britain and Ireland, where it has been traditionally used to produce edible sea vegetables on the Irish Sea coast.[4] The species Porphyra purpurea has one of the largest plastid genomes known, with 251 genes.[5]

Life cycle

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Porphyra displays a heteromorphic alternation of generations.[6] The thallus we see is the haploid generation; it can reproduce asexually by forming spores which grow to replicate the original thallus. It can also reproduce sexually. Both male and female gametes are formed on the one thallus. The female gametes while still on the thallus are fertilized by the released male gametes, which are non-motile. The fertilized, now diploid, carposporangia after mitosis produce spores (carpospores) which settle, then bore into shells, germinate and form a filamentous stage. This stage was originally thought to be a different species of alga, and was referred to as Conchocelis rosea. That Conchocelis was the diploid stage of Porphyra was discovered in 1949 by the British phycologist Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker for the European species Porphyra umbilicalis.[7] It was later shown for species from other regions as well.[2][8]

Food

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Most human cultures with access to Porphyra use it as a food or somehow in the diet, making it perhaps the most domesticated of the marine algae,[9] known as laver, rong biển (Vietnamese), nori (Japanese:海苔), amanori (Japanese),[10] zakai, gim (Korean:김),[10] zǐcài (Chinese:紫菜),[10] karengo, sloke or slukos.[3] The marine red alga Porphyra has been cultivated extensively in many Asian countries as an edible seaweed used to wrap the rice and fish that compose the Japanese food sushi and the Korean food gimbap. In Japan, the annual production of Porphyra species is valued at 100 billion yen (US$1 billion).[11]

P. umbilicalis is harvested from the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, where it has a variety of culinary uses, including laverbread.[12] In Hawaii, "the species P. atropurpurea is considered a delicacy, called Limu luau".[12] Porphyra was also harvested by the Southern Kwakiutl, Haida, Seechelt, Squawmish, Nuu-chah-nulth, Nuxalk, Tsimshian, and Tlingit peoples of the North American Pacific coast.[12]

Vitamin B12

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Porphyra contains vitamin B12 and one study suggests that it is the most suitable non-meat source of this essential vitamin.[13] In the view of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, however, it may not provide an adequate source of B12 for vegans.[14]

Species

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Porphyra currently contains 57 confirmed species and 14 unconfirmed species.[15]

Confirmed

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Unconfirmed

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Following a major reassessment of the genus in 2011, many species previously included in Porphyra have been transferred to Pyropia: for example Pyropia tenera, Pyropia yezoensis, and the species from New Zealand Pyropia rakiura and Pyropia virididentata, leaving only five species out of seventy still within Porphyra itself.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Guiry, Michael D. (2012). Porphyra. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2017). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=143808 on 2017-09-06
  2. ^ a b Brodie, J.A. and Irvine, L.M. 2003. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1 Part 3b. The Natural History Museum, London.ISBN 1 898298 87 4
  3. ^ a b Kain, J.M. 1991. Cultivation of attached seaweeds. in Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. 1992. Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester ISBN 0-471-92947-6
  4. ^ Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2006. A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, London. ISBN 3-906166-35-X
  5. ^ The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook: Organellar and Metabolic Processes Volum 2
  6. ^ Porphyra life cycle Archived 2007-04-11 at the Wayback Machine [dead link‍]
  7. ^ Drew, Kathleen M. (1949). "Conchocelis-phase in the life-history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz". Nature. 164 (4174): 748–749. Bibcode:1949Natur.164..748D. doi:10.1038/164748a0. S2CID 4134419.
  8. ^ Thomas, D. 2002. Seaweeds. The Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0-565-09175-1
  9. ^ Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A. 4.Porphyra as food: cultivation and economics. in Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. 1988. Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-32115-8
  10. ^ a b c Abbott, Isabella A (1989). Lembi, Carole A.; Waaland, J. Robert (eds.). Algae and human affairs (Food and food products from seaweeds). Cambridge University Press, Phycological Society of America. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-521-32115-0.
  11. ^ Aoki, Y. and Kamei, Y. 2006 Preparation of recombinant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from the marine bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. ND137 for the production of protoplasts of Porphyra yezoensis Eur. J. Phycol. 41: 321-328.
  12. ^ a b c "Laver Seaweed – A Foraging Guide to Its Food, Medicine and Other Uses". eatweeds.co.uk. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  13. ^ Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Bito T, Teng F (May 2014). "Vitamin B₁₂-containing plant food sources for vegetarians". Nutrients. 6 (5): 1861–73. doi:10.3390/nu6051861. PMC 4042564. PMID 24803097. A nutritional analysis of six vegan children who had consumed vegan diets including brown rice and dried purple laver (nori) for 4–10 years suggested that the consumption of nori may prevent Vitamin B12 deficiency in vegans.
  14. ^ Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (2016). "Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets". J Acad Nutr Diet. 116 (12): 1970–1980. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025. PMID 27886704. S2CID 4984228. Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources— meaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplements—or they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults.
  15. ^ Michael D. Guiry (2024). "Porphyra C.Agardh, 1824". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  16. ^ Sutherland; et al. (October 2011). "A New Look at an Ancient Order: Generic Revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta)". J. Phycol. 47 (5): 1131–1151. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01052.x. PMID 27020195. S2CID 2779596.
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