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{{Short description|Deliberate misspelling for rhetorical purposes}}
{{Original research|date=April 2008}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}

{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
Names and words are sometimes intentionally and '''satirically misspelled''' for a [[rhetoric]]al purpose. This is often done by replacing a letter with another letter (for example, "k" replacing "c"), or symbol (for example, ''$'' replacing ''s''). This is found particularly in informal writing on the [[internet]], but can also be found in some serious political writing that opposes the status quo.
{{Redirect|Fvck|the Demi Lovato album|Holy Fvck|the Kizz Daniel song|Fvck You}}
[[File:2008 Anonymous Scientology protest in San Francisco.jpg|thumb|2008 protest against the [[Church of Scientology]], spelling the organization's name with a [[dollar sign]] instead of an "S"]]
A '''satiric misspelling''' is an intentional [[misspelling]] of a word, [[phrase]] or name for a [[rhetoric]]al purpose. This can be achieved with intentional [[malapropism]] (e.g. replacing ''erection'' for ''election''), [[enallage]] (giving a sentence the wrong form, eg. "we was robbed!"), or simply replacing a letter with another letter (for example, in English, ''[[k]]'' replacing ''[[c]]''), or [[symbol]] (''[[$]]'' replacing ''[[s]]''). [[Satiric]] misspelling is found widely today in [[Internet slang|informal writing on the Internet]], but is also made in some serious [[Political philosophy|political writing]] that opposes the [[status quo]].
<!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: Examples in this article should be cited in the style described at [[WP:CITE#HOW]] whenever possible, instead of simply providing an external link. -->
<!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: Examples in this article should be cited in the style described at [[WP:CITE#HOW]] whenever possible, instead of simply providing an external link. -->


== “K” replacing “C” ==
== ''K'' replacing ''c'' ==
===In political writing===
Replacing the letter ''c'' with ''k'' in the first letter of a word was used by the [[Ku Klux Klan]] during its early years in the mid-to-late 19th century. The concept is continued today within the group. For something similar in the writing of groups opposed to the KKK, see {{section link|#''KKK'' replacing ''c'' or ''k''}}, below.


In the 1960s and early 1970s in the [[United States]], the [[Yippies]] sometimes used ''Amerika'' rather than ''America'' in referring to the United States.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/sixties/radical.html|title=Psychedelic 60's: Four Radical Groups|website=UVA Library|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981206155821/http://www2.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/sixties/radical.html|archive-date=December 6, 1998|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.american.edu/bgriff/H207web/sixties/rubinchildofAmerika.htm|title=Jerry Rubin: Self-Portrait of a Child of "Amerika," 1970|last=Rubin|first=Jerry|work=american.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031103204144/http://www1.american.edu/bgriff/H207web/sixties/rubinchildofAmerika.htm|archive-date=November 3, 2003|access-date=April 2, 2020}}</ref> According to ''[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]]'', it was an allusion to the [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[German language|German]] spellings of the word and intended to be suggestive of [[fascism]] and [[authoritarianism]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/amerika|title=Amerika {{!}} Meaning of Amerika by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402062435/https://www.lexico.com/definition/amerika|archive-date=2020-04-02|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref>
Replacing the letter “c” with “k” in the first letter of a word came into use by the [[Ku Klux Klan]] during its early years in the mid to late 1800s. The concept is continued today within the ranks of the Klan. They call themselves "konservative KKK."


[[Image:Barc okupa.jpg|right|thumb|Barcelona squat and anarchist center, labeled "OKUPA Y RESISTE"]]
[[File:Barc okupa.jpg|thumb|Barcelona squat and anarchist center, labeled "OKUPA Y RESISTE"]]
A similar usage in [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Catalan Language|Catalan]] and [[Portuguese Language|Portuguese]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} is to write ''okupa'' rather than ''ocupa'' (often on a building or area occupied by [[squatter]]s),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comunidades.calle22.com/comunidades/397/com397con2.asp |title=comunidades.calle22.com - TODOS SOMOS OKUPAS |access-date=2004-10-07 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611121504/http://comunidades.calle22.com/comunidades/397/com397con2.asp |archive-date=June 11, 2008 }}</ref>{{Better source|date=April 2020}} referring to the name adopted by ''okupación'' activist groups. It stems from a combination of English borrowings with k in them to those languages, and [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarchist]] and [[Punk rock|punk]] movements which used "k" to signal rebellion.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rodríguez González|first=Félix|year=2006|title=Medios de comunicación y contracultura juvenil|work=Círculo|volume=25:5–30|url=http://www.ucm.es/info/circulo/no25/rodriguez.pdf}}</ref>


===In humor===
In the 1960s and early 1970s in the [[United States]], [[left-wing politics|leftists]], particularly the [[Yippies]], sometimes used '''Amerika''' rather than "America" in referring to the United States.<ref>See [http://www.schwarzreport.org/Newsletters/1969/november15,69.htm] [http://www.hippy.com/php/article-81.html] [http://riseup.net/sds/graphics.htm] [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/speccol/exhibits/sixties/radical.html] [http://american.edu/bgriff/H207web/sixties/rubinchildofAmerika.htm]</ref> It is still used as a political statement today.<ref>See [http://www.jasonalexandercruz.com] [http://www.flickr.com/photos/guinnessgurl/sets/148438/]</ref> It is likely that this was originally an allusion to the [[German language|German]] spelling of America, and intended to be suggestive of [[Nazism]], a hypothesis that the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' supports.
Replacing "c" with "k" was at the center of a [[Monty Python]] joke from the Travel Agent sketch. [[Eric Idle]]'s character has an affliction that makes him pronounce the letter C as a B, as in "blassified" instead of "classified". [[Michael Palin]] asks him if he can say the letter K; Idle replies that he can, and Palin suggests that he spell words with a K instead of C. Idle replies: "what, you mean, pronounce 'blassified' with a K? [...] Klassified. [...] Oh, it's very good! I never thought of that before! What a silly [[Cunt#Comedy|bunt]]!"<ref>{{YouTube|vQODVsl5pFY|Monty Python at Hollywood Bowl – The holiday|t=2m15s}}.</ref>


===''KKK'' replacing ''c'' or ''k''===
In broader usage, the replacement of the letter "C" with "K" denotes general political skepticism about the topic at hand and is intended to discredit or debase the term in which the replacement occurs. [http://www.le-saint.com/wear.html] Detractors sometimes spell former president [[Bill Clinton]]'s name as "Klinton" or "Klintoon".
[[File:"No Justice In AmeriKKKa" graffiti.jpg|thumb|upright|"No Justice in Amerikkka" graffiti from 2013, referencing the [[killing of Trayvon Martin]]]]


A common satiric usage of the letters ''KKK'' is the spelling of ''America'' as '''''Amerikkka''''', alluding to the [[Ku Klux Klan]], referring to underlying [[Racism in the United States|racism]] in American society. The earliest known usage of ''Amerikkka'' recorded in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' is in July 1970, in an African-American magazine called ''[[Black World]]''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLIDAAAAMBAJ&q=amerikkka&pg=PA83 | title=Black World/Negro Digest| publisher=Johnson Publishing Company| date=July 1970}}</ref>
A similar usage in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (and [[Portuguese Language|Portuguese]] too) is to write '''okupa''' rather than ''"ocupa"'' (often on a building or area occupied by [[squatter]]s [http://comunidades.calle22.com/comunidades/397/com397con2.asp], referring to the name adopted by ''okupación'' activist groups), which is particularly remarkable because the letter "k" is rarely found in either Spanish or Portuguese words. It stems from [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarchist]] and [[Punk rock|punk]] movements which used "k" to signal rebellion <ref>Rodríguez González, Félix. (2006). "Medios de comunicación y contracultura juvenil". In ''Círculo'' 25:5&ndash;30 [http://www.ucm.es/info/circulo/no25/rodriguez.pdf]</ref>.


The spelling ''Amerikkka'' came into greater use after the 1990 release of the [[gangsta rap]] album ''[[AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted]]'' by [[Ice Cube]].
The letter "C" is also commonly changed to a "K" in a non-[[pejorative]] way in [[KDE]], a [[desktop environment]] for [[Unix-like]] operating systems.
The letters ''KKK'' have been inserted into several other words and names, to indicate similar perceived racism, oppression or corruption. Examples include:
* ''Republikkkan'' ([[Republican Party (United States)|U.S. Republican Party]])<ref name="Blackstripe">{{cite web|url=http://www.blackstripe.com/archives/views/abanks/shrub.html |title=The Blackstripe - Stolen 2000 Election |access-date=2004-10-08 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060225154916/http://www.blackstripe.com/archives/views/abanks/shrub.html |archive-date=February 25, 2006 }}</ref>
* ''Demokkkrat'' ([[Democratic Party (United States)|U.S. Democratic Party]])<ref name="Blackstripe" />
* ''KKKapitalism'' ([[capitalism]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home4.inet.tele.dk/lepan/lene/indiana/mscritical.htm |title=From Critical Reflections to Forward Progression |access-date=2005-11-04 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104162056/http://home4.inet.tele.dk/lepan/lene/indiana/mscritical.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2005 |df=mdy }}</ref>
* ''David DuKKKe'' ([[David Duke]]),<ref name="MBarkun">{{cite book|last1=Barkun|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdGSbDaCQVsC&pg=PA315|title=Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement|date=1997|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=9780807846384|edition=illustrated, revised|page=315|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> former [[Grand Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], candidate for [[United States Senate]], candidate for [[Governor of Louisiana]], and [[antisemitic conspiracy theory|antisemitic conspiracy theorist]]


==Currency signs==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
== “KKK” replacing “C” or “K” ==
{{Redirect|U$|the currency of the United States|United States dollar|the currency of Uruguay|Uruguayan peso}}
[[Currency symbol]]s like €, $ and £ can be inserted in place of the letters ''E'', ''S'' and ''L'' respectively to indicate [[plutocracy]], [[greed (emotion)|greed]], [[political corruption|corruption]], or the perceived immoral, unethical, or pathological accumulation of [[money]]. For example:
* ''Bu$h'' (for [[George W. Bush]], [[George H. W. Bush]], or the [[Bush family]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/41033/stoppez-bu-h |title=«Stoppez Bu$h |date=November 20, 2003 |publisher=Le Devoir }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.democrats.com/view.cfm?id=8158 |title=Caught in the Crossfire: What Will Bu$h Do About Corporate Corruption? |publisher=Archive.democrats.com |date=June 28, 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2003/11/281262.html |title=UK Indymedia - Stop Bu$h - National Demonstration - Thursday 20th |publisher=Indymedia.org.uk |date=November 20, 2003 }}</ref>
* Congre$$ (for [[United States Congress]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commondreams.org/views/2009/06/17/congre-heal-thyself|title=Congre$$, Heal Thyself|website=Common Dreams|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref>
* ''Co$'' or ''$cientology'' (for the [[Church of Scientology]]):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xenu.org/cartoon/ |title=The $cientology Cartoon Page |access-date=2005-02-24 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302124138/http://www.xenu.org/cartoon/ |archive-date=March 2, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lermanet.org/PhotoLIES.html|title=Scientology LIES to Media doctored photos proof|website=lermanet.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402070343/https://lermanet.org/PhotoLIES.html|archive-date=2020-04-02|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> see also [[Scientology controversies]].
* ''Di$ney'' and ''Di$neyland'' (for [[The Walt Disney Company]] and [[Disneyland]]):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bakersfield.com/news/opinion/2014/12/17/joe-mathews-di-neyland-ought-to-give-kids-a-break.html|title=JOE MATHEWS: Di$neyland ought to give kids a break|work=The Bakersfield Californian|date=December 16, 2014 }}</ref> see also [[Criticism of the Walt Disney Company]] and [[Disneyland#Tickets|Disneyland § Tickets]]
* ''E$$o'' (for [[Esso]]): Used by the UK-based [[Stop Esso campaign]] encouraging people to [[boycott]] Esso, in protest against Esso's opposition to the [[Kyoto Protocol]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/climate/interview-with-a-stop-esso-activist|title=Interview with a Stop Esso activist|work=[[Greenpeace]]|date=November 29, 2001|access-date=December 28, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108231651/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/climate/interview-with-a-stop-esso-activist|archive-date=January 8, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* ''€urope'' (for [[Europe]])<ref>{{cite web|title=€urope's role in the €nergy €volution|url=https://www.globalinvestorgroup.com/articles/3693164/-uropes-role-in-the-nergy-volution|access-date=April 26, 2020}}</ref>
*[[Kesha|Ke$ha]] (singer-songwriter): adopted the dollar sign in her name while financially struggling as an ironic gesture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/K/Kesha/2010/01/19/12529526-qmi.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719144251/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/K/Kesha/2010/01/19/12529526-qmi.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 19, 2012 |title=View Single Post - Pop sensation Ke$ha gutsy, fearless |publisher=jam.canoe.ca |date=January 19, 2010 }} </ref>
*''Micro$oft'', ''M$'', ''M$FT'' (for [[Microsoft]]):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/08/21/microsoft_edge_bounty/|title=Microsoft: Reckon our code is crap? Prove it and $30k could be yours|last=at 15:00|first=Richard Speed 21 Aug 2019|website=www.theregister.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zoom.cnews.ru/publication/item/37160|title=С такими друзьями враги не нужны: обзор топ-смартфона Nokia Lumia 900|website=ZOOM.CNews.ru|language=ru|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> see also [[Criticism of Microsoft]]
* ''$ony'' (for [[Sony]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsinside.org/ps4-scene-nem-todo-heroi-usa-capa/|title=[PS4 Scene] Nem todo herói usa capa! – NewsInside|date=March 17, 2020 |language=pt-BR|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gry-online.pl/hardware/sciaganie-gier-na-ps4-bedzie-wolniejsze-sony-obniza-predkosc/z01d920|title=Ściąganie gier na PS4 będzie wolniejsze - Sony obniża prędkość {{!}} GRYOnline.pl|work=GRY-Online.pl|access-date=2020-04-02|language=pl-PL}}</ref>
*''United $tates'' (for the [[United States]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anti-imperialism.org/tag/united-tates/|title=United $tates|website=Anti-Imperialism.org|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402072127/https://anti-imperialism.org/tag/united-tates/|archive-date=2020-04-02|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref>
*''£$€'' for the [[London School of Economics]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}


==Word-in-word==
The most common usage of the letters “kkk” in politically satiric misspelling is the spelling of “America” as '''Amerikkka'''. A reference to the [[Ku Klux Klan]], this is often done to indicate the belief that the [[United States]] or American society is fundamentally [[racism|racist]]. The earliest known usage of “Amerikkka” recorded in the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (OED) is in 1970, in a journal called ''Black World.'' Presumably, this was an extrapolation from the then already widespread “Amerika.”
Occasionally a word written in its orthodox spelling is altered with internal capital letters, hyphens, italics, or other devices so as to highlight a fortuitous pun. Some examples:
* After the controversial [[2000 United States presidential election]], the alleged improprieties of the election prompted the use of such titles as "pResident" and "(p)resident" for [[George W. Bush]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20010326&s=contest|title=Name the President!|date=March 18, 2006|website=The Nation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20060530225708/http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20010326&s=contest|archive-date=May 30, 2006}}</ref> The same effects were also used for [[Bill Clinton]] during and after Clinton's impeachment hearings.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} These devices were intended to suggest that the president was merely the ''resident'' of the [[White House]] rather than the legitimate leader.<ref name=":1" />
* The controversial [[United States]] law ''[[USA PATRIOT Act]]'' is sometimes called "USA PAT RIOT Act" or "(Pat)Riot Act" by its opponents.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.stallman.org/pat-riot-act.html|title=PAT RIOT Act - Richard Stallman|publisher=Stallman.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409035111/https://stallman.org/pat-riot-act.html|archive-date=April 9, 2016|access-date=April 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/beijing-reads-democracy-hong-kong-the-patriot-act|title=Beijing Reads Democracy in Hong Kong the (Pat)Riot Act|last=Tkacik|first=John|website=The Heritage Foundation|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> This is done to avoid using the common term ''Patriot Act'', which implies the law is patriotic.<ref name=":2" />
* Feminist theologian [[Mary Daly]] has used a [[slash (punctuation)|slash]] to make a point about [[patriarchy]]: "gyn/ecology", "stag/nation", "the/rapist".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/it/feature/1999/03/17feature.html|title=Battling stag/nation|last=Priluck|first=Jill|date=March 1999|website=Salon Ivory Tower|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050128070855/http://www.salon.com/it/feature/1999/03/17feature.html|archive-date=January 28, 2005|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref>
* In French, where ''con'' is an insulting word meaning "moron", the word ''conservateur'' (conservative) has been written "con-servateur",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://membres.lycos.fr/prince2/Elections/J30.HTM |title=Elections Québec '98 |date=June 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611134857/http://membres.lycos.fr/prince2/Elections/J30.HTM |archive-date=June 11, 2008 }}</ref> "con... servateur",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chantiers.org/cri.htm |title=cri |publisher=Chantiers.org }}</ref> or "con(servateur)".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france-mail-forum.de/fmf31/pol/31ruscio.htm |title=France-Mail-Forum Nr. 31: Politique et histoire |date=June 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611123723/http://www.france-mail-forum.de/fmf31/pol/31ruscio.htm |archive-date=June 11, 2008 }}</ref> The American English term ''neo-con'', an abbreviation of ''[[Neoconservatism|neo-conservative]]'', becomes a convenient pun when used in French.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=893321 |title=Les deux vies de " Wolfie ", le " néo-con " au " coeur qui saigne |publisher=LeMonde.fr }}</ref> In English, the first syllable of ''con''servative can be emphasized to suggest a [[Confidence trick|con artist]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jane Kleeb |url=http://www.boldnebraska.org/con-servative-bait-and-switch |title="Con"servative Bait and Switch |publisher=Boldnebraska.org |date=July 2, 2010 |access-date=2012-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402114344/http://www.boldnebraska.org/con-servative-bait-and-switch |archive-date=April 2, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>
* Netizens often called [[Bong Revilla|Senator Ramon "Bong" Revilla Jr.]] as "''MandaramBONG''" (Filipino word for [[plunder]]er) to highlight allegations that he pocketed pork barrel funds through the use of fake non-government organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/01/20/14/mandarambong-netizens-twit-revilla-speech |title='MandaramBong': Netizens twit Revilla speech |work=ABS-CBN News |date=2014-01-20}}</ref>
*[[Jair Bolsonaro]] has been called Bolso[[Nero]], due to the [[2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires]] and indifference to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2020/03/26/brazils-president-fiddles-as-a-pandemic-looms|title=BolsoNERO, Brazil's President Fiddles as a Pandemic Looms|newspaper=The Economist |date=2020-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/as-amazon-rainforest-burns-indigenous-women-call-on-world-for-support-0TeFzfNieEG1QhM-8QE2eg|title=As Amazon Rainforest Burns, Indigenous Women Call on Support |work=Indian Country Today|date=2019-08-23}}</ref>


==In internet memes==
The spelling “Amerikkka” came into greater use after the 1990 release of the [[Gangsta rap]] album ''[[AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted]]'' by [[Ice Cube]] and Also Used by Rapper [[Spice 1]] for his album [[AmeriKKKa's Nightmare]].


===Lolcats===
The [[San Francisco Bay View]] regularly spells America as “Amerikkka.”
In the mid-2000s, [[lolcat]] image macros were captioned with deliberate misspellings, known as "lolspeak", such as a cat asking "I can haz cheezburger?"<ref name="chron">{{cite news |last1=Silverman |first1=Dwight |title=Web photo phenomenon centers on felines, poor spelling |url=https://www.chron.com/business/silverman/article/Web-photo-phenomenon-centers-on-felines-poor-1809345.php |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=Chron |date=5 June 2007}}</ref> Blogger [[Anil Dash]] described the intentionally poor spelling and fractured grammar as "kitty [[pidgin]]".<ref name="chron"/>


==="B" emoji replacing hard consonants===
The letters "KKK" have been inserted into many other words, to indicate similar perceived racism, oppression or corruption. Common satiric spellings include:
The negative squared letter [[B]] (🅱️; originally used to represent [[blood type]] B)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emojipedia.org/negative-squared-latin-capital-letter-b/|title=🅱️ Negative Squared Latin Capital Letter B Emoji|website=emojipedia.org|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> can be used to replace hard [[consonant]]s as an [[internet meme]]. This originates from the practice of members of the [[Bloods]] replacing the letter ''C'' with the letter ''B'', but has been extended to any consonant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/b-emoji-meme/|title=Behind B Emoji, the Meme Tearing the Internet Apart|last=Hathaway|first=Jay|date=2017-06-16|website=The Daily Dot|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617001141/https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/b-emoji-meme/|archive-date=June 17, 2017|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>Smith, Debra; Whitmore, Kathryn F. (2006). ''Literacy and Advocacy in Adolescent Family, Gang, School, and Juvenile Court Communities''. [[Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]]. {{ISBN|0-8058-5599-8}}.</ref> Common examples are:


* Ni🅱️🅱️a, replacing ''[[nigga]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Some non-[[black people]] have been criticised for using this as if [[Nigger#The N-word euphemism|the taboo around the word]] did not apply.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Amerikkka''' ([[United States]]): see above for ''OED'' citation.
*🅱️loods for [[Bloods]].<ref name=":0" />
* '''Demokkkrat''' ([[United States Democratic Party]]) [http://www.iww.org/~iw/mar1997/stories/letter2.html]
*🅱️eter for [[Peter Griffin]].<ref name=":0" />
* '''Kkkapitalism''' ([[Capitalism]]) [http://home4.inet.tele.dk/lepan/lene/indiana/mscritical.htm]
* '''KKKlinton''' ([[Bill Clinton]] [http://www.agitprop.org.au/stopnato/19990522challenge.php] or [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] [http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/agitation/gatekeeper/minuteman033105.html])
* '''Republikkkan''' ([[Republican Party (United States)|U.S. Republican Party]]) [http://www.blackstripe.com/archives/views/abanks/shrub.html]
* '''KKKramer''' ([[Michael Richards]], who played [[Cosmo Kramer]] on [[Seinfeld]], had a racist incident at the [[Laugh Factory]], in which the media dubbed KKKramer.)
*'''David DuKKKe''' ([[David Duke]] is a famous former [[Grand Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]])


===Misspelled animal names===
== “$” replacing “S”; “€” replacing “E,” “£” replacing “L” ==
Various different instances of intentional misspellings of animal names have been made as [[internet meme]]s. The mid-2000s [[lolcat]] memes used spellings such as ''kitteh'' for kitty.<ref>Geier, Thom, et al. (December 11, 2009). "[https://ew.com/article/2009/12/04/100-greatest-movies-tv-shows-and-more/ The 100 Greatest Movies, TV shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends that entertained us over the past 10 Years] ". ''Entertainment Weekly''. (1079/1080):74-84</ref>


The 2013 [[Doge (meme)|Doge meme]] is a deliberate misspelling of ''[[dog]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/doge|title=Doge|website= KnowYourMeme.com|date=July 24, 2013 |accessdate= 13 June 2021}}</ref>
The dollar sign can be inserted in the place of the letter "S", the euro sign in place of "E", or the pound sign in place of "L" to indicate [[plutocracy]], [[greed (emotion)|greed]], [[political corruption|corruption]], or the perceived immoral or unethical accumulation of [[money]]. For example:


The [[internet slang]] of [[DoggoLingo]], which appeared around the same time, spells dog as ''doggo'' and also includes respelled words for ''[[puppy]]'' (''pupper'') and other animals such as ''[[bird]]'' (''birb'') and ''[[snake]]'' (''snek'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://outwardhound.com/furtropolis/awww/doggolingo-a-guide-to-the-internets-favorite-dog-language|title=Doggolingo: A Guide to the Internet's Favorite Language|website= OutwardHound.com|first= Tegan|last= Chidester|date= 12 March 2020|accessdate= 13 June 2021}}</ref> Respellings in DoggoLingo usually alter the pronunciation of the word.
* '''Bu$h''' ([[George W. Bush]], [[George Herbert Walker Bush]], or any member of the [[Bush family]]) [http://www.ledevoir.com/2003/11/20/41033.html][http://www.democrats.com/view.cfm?id=8158], [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2003/11/281262.html]
* '''ca$h''' ([[cash]])
* '''Comca$t''' ([[Comcast]])
* '''E$$o''' ([[Esso]] or [[Exxon Mobil]]): used by the UK-based [[Stop Esso campaign]] encouraging people to [[boycott]] Esso, in protest against Esso's opposition to the [[Kyoto Protocol]]
* '''"[[Green Chri$tma$]]"''', a song by [[Stan Freberg]], satirizing over-commercialization of [[Christmas]]
* '''£eland $tanford''', '''$tealin £anford''' ([[Leland Stanford]])
* '''Micro$oft''', '''M$''' ([[Microsoft]]): used to emphasize the allegation that Microsoft has business practices that focus on making money rather than producing good products or looking after the end user's needs and interests. Microsoft was convicted under United States [[anti-trust]] law of taking unfair advantage of its [[monopoly]] position. Also criticized for taking advantage of loyal customers and upgrading products annually for an expensive price. See also: [[Criticism of Microsoft]].
* '''taxe$''' ([[taxes]])
* '''T$R''' ([[TSR, Inc.|TSR]]): A common [[epithet]] on the Internet used by fans of the company's products to refer to their habit of threatening to sue their fans over fan web sites (the company has since gone bankrupt and was purchased by [[Wizards of the Coast]], purchased in turn by [[Hasbro]]).
* '''Co$''', or '''$cientology''' ([[Church of Scientology]]): used by opponents to the Church of Scientology to imply that the religion is founded solely on financial rather than spiritual motives. [http://www.xenu.org/cartoon/]
* '''rapid$hare''' ([[Rapidshare]])
* '''Ru$$ia''' ([[Russia]]): used in reference to perceived corruption in the country. [http://www.zaimka.ru/today/olekh6.shtml]
* '''Uncle $am''' ([[Uncle Sam]]) [http://www.countryjoe.com/fixins.htm]
* '''United $tates''', '''United $tate$''', '''U$''', '''U$A''' ([[United States]]) [http://www.infoshop.org/gulag/stories.php?story=03/02/14/9738882]
* '''U$C''' ([[University of Southern California]]): used by rival schools to poke at USC's image as being populated by rich students from entertainment industry families.
* '''Wa$hington''' ([[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]) [http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/mn/html/mn261.html]
<!-- *'''Capitali$m''' -- commented out pending citation -->
* '''kla$$''' ([[class war|class]]) used to draw attention to the belief that American citizens are widely and unfairly ranked solely on terms of their material wealth [http://www.le-saint.com/wear.html]
* '''Lar$''' Used by critics of [[Lars Ulrich]] after he and [[Metallica]] sued and ultimately closed down [[Napster]].
* '''$tern''' Used by critics of [[NBA]] commissioner [[David Stern]].
* '''Harold Thoma$'''
* '''$ABAM'''
* '''$ky'''
* '''Uni$y$'''
* '''$kidmore, Owing$ and Merrill''', or '''$OM'''


== Other significant respellings ==
A recent related usage is replacing "E" with the [[Euro]] sign ("€") as in '''€$$O''', '''€urope''' [http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReThink], and '''€C''' (used by critics of the European Commission who accuse it of involvement in [[bribery]] and [[corruption (political)|corruption]]). Another related usage is replacing "Y" with a [[Yen sign]] (¥).
{{See also|Misnomer}}


Along the same lines, intentional misspellings can be used to promote a specific negative attribute, real or perceived, of a product or service. This is especially effective if the misspelling is done by replacing part of the word with another that has identical phonetic qualities.
== “@” replacing “A”, “at”, or “O”<span id="@replacing"></span><!-- linked from "At sign" -->==


Journalists may make a politicized editorial decision by choosing to differentially retain (or even create) misspellings, mispronunciations, ungrammaticisms, dialect variants, or interjections.
Since at least 1980, [[Anarchism|Anarchists]] have used the "at sign" ("[[@]]") as a representation of the [[Anarchist symbolism#Circle-A|circled letter A]]. This has been extended to substituting it for the letter "A" as in the [[Crass]] [[fanzine]] "Toxic Gr@fity" [http://www.southern.com/southern/label/CRC/1980.html]


The British political satire magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'' has a long-standing theme of insulting the law firm [[Carter-Ruck]] by replacing the R with an F to read Carter-Fuck. The law firm once requested that Private Eye cease spelling its name like that; the magazine then started spelling it "Farter-Fuck".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1450022/Peter-Carter-Ruck.html|title=Peter Carter-Ruck|date=22 December 2003|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> Likewise, ''Private Eye'' often refers to ''[[The Guardian]]'' as ''[[The Grauniad]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sherrin|first=Ned|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/dec/16/society|title=Surely shome mishtake?|date=16 December 2000|work=The Guardian|location=London|author-link=Ned Sherrin}}</ref> due to the newspaper's early reputation for [[typographical errors]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bernhard|first=Jim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oO5fWi6dikC&pg=PA26|title=Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: how newspapers get their names|publisher=University of Missouri Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8262-1748-6|pages=26–27|access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref>
This may have influenced the usage in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and other [[Romance languages]] of this symbol as a substitute for gender-specific language. For example, the Spanish and Portuguese words ''"amigo"'' (male friend) and ''"amiga"'' (female friend) would be replaced with '''amig@''' (male or female friend). The character is intended to resemble a mix of the letters "o" and "a". There is no neuter gender in either Spanish or Portuguese.


===Backronyms===
Since a hotly debated part of the former [[Yugoslavia]] is called '''[[Kosovo]]''' by [[Serbs]] and '''Kosova''' by [[Albanians]], the spelling '''Kosov@''' was adopted by publications and groups seeking to manifest their neutrality.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}
{{Main|Backronym}}

Plays on [[acronym]]s and [[initialism]]s are also common, when the full name is spelled out but one of the component words is replaced by another. For example, [[Richard Stallman]] and other [[Free Software Foundation]] executives often refer to [[digital rights management]] as "digital ''restrictions'' management".<ref name="opposing-drm">{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/opposing-drm.html|title=Opposing Digital Rights Mismanagement (Or Digital Restrictions Management, as we now call it)?|access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> a reference to the tendency for DRM to stifle the end user's ability to reshare music or write CDs more than a certain number of times. Likewise, the [[National Security Agency]] is often referred to as the "National ''Surveillance'' Agency"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/2615652243001/national-surveillance-agency-audit-reveals-nsa-violations|title=National 'Surveillance' Agency? Audit reveals NSA violations|work=Fox News|date=February 4, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idigitaltimes.com/articles/18295/20130614/nsa-prism-apple-google-microsoft-glass-xbox.htm |title=National Surveillance Agency: Looking At Google Glass, Xbox One Through The NSA's Prism [OPINION] |date=June 14, 2013 |work=iDigitalTimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928032348/http://www.idigitaltimes.com/articles/18295/20130614/nsa-prism-apple-google-microsoft-glass-xbox.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://n4g.com/news/1282615/national-surveillance-agency-looking-at-google-glass-xbox-one-through-the-nsas-prism|title=National Surveillance Agency: Looking At Google Glass, Xbox One Through The NSA's Prism|work=n4g.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/politics/story.php?id=40803 |title=National Surveillance Agency program is still ongoing |author=Catholic Online |work=catholic.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225144748/http://www.catholic.org/politics/story.php?id=40803 |archive-date=December 25, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> and sometimes "[[Nazism|National Socialist]] Agency"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://quartermoonsaloon.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-21247.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-date=March 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312013031/http://quartermoonsaloon.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-21247.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/national_socialist_agency_national_security_agency_or_nsa_nickname |title = Barry Popik}}</ref> by opponents of its [[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM]] program, who view it as dystopian encroachment on personal privacy.
With the rise of the internet, the "@" has been extensively used to denote internet-related material or companies, and as such has lost its previous connotations to most readers.

== “æ” replacing “a” and “e” ==

"Æ" can be used in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and other [[Romance languages]] as a substitute for gender-specific language in a way very similar to "@". For example, the Portuguese word for female teacher, ''"professoras"'' (''"profesoras"'' in Spanish), and the word for male teacher, ''"professores"'' (''"profesores"''), would be replaced with '''professoræs''' ('''profesoræs''') when referring to teachers of both sexes.

== Hidden puns ==

Occasionally a word written in its orthodox spelling is altered with internal capital letters, hyphens, italics, or other devices so as to highlight a fortuitous pun.

After the controversial [[U.S. presidential election, 2000]], the alleged improprieties of the election prompted the use of such titles as '''pResident''' and '''(p)resident''' [http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20010326&s=contest] [http://www.gainesvillehumanists.org/alerts.htm] for [[George W. Bush]]. The same effects were also used for [[Bill Clinton]] during and after Clinton's impeachment hearings. These devices were intended to suggest that the president was merely the ''resident'' of the [[White House]] rather than the legitimate ''president'' of the US.

Similarly, the controversial [[United States]] law, the ''[[USA PATRIOT Act]]'', is sometimes called the '''patRiot Act''', '''(pat)Riot Act''', '''PAT Riot Act''', '''PAT RIOT Act''', or '''You Sap At Riot Act''' [http://www.stallman.org/pat-riot-act.html] [http://yro.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=115660&cid=9794643] by its opponents.

The perception that membership in the United Nations is counter to US interests is denoted by the terms Un-ited Nations or EU-nited Nations (similarity to EU - European Union). Similarly, the perception that the United Nations is ineffectual (castrated) is denoted by the term EUN-ited Nations (similarity to [[eunuch]]).

Feminist theologian [[Mary Daly]] has used a [[slash (punctuation)|slash]] to make a point about [[patriarchy]]: '''gyn/ecology''', '''stag/nation''', '''the/rapist'''. [http://www.salon.com/it/feature/1999/03/17feature.html]

In French, where ''con'' is an insulting word meaning 'moron', the word ''conservateur'' 'conservative' has been written '''con-servateur''' [http://membres.lycos.fr/prince2/Elections/J30.HTM], '''con… servateur''' [http://www.chantiers.org/cri.htm], or '''con(servateur)''' [http://www.france-mail-forum.de/fmf31/pol/31ruscio.htm]. In a same intent, the [[Neoconservatism|neoconservatives]] are often called '''neo-cons''' in French newspapers. [http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=893321]

Intentional misspellings, or spellings used to emphasize [[dialect]], are often used to suggest illiteracy or ignorance. Thus '''pubblik skoolz,''' or '''public screwels,''' the latter initially associated with [[talk radio]]. Individual schools are also treated this way, "Hahvahd" and "Nucular" being well-known examples. Journalists may make a politicized [[editing|editorial decision]] by choosing to differentially retain misspelled words, mispronounced words, dialect variants, or interjections. A similar phenomenon would be T-shirts saying "I is a kollege stoodent" or some such, suggesting that college students are ignorant.

Along the same lines, intentional misspellings can be used to promote a specific negative attribute, real or perceived, of a product or service. This is especially effective if the misspelling is done by replacing part of the word with another that has identical phonetic qualities. For example, the term "Windoze", which emerged on [[Usenet]] in the early 1990s and was subsequently added to the [[Jargon File]], is used in reference to [[Microsoft Windows]].

Some [[toponyms]] are also spelt differently in order to emphasize some political view. For instance, ''Brasil'' (the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] spelling of "[[Brazil]]"), is sometimes misconstrued as a typo for ''Brazil'' in English texts. [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/brasil] Alternatively, the English spelling ''Brazil'' is used in Portuguese pieces of text as a way to denote [[Anti-Americanism]] or [[Anti-globalization|Anti-globalization sentiment]].

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Cacography]]

* [[Eye dialect]]
* [[Herstory]]
* [[Herstory]]
* [[Leet]]
* ''[[Honey, I Shrunk the Kids]]'' ''(Honey, I Shrank the Kids)''
* [[Play on words]]
* ''[[Pet Sematary]]'' ''(Pet Cemetery)''
* [[Pun]]
* [[Sensational spelling]]
* [[Womyn]]
* [[Womyn]]

* [[Leet]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://home4.inet.tele.dk/lepan/lene/indiana/jun00.htm#Mangwiro On de spelling and use of various words] by Mangwiro A. Sadiki-Yisrael
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040925080243/http://home4.inet.tele.dk/lepan/lene/indiana/jun00.htm#Mangwiro On de spelling and use of various words] by Mangwiro A. Sadiki-Yisrael


{{DEFAULTSORT:Satiric Misspelling}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Satiric Misspelling}}
[[Category:Nonstandard spelling]]
[[Category:Political communication]]
[[Category:Political communication]]
[[Category:Puns]]
[[Category:Puns]]
[[Category:Nonstandard spelling]]
[[Category:Satire|Misspelling]]

[[es:Anexo:Faltas ortográficas satíricas]]
[[sv:Satiriskt stavfel]]

Latest revision as of 20:35, 29 November 2024

"Fvck" redirects here. For the Demi Lovato album, see Holy Fvck. For the Kizz Daniel song, see Fvck You.
2008 protest against the Church of Scientology, spelling the organization's name with a dollar sign instead of an "S"

A satiric misspelling is an intentional misspelling of a word, phrase or name for a rhetorical purpose. This can be achieved with intentional malapropism (e.g. replacing erection for election), enallage (giving a sentence the wrong form, eg. "we was robbed!"), or simply replacing a letter with another letter (for example, in English, k replacing c), or symbol ($ replacing s). Satiric misspelling is found widely today in informal writing on the Internet, but is also made in some serious political writing that opposes the status quo.

K replacing c

[edit]

In political writing

[edit]

Replacing the letter c with k in the first letter of a word was used by the Ku Klux Klan during its early years in the mid-to-late 19th century. The concept is continued today within the group. For something similar in the writing of groups opposed to the KKK, see § KKK replacing c or k, below.

In the 1960s and early 1970s in the United States, the Yippies sometimes used Amerika rather than America in referring to the United States.[1][2][3] According to Oxford Dictionaries, it was an allusion to the Russian and German spellings of the word and intended to be suggestive of fascism and authoritarianism.[1]

Barcelona squat and anarchist center, labeled "OKUPA Y RESISTE"

A similar usage in Italian, Spanish, Catalan and Portuguese[citation needed] is to write okupa rather than ocupa (often on a building or area occupied by squatters),[4][better source needed] referring to the name adopted by okupación activist groups. It stems from a combination of English borrowings with k in them to those languages, and Spanish anarchist and punk movements which used "k" to signal rebellion.[5]

In humor

[edit]

Replacing "c" with "k" was at the center of a Monty Python joke from the Travel Agent sketch. Eric Idle's character has an affliction that makes him pronounce the letter C as a B, as in "blassified" instead of "classified". Michael Palin asks him if he can say the letter K; Idle replies that he can, and Palin suggests that he spell words with a K instead of C. Idle replies: "what, you mean, pronounce 'blassified' with a K? [...] Klassified. [...] Oh, it's very good! I never thought of that before! What a silly bunt!"[6]

KKK replacing c or k

[edit]
"No Justice in Amerikkka" graffiti from 2013, referencing the killing of Trayvon Martin

A common satiric usage of the letters KKK is the spelling of America as Amerikkka, alluding to the Ku Klux Klan, referring to underlying racism in American society. The earliest known usage of Amerikkka recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary is in July 1970, in an African-American magazine called Black World.[7]

The spelling Amerikkka came into greater use after the 1990 release of the gangsta rap album AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted by Ice Cube. The letters KKK have been inserted into several other words and names, to indicate similar perceived racism, oppression or corruption. Examples include:

Currency signs

[edit]
"U$" redirects here. For the currency of the United States, see United States dollar. For the currency of Uruguay, see Uruguayan peso.

Currency symbols like €, $ and £ can be inserted in place of the letters E, S and L respectively to indicate plutocracy, greed, corruption, or the perceived immoral, unethical, or pathological accumulation of money. For example:

Word-in-word

[edit]

Occasionally a word written in its orthodox spelling is altered with internal capital letters, hyphens, italics, or other devices so as to highlight a fortuitous pun. Some examples:

In internet memes

[edit]

Lolcats

[edit]

In the mid-2000s, lolcat image macros were captioned with deliberate misspellings, known as "lolspeak", such as a cat asking "I can haz cheezburger?"[38] Blogger Anil Dash described the intentionally poor spelling and fractured grammar as "kitty pidgin".[38]

"B" emoji replacing hard consonants

[edit]

The negative squared letter B (🅱️; originally used to represent blood type B)[39] can be used to replace hard consonants as an internet meme. This originates from the practice of members of the Bloods replacing the letter C with the letter B, but has been extended to any consonant.[40][41] Common examples are:

Misspelled animal names

[edit]

Various different instances of intentional misspellings of animal names have been made as internet memes. The mid-2000s lolcat memes used spellings such as kitteh for kitty.[42]

The 2013 Doge meme is a deliberate misspelling of dog.[43]

The internet slang of DoggoLingo, which appeared around the same time, spells dog as doggo and also includes respelled words for puppy (pupper) and other animals such as bird (birb) and snake (snek).[44] Respellings in DoggoLingo usually alter the pronunciation of the word.

Other significant respellings

[edit]
See also: Misnomer

Along the same lines, intentional misspellings can be used to promote a specific negative attribute, real or perceived, of a product or service. This is especially effective if the misspelling is done by replacing part of the word with another that has identical phonetic qualities.

Journalists may make a politicized editorial decision by choosing to differentially retain (or even create) misspellings, mispronunciations, ungrammaticisms, dialect variants, or interjections.

The British political satire magazine Private Eye has a long-standing theme of insulting the law firm Carter-Ruck by replacing the R with an F to read Carter-Fuck. The law firm once requested that Private Eye cease spelling its name like that; the magazine then started spelling it "Farter-Fuck".[45] Likewise, Private Eye often refers to The Guardian as The Grauniad,[46] due to the newspaper's early reputation for typographical errors.[47]

Backronyms

[edit]
Main article: Backronym

Plays on acronyms and initialisms are also common, when the full name is spelled out but one of the component words is replaced by another. For example, Richard Stallman and other Free Software Foundation executives often refer to digital rights management as "digital restrictions management".[48] a reference to the tendency for DRM to stifle the end user's ability to reshare music or write CDs more than a certain number of times. Likewise, the National Security Agency is often referred to as the "National Surveillance Agency"[49][50][51][52] and sometimes "National Socialist Agency"[53][54] by opponents of its PRISM program, who view it as dystopian encroachment on personal privacy.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Amerika | Meaning of Amerika by Lexico". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  2. ^ "Psychedelic 60's: Four Radical Groups". UVA Library. Archived from the original on December 6, 1998. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  3. ^ Rubin, Jerry. "Jerry Rubin: Self-Portrait of a Child of "Amerika," 1970". american.edu. Archived from the original on November 3, 2003. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  4. ^ "comunidades.calle22.com - TODOS SOMOS OKUPAS". Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2004.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. ^ Rodríguez González, Félix (2006). "Medios de comunicación y contracultura juvenil" (PDF). Círculo.
  6. ^ Monty Python at Hollywood Bowl – The holiday on YouTube.
  7. ^ "Black World/Negro Digest". Johnson Publishing Company. July 1970.
  8. ^ a b "The Blackstripe - Stolen 2000 Election". Archived from the original on February 25, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2004.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. ^ "From Critical Reflections to Forward Progression". Archived from the original on November 4, 2005. Retrieved 2005-11-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ^ Barkun, Michael (1997). Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement (illustrated, revised ed.). UNC Press Books. p. 315. ISBN 9780807846384. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  11. ^ "«Stoppez Bu$h". Le Devoir. November 20, 2003.
  12. ^ "Caught in the Crossfire: What Will Bu$h Do About Corporate Corruption?". Archive.democrats.com. June 28, 2002.
  13. ^ "UK Indymedia - Stop Bu$h - National Demonstration - Thursday 20th". Indymedia.org.uk. November 20, 2003.
  14. ^ "Congre$$, Heal Thyself". Common Dreams. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  15. ^ "The $cientology Cartoon Page". Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved February 24, 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  16. ^ "Scientology LIES to Media doctored photos proof". lermanet.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  17. ^ "JOE MATHEWS: Di$neyland ought to give kids a break". The Bakersfield Californian. December 16, 2014.
  18. ^ "Interview with a Stop Esso activist". Greenpeace. November 29, 2001. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  19. ^ "€urope's role in the €nergy €volution". Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  20. ^ "View Single Post - Pop sensation Ke$ha gutsy, fearless". jam.canoe.ca. January 19, 2010. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  21. ^ at 15:00, Richard Speed 21 Aug 2019. "Microsoft: Reckon our code is crap? Prove it and $30k could be yours". www.theregister.co.uk. Retrieved April 2, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ "С такими друзьями враги не нужны: обзор топ-смартфона Nokia Lumia 900". ZOOM.CNews.ru (in Russian). Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  23. ^ "[PS4 Scene] Nem todo herói usa capa! – NewsInside" (in Brazilian Portuguese). March 17, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  24. ^ "Ściąganie gier na PS4 będzie wolniejsze - Sony obniża prędkość | GRYOnline.pl". GRY-Online.pl (in Polish). Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  25. ^ "United $tates". Anti-Imperialism.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  26. ^ a b "Name the President!". The Nation. March 18, 2006. Archived from the original on May 30, 2006.
  27. ^ a b "PAT RIOT Act - Richard Stallman". Stallman.org. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  28. ^ Tkacik, John. "Beijing Reads Democracy in Hong Kong the (Pat)Riot Act". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  29. ^ Priluck, Jill (March 1999). "Battling stag/nation". Salon Ivory Tower. Archived from the original on January 28, 2005. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
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