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{{short description|Islamic seminary in Uttar Pradesh, India}} |
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{{about|Darul Uloom Deoband (main)|Darul Uloom Deoband (Waqf)|Darul Uloom Waqf}} |
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{{Infobox university |
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| name = Darul Uloom Deoband |
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| native_name = دارالعلوم دیوبند |
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| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1866|05|31}} |
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| type = [[Islamic university]] |
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|rector = |
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|chancellor = Majlis Shura |
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| president = |
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|vice_chancellor = Maulana Marghoobur Rahman |
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| founders = [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]], [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]], [[Fazlur Rahman Usmani]] and others. |
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| rector = [[Abul Qasim Nomani]] |
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| students = {{circa|5000}} |
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| city = [[Deoband, Uttar Pradesh]] |
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| country = India |
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| campus = Urban, {{cvt|70|acre}} |
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| other_name = [[Darul Uloom]] |
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| website = {{URL|www.darululoom-deoband.com}} |
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|website = [http://www.darululoom-deoband.com]|website for online fatawa = http://darulifta-deoband.org] |
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{{Islam}} |
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{{Deobandi}} |
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[[File:Darul Uloom Deoband.JPG|thumb|Darul Uloom Deoband.]] |
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The '''Darul Uloom Deoband''' ({{lang-ur|دارالعلوم دیوبند}}) is an [[Darul Uloom|Islamic school]] propagating [[Sunni Islam]] in the Indian Subcontinent.[http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/], and is where the [[Deobandi Islamic movement]] was started. It is located at [[Deoband]], a town in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It was founded in 1866 by several prominent Islamic scholars ([[ulema]]), headed by Maulana [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]]. The other prominent founding scholars were [[Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] and Haji Syed Abid Hussain. The institution is highly respected in [[India]] and other parts of the [[World]]. |
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The '''Darul Uloom Deoband''' is an Islamic seminary ([[darul uloom]]) in India at which the [[Sunni]] [[Deobandi Islamic movement]] began. [[Uttar Pradesh]]-based [[Bibliography of Darul Uloom Deoband|Darul Uloom]] is one of the most important [[Madrasa|Islamic seminaries]] in India and the largest in the world. It is located in [[Deoband]], a town in [[Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Role_of_Darul_Uloom_Deoband_in_India/2vyVzQEACAAJ?hl=en |title=The Role of Darul Uloom Deoband in India's Freedom Struggle: (with Special Reference to Maulana Husain Ahmed Madni) |date=2016 |publisher=Jamia Husainia Lal Darwaza |isbn=978-81-7801-875-1 |language=en}}</ref> The seminary was established by [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]], [[Fazlur Rahman Usmani]], [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]] and others in 1866. [[Mahmud Deobandi]] was the first teacher and [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] was the first student. |
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Some of the scholars at the Darul Uloom Deoband had opposed the establishment of a religious government (such as in Pakistan) and the demands of the [[Muslim League]] led by [[Jinnah]]<ref>ISLAMIC PAKISTAN: ILLUSIONS & REALITY, by Abdus Sattar Ghazali</ref><ref>A History of Pakistan and Its Origins By Christophe Jaffrelot, Gillian Beaumont, page: 224, ISBN 1-84331-149-6.</ref>. But, many other scholars trained in this seminary had also supported the creation of Pakistan, and formed 'Jamiat-Ulema-e-Islam' under the leadership of [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]]. Some prominent Deobandi ulema who supported the creation of Pakistan were: Maulana [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], Maulana Zafar Ahmad Uthmani, Maulana [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] and many others. Maulana [[Husain Ahmad Madani]] was one of the scholars who opposed the idea of Pakistan. He was also Sheikh-ul-Hadeeth (Chief of [[Hadeeth]] department) of Darul Uloom Deoband and led the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], an organization of the ulema, that saw nothing Islamic in the idea of Pakistan. He said: "All should endeavor jointly for such a democratic government in which Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Parsis are included. Such a freedom is in accordance with Islam." |
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On 14 October 2020, the executive council of the seminary appointed [[Arshad Madani]] as the principal (''sadr-mudarris'') and [[Abul Qasim Nomani]] as the senior hadith professor (''shaykh al-hadith'').<ref>{{cite news |title=مہتمم دارالعلوم دیوبند مفتی ابو القاسم نعمانی شیخ الحدیث اور مولانا ارشد مدنی صدر المدرسین منتخب |trans-title=Abul Qasim Nomani, VC of Deoband appointed as Hadīth professor, and Arshad Madani as the Principal of Darul Uloom Deoband|url=https://asrehazir.com/dbdnews-224/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |work=AsreHazir |date=14 October 2020}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
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In 1857, the British [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]] put down with a heavy hand the independence movement begun by disparate north Indian forces, conducted in the name of the otherwise powerless [[Bahadur Shah II|Bahadur Shah Zafar Gurakani]]. Emperor Zafar became the last Mughal Emperor, for he was deposed the following year and exiled to Burma, with many of his sons put to death. This marked a seminal moment for Indo-Islamic consciousness, specifically for the established Muslim elites of north India, who tended to view the defeat of 1857 as the end of their political pre-eminence and the beginning of what could be a dark period of Muslim history in India. |
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== History == |
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In this situation, a group of learned theologians, led by Maulana [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]], established the Darul Uloom Seminary in the town of Deoband, in order to preserve Indo-Islamic culture and train the youth in Islamic knowledge. The foundation of Darul Uloom Deoband was laid down in 1283 A.H. (21st of May 1866 A.D.) beneath a pomegranate tree. Nanautawi claimed he had been inspired to do so by a dream in which Mohammed spoke to him.<ref>Knowledge - An odyssey - The Historic Journey http://www.inter-islam.org/Pastevents/Jknowledge.html</ref> The pedagogical philosophy of Deoband was focused on teaching revealed Islamic sciences, known as manqūlāt, to the Indian Muslim population, according to the [[Hanafi]] tradition. In this seminary, Nanautawi instituted modern methods of learning: Teaching in classrooms, a fixed and carefully selected curriculum, lectures by different faculties recognised as leaders in their fields, exam periods, merit prizes, a publishing press and so on. The faculty instructed its students primarily in [[Urdu]], the [[lingua franca]] of the urbanised section of the region, and supplemented it with study of [[Arabic]] (for theological reasons) and [[Persian language|Persian]] (for cultural and literary reasons. In due course, it also unwittingly cemented the growing association of the Urdu language with the north Indian Muslim community. The founders consciously decided to divorce the seminary from political or governmental participation. Instead, it was to run as an autonomous institution, supported by voluntary financial contributions from the Muslims at large. |
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Darul Uloom Deoband was established on 31<ref name="Khalīli">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah Khalili|author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=[[Shaikhul Hind Academy]] |edition=2nd|date= October 2020 |location=India |pages=71, 74|language=ur|oclc=1345466013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Darul Uloom Deoband – India |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227051553/https://darululoom-deoband.com/en/ |archive-date=27 December 2021 |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> May 1866 by [[Fazlur Rahman Usmani]], [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]], [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotawi]], [[Usmani family of Deoband#Shaykh Fateh Ali|Mehtab Ali]], [[Usmani family of Deoband#Karamat Hussain|Nehal Ahmad]] and Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Muḥammad Miyan Deobandi |author1-link=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |title=Ulama-e-Haq ke mujāhidāna kārnāme |publisher=Faisal Publications |location=New Delhi |pages=44–47 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Roshen Dalal |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184753967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&q=darul+uloom+deoband+30+may&pg=PT381 |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref> [[Mahmud Deobandi]] was appointed as the first teacher, and [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] was the first student who enrolled in the seminary.<ref name="barbara">{{cite journal |jstor = 311825|title = The Madrasa at Deoband: A Model for Religious Education in Modern India|last1 = Metcalf|first1 = Barbara|journal = Modern Asian Studies|year = 1978|volume = 12|issue = 1|pages = 111–134|doi = 10.1017/S0026749X00008179|s2cid = 145793477}}</ref> |
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In 1982, during the Vice Chancellorship of [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]], administrative disputes occurred in the seminary which led to the formation of [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband|Darul Uloom Waqf]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9789048501380-004/html|chapter=2. Change and Stagnation in Islamic Education: The Dar al-'Ulum of Deoband after the Split in 1982 |title=The Madrasa in Asia |year=2009 |last1=Reetz |first1=Dietrich |pages=71–104 |isbn=9789048501380 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&q=darul+uloom+waqf&pg=PA132 |title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|isbn = 978-0-691-13484-0|last1 = Bowering|first1 = Gerhard|last2 = Crone|first2 = Patricia|last3 = Mirza|first3 = Mahan|last4 = Kadi|first4 = Wadad|last5 = Zaman|first5 = Muhammad Qasim|last6 = Stewart|first6 = Devin J.|year = 2013}}</ref> |
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Its over 15,000 graduates have gone on to found many similar madrassas (schools) across [[South Asia]] and further afield; the followers of this school of theology are often described as followers of the [[Deobandi]] school of thought. |
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The spread of the Deobandi movement in the United Kingdom has produced some criticism concerning their views on interfaith dialogue and values including democracy, secularism, and the rule of law. {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} In September 2007 [[Andrew Norfolk]] of ''[[The Times]]'' published an article titled "Hardline takeover of British mosques" about the influence of the Deobandis whom the author called a "hardline islamic sect".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hardline-takeover-of-british-mosques-khdjz2cjpnc|title=Hardline takeover of British mosques|first=Andrew|last=Norfolk|date=7 September 2007|work=The Times|access-date=13 April 2019|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref> |
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==Pattern of education== |
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Deoband's curriculum is based on the 17th-century Indo-Islamic syllabus known as [[Dars-e-Nizami]]. The core curriculum teaches Islamic law ([[Shariah]]), Islamic jurispridence ([[Fiqh]]), traditional Islamic spirituality (known as ''Tasawwuf'', which is the focus of [[Sufism]]), as well as several other fields of Islamic study.<ref>[http://darululoom-deoband.com/english/sys_of_edu/index.htm The System Of Education<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>Mawlana [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], Shariat and Tasawwuf pg. 11, 112, 113</ref> |
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[[File:Masjid Rasheed.jpg|thumb|[[Masjid-e-Rasheed]] in the seminary.]] |
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The current syllabus consists of four stages. The first three stages can be completed in a total of eight years. The final stage is a post-graduate stage where students specialize in a number of advanced topics, such as the sciences of [[Hadeeth]], [[Fiqh]] and so on. |
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In February 2008, an anti-terrorism conference organized by the seminary denounced all forms of terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-28|title=Muslim clerics declare terror 'un-Islamic' – Times Of India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-25/india/27766462_1_darul-uloom-terror-un-islamic-muslims|access-date=2023-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128010006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-25/india/27766462_1_darul-uloom-terror-un-islamic-muslims |archive-date=28 November 2011 }}</ref> |
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==Impact of the Deoband School== |
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<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Masjid RashidDeoband.jpg|thumb|right|Masjid Rashid Deoband]] --> |
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Many Islamic schools throughout modern [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] - and more recently in [[Afghanistan]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[South Africa]] - as well as in hundreds of other places throughout the world are affiliated, or theologically linked, to Darul Uloom Deoband. Famous seminaries have been established by its graduates, e.g. [[Nadwatul Ulama]] in [[Lucknow]], Madrassah In'aamiyyah <ref>[http://www.alinaam.org.za/Madrassah In'aamiyyah]Madrassah In'aamiyyah</ref> Camperdown, near [[Durban]] in [[South Africa]], and three important seminaries in Pakistan, viz. [[Darul Uloom Karachi]], Jamia Ashrafia [[Lahore]], <ref>http://www.ashrafia.org.pk/index.html</ref> and Jamia Zia-ul-Quran (Al-maroof bagh wali masjid) [[Faisalabad]]. As the official website of the Darul Uloom proclaims in flowery language, 'the whole of Asia is redolent with the aroma of this Prophetic garden.' |
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== Program == |
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==India's Independence Movement== |
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The school teaches ''manqulat'' (revealed Islamic sciences) according to the [[Hanafi]] school of [[Islamic jurisprudence]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} In this seminar, Nanawtawi instituted modern methods of learning such as teaching in classrooms, a fixed and carefully selected curriculum, lectures by academics who were leaders in their fields, exam periods, merit prizes, and a publishing press.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} Students were taught in [[Urdu]], and sometimes in [[Arabic]] for theological reasons or [[Persian language|Persian]], for cultural and literary reasons. The curriculum is based on a highly modified version of the 18th century Indo-Islamic syllabus known as [[Dars-i Nizami|Dars-e-Nizami]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} The students learn the [[Quran]] and [[Tafsir| |
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In the meeting of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] at [[Calcutta]], in 1926, the participants included graduates of Darul Uloom, Deoband and they supported the group which called for complete independence of India from the [[British India|British]] rule. [[Indian National Congress]] was to declare complete independence as its goal three years later, in its session at [[Lahore]]. |
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its exegesis]]; [[Hadith]] and its commentary; and juristic rulings with textual and rational proofs. They also study the biography of [[Muhammad]], [[Arabic grammar]], [[Arabic language]] and [[Arabic literature|literature]], and [[Persian language]].<ref name="Darul Uloom Deoband">{{Cite web|title=Darul Uloom Deoband|url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/english/index.php?main=regulations/index.htm|access-date=2023-01-05|website=www.darululoom-deoband.com}}</ref> |
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The syllabus consists of many stages. The five-year ''Nazirah'' (primary course) teaches Urdu, Persian, Hindi and English. The next level is the ''Hifze Quran''. This involves the memorization of the Quran over two to four years. A few students will then choose ''Tajwid e Hafs'' (melodious recitation). The student is taught the detailed recitation rules of the Quran as laid down by Arabic Hafs. Still fewer will take up the next course, the ''Sab'ah and 'Asharah [[Qira'at]]'' (study of all the ten Quran recitations). |
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The famous freedom fighter [[Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan]], who visited Darul Uloom during his visit to India in 1969, had said<ref>http://www.darululoom-deoband.com Official website of Darul Uloom Deoband</ref>: "I have had relation with Darul Uloom since the time the Shaikh-ul-Hind, [[Maulana Mehmud Hasan]], was alive. Sitting here, we used to make plans for the independence movement, as to how we might drive away the English from this country and how we could make India free from the yoke of slavery of the [[British Raj]]. This institution has made great efforts for the freedom of this country". |
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A post graduate studies equivalent is the ''Fazilat'' course taken over eight years. It commences with ''Arabi Awwal'', in which the basics of the Arabic language is the main aim, and finishes with ''Daura e Hadith'', in which the main books of the sayings of Muhammad are taught. A prerequisite for this course is completion of primary education. Memorization of the Quran is also recommended. Students who complete the Fazilat may use the title ''Alim'' or ''Maulvi''. The ''Daurae Hadith'' (final year) class is taught in the basement of "an under construction seven storied building". In the 2017–2018 academic year (1438–1439 AH), 1664 students attended the Daurae Hadith class. |
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==Alumni scholars== |
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The Deoband school of Islamic Sciences has produced a large number of notable scholars. Among the most famous are: |
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* [[Maulana Mehmud Hasan|Mehmood-ul-Hasan]] |
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* [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] |
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* [[Mufti Mohammad Naeem Ludihanavi]] |
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* [[Raees-ul-Ahrar Maulana Habib-ur-Rehman Ludihanavi]] |
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* [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] |
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* [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] |
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* [[Husain Ahmed Madani]] |
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* [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] |
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* [[Muhammad Shafi Uthmani]] (Mufti-e-Azam Pakistan) |
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* [[Muhammad Ilyas]] Kandhelvi |
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* [[Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi]] |
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* [[Nik Aziz Nik Mat]] (Chief Minister of [[Kelantan]] State, [[Malaysia]]) |
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* [[Ghulam Mustafa Qasmi|Allama Ghulam Mustafa Qasmi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]] |
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Almost a quarter of the students who complete the Daurae Hadith continue their studies. These advanced courses include ''Takmil Ifta'' ([[Jurisprudence]]); ''Takmil Adab'' ([[Arabic]] literature); and ''Takhassus fil Hadith'' ([[Hadith]]).<ref name="Darul Uloom Deoband"/> Students who complete the ''Takmil Ifta'' take the title ''[[Mufti]]''. |
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* [[Mufti Rasheed Ahmad]] ([[Karachi]], Pakistan) |
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* [[Muhammad Tayyeb Qasmi]] |
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* [[Ahmad Ali Lahori]] |
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* [[Syed Muhammad Yusuf Binori]] |
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* [[Bodrul Alam]], (Second Principal of [[Jamia Tawakkulia Renga Madrasah]]), [[Bangladesh]] |
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* Shaykh Moulana Yunus Saheb, (Lecturer of Hadeeth, Madarsa Mazahirul Uloom Saharanpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]]) |
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* Maulana Abdul Haleem Rajanpuri, (Darul Uloom Usmania, Ubauro, in Northern Sindh), Pakistan |
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* Moulana Qari Abdul Rasheed [[Ajmer]]i |
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* Maulana Abdur Razzaq, Bangladesh |
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* Maulana Raza Ahmed Ajmeri |
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* Moulana Mufti Kifayatullah Saheb |
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* Maulana Badr Alam [[Meerath|Merathi]] |
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* Mufti Muhammad Hasan Amritsari |
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* Amir-ul-Hind Maulana Syed Asad Madani |
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* Maulana Syed Munazir Ahsan Gilani |
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* Maulana Abdul Mannan, Bangladesh |
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* Maulana Muhammad Idris Kandhlavi |
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* Maulana Margoobur Rahman, (Vice Chancellor of Darul Uloom Deoband) |
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* Maulana [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] |
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* Maulana Salim Qasmi Saheb |
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* Maulana Muhammad Hasan Bodhanvi, Walsall, [[United Kingdom]], (President of Markazi Jamiat-e-Ulema, Britain & Wifaq-ul-Ulema, UK) |
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* Moulana Qari Tahir Qasmi |
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* Maulana Khurshid Sahib |
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* Muhaddis-e-Asar Maulana Anzar Shah Kashmiri |
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* Mufti Said Ahmad Palanpuri, (Lecturer of Hadeeth, Darul Uloom Deoband) |
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* Maulana Syed Arshad Madani, (Lecturer of Hadeeth, Darul Uloom Deoband) |
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* Maulana Mufti Zain-ul-Abideen, ([[Faisalabad]],[[Pakistan]]) |
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* Qazi Habib-ur-Rehman, (Haripur) |
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* Maulana Ikram Ali Bhagalpuri, (Lecturer of Hadeeth, Jamia Islamia, Dabhel) |
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* Maulana Wajid Hussain Deobandi, (Lecturer of Hadeeth, Jamia Islamia, Dabhel) |
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* Maulana Abullah Saleem, ([[Chicago]], Illinois, [[U.S.A.]]) |
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* Maulana Qazi Mujahidul Islam Qasmi, ([[Muslim Personal Law Board]], India) |
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* Maulana Minnatullah Rahmani (Founder, [[Muslim Personal Law Board]]) |
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* Maulana Manzoor Nomani, (Madarsa Al-Furqan, Lucknow) |
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* Maulana Hifzur Rahman Sewharwi |
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* Maulana Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri |
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* Maulana Badruddin Ajmal Qasmi, (Founder, AUDF) |
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* Maulana Asrarul Haque Qasmi (Member of Parliament) |
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* Hadhrat Maulana Abdul Mumin Sahib ([[Jaamiah Faruqia Tajpur Madrasah]], Bangladesh) |
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== Role in the Indian independence movement == |
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==Recent developments== |
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{{See also|Silk Letters Movement}} |
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The Darul Uloom has expanded its activities and started new departments during the last decades. In view of great challenge from the [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Movement]] (Qadiyanism), Darul Uloom convened the All India Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat Conference and established a special department to refute Qadiyanism. It started the 'Shaikhul Hind Academy' for publishing books, and training students in Urdu journalism. In 1996, the Computer Department was opened, which was later extended and an Internet Department also added. The Darul Uloom has also introduced a two-year full-time Diploma in English language and literature for students wishing to pursue higher education in universities. |
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The political ideals of Darul Uloom Deoband were founded up to ten years prior to its opening. In 1857 (1274 AH), [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] (a spiritual leader) and his followers, [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]], [[Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi]], [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]] and others gathered at [[Thana Bhawan]] to protest against British rule and continue their call for the independence of India.<ref name="shamli">{{cite book |author1=Najmul Hasan Thanwi |title=Maidan-e-Shamli-o-Thana Bhawan awr Sarfaroshan-e-Islam |page= 8|publisher=Idara Talifat-e-Ashrafia |location=[[Thana Bhawan]] |language=ur}}</ref> They fought what is called the [[Battle of Shamli]].<ref name="shamli" /> |
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In 1913 (1333 AH), Nanautawi's pupil, [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] was a leader in the independence movement. He incited revolution through a scheme which the [[Rowlatt committee]] called the [[Silk Letter Movement]]. However, the scheme failed and Hasan and his followers were arrested and exiled. Hasan was returned from exile in [[Malta]], and he reached Bombay in June 1920.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Abu Muhammad Sanaullah Saad |title=Ulama-e-Deoband ke Aakhri Lamhaat |publisher=Maktaba Rasheediya |location=[[Saharanpur]] |pages=23–24 |edition=2015 |language=ur}}</ref> His group, [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]], which included [[Husain Ahmad Madani]], [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]], [[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]], and later on, [[Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi]], [[Atiqur Rahman Usmani]], [[Minnatullah Rahmani]], [[Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi]], and [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]] joined with the [[Indian National Congress]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
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==Condemnation of terrorism== |
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In February 2008, an "Anti-terrorism Conference", organized by the seminary [[Darul Uloom]] in [[Deoband]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], denounced all forms of terrorism, declaring that "Islam prohibits the killing of innocent people" and "Islam sternly condemns all kinds of oppression, violence and terrorism". The conference also denounced widespread attempts to blame religious Muslims for terrorist incidents.<ref>''Muslim clerics declare terror "un-Islamic"'' [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Muslim_clerics_declare_terror_un-Islamic/articleshow/2813375.cms ''Times of India'' Feb. 25, 2008]</ref> |
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In 1926 and 1927 (1345 abs 1346 AH), graduates of the school called for Indian independence at Jamiat Ulama meetings in [[Calcutta]] and [[Peshawar]]. Madani opposed the suggestion of the [[All-India Muslim League]] for the [[partition of India]] along [[sectarian]] lines. He also advocated democratic government with religious freedoms and tolerance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Islamic Pakistan|url=http://www.ghazali.net/book1/contents.htm|access-date=2023-01-05|website=www.ghazali.net}}</ref><ref>Jaffrelot C. and Beaumont G. ''A History of Pakistan and Its Origins.'' p224. {{ISBN|1-84331-149-6}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Barelvi Islam|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-barelvi.htm|access-date=2023-01-05|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> |
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==Publications== |
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The following ''Journals'' and ''Magazines'' are being published under the aegis of Darul Uloom Deoband and its alumni. |
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* ''Al-Daie'' (Arabic Monthly); Eds: Maulana Marghoobur Rahman and Maulana Noor Alam Khalil Amini |
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* ''Mahnama Darul Uloom'' (Urdu Monthly); Eds: Maulana Marghoobur Rahman and Maulana Habibur Rahman Qasmi |
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* ''Aaiena Darul Uloom'' (Urdu Fortnighly); Ed: Mufti Zafiruddin Miftahi |
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* ''Eastern Crescent'' (English Magazine). |
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On 29 December 1929, ''[[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]'' (''Majlis-e-Ah'rar-e-Islam'', {{langx|ur|مجلس احرارلأسلام}}, or ''Ahrar''), a conservative [[Sunni Muslim]] [[Deobandi]] [[political party]] was founded in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]]. The founding members of the party were [[Chaudhry Afzal Haq]], [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]], [[Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi]], [[Mazhar Ali Azhar]], [[Zafar Ali Khan]] and Dawood Ghaznavi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Syed Nesar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzm36rEol3sC|title=Origins of Muslim Consciousness in India: A World-system Perspective|date=1991|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-27331-5|language=en}}</ref> The founding members were disillusioned by the [[Khilafat Movement]], which had aligned with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="jaf">{{Cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=militia&pg=PA243|title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins|date=2004-09-28|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-149-2|language=en}}</ref> The party gathered support from the urban lower-middle class. It opposed [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], leader of the [[All-India Muslim League]] and in the early years of Pakistan wanted [[Pakistani Ahmadiyas|Ahmadiyas]] to be [[Persecution of Ahmadis|declared non-Muslims]]<!-- "it objected to the [[persecution]] of the [[Qaadyania]] religious community"-no it didn't, according to the book... BTW Qaadyania (sic, Qadiani?) is a pejorative term for Ahmadi Muslims, making the edit even more suspicious -->.<ref>{{cite book | title=Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts | publisher=Har Anand Publications |location=Delhi | author=Bahadur, Kalim | year=1998 | pages=176 | isbn=978-8-12410-083-7 |chapter=Dark Forebodings About President Tarar | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9yNyTpntYC&q=176 }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Deobandi]] |
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*[[Tablighi Jamaat]] |
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*[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] |
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*[[Markazul Maarif]]www.markazulmaarif.org |
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*Deoband Ulema's Movement for the freedom Of India[http://attahawi.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/deoband-ulamas-movement.pdf] |
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{{IslamismSA}} |
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== |
== Fatwas == |
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A fatwa is “an issue arising about law and religion, explained in answer to questions received about it” by [[mufti]]s (Islamic jurists).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Masud|first1=Muhammad Khalid|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|last2=Kéchichian|first2=Joseph A.|last3=Messick|first3=Brinkley|last4=Dallal|first4=Ahmad S.|last5=Hendrickson|first5=Jocelyn|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5|chapter=Fatwā}}</ref> Muftis at Darul Ifta (fatwa department), Darul Uloom Deoband are responsible for giving fatwas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://darulifta-deoband.com/en/about|access-date=2021-04-14|website=darulifta-deoband.com}}</ref> |
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<references /> |
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On 31 May 2008, the seminary issued a significant public “Fatwa against terrorism” after a public rally in Delhi with around 100,000 representatives from nearly 6,000 madrasas across India, including those from different sects. The fatwa was a first of its kind in [[South Asia]] and stated that "in Islam, creating social discord or disorder, breach of peace, rioting, bloodsan, pillage or plunder and killing of innocent persons anywhere in the world are all considered most inhuman crimes.”<ref>{{Cite news|last=Majumdar|first=Bappa|date=2008-06-01|title=Darool-Uloom Deoband issues fatwa against terror|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-33848320080601|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502033018/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-33848320080601|archive-date=2021-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dash|first=Kamala Kanta|title=The Fatwa against Terrorism: Indian Deobandis Renounce Violence but Policing Remains Unchanged|url=https://www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1677848/gtrec-proceedings-2008-10-kamala-dash.pdf|journal=Radicalisation Crossing Borders International Conference, Melbourne, Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124103325/https://www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1677848/gtrec-proceedings-2008-10-kamala-dash.pdf|archive-date=2021-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-02-20|title=Coming, fatwa against terrorism|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/coming-fatwa-against-terrorism/story-EZRGI5IPyMv2e5b8bZ1EUP.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225113359/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/coming-fatwa-against-terrorism/story-EZRGI5IPyMv2e5b8bZ1EUP.html|archive-date=2021-02-25|access-date=2021-05-02|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> The edict was signed by [[Habibur Rahman Khairabadi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Deoband first: A fatwa against terror |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deoband-first-a-fatwa-against-terror/articleshow/3089161.cms |access-date=30 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 June 2008}}</ref> |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.darululoom-deoband.com Official website of Darul Uloom Deoband] |
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* [http://indianmosques.blogspot.com/2009/06/dar-ul-uloom-deobandhsaharanpur.html Dar-Ul-Uloom Deoband Blog] |
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* [http://www.darulifta-deoband.org Darul Ifta website of Darul Uloom Deoband] |
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*[http://sunninews.wordpress.com Sunni News] |
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*[http://www.khabrein.info Indian Muslim News and Views] |
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* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-deobandi.htm Deobandi Islam] |
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* [http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/metcalf.htm "Traditionalist" Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs] |
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* [http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14574&Itemid=88 "Darul Uloom, Deoband issues anti-terrorism fatwa] |
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* [http://www.darul-ishaat.co.uk Darul Ishaat UK - House Of Propagation - Online Islamic Store] |
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*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2402973.ece Hardline takeover of British mosques] |
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*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2409834.ece Two faces of British youth in thrall to sinister Muslim sect] |
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*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2409833.ece Our followers ‘must live in peace until strong enough to wage jihad’] |
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*[http://www.anindianmuslim.com/2009/02/indian-ulemas-commendable-stand-on-yoga.html Ulema's progressive stand on Yoga, terrorism, other issues needs to be praised] |
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*[http://www.ahlehaq.com Online Books By Ulama E Deoband] |
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*[http://www.raddebatilah.at.ua Radd E Batilah] |
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*[http://attahawi.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/deoband-ulamas-movement.pdf Deobandi Ulemas movement for freedom of India] |
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* [http://www.darulifta-deoband.org Online Islamic Fatawa] |
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* [http://www.darululum.org Online Islamic Study] |
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=== Controversial Fatwas === |
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{{coord|29|41|32|N|77|40|39|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=title}} |
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In January 2012, scholars from a Deobandi school issued a religious decision calling for the author [[Salman Rushdie]] to be barred from entering India to attend a literature festival because, in their opinion, he had offended Muslim sentiments.<ref>[http://www.siasat.com/english/news/darul-uloom-farangimahal-fatwa-rushdie-jaipur-visit "Darul Uloom Farangimahal fatwa Rushdie Jaipur visit.] Siasat.com</ref><ref>[http://kashmirmonitor.org/01192012-ND-cleric-seeks-apology-from-rushdie-18875.aspx ''Cleric seeks apology from Rushdie.'']{{dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kashmir monitor.org 19 January 2012.</ref> |
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In May 2010, clerics from a Deobandi school issued a fatwa stating that men and women cannot work together in public offices unless the women are properly clothed.<ref>[http://news-views.in/young-muslim-women-fume-at-deoband-diktat/ "Young Muslim women fume at Deoband diktat."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823045840/http://news-views.in/young-muslim-women-fume-at-deoband-diktat/ |date=23 August 2011 }} News-views.India.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=archive.ph|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Deoband-fatwa-Its-illegal-for-women-to-work-support-family/articleshow/5919153.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719184157/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-12/india/28280924_1_fatwa-muslim-women-darul-uloom-deoband|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-07-19|access-date=2023-01-05|website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Insurance-policy-is-unIslamic-Deoband/618898/ "Insurance policy is un-Islamic: Deoband."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121093713/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Insurance-policy-is-unIslamic-Deoband/618898/ |date=21 January 2012 }} ''[[Express India]]''</ref> |
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[[Category:Islam in India]] |
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[[Category:Muslim education]] |
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[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1867]] |
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[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]] |
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[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges]] |
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[[Category:Saharanpur]] |
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[[Category:Deobandi]] |
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In September 2013, scholars from a Deobandi school issued a fatwa banning photography as un-Islamic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-14|title=Deoband issues fatwa banning photography as un-Islamic – Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Deoband-issues-fatwa-banning-photography-as-un-Islamic/articleshow/22483056.cms|access-date=2023-01-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914051700/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-11/india/41969729_1_deoband-issues-darul-uloom-deoband-photography |archive-date=14 September 2013 }}</ref> |
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[[de:Dar ul-Ulum Deoband]] |
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[[ur:دارالعلوم دیوبند]] |
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In February 2024, [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]], demanded an FIR against the seminary's alleged promotion of the idea of [[Ghazwa-e-Hind]], claiming that a supporting fatwa was available on their website, in response to a question seeking an answer to "whether Hadith talks about invasion of India or the Ghazwa-e-Hind".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Child rights body seeks FIR against Deoband's Darul Uloom over Ghazwa-e-Hind fatwa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/child-rights-body-seeks-fir-against-deobands-darul-uloom-over-ghazwa-e-hind-fatwa-101708611168228.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Child rights body seeks action against Darul Uloom Deoband over Ghazwa-e-Hind fatwa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/darul-uloom-deoband-ghazwa-e-hind-fatwa-child-rights-panel-seeks-action-2505732-2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Child rights body seeks action over ‘anti-India’ fatwa on website of Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/child-rights-body-seeks-action-over-anti-india-fatwa-on-website-of-darul-uloom-deoband-9176194/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Entry of women in campus == |
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Darul Uloom Deoband has garnered attention for its stances on [[Women's rights|women’s rights]], including issuing ''fatwas'' that restrict certain activities for Muslim women, such as working alongside men, watching football,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women watching football is un-Islamic, rules Darul Uloom |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/women-watching-football-is-un-islamic-rules-darul-uloom.html |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=theweek.in}}</ref> and plucking their eyebrows without their husband’s permission.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-08 |title=Islamic seminary Darul Uloom Deoband issues fatwa banning Muslim women from grooming eyebrows |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/islamic-seminary-darul-uloom-deoband-issues-fatwa-banning-muslim-women-from-grooming-eyebrows-4121393.html |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Additionally, the seminary faced criticism for its silence on the Taliban’s ban on women’s education, as the Taliban also aligns with the Deobandi ideology.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2023 |title=Why Indian Deobandis Are Quiet on Women Education Ban? |url=https://8am.media/eng/why-indian-deobandis-are-quiet-on-women-education-ban/ |work=Hasht e Subh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Indian Deobandis Are Quiet on Women's Education Ban?; By Manish Rai |url=https://www.pakistanchristianpost.com/opinion-details/4103 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=www.pakistanchristianpost.com |language=en}}</ref> |
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In May 2024, Darul Uloom Deoband imposed a ban on the entry of women and girls to its premises, citing concerns over social media videos filmed on the campus. The seminary's rector [[Abul Qasim Nomani]], stated that this decision responded to public complaints about the circulation of these videos, which were considered distracting and offensive by supporters of the institution. Prior to this, women were already restricted from entering the Rashidia mosque on campus; this restriction was now expanded to the entire seminary.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raju |first=S |date=17 May 2024 |title=Darul Uloom bans entry of women, says they made reels; activists say unfair |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/darul-uloom-bans-entry-of-women-says-they-make-reels-activists-say-unfair-101715941329092.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> |
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In November 2024, the seminary lifted the ban on women’s entry with conditions. Women were allowed on campus only if accompanied by a [[Wali (Islamic legal guardian)|male guardian]], wearing ''[[purdah]]'', and prohibited from taking photographs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=UP Islamic seminary Darul Uloom lifts ban on women's entry, veils compulsory |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttar-pradesh-saharanpur-islamic-seminary-darul-uloom-women-enter-2631026-2024-11-10 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Reports suggested that the original ban negatively impacted nearby businesses, which led to the policy’s revision.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2024 |title=After 6 months: Deoband seminary lifts ban on women visitors, imposes conditions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/after-6-months-deoband-seminary-lifts-ban-on-women-visitors-imposes-conditions-101731180337313.html#:~:text=The%20prominent%20Islamic%20seminary%20Darul,brought%20disrepute%20to%20the%20institution. |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> |
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== Administration == |
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The seminary's co-founder [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]] was the first vice-chancellor.<ref>{{citation|first1=Syed Mehboob |last1=Rizwi |author-link1 = Syed Mehboob Rizwi|translator = Murtaz Hussain F Quraishi|title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband | volume = 2 |page=167}}</ref> [[Abul Qasim Nomani]] succeeded [[Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi]] as the thirteenth VC of the seminary on 24 July 2011.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |author1=Abantika Ghosh |title=Vastanvi axed as Darul V-C for praising Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vastanvi-axed-as-Darul-V-C-for-praising-Modi/articleshow/9346185.cms?referral=PM |access-date=10 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deoband.net/1/post/2010/12/maulana-mufti-abul-qasim-nomani-new-acting-mohtamim-of-darul-uloom-deoband.html|title=Maulana Mufti Abul Qasim Nomani, New Acting Mohtamim of Darul Uloom Deoband|website=DEOBAND ONLINE|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! No. |
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! Name<br />{{small|(birth–death)}} |
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! colspan=2|Term of office |
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! Reference |
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|- |
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! 1 |
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| [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]] <br />{{small| (1834–1912)}} |
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| 1866 |
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| 1867 |
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|<ref name="history">{{cite book |last1=Rizwi|first1=Syed Mehboob|author1-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |translator=Prof. Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi |title=History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume= 2 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam, Dar al-Ulum Deoband |pages=164–178|date=November 1981 |edition=1st |chapter= Arbab-e-Ehtemam|url=https://archive.org/download/2VolumeBookOnTheHistoryOfDarAlUlumDeoband/HistoryOfTheDarulUloomDeoband-VolumeTwo1981.pdf |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! 2 |
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| [[Rafiuddin Deobandi]]<br />{{small|(1836–1891)}} |
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| 1867 |
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| 1868 |
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|<ref name="history" /> |
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|- |
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! 3 |
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|Sayyid Muhammad Abid <br />{{small| (1834–1912)}} |
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| 1869 |
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| 1871 |
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|<ref name="history" /> |
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|- |
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! 4 |
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| [[Rafiuddin Deobandi]]<br />{{small|(1836–1891)}} |
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| 1872 |
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| 1889 |
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|<ref name="history" /> |
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|- |
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! 5 |
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| Sayyid Muhammad Abid <br />{{small| (1834–1912)}} |
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| 1890 |
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| 1892 |
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|<ref name="history" /> |
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|- |
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! 6 |
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| Fazl Haq |
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| 1893 |
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| 1894 |
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|<ref name="history" /> |
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|- |
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! 7 |
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| Muneer Ahmad Nanautawi <br />{{small| (1831-)}} |
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| 1894 |
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| 1895 |
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|<ref name="history" /> |
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|- |
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! 8 |
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| [[Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad]]<br />{{small| (1862–1928)}} |
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| 1895 |
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| 1928{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=173}} |
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|<ref name="RIS">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjoMCAAAQBAJ&dq=hafiz+muhammad+ahmad+deoband&pg=PT355 |access-date=9 May 2020|title=Rethinking Islamic Studies: From Orientalism to Cosmopolitanism|isbn=978-1-61117-231-7|last1=Ernst|first1=Carl W.|last2=Martin|first2=Richard C.|date=27 November 2012}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! 9 |
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| [[Habibur Rahman Usmani]]<br />{{small| (d. 1929)}} |
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| 1928 |
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| 1929 |
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|<ref name="history" /> |
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|- |
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! 10 |
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| [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]]<br />{{small| (1897–1983)}} |
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| 1929 |
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| 9 August 1982 |
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|<ref name="taqiusmani">{{cite book |author1=Mufti Taqi Usmani |authorlink1=Mufti Taqi Usmani |title=Nuqoosh-e-Raftgaan |publisher=Maktabatul Maarif |location=[[Karachi]] |pages=193–194 |date=April 2007 |language=Urdu |chapter=Qari Muhammad Tayyab}}</ref><ref name="Taiyyab">{{cite book |last1=Tayyib|first1=Qari Muhammad|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Sad-Sāla Zindagi|trans-title=Centenary Life of Darul Uloom Deoband|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/darul-uloom-deoband-ki-sad-saala-zindagi-qari-muhammad-tayyab-ebooks |publisher=VC Office, Darul Uloom|location=Deoband|pages=96, 101|date=June 1965|edition=1st|language=ur}}</ref><ref name=:"Khalili">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=2nd|date= October 2020|pages=583, 585, 747, 750|location=India |language=ur|oclc=1345466013}}</ref><ref name="Amini">{{cite book |last=Amini|first=Noor Alam Khalil |title=Pas-e-Marg Zindah|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/pas-e-marg-zinda-noor-alam-khaleel-amini-ebooks |publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab |location=Deoband |pages=159, 173 |edition=3rd|date=June 2010 |language=ur}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! 11 |
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| [[Maulana Marghubur Rahman|Marghubur Rahman Bijnori]]<br />{{small| (1914–2010)}} |
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| 1982 |
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| 2010 |
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| |
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|- |
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! 12 |
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| [[Ghulam Muhammad Vastanvi]]<br />{{small| (b. 1950)}} |
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| 11 January 2011 |
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| 23 July 2011 |
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|<ref name="ToI – 24Jul2011 – Vastanvi axed as Darul V-C for praising Modi">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vastanvi-axed-as-Darul-V-C-for-praising-Modi/articleshow/9346185.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908065812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-24/india/29809462_1_mufti-abul-qasim-nomani-ghulam-mohammed-vastanvi-mohtamim|url-status=live|archive-date=8 September 2011|title=Vastanvi axed as Darul V-C for praising Modi|last=Ghosh|first=Abantika |date=24 July 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! 13 |
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| [[Abul Qasim Nomani]] Banarsi <br />{{small| (b. 1947)}} |
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| 2011 |
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|<ref name="ToI – 24Jul2011 – Vastanvi axed as Darul V-C for praising Modi" /> |
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== Alumni == |
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{{Main|List of Darul Uloom Deoband alumni|List of students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi}} |
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Alumni include: |
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* [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], leader of [[Silk Letter Movement]] |
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* [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]], hadith scholar |
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* [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], Sufi Shaykh and author of ''[[Bahishti Zewar]]'' and ''[[Bayan Ul Quran]]''. |
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* [[Minnatullah Rahmani]], First General Secretary of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]. |
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* [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]], first Grand Mufti of Pakistan |
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* [[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]], founder of [[Tablighi Jamat]] |
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* [[Hussain Ahmed Madani]], author of ''[[Composite Nationalism and Islam]]'' |
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* [[Taha Karaan]], former head-[[mufti]] of [[Muslim Judicial Council]]. |
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* |
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== Publications == |
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{{Further|Magazines of Darul Uloom Deoband}} |
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Darul ‘Uloom Deoband and its alumni publish: |
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* ''[[Al-Daie]]'', Arabic monthly periodical.<ref>Ameeni K. (ed.) ''Al-Da'ee/Ad-Da'ee''.</ref> |
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* ''[[Monthly Darul Uloom]]'', Urdu monthly periodical.<ref>Qaasmi H. (ed.) ''Maah Namah Darul 'Uloom''.</ref> |
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* ''Aaeenah Darul ‘Uloom'', Urdu fortnightly periodical.<ref>'Alwi K. (ed.) ''Aaeenah''</ref> |
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* [[Darulifta-Deoband.com]] |
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== Legacy == |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|India|Islam|Education |
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}} |
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* [[Bibliography of Darul Uloom Deoband]] |
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* [[List of Deobandi universities]] |
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* [[List of Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]] |
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* [[List of vice chancellors of Darul Uloom Deoband]] |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commons category|Darul Uloom Deoband|position=right}} |
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{{IslamismSA}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{coord|29|41|51|N|77|40|34|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=title}} |
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[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband| ]] |
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[[Category:Deobandi madrasas]] |
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[[Category:Madrasas in India]] |
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[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1866]] |
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[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]] |
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[[Category:1866 establishments in India]] |
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Latest revision as of 23:06, 20 December 2024
دارالعلوم دیوبند | |
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Other name | Darul Uloom |
|---|---|
| Type | Islamic university |
| Established | 31 May 1866 |
| Founders | Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Sayyid Muhammad Abid, Fazlur Rahman Usmani and others. |
| Rector | Abul Qasim Nomani |
| Students | c. 5000 |
| Location | , India |
| Campus | Urban, 70 acres (28 ha) |
| Website | www |
| Part of a series on |
| Islam |
|---|
 |
| Part of a series on the |
| Deobandi movement |
|---|
 |
| Ideology and influences |
| Founders and key figures |
|
| Notable institutions |
| Centres (markaz) of Tablighi Jamaat |
| Associated organizations |
The Darul Uloom Deoband is an Islamic seminary (darul uloom) in India at which the Sunni Deobandi Islamic movement began. Uttar Pradesh-based Darul Uloom is one of the most important Islamic seminaries in India and the largest in the world. It is located in Deoband, a town in Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh.[1] The seminary was established by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Fazlur Rahman Usmani, Sayyid Muhammad Abid and others in 1866. Mahmud Deobandi was the first teacher and Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was the first student.
On 14 October 2020, the executive council of the seminary appointed Arshad Madani as the principal (sadr-mudarris) and Abul Qasim Nomani as the senior hadith professor (shaykh al-hadith).[2]
History
[edit]Darul Uloom Deoband was established on 31[3][4] May 1866 by Fazlur Rahman Usmani, Sayyid Muhammad Abid, Muhammad Qasim Nanotawi, Mehtab Ali, Nehal Ahmad and Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi.[5][6] Mahmud Deobandi was appointed as the first teacher, and Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was the first student who enrolled in the seminary.[7]
In 1982, during the Vice Chancellorship of Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, administrative disputes occurred in the seminary which led to the formation of Darul Uloom Waqf.[8][9]
The spread of the Deobandi movement in the United Kingdom has produced some criticism concerning their views on interfaith dialogue and values including democracy, secularism, and the rule of law. [citation needed] In September 2007 Andrew Norfolk of The Times published an article titled "Hardline takeover of British mosques" about the influence of the Deobandis whom the author called a "hardline islamic sect".[10]
In February 2008, an anti-terrorism conference organized by the seminary denounced all forms of terrorism.[11]
Program
[edit]The school teaches manqulat (revealed Islamic sciences) according to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence.[citation needed] In this seminar, Nanawtawi instituted modern methods of learning such as teaching in classrooms, a fixed and carefully selected curriculum, lectures by academics who were leaders in their fields, exam periods, merit prizes, and a publishing press.[citation needed] Students were taught in Urdu, and sometimes in Arabic for theological reasons or Persian, for cultural and literary reasons. The curriculum is based on a highly modified version of the 18th century Indo-Islamic syllabus known as Dars-e-Nizami.[citation needed] The students learn the Quran and its exegesis; Hadith and its commentary; and juristic rulings with textual and rational proofs. They also study the biography of Muhammad, Arabic grammar, Arabic language and literature, and Persian language.[12]
The syllabus consists of many stages. The five-year Nazirah (primary course) teaches Urdu, Persian, Hindi and English. The next level is the Hifze Quran. This involves the memorization of the Quran over two to four years. A few students will then choose Tajwid e Hafs (melodious recitation). The student is taught the detailed recitation rules of the Quran as laid down by Arabic Hafs. Still fewer will take up the next course, the Sab'ah and 'Asharah Qira'at (study of all the ten Quran recitations).
A post graduate studies equivalent is the Fazilat course taken over eight years. It commences with Arabi Awwal, in which the basics of the Arabic language is the main aim, and finishes with Daura e Hadith, in which the main books of the sayings of Muhammad are taught. A prerequisite for this course is completion of primary education. Memorization of the Quran is also recommended. Students who complete the Fazilat may use the title Alim or Maulvi. The Daurae Hadith (final year) class is taught in the basement of "an under construction seven storied building". In the 2017–2018 academic year (1438–1439 AH), 1664 students attended the Daurae Hadith class.
Almost a quarter of the students who complete the Daurae Hadith continue their studies. These advanced courses include Takmil Ifta (Jurisprudence); Takmil Adab (Arabic literature); and Takhassus fil Hadith (Hadith).[12] Students who complete the Takmil Ifta take the title Mufti.
Role in the Indian independence movement
[edit]The political ideals of Darul Uloom Deoband were founded up to ten years prior to its opening. In 1857 (1274 AH), Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (a spiritual leader) and his followers, Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi, Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi, Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi and others gathered at Thana Bhawan to protest against British rule and continue their call for the independence of India.[13] They fought what is called the Battle of Shamli.[13]
In 1913 (1333 AH), Nanautawi's pupil, Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was a leader in the independence movement. He incited revolution through a scheme which the Rowlatt committee called the Silk Letter Movement. However, the scheme failed and Hasan and his followers were arrested and exiled. Hasan was returned from exile in Malta, and he reached Bombay in June 1920.[14] His group, Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, which included Husain Ahmad Madani, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, and later on, Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, Atiqur Rahman Usmani, Minnatullah Rahmani, Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, and Muhammad Miyan Deobandi joined with the Indian National Congress.[citation needed]
In 1926 and 1927 (1345 abs 1346 AH), graduates of the school called for Indian independence at Jamiat Ulama meetings in Calcutta and Peshawar. Madani opposed the suggestion of the All-India Muslim League for the partition of India along sectarian lines. He also advocated democratic government with religious freedoms and tolerance.[15][16][17]
On 29 December 1929, Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam (Majlis-e-Ah'rar-e-Islam, Urdu: مجلس احرارلأسلام, or Ahrar), a conservative Sunni Muslim Deobandi political party was founded in Lahore, Punjab. The founding members of the party were Chaudhry Afzal Haq, Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, Mazhar Ali Azhar, Zafar Ali Khan and Dawood Ghaznavi.[18] The founding members were disillusioned by the Khilafat Movement, which had aligned with the Indian National Congress.[19] The party gathered support from the urban lower-middle class. It opposed Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League and in the early years of Pakistan wanted Ahmadiyas to be declared non-Muslims.[20]
Fatwas
[edit]A fatwa is “an issue arising about law and religion, explained in answer to questions received about it” by muftis (Islamic jurists).[21] Muftis at Darul Ifta (fatwa department), Darul Uloom Deoband are responsible for giving fatwas.[22]
On 31 May 2008, the seminary issued a significant public “Fatwa against terrorism” after a public rally in Delhi with around 100,000 representatives from nearly 6,000 madrasas across India, including those from different sects. The fatwa was a first of its kind in South Asia and stated that "in Islam, creating social discord or disorder, breach of peace, rioting, bloodsan, pillage or plunder and killing of innocent persons anywhere in the world are all considered most inhuman crimes.”[23][24][25] The edict was signed by Habibur Rahman Khairabadi.[26]
Controversial Fatwas
[edit]In January 2012, scholars from a Deobandi school issued a religious decision calling for the author Salman Rushdie to be barred from entering India to attend a literature festival because, in their opinion, he had offended Muslim sentiments.[27][28]
In May 2010, clerics from a Deobandi school issued a fatwa stating that men and women cannot work together in public offices unless the women are properly clothed.[29][30][31]
In September 2013, scholars from a Deobandi school issued a fatwa banning photography as un-Islamic.[32]
In February 2024, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, demanded an FIR against the seminary's alleged promotion of the idea of Ghazwa-e-Hind, claiming that a supporting fatwa was available on their website, in response to a question seeking an answer to "whether Hadith talks about invasion of India or the Ghazwa-e-Hind".[33][34][35]
Entry of women in campus
[edit]Darul Uloom Deoband has garnered attention for its stances on women’s rights, including issuing fatwas that restrict certain activities for Muslim women, such as working alongside men, watching football,[36] and plucking their eyebrows without their husband’s permission.[37] Additionally, the seminary faced criticism for its silence on the Taliban’s ban on women’s education, as the Taliban also aligns with the Deobandi ideology.[38][39]
In May 2024, Darul Uloom Deoband imposed a ban on the entry of women and girls to its premises, citing concerns over social media videos filmed on the campus. The seminary's rector Abul Qasim Nomani, stated that this decision responded to public complaints about the circulation of these videos, which were considered distracting and offensive by supporters of the institution. Prior to this, women were already restricted from entering the Rashidia mosque on campus; this restriction was now expanded to the entire seminary.[40]
In November 2024, the seminary lifted the ban on women’s entry with conditions. Women were allowed on campus only if accompanied by a male guardian, wearing purdah, and prohibited from taking photographs.[41] Reports suggested that the original ban negatively impacted nearby businesses, which led to the policy’s revision.[42]
Administration
[edit]The seminary's co-founder Sayyid Muhammad Abid was the first vice-chancellor.[43] Abul Qasim Nomani succeeded Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi as the thirteenth VC of the seminary on 24 July 2011.[44][45]
| No. | Name (birth–death) |
Term of office | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sayyid Muhammad Abid (1834–1912) |
1866 | 1867 | [46] |
| 2 | Rafiuddin Deobandi (1836–1891) |
1867 | 1868 | [46] |
| 3 | Sayyid Muhammad Abid (1834–1912) |
1869 | 1871 | [46] |
| 4 | Rafiuddin Deobandi (1836–1891) |
1872 | 1889 | [46] |
| 5 | Sayyid Muhammad Abid (1834–1912) |
1890 | 1892 | [46] |
| 6 | Fazl Haq | 1893 | 1894 | [46] |
| 7 | Muneer Ahmad Nanautawi (1831-) |
1894 | 1895 | [46] |
| 8 | Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad (1862–1928) |
1895 | 1928[47] | [48] |
| 9 | Habibur Rahman Usmani (d. 1929) |
1928 | 1929 | [46] |
| 10 | Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi (1897–1983) |
1929 | 9 August 1982 | [49][50][51][52] |
| 11 | Marghubur Rahman Bijnori (1914–2010) |
1982 | 2010 | |
| 12 | Ghulam Muhammad Vastanvi (b. 1950) |
11 January 2011 | 23 July 2011 | [53] |
| 13 | Abul Qasim Nomani Banarsi (b. 1947) |
2011 | -- | [53] |
Alumni
[edit]Alumni include:
- Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, leader of Silk Letter Movement
- Anwar Shah Kashmiri, hadith scholar
- Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Sufi Shaykh and author of Bahishti Zewar and Bayan Ul Quran.
- Minnatullah Rahmani, First General Secretary of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.
- Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, first Grand Mufti of Pakistan
- Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi, founder of Tablighi Jamat
- Hussain Ahmed Madani, author of Composite Nationalism and Islam
- Taha Karaan, former head-mufti of Muslim Judicial Council.
Publications
[edit]Darul ‘Uloom Deoband and its alumni publish:
- Al-Daie, Arabic monthly periodical.[54]
- Monthly Darul Uloom, Urdu monthly periodical.[55]
- Aaeenah Darul ‘Uloom, Urdu fortnightly periodical.[56]
- Darulifta-Deoband.com
Legacy
[edit]See also
[edit]
- Bibliography of Darul Uloom Deoband
- List of Deobandi universities
- List of Darul Uloom Deoband alumni
- List of vice chancellors of Darul Uloom Deoband
References
[edit]- ^ The Role of Darul Uloom Deoband in India's Freedom Struggle: (with Special Reference to Maulana Husain Ahmed Madni). Jamia Husainia Lal Darwaza. 2016. ISBN 978-81-7801-875-1.
- ^ "مہتمم دارالعلوم دیوبند مفتی ابو القاسم نعمانی شیخ الحدیث اور مولانا ارشد مدنی صدر المدرسین منتخب" [Abul Qasim Nomani, VC of Deoband appointed as Hadīth professor, and Arshad Madani as the Principal of Darul Uloom Deoband]. AsreHazir. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ Qasmi, Muhammadullah Khalili (October 2020). Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh (in Urdu) (2nd ed.). India: Shaikhul Hind Academy. pp. 71, 74. OCLC 1345466013.
- ^ "Darul Uloom Deoband – India". Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ Muḥammad Miyan Deobandi. Ulama-e-Haq ke mujāhidāna kārnāme (in Urdu). New Delhi: Faisal Publications. pp. 44–47.
- ^ Roshen Dalal (2014). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin UK. ISBN 9788184753967. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Metcalf, Barbara (1978). "The Madrasa at Deoband: A Model for Religious Education in Modern India". Modern Asian Studies. 12 (1): 111–134. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00008179. JSTOR 311825. S2CID 145793477.
- ^ Reetz, Dietrich (2009). "2. Change and Stagnation in Islamic Education: The Dar al-'Ulum of Deoband after the Split in 1982". The Madrasa in Asia. pp. 71–104. ISBN 9789048501380.
- ^ Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan; Kadi, Wadad; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Stewart, Devin J. (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0.
- ^ Norfolk, Andrew (7 September 2007). "Hardline takeover of British mosques". The Times. Retrieved 13 April 2019 – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
- ^ "Muslim clerics declare terror 'un-Islamic' – Times Of India". 28 November 2011. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Darul Uloom Deoband". www.darululoom-deoband.com. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ^ a b Najmul Hasan Thanwi. Maidan-e-Shamli-o-Thana Bhawan awr Sarfaroshan-e-Islam (in Urdu). Thana Bhawan: Idara Talifat-e-Ashrafia. p. 8.
- ^ Abu Muhammad Sanaullah Saad. Ulama-e-Deoband ke Aakhri Lamhaat (in Urdu) (2015 ed.). Saharanpur: Maktaba Rasheediya. pp. 23–24.
- ^ "Islamic Pakistan". www.ghazali.net. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ^ Jaffrelot C. and Beaumont G. A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. p224. ISBN 1-84331-149-6.
- ^ "Barelvi Islam". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ^ Ahmad, Syed Nesar (1991). Origins of Muslim Consciousness in India: A World-system Perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-27331-5.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (28 September 2004). A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-84331-149-2.
- ^ Bahadur, Kalim (1998). "Dark Forebodings About President Tarar". Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts. Delhi: Har Anand Publications. p. 176. ISBN 978-8-12410-083-7.
- ^ Masud, Muhammad Khalid; Kéchichian, Joseph A.; Messick, Brinkley; Dallal, Ahmad S.; Hendrickson, Jocelyn (2009). "Fatwā". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5.
- ^ "About". darulifta-deoband.com. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ Majumdar, Bappa (1 June 2008). "Darool-Uloom Deoband issues fatwa against terror". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ Dash, Kamala Kanta. "The Fatwa against Terrorism: Indian Deobandis Renounce Violence but Policing Remains Unchanged" (PDF). Radicalisation Crossing Borders International Conference, Melbourne, Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2021.
- ^ "Coming, fatwa against terrorism". Hindustan Times. 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ "Deoband first: A fatwa against terror". The Times of India. 1 June 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ "Darul Uloom Farangimahal fatwa Rushdie Jaipur visit. Siasat.com
- ^ Cleric seeks apology from Rushdie.[permanent dead link] Kashmir monitor.org 19 January 2012.
- ^ "Young Muslim women fume at Deoband diktat." Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine News-views.India.
- ^ "archive.ph". archive.ph. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ^ "Insurance policy is un-Islamic: Deoband." Archived 21 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Express India
- ^ "Deoband issues fatwa banning photography as un-Islamic – Times Of India". 14 September 2013. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ^ "Child rights body seeks FIR against Deoband's Darul Uloom over Ghazwa-e-Hind fatwa". Hindustan Times. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ "Child rights body seeks action against Darul Uloom Deoband over Ghazwa-e-Hind fatwa". India Today. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ "Child rights body seeks action over 'anti-India' fatwa on website of Darul Uloom Deoband". The Indian Express. 23 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ "Women watching football is un-Islamic, rules Darul Uloom". theweek.in. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
- ^ "Islamic seminary Darul Uloom Deoband issues fatwa banning Muslim women from grooming eyebrows". Firstpost. 8 October 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
- ^ "Why Indian Deobandis Are Quiet on Women Education Ban?". Hasht e Subh. 18 February 2023.
- ^ "Why Indian Deobandis Are Quiet on Women's Education Ban?; By Manish Rai". www.pakistanchristianpost.com. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
- ^ Raju, S (17 May 2024). "Darul Uloom bans entry of women, says they made reels; activists say unfair". Hindustan Times.
- ^ "UP Islamic seminary Darul Uloom lifts ban on women's entry, veils compulsory". India Today. 10 November 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
- ^ "After 6 months: Deoband seminary lifts ban on women visitors, imposes conditions". Hindustan Times. 10 November 2024.
- ^ Rizwi, Syed Mehboob, History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband, vol. 2, translated by Murtaz Hussain F Quraishi, p. 167
- ^ Abantika Ghosh (25 July 2011). "Vastanvi axed as Darul V-C for praising Modi". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ "Maulana Mufti Abul Qasim Nomani, New Acting Mohtamim of Darul Uloom Deoband". DEOBAND ONLINE. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rizwi, Syed Mehboob (November 1981). "Arbab-e-Ehtemam". History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband (PDF). Vol. 2. Translated by Prof. Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi (1st ed.). Idara-e-Ehtemam, Dar al-Ulum Deoband. pp. 164–178. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ Rizwi 1981, p. 173.
- ^ Ernst, Carl W.; Martin, Richard C. (27 November 2012). Rethinking Islamic Studies: From Orientalism to Cosmopolitanism. ISBN 978-1-61117-231-7. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ Mufti Taqi Usmani (April 2007). "Qari Muhammad Tayyab". Nuqoosh-e-Raftgaan (in Urdu). Karachi: Maktabatul Maarif. pp. 193–194.
- ^ Tayyib, Qari Muhammad (June 1965). Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Sad-Sāla Zindagi [Centenary Life of Darul Uloom Deoband] (in Urdu) (1st ed.). Deoband: VC Office, Darul Uloom. pp. 96, 101.
- ^ Qasmi, Muhammadullah (October 2020). Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh (in Urdu) (2nd ed.). India: Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy. pp. 583, 585, 747, 750. OCLC 1345466013.
- ^ Amini, Noor Alam Khalil (June 2010). Pas-e-Marg Zindah (in Urdu) (3rd ed.). Deoband: Idara Ilm-o-Adab. pp. 159, 173.
- ^ a b Ghosh, Abantika (24 July 2011). "Vastanvi axed as Darul V-C for praising Modi". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 September 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
- ^ Ameeni K. (ed.) Al-Da'ee/Ad-Da'ee.
- ^ Qaasmi H. (ed.) Maah Namah Darul 'Uloom.
- ^ 'Alwi K. (ed.) Aaeenah
External links
[edit]
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