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{{short description|1975 song by Led Zeppelin}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox song
{{Infobox song
| Name = Kashmir
| name = Kashmir
| Cover =
| artist = [[Led Zeppelin]]
| Artist = [[Led Zeppelin]]
| album = [[Physical Graffiti]]
| Album = [[Physical Graffiti]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1975|02|24}}
| recorded = October 1973, February 1974; April–May 1974 (?), November 1974{{sfn|Guesdon|Margotin|2018|p=392}}
| Released = 24 February 1975
| studio = [[Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio]], [[Headley Grange]], Hampshire; [[Olympic Studios|Olympic]], London{{sfn|Guesdon|Margotin|2018|p=392}}
| track_no = 6
| Recorded = 1974
| genre =
* [[Progressive rock]]{{sfn|Macan|1997|p=154}}
| Genre = [[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]], [[hard rock]]
* [[hard rock]]<ref name="VH1"/>
| Length = 8:29
| Label = [[Swan Song Records|Swan Song]]
| length = 8:37
| label = [[Swan Song Records|Swan Song]]
| writer =
| Writer = [[Jimmy Page|Page]], [[Robert Plant|Plant]], [[John Bonham|Bonham]]
*[[John Bonham]]
| Producer = [[Jimmy Page]]
*[[Jimmy Page]]
| prev = "[[Trampled Under Foot]]"
*[[Robert Plant]]
| prev_no = 5
| next = "[[In the Light]]"
| producer = Jimmy Page
| next_no = 7
}}
}}
"'''Kashmir'''" is a song by the [[England|English]] [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Led Zeppelin]] from their sixth album ''[[Physical Graffiti]]'', released in 1975. It was written by [[Jimmy Page]] and [[Robert Plant]] (with contributions from [[John Bonham]]) over a period of three years, with the lyrics dating back to 1973.


"'''Kashmir'''" is a song by the English [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Led Zeppelin]]. Featured on their sixth studio album ''[[Physical Graffiti]]'' (1975), it was written by [[Jimmy Page]] and [[Robert Plant]] with contributions from [[John Bonham]] over a period of three years with lyrics dating to 1973. [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] was late arriving to the studio for the recording sessions, so did not receive a writers credit.
==Overview==
The song centres around a signature chord progression [[guitar riff]], which first appeared on Page's home-studio work tapes.<ref name=complete /> It was initially created in a tuning, an extension of a guitar-cycle that Page had been working on for years. This was the same cycle that produced "[[Black Mountain Side]]," "[[White Summer]]" and the unreleased track, "Swan-song."<ref name=complete /> As bass player and keyboardist [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] had been late for the recording sessions, Page used the time to work on the riff with drummer [[John Bonham]]. The two [[demo (music)|demo]]ed it late in 1973.<ref name=Complete>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> Plant later added the middle section and in early 1974 Jones added all the string parts.<ref name=complete /><ref name=Complete />


The song became a concert staple, performed by the band at almost every concert after its release. It has been described as one of Led Zeppelin's two most overtly [[Progressive rock|progressive]] epics (the other being "[[Stairway to Heaven]]").{{sfn|Macan|1997|p=154}}
The guitar was played in an [[guitar tuning|alternative guitar tuning]]: the strings are tuned to 'Open Dsus4' or [[DADGAD]]. Bonham's drums feature a [[phasing]] effect courtesy of an early Eventide phaser supplied by engineer [[Ron Nevison]].<ref>Guitar World, May 2005</ref> Plant has stated that Bonham's drumming is the key to the song: "It was what he didn't do that made it work".<ref name=complete />


==Composition==
The song also includes many distinctive musical patterns of classical Moroccan, Indian and Middle Eastern music. Page explained that "I had a sitar for some time and I was interested in modal tunings and Arabic stuff. It started off with a riff and then employed Eastern lines underneath."<ref name = "Welch" />
Page uses a [[guitar tuning]] of [[DADGAD|D–A–D–G–A–D]], which he had used for the instrumentals "[[White Summer]]" and "[[Black Mountain Side]]".{{sfn|Popoff|2018|p=155}}{{sfn|Lewis|2010|loc=eBook}} The song [[Polymeter|combines different rhythmic meters]]: the guitar riff is in [[triple meter]], while the vocal is in [[quadruple meter]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Karl D. |url=http://rockhall.com:80/education/resources/lesson-plans/sti-lesson-44 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106013634/http://rockhall.com/education/resources/lesson-plans/sti-lesson-44 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2013 |title=STI Lesson 44 – Compositional Techniques |website=[[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] |access-date=4 August 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Plant felt that the drumming was an important component of the song and that Bonham did not overplay his part.{{sfn|Crowe|1993|p=17}}


Page recorded a [[demo (music)|demo version]] with drummer Bonham late in 1973, when [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] was late for the recording sessions. Plant later added lyrics and a middle section; in early 1974, Jones added orchestration.{{sfn|Crowe|1993|p=17}}{{sfn|Lewis|2010|loc=eBook}} Session players were brought in for the string and horn sections{{sfn|Lewis|2010|loc=eBook}} and Jones added a [[Mellotron]] part.{{sfn|Yorke|1993|p=178}}
Orchestral brass and strings with electric guitar and [[mellotron]] strings are also used in the song. This is one of the few Led Zeppelin songs to use outside musicians. Session players were brought in for the string and horn sections.<ref name=Complete /> According to Jones, "the secret of successful keyboard string parts is to play only the parts that a real string section would play. That is, one line for the First Violins, one line for Second Violins, one for Violas, one for Cellos, one for Basses. Some divided parts [two or more notes to a line] are allowed, but keep them to a minimum. Think melodically".<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/jpjkeys/mellotron.html John Paul Jones' Mellotron<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


The lyrics were written by Plant in 1973 immediately after Led Zeppelin's [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1973|1973 US tour]].{{sfn|Lewis|2010|loc=eBook}} None of the group members had visited [[Kashmir]].<ref name=burroughs>[[William S. Burroughs]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20071014170854/http://www.geocities.com/thoea2004/LedZeppelinRockMagic.html Rock Magic: Jimmy Page, Led Zeppelin, and a Search for the Elusive Stairway to Heaven], ''[[Crawdaddy!]]'', June 1975.</ref> Instead, Plant was inspired during a drive through a desolate desert area of southern [[Morocco]].{{sfn|Crowe|1993|p=17}}{{sfn|Lewis|2010|loc=eBook}}
The lyrics to the song - originally called "Driving to Kashmir" - were written by Plant in 1973 immediately after Led Zeppelin's [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1973|1973 US Tour]], in an area he called "the waste lands"<ref name = "Welch" /> of Southern Morocco, while driving from [[Goulimine]] to [[Tantan]] in the [[Sahara Desert]].<ref name=complete /><ref name=Complete /> This was despite the fact that the song is named for [[Kashmir]], a region in the northernmost part of [[India]].<ref name=RS2006>{{cite journal |last=Gilmore |first=Mikal |title=The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin |journal=Rolling Stone |issue=1006 |date=10 August 2006 |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/11027261/the_long_shadow_of_led_zeppelin/print |accessdate=2007-12-09 }}</ref> As Plant explained to rock journalist [[Cameron Crowe]]:


==Live performances==
{{quote|The whole inspiration came from the fact that the road went on and on and on. It was a single-track road which neatly cut through the desert. Two miles to the East and West were ridges of sandrock. It basically looked like you were driving down a channel, this dilapidated road, and there was seemingly no end to it. 'Oh, let the sun beat down upon my face, stars to fill my dreams...' It's one of my favourites...that, '[[All My Love (song)|All My Love]]' and '[[In the Light]]' and two or three others really were the finest moments. But 'Kashmir' in particular. It was so positive, lyrically.<ref name=complete />}}
"Kashmir" was played live at almost every [[Led Zeppelin concerts|Led Zeppelin concert]] after its debut in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ledzeppelin.com/timelinebrowse |title=Led Zeppelin Shows |website=Led Zeppelin.com (official website) |date=16 December 1968 |access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref> A version from [[Knebworth Festival 1979|Knebworth in 1979]] appears on the ''[[Led Zeppelin DVD]]'' (2003).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/led-zeppelin-dvd-box-set-mw0000996637 |title=Led Zeppelin [DVD Box Set] – Review |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref> The surviving members performed the song at the [[Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary]] concert in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ledzeppelin.com/event/may-14-1988 |title=Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary |website=Led Zeppelin.com (official website) |date=14 May 1988 |access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref>


[[Page and Plant]] recorded a longer, live version, with an Egyptian/Moroccan orchestra for ''[[No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded]]'' (1994)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/no-quarter-mw0000169788 |title=Page & Plant: No Quarter – Review |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref> and performed the song with an orchestra on their 1995 tour.
Plant has also commented on the challenges he faced in writing lyrics for such a complex piece of music:


Led Zeppelin, with John Bonham's son [[Jason Bonham|Jason]] on drums, performed "Kashmir" at [[Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert|Led Zeppelin's reunion show]] at [[The O2 arena (London)|The O<sub>2</sub>]], London on 10 December 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ledzeppelin.com/show/december-10-2007 |title=Led Zeppelin The O2 Arena - December 10, 2007 |website=Led Zeppelin.com (official website) |date=15 October 2007 |access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref> That rendition – released on ''[[Celebration Day (film)|Celebration Day]]'' in 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/celebration-day-mw0002423203 |title=Led Zeppelin: Celebration Day – Review |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref> – was nominated in 2014 for the [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance]] at the [[56th Annual Grammy Awards|56th Grammys]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.grammy.com/sites/com/files/press-release/pdf/56nomsfinalrelease_final_.pdf |title=2014 Nominees |website=[[The Recording Academy]] |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> {{"'}}Kashmir' actually isn't that difficult", Page remarked during rehearsals for the show. "But it helps to have a drummer who understands the part and a bass player who can [[Bass pedals|play bass with his feet]]. Sometimes it sounds like John's got three feet. It's intense."<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Sandall |last=Sandall |title=The Q interview |magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]] |issue=258 |date=January 2008|page=42}}</ref>
{{quote|It was an amazing piece of music to write to, and an incredible challenge for me ... Because of the time signature, the whole deal of the song is… not grandiose, but powerful: it required some kind of epithet, or abstract lyrical setting about the whole idea of life being an adventure and being a series of illuminated moments. But everything is not what you see. It was quite a task, ’cause I couldn’t sing it. It was like the song was bigger than me. It’s true: I was petrified, it’s true. It was painful; I was virtually in tears..<ref name=hottest100>"[http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100_alltime/countdown/cd_91-100.htm Hottest 100 of All Time]", [[Triple J]], [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]].</ref>}}


==Reception==
In an interview he gave to [[William S. Burroughs]] in 1975, Page mentioned that at the time the song was composed, none of the band members had even been to Kashmir.<ref name=burroughs>[[William S. Burroughs]], [http://www.geocities.com/thoea2004/LedZeppelinRockMagic.html Rock Magic: Jimmy Page, Led Zeppelin, and a Search for the Elusive Stairway to Heaven], ''[[Crawdaddy!]]'', June 1975.</ref>
All four members of Led Zeppelin have agreed that "Kashmir" is one of their best musical achievements.{{sfn|Yorke|1993|p=178}} John Paul Jones suggested that it showcases all of the elements that made up the Led Zeppelin sound.{{sfn|Crowe|1993|p=17}} Led Zeppelin archivist Dave Lewis comments:
{{blockquote|Unquestionably the most startling and impressive track on ''Physical Graffiti'', and arguably the most progressive and original track that Led Zeppelin ever recorded. "Kashmir" went a long way towards establishing their credibility with otherwise skeptical rock critics. Many would regard this track as the finest example of the sheer majesty of Zeppelin's special chemistry.{{sfn|Lewis|2010|loc=eBook}}}}


In a retrospective review of ''Physical Graffiti ([[Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition#Physical Graffiti|Deluxe Edition]])'', Brice Ezell of ''[[PopMatters]]'' described "Kashmir" as ''Physical Graffiti''{{'}}s "quintessential track".<ref name="pop matters">{{cite web |last1=Ezell |first1=Brice |title=Led Zeppelin: Physical Graffiti (Deluxe Edition) |url=https://www.popmatters.com/review/190943-led-zeppelin-physical-graffiti-deluxe-edition/ |website=PopMatters |access-date=28 July 2017 |date=27 February 2015}}</ref> Ezell called "Kashmir"'s "doomy [[ostinato]] riff and rapturous post-chorus brass/mellotron section" as "inimitable moments in the legacy of [[classic rock]]".<ref name="pop matters" />
The song runs for 8:28, a length that radio stations usually consider too long to play. However, upon its release radio stations had no problem playing "Kashmir," especially after seeing "[[Stairway to Heaven]]", which was almost as long, do so well. (Original LP releases of ''Physical Graffiti'' incorrectly list the song's length as 9:41.)

==Live performances==
"Kashmir" was played live at almost every [[Led Zeppelin concerts|Led Zeppelin concert]] from its debut in 1975. One live version, from Led Zeppelin's performance at [[Knebworth Festival 1979|Knebworth in 1979]], is featured on disc 2 of the ''[[Led Zeppelin DVD]]''. This performance came from the band's first show at the venue, on 4 August. The former members of Led Zeppelin also performed "Kashmir" at the [[Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary]] concert in 1988. It was again performed at [[Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert|Led Zeppelin's reunion show]] at the [[The O2 arena (London)|The O<sub>2</sub>]], [[London]] on 10 December 2007.

When the band performed the song live, Robert Plant would switch the last verse with the second verse after singing the first verse normally. The third verse would also be sung normally in its original spot. When Led Zeppelin came together for Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary, Robert accidentally sang the second verse twice. He admitted to doing this by singing "Oh father of the four winds fill my sails (again) across the sea of years" during the fourth verse. He never ended up singing the third verse ("Oh pilot of the storm...") before the mistake. However, he did sing "With talk and song from tongues..." during the third verse while trying to correct it by singing "I will return again..." half way through.

Plant, known generally for his improvision while performing live, would ad lib a lot during live performances of "Kashmir". He would add in "sweet mama", "slowly dyin'", "now just a minute", "sweet darlin'", and he would stutter the words "baby" and "mama". He would also end that section with "there's no denyin' what ma gunna do yeah."

[[Page and Plant]] recorded another live version of "Kashmir" in 1994, released on their album ''[[No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded]]''. For this arrangement, they added an orchestra and Egyptian musicians.


==Accolades==
==Accolades==
All four members of Led Zeppelin have agreed that "Kashmir" is one of their best musical achievements.<ref>Led Zeppelin: The Definitive Biography by Ritchie Yorke</ref> [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] suggested that it showcases all of the elements that made up the Led Zeppelin sound.<ref name=complete>Liner notes by [[Cameron Crowe]] for ''[[The Complete Studio Recordings (Led Zeppelin album)|The Complete Studio Recordings]]''.</ref> Plant has stated that "Kashmir" is the "definitive Led Zeppelin song",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=assorted3 |title=Led Zeppelin Assorted Info |author=Led-Zeppelin.org}}</ref> and that it "was one of my favourite [Led] Zeppelin tracks because it possessed all the latent energy and power that wasn't heavy metal. It was something else. It was the pride of Led Zeppelin."<ref name="Welch">Chris Welch (1994) ''Led Zeppelin'', London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-85797-930-3, p. 76.</ref> During a television interview in January 2008, he also named "Kashmir" as his first choice of all Led Zeppelin songs that he would perform, commenting "I'm most proud of that one".<ref>[http://www.tightbutloose.co.uk/main.html Tight But Loose: News]</ref> Page has indicated he thinks that the song is one of the band's best compositions.<ref name=Schulps>Dave Schulps, [http://www.iem.ac.ru/zeppelin/docs/interviews/page_77.trp Interview with Jimmy Page], ''[[Trouser Press]]'', October 1977.</ref>

Led Zeppelin expert Dave Lewis describes "Kashmir" as:

{{quote|Unquestionably the most startling and impressive track on ''Physical Graffiti'', and arguably the most progressive and original track that Led Zeppelin ever recorded. 'Kashmir' went a long way towards establishing their credibility with otherwise sceptical rock critics. Many would regard this track as the finest example of the sheer majesty of Zeppelin's special chemistry.<ref name=Complete />}}

The song is listed highly in a number of professional music rankings:
The song is listed highly in a number of professional music rankings:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
{|class="wikitable sortable"
Line 63: Line 52:
! Accolade
! Accolade
! Year
! Year
!align="center"|Rank
! style="text-align:center;"|Rank
|-
|-
| "Classic Rock"
| ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]''
| US
| United States
| "The Top Fifty Classic Rock Songs of All Time"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/50.html#CLASSIC ROCK SONGS|title=The Top Fifty Classic Rock Songs of All Time - 1995|accessdate=2009-02-10|publisher=Jacobs Media}}</ref>
| "The Top Fifty Classic Rock Songs of All Time"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/50.html |title=The Top Fifty Classic Rock Songs of All Time - 1995 |publisher=Jacobs Media |access-date=10 February 2009}}</ref>
| 1995
| 1995
| 20
| 20
|-
|-
| "[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]"
| ''Classic Rock''
| UK
| United Kingdom
| "Ten of the Best Songs Ever!!.. (Bubbling under)"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/50.html#ten|title=Ten of the Best Songs Ever!.. (Bubbling under) - September 1999|accessdate=2009-02-10|publisher=''Classic Rock''}}</ref>
| "Ten of the Best Songs Ever!!.. (Bubbling under)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/50.html#ten |title=Ten of the Best Songs Ever!.. (Bubbling under) - September 1999 |access-date=10 February 2009 |publisher=Classic Rock}}</ref>
| 1999
| 1999
| 23
| 23
|-
|-
| [[VH1]]
| [[VH1]]
| US
| United States
| "The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1436393/20000107/story.jhtml |title=The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time - July 2000|accessdate=2009-02-10 |work=VH1}}</ref>
| "The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1436393/20000107/story.jhtml |title=The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time - July 2000 |access-date=10 February 2009 |work=VH1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408042358/http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1436393/20000107/story.jhtml |archive-date=8 April 2009 }}</ref>
| 2000
| 2000
| 62
| 62
|-
|-
| ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| US
| United States
| "[[The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]]"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/_/id/6596661/500songs |title=The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time - November 2003|accessdate=2009-02-10 |work=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>
| "[[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]]"<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/_/id/6596661/500songs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121052340/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/_/id/6596661/500songs |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2004 |title=The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time - November 2003 |access-date=10 February 2009 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>
| 2003
| 2010
| 140
| 141
|-
| ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| US
| "[[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]]"<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/led-zeppelin-kashmir-2-1225190/|title=Kashmir #148|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=15 September 2021 }}</ref>
| 2021
| 148
|-
|-
| ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]''
| ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]''
| US
| United States
| "Standout Tracks from the 500 CDs You Must Own"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/S2588.htm |title=Standout Tracks from the 500 CDs You Must Own - 2003 |accessdate=2009-02-10 |work=Blender}}</ref>
| "Standout Tracks from the 500 CDs You Must Own"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/S2588.htm |title=Standout Tracks from the 500 CDs You Must Own - 2003 |access-date=10 February 2009 |work=Blender |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215040255/http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/S2588.htm |archive-date=15 February 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| 2003
| 2003
| *
| *
|-
|-
| ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''
| ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''
| UK
| United Kingdom

| "1010 Songs You Must Own!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/q1010songs.htm |title=1010 Songs You Must Own! Q50 – #2: Air Guitar - September 2004|accessdate=2009-02-10 |work=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]}}</ref>
| "1010 Songs You Must Own!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/q1010songs.htm |title=1010 Songs You Must Own! Q50 – #2: Air Guitar - September 2004 |access-date=10 February 2009 |work=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]}}</ref>
| 2004
| 2004
| *
| *
|-
|-
| ''Q''
| ''Q''
| UK
| United Kingdom
| "Ultimate Music Collection - Rock"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qcollection.htm |title=Ultimate Music Collection: Rock - April 2005 |accessdate=2009-02-10 |work=Q}}</ref>
| "Ultimate Music Collection - Rock"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qcollection.htm |title=Ultimate Music Collection: Rock - April 2005 |access-date=10 February 2009 |work=Q}}</ref>
| 2005
| 2005
| *
| *
|-
|-
| ''Q''
| ''Q''
| UK
| United Kingdom
| "100 Greatest Songs of All Time"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlistspage3.htm#100 greatest songs |title=100 Greatest Songs of All Time - October 2006 |accessdate=2009-02-10 |work=Q}}</ref>
| "100 Greatest Songs of All Time"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlistspage3.htm |title=100 Greatest Songs of All Time - October 2006 |access-date=10 February 2009 |work=Q}}</ref>
| 2006
| 2006
| 74
| 74
|-
|-
| [[VH1]]
| [[VH1]]
| US
| United States
| "VH1 Greatest Hard Rock Songs"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://music.spreadit.org/vh1-top-100-hard-rock-songs |title=VH1 Greatest Hard Rock Songs - January 2009|accessdate=2009-02-10 |work=VH1}}</ref>
| "VH1 Greatest Hard Rock Songs"<ref name="VH1">{{cite web |url=http://music.spreadit.org/vh1-top-100-hard-rock-songs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827204354/http://music.spreadit.org/vh1-top-100-hard-rock-songs/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 August 2010 |title=VH1 Greatest Hard Rock Songs - January 2009 |access-date=10 February 2009 |work=VH1}}</ref>
| 2009
| 2009
| 21
| 21
|-
| [[Triple J|JJJ]]
| Australia
| "Hottest 100 of All Time"<ref name="triplej-100">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100_alltime/countdown/cd_91-100.htm |title=Hottest 100 - Of All Time |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref>
| 2009
| 98
|-
|}
|}


<small>(*) designates unordered lists.</small>
<small>(*) designates unordered lists</small>


==Charts and certifications==
==Influence==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
{{trivia|date=December 2009}}
|+Single (digital download)
* The tune was [[sampling (music)|sampled]] by [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]] (now known as Diddy) in his song "[[Come with Me (Puff Daddy song)|Come With Me]]" from the soundtrack to the movie ''[[Godzilla (1998 film)|Godzilla]]'' (1998), which featured [[Jimmy Page]], who endorsed Combs' adaptation, appears in the video and also played it with him on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''.
* The opening riff of the song "[[Wake Up (Rage Against the Machine song)|Wake Up]]" by [[Rage Against the Machine]] is adapted from the opening chords of Kashmir.
* Snippets of the song were used in the [[The X Factor (UK series 3)|X Factor series 3]] and in the German TV show [[TV Total]].
* Since mid-2006, the wrestling company [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] has used an instrumental remix of "Kashmir" for one of the top superstars of that company, [[Kevin Nash]].
* The song was employed on the soundtrack to the French 1977 action-adventure film ''Le Crabe-Tambour'' (''The Drummer Crab'').<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075885/soundtrack ''Le Crabe-Tambour'' soundtrack]</ref>
* The song is sampled in the D12 song "Fight music"
* In the movie ''[[Ocean's Twelve|Ocean's 12]]'', Linus ([[Matt Damon]]) requests to play a more central role in the heist and convinces Danny ([[George Clooney]]) and Rusty ([[Brad Pitt]]) to let him join them in the meeting with a contact named Matsui. In the meeting, Matsui, Danny and Rusty speak in a strange, metaphorical code-language. When it comes to Linus's turn to say something, who is already baffled as he cannot understand what the other are saying, he can't think of anything so he recites the first two lines of the song. However, Matsui takes this as an insult and Linus is forced to wait outside for the remainder of the interview. When Danny and Rusty come outside afterwards, Rusty asks him "Kashmir?"
* In the movie ''[[Fast Times at Ridgemont High]]'', when Mike Damone tells Mark Ratner "when it comes down to making out, whenever possible, put on side one of Led Zeppelin IV", "Kashmir" can be heard playing in Mark's ([[Brian Backer]]) car while he is on a date.
* In an episode of [[The Late Late Show With Craig Ferguson]], [[Craig Ferguson]] brought out a monkey puppet named Cronus that said that he was going to perform Kashmir that evening, but he forgot the words due to taking too many drugs in the 1970s.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUE0YG6WRm0]
* Mixed Martial Artist Randy Couture used the song as entrance music for his bout against Brandon Vera at UFC 105.
</ref>
* Philadelphia Phillies second basemen [[Chase Utley]] uses the song as his batter introductory music at home games.
* Musician [[William Joseph (musician)|William Joseph]] covers this song on his [[Within (William Joseph album)|Within]] album.

== Formats and tracklistings ==
'''1975 7" single''' <small>(Thailand: Atlantic T 026)</small>
*A. "Kashmir" (Bonham, Page, Plant) 8:28
*B1. "Boogie with Stu" (Bonham, Jones, Page, Plant, Stewart, Mrs. Valens) 3:51
*B2. "Black Country Woman" (Page, Plant) 4:24

== Chart positions ==
=== Single (Digital download) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Chart (2007)
| UK Singles Chart<ref name="UK singles chart">{{cite web |url=http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=33557 |title=UK Top Singles - 24 November 2007 |work=chartstats.com |accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Peak position
|align="center"|80
|-
|-
! scope="row" | UK Singles Chart{{efn|The official [[UK Singles Chart]] incorporated legal downloads as of 17 April 2005.}}
| Swiss Singles Chart<ref name="Swiss singles chart">{{cite web |url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Led+Zeppelin&titel=Kashmir&cat=s |title=Top 100 Singles - 25 November 2007 |work=hitparade.ch |accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
| 80
|align="center"|64
|-
|-
| US ''Billboard'' Hot Digital Songs Chart<ref name="US digital songs chart">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=395&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Hot+Digital+Songs&ci=3088348&cdi=9518543&cid=12%2F01%2F2007 |title=Hot 100 Digital Songs - 1 December 2007 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
! scope="row" | Swiss Singles Chart<ref name="Swiss singles chart">{{cite web |url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Led+Zeppelin&titel=Kashmir&cat=s |title=Top 100 Singles - 25 November 2007 |work=hitparade.ch |access-date=19 January 2009}}</ref>
| 64
|align="center"|42
|-
|-
| US ''Billboard'' Hot Digital Tracks Chart<ref name="US digital tracks chart">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=362&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Hot+Digital+Tracks&ci=3088349&cdi=9518625&cid=12%2F01%2F2007 |title=Hot 100 Digital Tracks - 1 December 2007 |work=Billboard |accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
! scope="row" | US ''Billboard'' Hot Digital Songs Chart<ref name="US digital songs chart">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/2007-12-01/digital-songs |title=Hot 100 Digital Songs - 1 December 2007 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard.com]] |access-date=19 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116062747/http://www.billboard.com/charts/2007-12-01/digital-songs |archive-date=16 January 2015}}</ref>
| 42
|align="center"|49
|-
|-
| Canadian ''Billboard'' Hot Digital Singles Chart<ref name="Canadian digital singles chart">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=346&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Hot+Canadian+Digital+Singles&ci=3088339&cdi=9518198&cid=12%2F01%2F2007 |title=Hot Digital Singles - 1 December 2007 |work=Billboard |accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
! scope="row" | US ''Billboard'' Hot Digital Tracks Chart<ref name="US digital tracks chart">{{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/led-zeppelin/chart-history/hot-digital-tracks |title=Hot 100 Digital Tracks - 1 December 2007 |work=Billboard.com |access-date=19 January 2009 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121092328/https://www.billboard.com/artist/led-zeppelin/chart-history/hot-digital-tracks/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|align="center"|33
| style="text-align:center;"|49
|-
|-
! scope="row" | Canadian ''Billboard'' Hot Digital Singles Chart<ref name="Canadian digital singles chart">{{cite web |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=led zeppelin|chart=Hot Canadian Digital Singles}} |title=Hot Digital Singles - 1 December 2007 |work=Billboard.com |access-date=19 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908195814/http://www.billboard.com/artist/306805/led%2Bzeppelin/chart?f=346 |archive-date=8 September 2013 |df=dmy}}</ref>
| 33
|}
|}


'''Certifications'''
<small>Note: The official [[UK Singles Chart]] incorporated legal downloads as of 17 April 2005.</small>
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry |region=Italy |award=Gold |type=single |artist=Led Zeppelin |title=Kashmir |relyear=2011}}
{{Certification Table Entry |region=United Kingdom |award=Silver |type=single |artist=Led Zeppelin |title=Kashmir |relyear=2007 |certyear=2020 |id=16468-2162-1 |access-date=12 June 2020}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|noshipments=true|streaming=true}}


==Sources==
==Copyright issue==
The 1988 [[Schoolly D]] song "[[Signifying Rapper]]", which samples "Kashmir", was the target of lawsuits following its use in the 1992 film ''[[Bad Lieutenant]]''.<ref name="tobias">{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/content/node/22601 |title=Interview: Abel Ferrara |date=27 November 2002 |last=Tobias |first=Scott |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |publisher=[[The Onion|Onion]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211170233/http://www.avclub.com/articles/abel-ferrara%2C13793/ |archive-date=11 February 2009 }}</ref> In 1994, Page and Plant successfully sued [[HBO|Home Box Office]] to have the song removed from televised showings of the film<ref>Jeffrey, Don. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=LQgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=plant+page+oust+song&pg=PA12 Plant, Page Oust Song From Film]", ''Billboard'', 5 March 1994: 12</ref> and Live Home Video and distributor Aries Film Releasing were ordered to destroy any unsold copies of ''Bad Lieutenant'' as part of a [[copyright infringement]] ruling.<ref name="sandler">Sandler, Adam (14 December 1994). Live Must Destroy 'Bad' Vids Sez Judge. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''</ref>
*Lewis, Dave (2004) ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', ISBN 0-7119-3528-9
*Welch, Chris (1998) ''Led Zeppelin: Dazed and Confused: The Stories Behind Every Song'', ISBN 1-56025-818-7


==References==
==Personnel==
According to Jean-Michel Guesdon and Philippe Margotin:{{sfn|Guesdon|Margotin|2018|p=392}}

* [[Robert Plant]] – vocals
* [[Jimmy Page]] – electric guitars (six- and twelve-string)
* [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] – bass, [[Mellotron]]
* [[John Bonham]] – drums
* Unidentified musicians: strings and brass

==See also==
*[[List of cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs]]{{snd}}"Kashmir" entries

==Notes==
'''Footnotes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

'''References'''
*{{cite AV media notes |title=[[The Complete Studio Recordings (Led Zeppelin album)|The Complete Studio Recordings]] |others=[[Led Zeppelin]] |year=1993 |last=Crowe |first=Cameron |author-link=Cameron Crowe |type=Boxed set booklet |publisher=[[Atlantic Records]] |id=82526-2 |location=New York City |OCLC=29660775 }}
*{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Dave |title=Led Zeppelin: The Complete Guide to Their Music |location=London |publisher=[[Omnibus Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0857121356 }}
*{{cite book |last=Macan |first=Edward |title=Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture |url=https://archive.org/details/rockingclassicse0000maca |url-access=registration |year=1997 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0195098884 }}
*{{cite book |last=Popoff |first=Martin |title=Led Zeppelin: All the Albums, All the Songs |publisher=Voyageur Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0760363775 }}
*{{cite book |last=Yorke |first=Ritchie |author-link=Ritchie Yorke |title=Led Zeppelin: The Definitive Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/ledzeppelindefin0000york |url-access=registration |year=1993 |location=Lancaster, PA |publisher=Underwood-Miller |isbn=0-88733-177-7 }}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|first1=Jean-Michel|last1=Guesdon|first2=Philippe|last2=Margotin|year=2018|title=Led Zeppelin All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track|publisher=[[Running Press]]|isbn=978-0-316-448-67-3}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.ledzeppelin.com/video/kashmir-celebration-day "Kashmir" at LedZeppelin.com]
*[http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=410036929&search_in=i&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=20&start=1 ASCAP entry]
*{{YouTube|hW_WLxseq0o|"Kashmir" (live at Knebworth 1975)}}
*[http://ledzeppelin.com/video/kashmir-l-3-25-75 "Kashmir" at ledzeppelin.com]


{{Led Zeppelin songs}}
{{Physical Graffiti}}
{{Led Zeppelin}}
{{Led Zeppelin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}


{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmir (Song)}}
[[Category:1975 songs]]
[[Category:1975 songs]]
[[Category:Led Zeppelin songs]]
[[Category:Led Zeppelin songs]]
[[Category:British progressive rock songs]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Jimmy Page]]
[[Category:Songs written by Jimmy Page]]
[[Category:Songs written by Jimmy Page]]
[[Category:Songs written by Robert Plant]]
[[Category:Songs written by John Bonham]]
[[Category:Songs written by John Bonham]]
[[Category:Songs written by Robert Plant]]

[[cs:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir in fiction]]
[[Category:Songs about India]]
[[de:Kashmir (Lied)]]
[[es:Kashmir (canción)]]
[[fr:Kashmir (chanson)]]
[[it:Kashmir (brano musicale)]]
[[ja:カシミール (曲)]]
[[pl:Kashmir (Led Zeppelin)]]
[[pt:Kashmir (música)]]
[[ru:Kashmir]]
[[fi:Kashmir (kappale)]]
[[sv:Kashmir (sång)]]

Latest revision as of 05:52, 20 November 2024

"Kashmir"
Song by Led Zeppelin
from the album Physical Graffiti
Released24 February 1975 (1975-02-24)
RecordedOctober 1973, February 1974; April–May 1974 (?), November 1974[1]
StudioRonnie Lane's Mobile Studio, Headley Grange, Hampshire; Olympic, London[1]
Genre
Length8:37
LabelSwan Song
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)Jimmy Page

"Kashmir" is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. Featured on their sixth studio album Physical Graffiti (1975), it was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant with contributions from John Bonham over a period of three years with lyrics dating to 1973. John Paul Jones was late arriving to the studio for the recording sessions, so did not receive a writers credit.

The song became a concert staple, performed by the band at almost every concert after its release. It has been described as one of Led Zeppelin's two most overtly progressive epics (the other being "Stairway to Heaven").[2]

Composition

[edit]

Page uses a guitar tuning of D–A–D–G–A–D, which he had used for the instrumentals "White Summer" and "Black Mountain Side".[4][5] The song combines different rhythmic meters: the guitar riff is in triple meter, while the vocal is in quadruple meter.[6] Plant felt that the drumming was an important component of the song and that Bonham did not overplay his part.[7]

Page recorded a demo version with drummer Bonham late in 1973, when John Paul Jones was late for the recording sessions. Plant later added lyrics and a middle section; in early 1974, Jones added orchestration.[7][5] Session players were brought in for the string and horn sections[5] and Jones added a Mellotron part.[8]

The lyrics were written by Plant in 1973 immediately after Led Zeppelin's 1973 US tour.[5] None of the group members had visited Kashmir.[9] Instead, Plant was inspired during a drive through a desolate desert area of southern Morocco.[7][5]

Live performances

[edit]

"Kashmir" was played live at almost every Led Zeppelin concert after its debut in 1975.[10] A version from Knebworth in 1979 appears on the Led Zeppelin DVD (2003).[11] The surviving members performed the song at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert in 1988.[12]

Page and Plant recorded a longer, live version, with an Egyptian/Moroccan orchestra for No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded (1994)[13] and performed the song with an orchestra on their 1995 tour.

Led Zeppelin, with John Bonham's son Jason on drums, performed "Kashmir" at Led Zeppelin's reunion show at The O2, London on 10 December 2007.[14] That rendition – released on Celebration Day in 2012[15] – was nominated in 2014 for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance at the 56th Grammys.[16] "'Kashmir' actually isn't that difficult", Page remarked during rehearsals for the show. "But it helps to have a drummer who understands the part and a bass player who can play bass with his feet. Sometimes it sounds like John's got three feet. It's intense."[17]

Reception

[edit]

All four members of Led Zeppelin have agreed that "Kashmir" is one of their best musical achievements.[8] John Paul Jones suggested that it showcases all of the elements that made up the Led Zeppelin sound.[7] Led Zeppelin archivist Dave Lewis comments:

Unquestionably the most startling and impressive track on Physical Graffiti, and arguably the most progressive and original track that Led Zeppelin ever recorded. "Kashmir" went a long way towards establishing their credibility with otherwise skeptical rock critics. Many would regard this track as the finest example of the sheer majesty of Zeppelin's special chemistry.[5]

In a retrospective review of Physical Graffiti (Deluxe Edition), Brice Ezell of PopMatters described "Kashmir" as Physical Graffiti's "quintessential track".[18] Ezell called "Kashmir"'s "doomy ostinato riff and rapturous post-chorus brass/mellotron section" as "inimitable moments in the legacy of classic rock".[18]

Accolades

[edit]

The song is listed highly in a number of professional music rankings:

Publication Country Accolade Year Rank
Classic Rock US "The Top Fifty Classic Rock Songs of All Time"[19] 1995 20
Classic Rock UK "Ten of the Best Songs Ever!!.. (Bubbling under)"[20] 1999 23
VH1 US "The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time"[21] 2000 62
Rolling Stone US "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time"[22] 2010 141
Rolling Stone US "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time"[23] 2021 148
Blender US "Standout Tracks from the 500 CDs You Must Own"[24] 2003 *
Q UK "1010 Songs You Must Own!"[25] 2004 *
Q UK "Ultimate Music Collection - Rock"[26] 2005 *
Q UK "100 Greatest Songs of All Time"[27] 2006 74
VH1 US "VH1 Greatest Hard Rock Songs"[3] 2009 21

(*) designates unordered lists

Charts and certifications

[edit]
Single (digital download)
Chart (2007) Peak position
UK Singles Chart[a] 80
Swiss Singles Chart[28] 64
US Billboard Hot Digital Songs Chart[29] 42
US Billboard Hot Digital Tracks Chart[30] 49
Canadian Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart[31] 33

Certifications

Region Certification Certified units/sales
Italy (FIMI)[32] Gold 15,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[33] Silver 200,000‡

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

[edit]

The 1988 Schoolly D song "Signifying Rapper", which samples "Kashmir", was the target of lawsuits following its use in the 1992 film Bad Lieutenant.[34] In 1994, Page and Plant successfully sued Home Box Office to have the song removed from televised showings of the film[35] and Live Home Video and distributor Aries Film Releasing were ordered to destroy any unsold copies of Bad Lieutenant as part of a copyright infringement ruling.[36]

Personnel

[edit]

According to Jean-Michel Guesdon and Philippe Margotin:[1]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

Footnotes

  1. ^ The official UK Singles Chart incorporated legal downloads as of 17 April 2005.

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Guesdon & Margotin 2018, p. 392.
  2. ^ a b Macan 1997, p. 154.
  3. ^ a b "VH1 Greatest Hard Rock Songs - January 2009". VH1. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  4. ^ Popoff 2018, p. 155.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Lewis 2010, eBook.
  6. ^ Robinson, Karl D. "STI Lesson 44 – Compositional Techniques". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d Crowe 1993, p. 17.
  8. ^ a b Yorke 1993, p. 178.
  9. ^ William S. Burroughs, Rock Magic: Jimmy Page, Led Zeppelin, and a Search for the Elusive Stairway to Heaven, Crawdaddy!, June 1975.
  10. ^ "Led Zeppelin Shows". Led Zeppelin.com (official website). 16 December 1968. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  11. ^ "Led Zeppelin [DVD Box Set] – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  12. ^ "Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary". Led Zeppelin.com (official website). 14 May 1988. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  13. ^ "Page & Plant: No Quarter – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  14. ^ "Led Zeppelin The O2 Arena - December 10, 2007". Led Zeppelin.com (official website). 15 October 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  15. ^ "Led Zeppelin: Celebration Day – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  16. ^ "2014 Nominees" (PDF). The Recording Academy. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  17. ^ Sandall, Robert (January 2008). "The Q interview". Q. No. 258. p. 42.
  18. ^ a b Ezell, Brice (27 February 2015). "Led Zeppelin: Physical Graffiti (Deluxe Edition)". PopMatters. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  19. ^ "The Top Fifty Classic Rock Songs of All Time - 1995". Jacobs Media. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  20. ^ "Ten of the Best Songs Ever!.. (Bubbling under) - September 1999". Classic Rock. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  21. ^ "The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time - July 2000". VH1. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  22. ^ "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time - November 2003". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 21 November 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  23. ^ "Kashmir #148". Rolling Stone. 15 September 2021.
  24. ^ "Standout Tracks from the 500 CDs You Must Own - 2003". Blender. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  25. ^ "1010 Songs You Must Own! Q50 – #2: Air Guitar - September 2004". Q. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  26. ^ "Ultimate Music Collection: Rock - April 2005". Q. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  27. ^ "100 Greatest Songs of All Time - October 2006". Q. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  28. ^ "Top 100 Singles - 25 November 2007". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  29. ^ "Hot 100 Digital Songs - 1 December 2007". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  30. ^ "Hot 100 Digital Tracks - 1 December 2007". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  31. ^ "Hot Digital Singles - 1 December 2007". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  32. ^ "Italian single certifications – Led Zeppelin – Kashmir" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Select "Tutti gli anni" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Type "Kashmir" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione".
  33. ^ "British single certifications – Led Zeppelin – Kashmir". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  34. ^ Tobias, Scott (27 November 2002). "Interview: Abel Ferrara". The A.V. Club. Onion. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009.
  35. ^ Jeffrey, Don. "Plant, Page Oust Song From Film", Billboard, 5 March 1994: 12
  36. ^ Sandler, Adam (14 December 1994). Live Must Destroy 'Bad' Vids Sez Judge. Variety

References

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]

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