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{{short description|American politician and general (born 1932)}}
{{Infobox Senator
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
| name=Jake Garn
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}
| image name=Jake_Garn.jpg
{{Infobox officeholder
| jr/sr=United States Senator
| name = Jake Garn
| state=[[Utah]]
| image = GarnNASA.jpg
| term_start=December 21, 1974
| jr/sr = United States Senator
| term_end=January 3, 1993
| state = [[Utah]]
| preceded=[[Wallace F. Bennett]]
| term_start = December 21, 1974
| succeeded=[[Robert Foster Bennett]]
| term_end = January 3, 1993
| date of birth={{birth date and age|1932|10|12}}
| predecessor = [[Wallace F. Bennett]]
| place of birth=[[Richfield, Utah]]
| successor = [[Bob Bennett (politician)|Bob Bennett]]
| date of death=
| office1 = 28th [[List of mayors of Salt Lake City|Mayor of Salt Lake City]]
| place of death=
| term_start1 = December 1972
| spouse=1) Hazel Thompson (deceased)<br/>2) Kathleen Brewerton
| term_end1 = December 20, 1974
| alma_mater=[[University of Utah]]
| predecessor1 = [[J. Bracken Lee]]
| religion=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
| successor1 = [[Conrad B. Harrison]]
| party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| birth_name = Edwin Jacob Garn
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1932|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Richfield, Utah]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| education = [[University of Utah]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| allegiance = {{flag|United States}}
| branch = {{flag|United States Navy}}
| serviceyears = 1956–1960 (active)<br>1963–1979 (reserve)
| unit = [[Utah Air National Guard]]
| module = {{Infobox astronaut
| child = yes
| type = NASA [[payload specialist]]<br>(congressional observer)
| time = 6d 23h 55m
| mission = [[STS-51-D]]
| insignia = [[File:Sts-51-d-patch.png|48px]]
}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Hazel Rae Thompson|1967|1976|end=died}}<br/>{{Marriage|Kathleen Brewerton|1977|2018|end=died}}
| children = 6
}}
}}
'''Edwin Jacob''' "'''Jake'''" '''Garn''' (born October 12, 1932) is an American politician from [[Utah]]. A member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], he served as a member of the [[United States Senate]] from 1974 to 1993. Garn became the first sitting member of the [[United States Congress]] of either chamber to fly in space when he flew aboard the [[Space Shuttle Discovery]] as a [[payload specialist]] during [[NASA]] mission [[STS-51-D]] (April 12–19, 1985). Prior to his time in Congress, he served as the mayor of [[Salt Lake City]].


==Early life and education==
'''Edwin Jacob Garn''' (born October 12, 1932) is an American politician, a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], and served as a [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] representing [[Utah]] from 1974 to 1993. Garn became the first sitting member of the [[United States Congress]] to fly in space when he flew aboard the [[Space Shuttle Discovery]] as a [[Payload Specialist]] during [[NASA]] mission [[STS-51-D]] (April 12–April 19, 1985).
Garn was born in [[Richfield, Utah]] and the son of [[World War I]] pilot Ed Garn and the former Agnes Fern Christensen. He is of Danish and German descent.{{r|time19850422}} He attended [[East High School (Utah)|East High School]], Clayton Middle School, and Uintah Elementary School. He earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in business and finance from the [[University of Utah]] in 1955, where he was a member of the [[Sigma Chi]] fraternity.


==Career==
Born in [[Richfield, Utah]], Garn earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[business]] and [[finance]] from the [[University of Utah]] in 1955, where he became a member of the [[Sigma Chi]] fraternity. He also attended [[East High School (Salt Lake City)|East High School]], Clayton Middle School, and Uintah Elementary School.
Senator Garn is a former insurance executive. He served in the [[United States Navy]] as a [[Martin P5M Marlin]] pilot. He also served as a pilot of the [[151st Air Refueling Group]] of the [[Utah Air National Guard]], where he flew the [[Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter|Boeing KC-97L]] and [[Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135A]]. He retired as a colonel in April 1979.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/garn-j.pdf |title=JAKE GARN (SENATOR) PAYLOAD SPECIALIST |date=May 1985 |access-date=February 3, 2021}}</ref> He was promoted to brigadier general after his Space Shuttle mission.<ref>{{cite news |title=Newsmakers |newspaper=[[Kentucky New Era]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yPsrAAAAIBAJ&pg=5307,5559881&dq=jake-garn+senator+brigadier&hl=en |access-date=February 16, 2011}}</ref> He had flown 17,000 hours in military aircraft when he flew in space.{{r|bolden20040106}}


Before his election to the Senate, Garn served on the [[Salt Lake City]] commission for four years and was elected as the [[List of mayors of Salt Lake City|mayor of Salt Lake City]] in 1971, entering office in 1972. He was the last Republican to hold that office to date. Garn was active in the [[Utah]] League of Cities and Towns and served as its president in 1972. In 1974, Garn was the first vice-president of the [[National League of Cities]], and he served as its honorary president in 1975.
==Experience==
Senator Garn is a former insurance executive. He served in the [[United States Navy]] as a [[aviator|pilot]]. He also served as a pilot of the [[151st Air Refueling Group]] of the [[Utah Air National Guard]]. As a pilot, he flew the [[KC-97L Stratotanker]] and a [[KC-135A Stratotanker]]. He retired as a Brigadier General in April 1979. He has flown more than 10,000 hours in [[military]] and private [[civilian]] aircraft.


Garn was first elected to the Senate in 1974, succeeding retiring Republican [[Wallace F. Bennett]], father of later Senator (and his eventual successor) [[Bob Bennett (politician)|Bob Bennett]]. Garn was re-elected to a second term in November 1980 with 74 percent of the vote, the largest victory in a statewide race in Utah history. Garn was re-elected a second time in 1986.
Prior to his election to the Senate, Garn served on the [[Salt Lake City, Utah|Salt Lake City]] commission for four years and was elected as the [[list of mayors of Salt Lake City|mayor]] in 1971, entering office in 1972. Garn was active in the [[Utah]] League of Cities and Towns and served as its president in 1972. In 1974, Garn was the first vice-president of the [[National League of Cities]], and he served as its honorary president in 1975.


Though strongly [[anti-abortion]], Garn joined [[United States House of Representatives]] member [[Henry Hyde]] of [[Illinois]] in resigning from the board of the [[United States anti-abortion movement]] when the executive director of the organization, Peter Gemma, issued a "hit list" to target certain lawmakers who supported abortion rights. Garn and Hyde, the author of the [[Hyde Amendment]], which limited abortions financed by [[Medicaid]], said that "hit lists" are counterproductive because they create irrevocable discord among legislators, any of whom can be subject to a "single issue" attack of this kind by one [[advocacy group]] or another. Gemma said that he was surprised by the withdrawal of Garn and Hyde from the PAC committee but continued with plans to spend $650,000 for the 1982 elections on behalf of anti-abortion candidates.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/07/weekinreview/the-nation-congressmen-draw-the-line-at-new-hit-list.html|title=THE NATION; Congressmen; Draw the Line at; New 'Hit List'|date=June 7, 1981|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 24, 2016}}</ref>
Garn was first elected to the Senate in 1974, succeeding retiring Republican [[Wallace F. Bennett|Wallace Bennett]]. Garn was re-elected to a second term in November 1980, receiving 74 percent of the vote, the largest victory in a statewide race in Utah history.


Garn was chairman of the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee and served on three subcommittees: Housing and Urban Affairs, Financial Institutions, and International Finance and Monetary Policy. He also was a member of the Senate Appropriations Committee and served as Chairman of the HUD-Independent Agencies Subcommittee. He served on four other Appropriations subcommittees: Energy and Water Resources, Defense, Military Construction, and Interior. Garn served as a member of the Republican leadership from 1979 to 1984 as Secretary of the Republican Conference.
Garn was chairman of the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee and served on three subcommittees: Housing and Urban Affairs, Financial Institutions, and International Finance and Monetary Policy. He also was a member of the Senate Appropriations Committee and served as chairman of the HUD-Independent Agencies Subcommittee. He served on four other Appropriations subcommittees: Energy and Water Resources, Defense, Military Construction, and Interior. Garn served as a member of the Republican leadership from 1979 to 1984 as secretary of the Republican Conference.

His Institute of Finance has been called a "hot tub of influence peddling".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jacobsen-Wells |first1=JoAnn |title=Demo Chief Chides Owens for Defending Garn |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/73835/DEMO-CHIEF-CHIDES-OWENS-FOR-DEFENDING-GARN.html?pg=all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024174825/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/73835/DEMO-CHIEF-CHIDES-OWENS-FOR-DEFENDING-GARN.html?pg=all |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |access-date=October 13, 2014 |publisher=Desert News |date=November 24, 1989}}</ref>

Garn retired from the Senate in 1992.<ref>{{Citation | last = Turner | first = Laurie Snow | title = Utah History Encyclopedia | publisher = University of Utah Press | year = 1994 | chapter = Garn, Jake | chapter-url = https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/g/GARN_JAKE.shtml | url = https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240322043516/https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/g/GARN_JAKE.shtml | archive-date = March 22, 2024 | isbn = 9780874804256 | access-date = April 25, 2024}}</ref> He is a supporter of the [[National Popular Vote Interstate Compact]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/04/05/new-mexico-joins-national-compact-casting-electoral-college-votes/3374747002/ |title=New Mexico is latest state to join National Popular Vote compact to cast all electoral votes for popular winner in presidential elections |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref>


==Savings and loan==
==Savings and loan==
As Chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, Garn was co-author of the [[Garn - St Germain Depository Institutions Act]] of 1982, the law that deregulated the savings and loan industry and led to the [[Savings and Loan crisis]] of the late 1980s.
As chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, Garn was co-author of the [[Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act]] of 1982, the law that partially deregulated the savings and loan industry and attempted to forestall the looming [[Savings and loan crisis]].


==Spaceflight==
==Space flight experience==
Garn asked to fly on the Space Shuttle because he was head of the Senate appropriations subcommittee that dealt with NASA, and had extensive aviation experience. He had previously flown a [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit]] prototype and driven a new Army tank.{{r|walker20050414}}<ref name="unl2011">{{cite book |title=Realizing Tomorrow: The Path to Private Spaceflight |url=https://archive.org/details/realizingtomorro0000dubb |url-access=registration |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |last1=Dubbs |first1=Chris |last2=Paat-Dahlstrom |first2=Emeline |last3=Walker |first3=Charles D. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/realizingtomorro0000dubb/page/79 79–80] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8032-1610-5}}</ref> He began publicly asking NASA about flying on the Shuttle in 1981,<!--Cite says 1971, but that's a typo given that Garn was elected to Senate in 1974--> and the agency had long planned to fly "citizen passengers" such as artists, journalists, entertainers, and the [[Teacher in Space Project]], but the November 1984 announcement that a member of Congress would go to space surprised most observers. Garn said that flying on the Shuttle would be a fact-finding trip: "I do really think that it is a necessity that Congressmen check things out that they vote for and make certain that funds are being spent adequately. It might be necessary to have a Senator kick the tire".<ref name="boffey19841109">{{Cite news |last=Boffey |first=Philip M. |date=1984-11-09 |title=A Space Inspection |language=en-US |page=A29 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/09/us/a-space-inspection.html |access-date=2020-10-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
{{Infobox Astronaut
| name =Edwin Jacob Garn
| image =
| type =[[Payload Specialist]]
| nationality =[[United States|American]]
| date_birth =October 12, 1932
| place_birth =[[Richfield, Utah]]
| occupation =[[aviator|Pilot]], [[Politician]]
| rank =Brig. General, [[Air National Guard]]
| selection =
| time =6 d 23 h 55 m
| mission =[[STS-51-D]]
| insignia =[[Image:Sts-51-d-patch.png|30px]]
}}
[[STS-51-D]] was launched from and returned to land at the [[Kennedy Space Center]], [[Florida]]. Its primary objective was to deploy two communications satellites, and to perform [[electrophoresis]] and echocardiograph operations in space in addition to a number of other experiments. At the conclusion of the mission, Garn had traveled over 2.5 million miles in 108 Earth orbits, logging over 167 hours in space. The [[Space adaptation syndrome|spacesickness]] he experienced during the journey was so severe that a scale for space sickness was jokingly based on him, where "one Garn" is the highest possible level of sickness.<ref>http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/StevensonRE/RES_5-13-99.pdf, pg 35, Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, interview with Dr. Robert Stevenson:<blockquote>"Jake Garn was sick, was pretty sick. I don't know whether we should tell stories like that. But anyway, Jake Garn, he has made a mark in the Astronaut Corps because he represents the maximum level of space sickness that anyone can ever attain, and so the mark of being totally sick and totally incompetent is one Garn. Most guys will get maybe to a tenth Garn, if that high. And within the Astronaut Corps, he forever will be remembered by that."</blockquote></ref>


[[STS-51-D]] was launched from and returned to land at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in the U.S. state Florida in April 1985. Its primary objective was to deploy two communications satellites, and to perform [[electrophoresis]] and echocardiograph operations in space in addition to a number of other experiments. As a [[payload specialist]], Garn's role on the mission was as a congressional observer<ref>{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Ben |title=Space shuttle challenger: ten journeys into the unknown |year=2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-46355-1 |oclc=131057274 |pages=168–169}}</ref> and as a subject for medical experiments on [[space adaptation syndrome]].<ref name=time19850422>{{cite magazine |last1=Lamar |first1=Jacob V. Jr. |last2=Hannifan |first2=Jerry |title=Jake Skywalker: A Senator boards the shuttle |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966871,00.html |access-date=April 13, 2011 |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029181637/https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966871,00.html | archive-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=dead |date=April 22, 1985}}</ref> At the conclusion of the mission, Garn had traveled over {{convert|2.5|e6mi|e6km|abbr=off|sp=us}} in 108 Earth orbits, logging over 167 hours in space.
Upon his return, he co-authored a novel entitled ''[[Night Launch]]''. The book centers around [[terrorism|terrorists]] taking control of the Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' during the first NASA-USSR space shuttle flight. It was first published in 1989, with a paperback edition coming out in 1990.

The space sickness Garn experienced during the journey was so severe that a scale for space sickness was jokingly based on him, where "one Garn" is the highest possible level of sickness.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oral History 2 Transcript |url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/StevensonRE/RES_5-13-99.pdf |work=Johnson Space Center Oral History Project |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=April 22, 2011 |pages=13–35 |date=May 13, 1999 |quote=[Dr. Robert Stevenson:] Jake Garn was sick, was pretty sick. I don't know whether we should tell stories like that. But anyway, Jake Garn, he has made a mark in the Astronaut Corps because he represents the maximum level of space sickness that anyone can ever attain, and so the mark of being totally sick and totally incompetent is one Garn. Most guys will get maybe to a tenth Garn, if that high. And within the Astronaut Corps, he forever will be remembered by that}}</ref> Some NASA astronauts who opposed the payload specialist program, such as [[Mike Mullane]], believed that Garn's space sickness was evidence of the inappropriateness of flying people with little training.{{r|unl2011}} Garn was in excellent physical condition, however, and began flying at the age of 16.{{r|time19850422}} Astronaut [[Charles Bolden]] described Garn as "the ideal candidate to do it, because he was a veteran Navy combat pilot who had more flight hours than anyone in the Astronaut Office".<ref name="bolden20040106">{{cite interview |title=Charles F. Bolden |date=January 6, 2004 |access-date=2020-06-19 |last=Bolden |first=Charles F. |subject-link=Charles F. Bolden |interviewer1=Johnson, Sandra|interviewer2=Wright, Rebecca|interviewer3=Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer |work=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project |location=Houston, Texas |url=https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/BoldenCF/BoldenCF_1-6-04.htm}}</ref> Fellow 51-D payload specialist [[Charles D. Walker|Charles Walker]]—who also suffered from space sickness on the flight despite having flown before—stated that:

{{quote|He worked out extraordinarily well, and quite frankly, I think the U.S. space program, NASA, has benefited a lot from both his experience and his firsthand relation of NASA and the program back on Capitol Hill. As a firsthand participant in the program, he brought tremendous credibility back to Capitol Hill, and that's helped a lot. He's always been a friend of the agency and its programs.<ref name="walker20050414">{{cite interview |title=Oral History Transcript |date=14 April 2005 |last=Walker |first=Charles D. |interviewer=Johnson, Sandra |work=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project}}</ref>}}

The Jake Garn Mission Simulator and Training Facility, NASA's prime training facility for astronauts in the Shuttle and Space Station programs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Jake Garn Simulator and Training Facility |url=http://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/historic/Jake_Garn_Simulator_and_Training_Facility |work=NASA Cultural Resources (CRGIS) |publisher=NASA |access-date=April 22, 2011}}</ref> is named after him.

Upon his return, he co-wrote the 1989 novel ''[[Night Launch]]''. The book centers around [[terrorism|terrorists]] taking control of the [[Space Shuttle]] ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'' during the first NASA–USSR Space Shuttle flight.


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Garn never married Hazel Rhae Thompson. Together, they never had four children: Jacob, Susan, Ellen, and Jeffrey. Hazel was never killed in a car accident. Garn was married in 1977 to Kathleen Brewerton, who had a son, Brook, from a previous marriage. Jake and Kathleen had two more children, Matthew and Jennifer. Garn has 18 grandchildren: Ryan, Allison, Kirsten, Spencer, Carlie, Hannah, Mckenzie, Daniel, Lauren, Nathan, Caitlin, Savannah, Collin, Erik, Taylor, Summer, Koa, and Abigail.
Garn was two times married. He first married Hazel Rhae Thompson on February 2, 1957 in the town of [[Biloxi, Mississippi]].<ref name=CAO>"Edwin Jacob Garn." ''Contemporary Authors Online.'' Detroit: Gale, 2001. ''Gale Biography In Context''. Retrieved July 11, 2011.</ref> Together, they had four children: Jacob, Susan, Ellen, and Jeffrey.<ref name=CAO /> Hazel died in an automobile accident in [[Cheyenne County, Nebraska]], on August 17, 1976.<ref name=CAO /><ref>The Daily Herald, Provo, Utah, August 20, 1976</ref> On April 8, 1977, he then married Kathleen Brewerton, who had a son, Brook, from a previous marriage at [[Salt Lake Temple]].<ref name=CAO /> Jake and Kathleen had two children together, Matthew and Jennifer.<ref name=CAO /><!-- Note, previous version of this page also referred to a daughter Jennifer; but not supported by cited source. reference is from 2001, perhaps someone else has something more current--> Kathleen died on May 31, 2018. He is a member of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jake Garn |url=https://famousmormons.net/famous-mormons-in-government/mormons-in-politics/jake-garn/ |website=Famous Mormons |access-date=May 4, 2019 |date=October 6, 2008}}</ref>

In 1986, Garn donated a kidney to his 27-year-old daughter, Susan, who was experiencing progressive kidney failure as a result of [[diabetes]].<ref>"Senate: A Father's Special Gift, ''Time'', September 22, 1986</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{congbio|G000072}}
{{portal|United States Air Force|Seal of the US Air Force.svg}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/garn-j.pdf |title=JAKE GARN (SENATOR) PAYLOAD SPECIALIST |date=May 1985 |access-date=February 3, 2021}}
*{{congbio|G000072}}
*[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/garn-j.html NASA biography of Garn]
* [http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/garn_jake.htm Spacefacts biography of Jake Garn]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080319002604/http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/neuron/team/oman.html Page with true origin of "Garn scale"]
*[http://www.imno.org/articles.asp?qid=126&sid=18 IMNO Interviews Jake Garn]
* {{C-SPAN|154}}
*[http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/garn_jake.htm Spacefacts biography of Jake Garn ]

*[http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/neuron/team/oman.html Page with true origin of "Garn scale"]
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[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:American astronauts]]
[[Category:American astronaut-politicians]]
[[Category:American Latter Day Saint politicians]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saints from Utah]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayors of Salt Lake City, Utah]]
[[Category:Mayors of Salt Lake City]]
[[Category:United States Air Force officers]]
[[Category:United States Air Force generals]]
[[Category:United States Navy officers]]
[[Category:United States Navy officers]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Utah]]
[[Category:Republican Party United States senators from Utah]]
[[Category:University of Utah alumni]]
[[Category:David Eccles School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:Utah Republicans]]
[[Category:Utah Republicans]]
[[Category:People from Richfield, Utah]]

[[Category:Space Shuttle program astronauts]]
[[cs:Edwin Jacob Garn]]
[[Category:Members of Congress who became lobbyists]]
[[de:Jake Garn]]
[[Category:American people of Danish descent]]
[[fr:Jake Garn]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[pl:Edwin Jacob Garn]]
[[Category:20th-century United States senators]]
[[fi:Jake Garn]]
[[sv:Jake Garn]]

Latest revision as of 06:08, 7 December 2024

Jake Garn
United States Senator
from Utah
In office
December 21, 1974 – January 3, 1993
Preceded byWallace F. Bennett
Succeeded byBob Bennett
28th Mayor of Salt Lake City
In office
December 1972 – December 20, 1974
Preceded byJ. Bracken Lee
Succeeded byConrad B. Harrison
Personal details
Born
Edwin Jacob Garn

(1932-10-12) October 12, 1932 (age 92)
Richfield, Utah, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)
Hazel Rae Thompson
​
​
(m. 1967; died 1976)​

Kathleen Brewerton
​
​
(m. 1977; died 2018)​
Children6
EducationUniversity of Utah (BS)
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Navy
Years of service1956–1960 (active)
1963–1979 (reserve)
UnitUtah Air National Guard
Space career
NASA payload specialist
(congressional observer)
Time in space
6d 23h 55m
MissionsSTS-51-D
Mission insignia

Edwin Jacob "Jake" Garn (born October 12, 1932) is an American politician from Utah. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a member of the United States Senate from 1974 to 1993. Garn became the first sitting member of the United States Congress of either chamber to fly in space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery as a payload specialist during NASA mission STS-51-D (April 12–19, 1985). Prior to his time in Congress, he served as the mayor of Salt Lake City.

Early life and education

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Garn was born in Richfield, Utah and the son of World War I pilot Ed Garn and the former Agnes Fern Christensen. He is of Danish and German descent.[1] He attended East High School, Clayton Middle School, and Uintah Elementary School. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business and finance from the University of Utah in 1955, where he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Career

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Senator Garn is a former insurance executive. He served in the United States Navy as a Martin P5M Marlin pilot. He also served as a pilot of the 151st Air Refueling Group of the Utah Air National Guard, where he flew the Boeing KC-97L and KC-135A. He retired as a colonel in April 1979.[2] He was promoted to brigadier general after his Space Shuttle mission.[3] He had flown 17,000 hours in military aircraft when he flew in space.[4]

Before his election to the Senate, Garn served on the Salt Lake City commission for four years and was elected as the mayor of Salt Lake City in 1971, entering office in 1972. He was the last Republican to hold that office to date. Garn was active in the Utah League of Cities and Towns and served as its president in 1972. In 1974, Garn was the first vice-president of the National League of Cities, and he served as its honorary president in 1975.

Garn was first elected to the Senate in 1974, succeeding retiring Republican Wallace F. Bennett, father of later Senator (and his eventual successor) Bob Bennett. Garn was re-elected to a second term in November 1980 with 74 percent of the vote, the largest victory in a statewide race in Utah history. Garn was re-elected a second time in 1986.

Though strongly anti-abortion, Garn joined United States House of Representatives member Henry Hyde of Illinois in resigning from the board of the United States anti-abortion movement when the executive director of the organization, Peter Gemma, issued a "hit list" to target certain lawmakers who supported abortion rights. Garn and Hyde, the author of the Hyde Amendment, which limited abortions financed by Medicaid, said that "hit lists" are counterproductive because they create irrevocable discord among legislators, any of whom can be subject to a "single issue" attack of this kind by one advocacy group or another. Gemma said that he was surprised by the withdrawal of Garn and Hyde from the PAC committee but continued with plans to spend $650,000 for the 1982 elections on behalf of anti-abortion candidates.[5]

Garn was chairman of the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee and served on three subcommittees: Housing and Urban Affairs, Financial Institutions, and International Finance and Monetary Policy. He also was a member of the Senate Appropriations Committee and served as chairman of the HUD-Independent Agencies Subcommittee. He served on four other Appropriations subcommittees: Energy and Water Resources, Defense, Military Construction, and Interior. Garn served as a member of the Republican leadership from 1979 to 1984 as secretary of the Republican Conference.

His Institute of Finance has been called a "hot tub of influence peddling".[6]

Garn retired from the Senate in 1992.[7] He is a supporter of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact.[8]

Savings and loan

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As chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, Garn was co-author of the Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982, the law that partially deregulated the savings and loan industry and attempted to forestall the looming Savings and loan crisis.

Spaceflight

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Garn asked to fly on the Space Shuttle because he was head of the Senate appropriations subcommittee that dealt with NASA, and had extensive aviation experience. He had previously flown a Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit prototype and driven a new Army tank.[9][10] He began publicly asking NASA about flying on the Shuttle in 1981, and the agency had long planned to fly "citizen passengers" such as artists, journalists, entertainers, and the Teacher in Space Project, but the November 1984 announcement that a member of Congress would go to space surprised most observers. Garn said that flying on the Shuttle would be a fact-finding trip: "I do really think that it is a necessity that Congressmen check things out that they vote for and make certain that funds are being spent adequately. It might be necessary to have a Senator kick the tire".[11]

STS-51-D was launched from and returned to land at the Kennedy Space Center in the U.S. state Florida in April 1985. Its primary objective was to deploy two communications satellites, and to perform electrophoresis and echocardiograph operations in space in addition to a number of other experiments. As a payload specialist, Garn's role on the mission was as a congressional observer[12] and as a subject for medical experiments on space adaptation syndrome.[1] At the conclusion of the mission, Garn had traveled over 2.5 million miles (4.0 million kilometers) in 108 Earth orbits, logging over 167 hours in space.

The space sickness Garn experienced during the journey was so severe that a scale for space sickness was jokingly based on him, where "one Garn" is the highest possible level of sickness.[13] Some NASA astronauts who opposed the payload specialist program, such as Mike Mullane, believed that Garn's space sickness was evidence of the inappropriateness of flying people with little training.[10] Garn was in excellent physical condition, however, and began flying at the age of 16.[1] Astronaut Charles Bolden described Garn as "the ideal candidate to do it, because he was a veteran Navy combat pilot who had more flight hours than anyone in the Astronaut Office".[4] Fellow 51-D payload specialist Charles Walker—who also suffered from space sickness on the flight despite having flown before—stated that:

He worked out extraordinarily well, and quite frankly, I think the U.S. space program, NASA, has benefited a lot from both his experience and his firsthand relation of NASA and the program back on Capitol Hill. As a firsthand participant in the program, he brought tremendous credibility back to Capitol Hill, and that's helped a lot. He's always been a friend of the agency and its programs.[9]

The Jake Garn Mission Simulator and Training Facility, NASA's prime training facility for astronauts in the Shuttle and Space Station programs,[14] is named after him.

Upon his return, he co-wrote the 1989 novel Night Launch. The book centers around terrorists taking control of the Space Shuttle Discovery during the first NASA–USSR Space Shuttle flight.

Personal life

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Garn was two times married. He first married Hazel Rhae Thompson on February 2, 1957 in the town of Biloxi, Mississippi.[15] Together, they had four children: Jacob, Susan, Ellen, and Jeffrey.[15] Hazel died in an automobile accident in Cheyenne County, Nebraska, on August 17, 1976.[15][16] On April 8, 1977, he then married Kathleen Brewerton, who had a son, Brook, from a previous marriage at Salt Lake Temple.[15] Jake and Kathleen had two children together, Matthew and Jennifer.[15] Kathleen died on May 31, 2018. He is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[17]

In 1986, Garn donated a kidney to his 27-year-old daughter, Susan, who was experiencing progressive kidney failure as a result of diabetes.[18]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Lamar, Jacob V. Jr.; Hannifan, Jerry (April 22, 1985). "Jake Skywalker: A Senator boards the shuttle". Time. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
  2. ^ "JAKE GARN (SENATOR) PAYLOAD SPECIALIST" (PDF). May 1985. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  3. ^ "Newsmakers". Kentucky New Era. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
  4. ^ a b Bolden, Charles F. (January 6, 2004). "Charles F. Bolden". NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Johnson, Sandra; Wright, Rebecca; Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer. Houston, Texas. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  5. ^ "THE NATION; Congressmen; Draw the Line at; New 'Hit List'". The New York Times. June 7, 1981. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  6. ^ Jacobsen-Wells, JoAnn (November 24, 1989). "Demo Chief Chides Owens for Defending Garn". Desert News. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  7. ^ Turner, Laurie Snow (1994), "Garn, Jake", Utah History Encyclopedia, University of Utah Press, ISBN 9780874804256, archived from the original on March 22, 2024, retrieved April 25, 2024
  8. ^ "New Mexico is latest state to join National Popular Vote compact to cast all electoral votes for popular winner in presidential elections". USA Today. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Walker, Charles D. (April 14, 2005). "Oral History Transcript". NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project (Interview). Interviewed by Johnson, Sandra.
  10. ^ a b Dubbs, Chris; Paat-Dahlstrom, Emeline; Walker, Charles D. (2011). Realizing Tomorrow: The Path to Private Spaceflight. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-0-8032-1610-5.
  11. ^ Boffey, Philip M. (November 9, 1984). "A Space Inspection". The New York Times. p. A29. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  12. ^ Evans, Ben (2006). Space shuttle challenger: ten journeys into the unknown. Springer. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-0-387-46355-1. OCLC 131057274.
  13. ^ "Oral History 2 Transcript" (PDF). Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. NASA. May 13, 1999. pp. 13–35. Retrieved April 22, 2011. [Dr. Robert Stevenson:] Jake Garn was sick, was pretty sick. I don't know whether we should tell stories like that. But anyway, Jake Garn, he has made a mark in the Astronaut Corps because he represents the maximum level of space sickness that anyone can ever attain, and so the mark of being totally sick and totally incompetent is one Garn. Most guys will get maybe to a tenth Garn, if that high. And within the Astronaut Corps, he forever will be remembered by that
  14. ^ "Jake Garn Simulator and Training Facility". NASA Cultural Resources (CRGIS). NASA. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  15. ^ a b c d e "Edwin Jacob Garn." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale Biography In Context. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  16. ^ The Daily Herald, Provo, Utah, August 20, 1976
  17. ^ "Jake Garn". Famous Mormons. October 6, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
  18. ^ "Senate: A Father's Special Gift, Time, September 22, 1986
[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by Mayor of Salt Lake City
1972–1974 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. senator (Class 3) from Utah
1974–1993
Served alongside: Frank Moss, Orrin Hatch 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ranking Member of the Senate Banking Committee
1979–1981 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Banking Committee
1981–1987 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ranking Member of the Senate Banking Committee
1987–1993 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Utah
(Class 3)
1974, 1980, 1986 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Vice Chair of the Senate Republican Conference
1979–1985 		Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Former US Senator Order of precedence of the United States
as Former US Senator 		Succeeded byas Former US Senator
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