Norway–European Union relations: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 22:41, 18 December 2024

Norway is not a member state of the European Union (EU). However, it is associated with the Union through its membership in the European Economic Area (EEA), signed in 1992 and established in 1994. Norway was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1960, which was originally set up as an alternative to the European Economic Community (EEC), the main predecessor of the EU. Norway had considered joining both the EEC and the European Union, but opted to decline following referendums in 1972 and 1994. According to the European Social Survey conducted in 2018, 73.6% of Norwegians would vote 'No' in a referendum to join the European Union.^[1] Norway shares land borders with two EU member states, namely Finland and Sweden, and maritime borders with a third, Denmark.

Comparison

	European Union	Norway
Population	447,206,135^[2]	5,367,580
Area	4,324,782 km² (1,669,808 sq mi)^[3]	385,207 km² (148,729 sq mi)
Population Density	115/km² (300/sq mi)	13.9/km² (36.0/sq mi)
Capital	Brussels (de facto)	Oslo
Government	Supranational parliamentary democracy based on the European treaties^[4]	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Current Leader	Council President Charles Michel Commission President Ursula von der Leyen	Monarch Harald V Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre
Official languages	24 official languages, of which 3 considered "procedural" (English, French and German)^[5]	Norwegian, Sámi languages
Main Religions	72% Christianity (48% Catholicism, 12% Protestantism, 8% Eastern Orthodoxy, 4% Other Christianity), 23% non-Religious, 3% Other, 2% Islam	82% Christian, 13% Non-Religious, 5% Other
Ethnic groups	Germans (ca. 83 million),^[6] French (ca. 67 million), Italians (ca. 60 million), Spanish (ca. 47 million), Poles (ca. 46 million), Romanians (ca. 16 million), Dutch (ca. 13 million), Greeks (ca. 11 million), Portuguese (ca. 11 million), and others	86.2% Norwegian, 13.8% non-Norwegian
GDP (nominal)	$16.477 trillion, $31,801 per capita	$443 billion, $82,711 per capita

Trade

The EU dominates Norway's trade and is Norway's most important import and export partner. On the other hand, Norway is the EU's fourth most important import partner and seventh most important export partner. In 2008, Norway's exports to the EU amounted to €91.85 billion, with most of this value coming from energy supplies and other primary products (only 14.1% were manufactured products). Meanwhile, Norwegian imports from the EU amounted to €43.58 billion, with most of this value coming from manufactured products.^[7]

European Economic Area (EEA)

The EEA agreement grants Norway access to the EU's single market. From the 23,000 EU laws currently in force,^[8] the EEA has incorporated around 5,000 (in force)^[9] meaning that Norway is subject to roughly 21% of EU laws. According to Norway's Foreign Affairs (NOU 2012:2 p. 790, 795), from the legislative acts implemented from 1994 to 2010, 70% of EU directives and 17% of EU regulations in force in the EU in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010.^[10]^{[need quotation to verify]} Overall, this means that about 28% of EU legislation in force of these two types in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010. While the Norwegian parliament has to approve all new legislation that has "significant new obligations", this has been widely supported and usually uncontested; between 1992 and 2011, 92% of EU laws were approved unanimously, and most of the rest by a broad majority.^[11]

This arrangement facilitates the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people between the EU and EFTA members, including Norway.^[11] Free movement of goods means freedom from customs fees, where however, food and beverage are excluded (because those are subsidised by the EU). Due to customs fees, fishing and agriculture incur over €100 million of tariffs annually. Joining the European Union as a full member would eliminate these fees and lead to lower food prices in Norway. Farmers and the fishing industry oppose this as it would create additional competition for domestic producers.^[12] Free movement of people means freedom of movement for workers between Norway and EU, and that Norway is a part of the Schengen Area.^[11]

Norway has been granted participation rights (save voting rights) in several of the Union's programmes, bodies, and initiatives.^[13] These include security and defence areas like the European Defence Agency, the Nordic Battle Group, Frontex, Europol and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Whether or not the country should apply for full membership has been one of the most dominant and divisive issues in modern Norwegian political debate.^{[citation needed]}

Norway's total financial contribution linked to the EEA agreement consists of contributions related to the participation in these projects and partly made available to development projects for reducing social and economic disparities in the EU (EEA and Norway Grants).^[13]^[14] EEA EFTA states fund their participation in programmes and agencies by an amount corresponding to the relative size of their gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the GDP of the whole EEA. The EEA EFTA participation is hence on an equal footing with EU member states. The total EEA EFTA commitment is 2.4% of the overall EU programme budget. In 2008, Norway's contribution was €188 million. Throughout the programme period 2007–2013, the Norwegian contribution will increase substantially in parallel with the development of the EU programme budget, from €130 million in 2007 to €290 million in 2013. For the EEA and Norway Grants from 2004 to 2009, Norway provided almost €1.3 billion.^[15]^[16]

History

In 1962, Norway applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) with Ireland as well as fellow EFTA members Denmark and the United Kingdom having applied to join the previous year. When France rebuffed the United Kingdom's application the following year, accession negotiations with Norway and the other countries were also suspended because of their strong economic ties. This happened again in 1967.^[17]

Norway completed its negotiations for the terms to govern a Norwegian membership in the EEC on 22 January 1972. Following an overwhelming parliamentary majority in favour of joining the EEC in early 1972, the government decided to put the question to a popular referendum, scheduled for 24 and 25 September.^[18] The result was that 53.5% voted against membership and 46.5% for it.^[17] The Norwegian Labour Party government led by Trygve Bratteli resigned over the outcome of the referendum, and a coalition government led by Lars Korvald took over.^[19]

Norway entered a trade agreement with the Community following the referendum's outcome. That trade agreement continued until Norway joined the European Economic Area on 1 January 1994.^[20]

On 28 November 1994, a second referendum was held, narrowing the margin but yielding the same result: 52.2% opposed membership and 47.8% in favour, with a turn-out of 88.6%.^[21] There are currently no plans to resume their current application, which is currently frozen.

Norway was an associate member of the Western European Union until the organisation terminated in 2011.

European Union membership debate

Norway's application for EU membership has been frozen, but not withdrawn. It could be resumed at any time following renewed domestic political will.

A major issue for Norway is its fishing resources, which are a significant part of the national economy and which would come under the Common Fisheries Policy if Norway were to accede to the EU. Norway has high GNP per capita and would have to pay a high membership fee. The country has a limited amount of agriculture and few underdeveloped areas, which means that Norway would receive little economic support from the EU. However, as of 2009^[update], Norway has chosen to opt into many EU projects, and since its total financial contribution linked to the EEA agreement consists of contributions related to the participation in these projects, and a part made available to development projects for reducing social and economic disparities in the EU (EEA and Norway Grants),^[13]^[22] its participation is on an equal footing with that of EU member states. The total EEA EFTA commitment is 2.4% of the overall EU programme budget.

Because these positions significantly cut across ideological boundaries, various political parties have dealt with the issue differently. The Centre Party has maintained the most principled stand against membership, and though parties such as the Norwegian Conservative Party and the Norwegian Labour Party support membership in their platform, they allow for a minority to oppose it. Most dramatically, the Norwegian Liberal Party split over the issue in 1972 at the famed party conference in Røros and did not reunite until 1989.

The EU membership issue crosses Norwegian politics's traditional left–right axis. Since the Labour Party lost its dominance in Norwegian politics, all governments have been a coalition of several political parties. Because the issue almost certainly would break up any conceivable government coalition (except perhaps a grand coalition of Labour and the Conservatives), no government has raised the subject, and no opposition party has stated any desire to do so either.

Disagreements on this issue have created divisiveness within families and local communities. Although there is a general pattern that urban communities favour membership and rural communities do not, there have been vocal minorities in every area of Norway.

Complicating the matter has been that a great variety of political and emotional factors have been raised in the debate. Radical socialists oppose membership because of opposition to conservative economic and political forces that concern them within Europe; opponents on the right are concerned about an infringement on Norwegian culture; and others are opposed in principle to compromising Norwegian sovereignty. On 9 April 2022, Governing Mayor of Oslo Raymond Johansen hoped that it was the time for EU membership debate, stating, "The EU is not only our best guarantor of peace and democracy. It is also the best answer we have to many of the challenges facing Norwegian society."^[23]

Norwegian political parties' positions

Currently, parties supporting or opposing EU membership are to be found in both right-wing and left-wing coalitions: as a result, most governments contain pro- and anti-EU elements. To avoid further debates concerning EU membership, anti-EU parties usually require "suicide paragraphs" in government coalition agreements, meaning that if any party in the coalition officially begins a new debate on EU membership, the coalition government will be dissolved. This has been true for both the previous centre-right Bondevik government and the centre-left Stoltenberg government.

Norwegian parliamentary political parties' position^[24]
	Position on EU membership	Position on EEA membership
Labour	Support	Support
Conservative	Support	Support
Progress	Opposed	Support
Centre	Opposed	Opposed
Socialist Left	Opposed	Opposed
Liberal	Support	Support
Christian Democratic	Opposed	Support
Green	Support	Support
Red	Opposed	Opposed
Patient Focus (Norway)	Unknown	Unknown

Opinion polling

On average, Norwegian voters oppose Norwegian membership in the European Union. The average polling results over the past ten years indicate that around 70% of Norwegian voters oppose EU membership, though stark opposition has decreased in recent years.

According to 2023 polling data, most voters remain opposed to EU membership. However, many Norwegians are changing their position on future membership due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[25]

Polls on Norwegian membership of the European Union
Dates conducted	Pollster	Support	Opposed	Ref.
Dates conducted	Pollster			Ref.
Nov 2023	Opinion	31%	52%	^[26]
Aug 2023	Opinion	35%	54%	^[27]
Apr 2023	Sentio	33%	56%	^[28]
Feb 2023	Opinion	31%	53%	^[29]
Nov 2022	Sentio	27.2%	55.8%	^[30]
Jun 2022	Sentio	35.3%	48.8%	^[31]
Mar 2022	Norstat	26%	53%	^[32]
Nov 2019	Sentio	28%	60%	^[33]
Jun 2018	Sentio	22%	67%	^[34]
Aug 2016	Ipsos MMI	16%	66%	^[35]
Jun 2016	Sentio	19.6%	70.9%	^[36]
Dec 2015	Sentio	18.1%	72.0%	^[37]
Aug 2014	Sentio	17.8%	70.5%	^[38]
Jan 2013	Sentio	18.7%	70.8%	^[39]
Jul 2012	Sentio	17.2%	74.8%	^[40]
Oct 2011	Sentio	18.6%	70.8%	^[41]
Oct 2011	Synovate	12%	72%	^[42]
Jul 2011	Sentio	20.1%	68.8%	^[43]
Jul 2011	Sentio	17.1%	73.4%	^[43]
May 2011	Response	29%	71%	^[44]
Jan 2011	Sentio	22.5%	65.9%	^[45]
Sep 2010	Sentio	24.9%	64.9%	^[46]
Aug 2010	Sentio	26%	62%	^[47]
Jul 2010	Sentio	25.3%	66.1%	^[48]
Jul 2010	Norstat	25%	66%	^[49]
May 2010	Sentio	30.3%	56.9%	^[50]
May 2010	Response	26%	62%	^[51]
May 2010	Norstat	32.3%	55%	^[52]
Apr 2010	Sentio	36.3%	50.1%	^[53]
Feb 2010	Sentio	33%	53.4%	^[54]
Nov 2009	Sentio	42%	58%	^[55]
Oct 2009	Sentio	41.4%	45.6%	^[56]
Sep 2009	Sentio	35%	52.2%	^[57]
Jun 2009	Norstat	40.6%	50.3%	^[58]
May 2009	Response	42%	58%	^[59]
May 2009	Norstat	38.6%	49%	^[58]
Apr 2009	Sentio	34.9%	53.3%	^[60]
Mar 2009	Sentio	33%	54.9%	^[61]
Feb 2009	Sentio	35.1%	54.7%	^[62]
Jan 2009	Sentio	32.5%	52.8%	^[63]
Dec 2008	Sentio	37.5%	50.7%	^[63]
May 2008	Response	40%	60%	^[64]
Nov 2007	Response	42%	58%	^[64]
Apr 2007	Response	45%	55%	^[64]
Nov 2006	Response	41%	59%	^[64]
Sep 2006	Response	45%	55%	^[64]
May 2006	Response	45%	55%	^[64]
Jun 2005	Sentio	36%	51%	^[65]
Sep 2003	Sentio	37%	38%	^[66]

Norway's foreign relations with EU member states

Diplomatic relations between Norway and EU member states

Country	Norwegian embassy	Reciprocal embassy	Notes
Austria	Vienna	Oslo	Norwegian Permanent Mission to OSCE in Vienna
Belgium	Brussels	Oslo	Norwegian Mission to the EU and Permanent Delegation to NATO in Brussels
Bulgaria	Sofia	Oslo
Croatia	Zagreb	Oslo
Cyprus	Nicosia	Oslo
Czech Republic	Prague	Oslo
Denmark	Copenhagen	Oslo
Estonia	Tallinn	Oslo
Finland	Helsinki	Oslo
France	Paris	Oslo	Norwegian Mission to OECD and UNESCO in Paris. and in Council of Europe in Strasbourg
Germany	Berlin Consulate General: Hamburg Consulate: Düsseldorf	Oslo
Greece	Athens	Oslo
Hungary	Budapest	Oslo
Ireland	Dublin	Oslo
Italy	Rome	Oslo
Latvia	Riga	Oslo
Lithuania	Vilnius	Oslo
Luxembourg	Luxembourg City	Oslo
Malta	Valletta	Oslo
Netherlands	The Hague Consulate General: Rotterdam	Oslo
Poland	Warsaw	Oslo
Portugal	Lisbon	Oslo
Romania	Bucharest	Oslo
Slovakia	Bratislava	Oslo
Slovenia	Ljubljana	Oslo
Spain	Madrid Consulate General: Barcelona Consulate: Alicante	Oslo
Sweden	Stockholm	Oslo

References

^ "Support for EU in Norway". CNN. European Social Survey. 25 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
^ "Population on 1 January". Eurostat. European Commission. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
^ "Field Listing – Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "European Commission – Press release – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe". europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
^ "Population by sex and citizenship". Federal Statistical Office. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
^ "Norway – Trade – European Commission". Ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2013-03-25. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
^ "Directory of European Union legislation – EUR-Lex". Eur-lex.europa.eu. 2016-05-19. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
^ "EEA-Lex | European Free Trade Association". Efta.int. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
^ http://oer2go.org:81/wikipedia_en_all_novid_2017-08/A/Norway_%E2%80%93_European_Union_relations.html ^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b ^c Lang, Arabella (14 January 2013). "Norway's relationship with the EU". House Of Commons Library. parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
^ "How Norway's relationship with the EU has split views – BBC News". BBC News. 14 June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Vårt skjulte EU-medlemskap" (in Norwegian). Moss-avis. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
^ "10 Basic facts about the European Economic Area". The Norwegian Mission to the EU. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
^ "EEA EFTA Financial Contributions". EFTA Secretariat. Retrieved 2008-02-06.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Norway and the EU" (PDF). Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-27. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
^ ^a ^b "Norway and the EU – A Historical Overview". Norway mission to the EU. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
^ "Description de "The referendum in Norway (25 September 1972)" – on cvce.eu". Oslo: Statistisk Sentralbyrå. 1972. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
^ Miles, Lee. The European Union and the Nordic Countries.1996. Routledge, p. 133.
^ "EAA Agreement". EFTA. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
^ "1994: Norway votes 'no' to Europe". BBC. 1994-11-28. Archived from the original on 2021-02-23. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
^ "10 Basic facts about the European Economic Area". The Norwegian Mission to the EU. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
^ Williamson, Jonathan (2022-04-09). "Is Norway set for a new debate on EU membership?". Norway Today. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
^ "NRK TV – Debatten". 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2019-05-28 – via tv.nrk.no.
^ "Mange nordmenn har endret syn på EU etter Ukraina-krigen". 12 October 2023.
^ "Uroes av unges EU-flørt". Klassekampen (in Norwegian). 2024-02-17. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
^ "Altingets EU-måling: ja-siden vokser i alle partier". Altinget (in Norwegian). 2023-08-14. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
^ "Flere sier ja til EU-medlemskap". 26 Apr 2023.
^ "Altingets EU-måling: 1 av 3 nordmenn vil inn i unionen – Venstre og MDGs velgere mest positive". Altinget (in Norwegian). 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
^ "Færre sier ja til EU - støtten til EØS faller". 28 Nov 2022.
^ "Flere sier ja til EU". 7 June 2022.
^ NTB (2022-04-04). "Måling: En av fem er usikker på norsk EU-medlemskap". Romerikes Blad (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2022-04-19.
^ Michael Brøndbo. "Nordmenn mer positive til EU og EØS". Nationen. Archived from the original on 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
^ Astrid Dypvik. "Sju av ti mot norsk EU-medlemskap". Nationen. Archived from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
^ Tore Bergsaker. "Brexit rokker ikke norsk EU-motstand". Dagbladet. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
^ Frida Holsten Gullestad. "Norges nei står sterkt". klassekampen.no. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
^ "Massiv norsk EU-motstand – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
^ "Massiv norsk EU-motstand – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 30 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
^ "Sju av ti er imot norsk EU-medlemskap – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 25 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ "Høyrevelgerne deler ikke partiets syn på EU – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. 2012-07-21. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ "Sjokkmåling for eu-tilhengerne". DN.no. 2011-10-24. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ "Dette er en monstermåling". DN.no. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ ^a ^b "Nationen – Sju av ti er mot EU". Nationen.no. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ "Sju av ti sier nei til EU". Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
^ "Ny bunnmåling for EU-tilhengerne – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. 2011-10-12. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ "65 prosent vil ikke ha Norge inn i EU". Nettavisen.no. 2010-09-13. Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ Filip Roshauwredaks (2010-08-15). "Mer enn 60 prosent sier nei for tredje måned på rad". Nationen.no. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "Overveldende EU-nei". DN.no. 2010-07-19. Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "Nå er også Høyre-velgerne mot EU". DN.no. 2010-07-26. Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "Historisk EU-motstand" (in Norwegian Bokmål). ta.no. 2010-05-15. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "EU-motstanden øker og øker". DN.no. 2010-05-18. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "Flere nordmenn sier nei til EU – EU – VG". Vg.no. 2010-05-11. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ "Framgang for EU-tilhengerne – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ Anders Schiøtz (2010-02-22). "Full kollaps for ja-sida". Nationen.no. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "Fortsatt klart nei-flertall – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 2009-11-15. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "Nesten jevnt løp mellom ja og nei til EU – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 2009-10-19. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "Nei, nei, nei til EU – Makro og politikk – E24". E24.no. 2007-09-24. Archived from the original on 2022-02-20. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ ^a ^b "Tekstarkiv". Dagbladet.no. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "Flere sier ja til EU – Makro og politikk – E24". E24.no. 2009-05-19. Archived from the original on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "Nordmenn fortsatt negative til EU-medlemskap – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 2009-04-20. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "Nei-flertall i fire år / Innenriks / Siste nytt - Riks24.no - nyheter i tre kanaler". Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
^ "EU-motstanden står fortsatt sterkt / Innenriks / Siste nytt – Riks24.no – nyheter i tre kanaler". July 24, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Norsk nej-flertal vokser · Folkebevægelsen mod EU". Folkebevaegelsen.dk. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Nei-siden øker – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. Archived from the original on 2012-10-02. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
^ "Stort NEJ i norge - 27 juni 2005". Archived from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
^ "Flere mot enn for EU ifølge meningsmåling – Norge og EU – VG Nett Debatt". Vgd.no. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

External links

Norwegian government

Mission of Norway to the EU

NGOs related to the question of membership

www.jasiden.no – The European Movement in Norway (in Norwegian)
www.europeiskungdom.no – European Youth in Norway (in Norwegian)
www.neitileu.no – The eurosceptics (in Norwegian)
www.umeu.no – Youth against the EU (in Norwegian)

[1] "Support for EU in Norway". CNN. European Social Survey. 25 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.

[2] "Population on 1 January". Eurostat. European Commission. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2015.

[3] "Field Listing – Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2015.

[4] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[5] "European Commission – Press release – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe". europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2017-06-24.

[6] "Population by sex and citizenship". Federal Statistical Office. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2020-07-22.

[7] "Norway – Trade – European Commission". Ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2013-03-25. Retrieved 2016-06-03.

[8] "Directory of European Union legislation – EUR-Lex". Eur-lex.europa.eu. 2016-05-19. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-06-03.

[9] "EEA-Lex | European Free Trade Association". Efta.int. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-06-03.

[10] ttp://oer2go.org:81/wikipedia_en_all_novid_2017-08/A/Norway_%E2%80%93_European_Union_relations.html ^{[dead link‍]}

[Lang-11] Lang, Arabella (14 January 2013). "Norway's relationship with the EU". House Of Commons Library. parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

[12] "How Norway's relationship with the EU has split views – BBC News". BBC News. 14 June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.

[mossavis-13] "Vårt skjulte EU-medlemskap" (in Norwegian). Moss-avis. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2007-11-19.

[14] "10 Basic facts about the European Economic Area". The Norwegian Mission to the EU. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2009-10-27.

[15] "EEA EFTA Financial Contributions". EFTA Secretariat. Retrieved 2008-02-06.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[16] "Norway and the EU" (PDF). Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-27. Retrieved 2008-02-06.

[EU-norway-17] "Norway and the EU – A Historical Overview". Norway mission to the EU. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2016-02-29.

[18] "Description de "The referendum in Norway (25 September 1972)" – on cvce.eu". Oslo: Statistisk Sentralbyrå. 1972. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2013-05-04.

[19] Miles, Lee. The European Union and the Nordic Countries.1996. Routledge, p. 133.

[20] "EAA Agreement". EFTA. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2016-05-14.

[21] "1994: Norway votes 'no' to Europe". BBC. 1994-11-28. Archived from the original on 2021-02-23. Retrieved 2009-01-22.

[22] "10 Basic facts about the European Economic Area". The Norwegian Mission to the EU. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2009.

[23] Williamson, Jonathan (2022-04-09). "Is Norway set for a new debate on EU membership?". Norway Today. Retrieved 2022-04-15.

[24] "NRK TV – Debatten". 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2019-05-28 – via tv.nrk.no.

[25] "Mange nordmenn har endret syn på EU etter Ukraina-krigen". 12 October 2023.

[26] "Uroes av unges EU-flørt". Klassekampen (in Norwegian). 2024-02-17. Retrieved 2024-02-23.

[27] "Altingets EU-måling: ja-siden vokser i alle partier". Altinget (in Norwegian). 2023-08-14. Retrieved 2023-08-31.

[28] "Flere sier ja til EU-medlemskap". 26 Apr 2023.

[29] "Altingets EU-måling: 1 av 3 nordmenn vil inn i unionen – Venstre og MDGs velgere mest positive". Altinget (in Norwegian). 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2023-08-31.

[30] "Færre sier ja til EU - støtten til EØS faller". 28 Nov 2022.

[31] "Flere sier ja til EU". 7 June 2022.

[32] NTB (2022-04-04). "Måling: En av fem er usikker på norsk EU-medlemskap". Romerikes Blad (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2022-04-19.

[33] Michael Brøndbo. "Nordmenn mer positive til EU og EØS". Nationen. Archived from the original on 2020-12-14. Retrieved 2020-11-29.

[34] Astrid Dypvik. "Sju av ti mot norsk EU-medlemskap". Nationen. Archived from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2018-06-13.

[35] Tore Bergsaker. "Brexit rokker ikke norsk EU-motstand". Dagbladet. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2016-08-27.

[36] Frida Holsten Gullestad. "Norges nei står sterkt". klassekampen.no. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.

[37] "Massiv norsk EU-motstand – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 2016-05-26.

[38] "Massiv norsk EU-motstand – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 30 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-31.

[39] "Sju av ti er imot norsk EU-medlemskap – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 25 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2014-05-19.

[40] "Høyrevelgerne deler ikke partiets syn på EU – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. 2012-07-21. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-19.

[41] "Sjokkmåling for eu-tilhengerne". DN.no. 2011-10-24. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2014-05-19.

[42] "Dette er en monstermåling". DN.no. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2014-05-19.

[nationen.no-43] "Nationen – Sju av ti er mot EU". Nationen.no. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2014-05-19.

[44] "Sju av ti sier nei til EU". Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.

[45] "Ny bunnmåling for EU-tilhengerne – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. 2011-10-12. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2014-05-19.

[46] "65 prosent vil ikke ha Norge inn i EU". Nettavisen.no. 2010-09-13. Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2014-05-19.

[47] Filip Roshauwredaks (2010-08-15). "Mer enn 60 prosent sier nei for tredje måned på rad". Nationen.no. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[48] "Overveldende EU-nei". DN.no. 2010-07-19. Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[dn1-49] "Nå er også Høyre-velgerne mot EU". DN.no. 2010-07-26. Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[50] "Historisk EU-motstand" (in Norwegian Bokmål). ta.no. 2010-05-15. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[dn2-51] "EU-motstanden øker og øker". DN.no. 2010-05-18. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[52] "Flere nordmenn sier nei til EU – EU – VG". Vg.no. 2010-05-11. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2014-05-19.

[53] "Framgang for EU-tilhengerne – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2014-05-19.

[54] Anders Schiøtz (2010-02-22). "Full kollaps for ja-sida". Nationen.no. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[55] "Fortsatt klart nei-flertall – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 2009-11-15. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[56] "Nesten jevnt løp mellom ja og nei til EU – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 2009-10-19. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[57] "Nei, nei, nei til EU – Makro og politikk – E24". E24.no. 2007-09-24. Archived from the original on 2022-02-20. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[dagbladet.no-58] "Tekstarkiv". Dagbladet.no. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[59] "Flere sier ja til EU – Makro og politikk – E24". E24.no. 2009-05-19. Archived from the original on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[60] "Nordmenn fortsatt negative til EU-medlemskap – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. 2009-04-20. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[61] "Nei-flertall i fire år / Innenriks / Siste nytt - Riks24.no - nyheter i tre kanaler". Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2009.

[62] "EU-motstanden står fortsatt sterkt / Innenriks / Siste nytt – Riks24.no – nyheter i tre kanaler". July 24, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011.

[folkebevaegelsen.dk-63] "Norsk nej-flertal vokser · Folkebevægelsen mod EU". Folkebevaegelsen.dk. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[aftenposten.no-64] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Nei-siden øker – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. Archived from the original on 2012-10-02. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[65] "Stort NEJ i norge - 27 juni 2005". Archived from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.

[66] "Flere mot enn for EU ifølge meningsmåling – Norge og EU – VG Nett Debatt". Vgd.no. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

v t e Foreign relations of Norway
Africa	Algeria Angola Democratic Republic of the Congo Ethiopia Kenya Libya Madagascar Morocco Sudan
Americas	Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Mexico Peru United States
Asia	Afghanistan China India Indonesia Israel Malaysia Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Taiwan Turkey
Europe	Croatia Cyprus Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Kosovo Poland Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom
Oceania	Australia New Zealand
Former countries	Czechoslovakia Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Multilateral relations	European Union NATO Membership of International organizations
Related topics	Diplomatic missions of Norway Diplomatic missions in Norway

v t e Members of the European Economic Area (EEA)
EFTA member states	Iceland (EU relations) Liechtenstein (EU relations) Norway (EU relations)
EU member states	Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia (provisional member) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden
See also: UK membership, CH–EU relations, and UK–EU relations