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{{coord|77|53|20|S|167|5|0|E|display=title}}
<!-- {{coord|77|53|20|S|167|5|0|E|display=title}} -->
{{Infobox SSSI
'''ANDRILL''' ('''AN'''tarctic '''DRILL'''ing Project)<ref Name="ARC">{{cite web | last = Antarctic Research Centre (ARC) | title = What is ANDRILL? | publisher = [[Victoria University of Wellington]], New Zealand | date = 2007-09-27 | url = http://www.victoria.ac.nz/antarctic/research/andrill.aspx | format = Web | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref> is a scientific drilling project in [[Antarctica]] gathering [[paleoclimatology|paleoclimatological]] information about past periods of [[climate change|global warming and cooling]]. The project, formed with lead funding from the National Science Foundation, involves scientists from New Zealand, Italy, Germany, and the United States. Over two Antarctic summers, spanning 2006 - 2008, team members drilled through ice, seawater, sediment and rock to a depth over more than 1,200 meters and recovered a nearly continuous core record from the present to nearly 20 million years ago.<ref>David Harwood and Richard Levy, "ANDRILL's Time Machine," ''Prairie Fire'', Feb. 2008, v.2, no.2</ref> The project is based at [[McMurdo Station]] in Antarctica<ref Name="SunANDRILL">{{cite web | last = Rejcek | first = Peter | title = ANDRILL returns to Antarctica | work = News article | publisher = [[The Antarctic Sun]] | date = 2007-11-01 | url = http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/contentHandler.cfm?id=1265 | format = Web | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref>
|name= ANDRILL
|image= ANDRILL drill site.jpg
|image_caption= Drill Site
|aos= Antarctica
|interest= Drilling
|gridref=
|coordinates = {{coord|-77.888889|167.083333|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
|area= [[Ross Island]]
|notifydate=
|enref=
}}
'''ANDRILL''' ('''AN'''tarctic '''DRILL'''ing Project) is a scientific drilling project in [[Antarctica]] gathering information about past periods of [[Climate change (general concept)|global warming and cooling]].<ref name="ARC">{{cite web|last=|date=2007-09-27|title=What is ANDRILL?|url=http://www.victoria.ac.nz/antarctic/research/andrill.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2007|website=Antarctic Research Centre (ARC)|publisher=[[Victoria University of Wellington]], New Zealand|format=|accessdate=|archive-date=2008-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014212339/http://www.victoria.ac.nz/antarctic/research/andrill.aspx}}</ref>


The project involves scientists from Germany, Italy, [[New Zealand]], and the United States.<ref name="ARC" /><ref name="HarwoodFeb2008" /> The project is based at [[McMurdo Station]] in Antarctica.<ref name="SunANDRILL">{{cite web|last=Rejcek|first=Peter|date=1 November 2007|title=ANDRILL returns to Antarctica|url=http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/contentHandler.cfm?id=1265|url-status=live|work=[[The Antarctic Sun]]|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]|format=|accessdate=2007-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109001207/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/contentHandler.cfm?id=1265|archivedate=9 November 2007 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> At two sites in 2006 and 2007, ANDRILL team members drilled through ice, seawater, sediment and rock to a depth over more than {{Convert|1200|m|abbr=on}} and recovered a virtually continuous core record from the present to nearly 20 million years ago.<ref name="HarwoodFeb2008">{{cite news|last=Hardwood|first=David|author2=Levy|first2=Richard|date=February 2008|title=ANDRILL's time machine: Drilling into Antarctic geological history to predict future climate changes|work=[[Prairie Fire (magazine)|Prairie Fire]]|publisher=Prairie Fire Enterprises, LLC|url=http://www.prairiefirenewspaper.com/2008/02/andrill|url-status=dead|access-date=28 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924080921/http://www.prairiefirenewspaper.com/2008/02/andrill|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
⚫
In studying the cores, ANDRILL scientists are gathering paleoclimatological information about past periods of global warming and cooling. Their goal is to significantly improve the understanding of Antarctica's impact on the world's oceans currents and the atmosphere by reconstructing the behavior of Antarctic sea-ice, ice-shelves, glaciers and sea currents over the past 65 million years.<ref Name="LEARNZ">{{cite web | title = Andrill From Greenhouse to Icehouse | work = A Science, Technology, Social Studies virtual field trip to Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica | publisher = LEARNZ ([[New Zealand Ministry of Education]]) | date = November 2006 | url = http://www.learnz.org.nz/trips06/andrill64.php | format = Web | doi = | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref> Initial results imply rapid changes and dramatically different climates at various times on the southernmost continent.<ref>Quirin Scheirmeier, "Sediment cores reveal Antarctica's warmer past," ''Nature News'', April 24, 2008. </ref>


==Work==
⚫
The $30 million project has achieved its operational goal of retrieving a continuous core record of the last 17 million years, filling crucial gaps left by previous drilling projects.<ref>Alexandra Witze, "School of Rock," ''Nature'', v.446, no.7132, p. 129, March 8, 2007.</ref> Making use of knowledge gained through prior Antarctic drilling projects, ANDRILL employed novel techniques to reach record depths at its two drilling sites. Among the innovations deployed were a hot-water drilling system that allowed for easier ice-boring and a flexible drill pipe that could accommodate tidal oscillations and strong currents. On December 16, 2006, ANDRILL broke the previous record of 999.1 m (3,277.9 ft) set in 2000 by the Ocean Drilling Program's drill ship, the Joides Resolution.[5] Over the 2006-2007 summer season at its offshore site on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, ANDRILL pulled out an Antarctic-record 1,285 m (4,216 ft) of rock core, representing geologic time to about 13 million years ago. In the 2007-2008 summer season, drilling at the Southern McMurdo Sound, ANDRILL scientists recovered 1138 meters (3733.6 ft) of core.
{{Update|part=section|date=July 2021|reason=Needs to represent work post 2007}}
⚫
In studying the cores, ANDRILL scientists from various [[Scientific discipline|disciplines]] are gathering detailed information about past periods of global warming and cooling.<ref name="HarwoodFeb2008" /> A major goal of the project is to significantly improve the understanding of Antarctica's impact on the world's oceans currents and the atmosphere by reconstructing the behavior of Antarctic sea-ice, ice-shelves, glaciers and sea currents over tens of millions of years.<ref name="LEARNZ">{{cite web|date=November 2006|title=Andrill From Greenhouse to Icehouse|url=http://www.learnz.org.nz/trips06/andrill64.php|url-status=dead|work=A Science, Technology, Social Studies virtual field trip to Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica|publisher=LEARNZ ([[New Zealand Ministry of Education]])|format=Web|doi=|accessdate=2007-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307085937/http://www.learnz.org.nz/trips06/andrill64.php|archivedate=2008-03-07}}</ref> When [[sea ice]] forms, it pushes the salt out, creating a mass of cold, salty, dense water that sinks to the bottom of the ocean, creating deep [[ocean current]]s that affect ocean circulation and the distribution of heat worldwide.<ref name="SunANDRILL" /><ref name="UofN111207">
{{cite web|last=|date=2007-10-01|title=2nd ANDRILL season seeking 'Rosetta Stone' for climate history|url=http://ucommxsrv1.unl.edu/unlnews/public/fmpro?-db=unlnews.fp5&-format=newsrelease.shtml&-lay=unlnews&-recid=34322&-find=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017001143/http://ucommxsrv1.unl.edu/unlnews/public/fmpro?-db=unlnews.fp5&-format=newsrelease.shtml&-lay=unlnews&-recid=34322&-find=|archive-date=2007-10-17|work=UNL News Releases|publisher=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]|accessdate=2007-11-12}}
</ref> Initial results imply rapid changes and dramatically different climates at various times on the southernmost continent.<ref name="HarwoodFeb2008" /><ref name="Scheirmeier">Quirin Scheirmeier, "Sediment cores reveal Antarctica's warmer past," ''Nature News'', April 24, 2008.</ref>


⚫
The $30 million project has achieved its operational goal of retrieving a continuous core record of the last 17 million years, filling crucial gaps left by previous drilling projects.<ref>Alexandra Witze, "School of Rock," ''Nature'', v.446, no.7132, p. 129, March 8, 2007.</ref> Making use of knowledge gained through prior Antarctic drilling projects, ANDRILL employed novel techniques to reach record depths at its two drilling sites.{{Cn|date=July 2021}} Among the innovations deployed were a hot-water drilling system that allowed for easier ice-boring and a flexible drill pipe that could accommodate tidal oscillations and strong currents.{{Cn|date=July 2021}}
ANDRILL's scientific research agenda remains underway. One goal in 2006 was to look at a period of around 3 to 5 million years ago in the Pliocene, which scientists know to be warmer. The team’s sedimentologists identified more than 60 cycles when ice sheets or glaciers advanced and retreated across McMurdo Sound.[2] The results of over 50 research projects on the core sediments recovered from the Southern McMurdo Sound are to be discussed and integrated at an international ANDRILL conference in Erice, Italy, in early April 2010.


During the initial season (summer 2006-2007), ANDRILL pulled out an Antarctic-record {{convert|1285|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} of rock core, representing geologic time to about 13 million years ago. On December 16, 2006 ANDRILL broke the previous record of {{convert|999.1|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} set in 2000 by the Ocean Drilling Program's drill ship, the [[Joides Resolution]].<ref Name="UofN">{{cite web | last = Office of University Communications; University of Nebraska-Lincoln | title = ANDRILL project breaks Antarctic drilling record, reaches 1,000 meters | work = News Release | publisher = [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] | date = 2006-12-19 | url = http://ucommxsrv1.unl.edu/unlnews/public/fmpro?-db=unlnews.fp5&-format=newsrelease.shtml&-lay=unlnews&-recid=34004&-find= | format = Web | doi = | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref> One goal in 2006 was to look at a period of around 3 to 5 million years ago in the [[Pliocene]], which scientists know to be warmer. The team’s [[sedimentologist]]s identified more than 60 cycles when ice sheets or [[glacier]]s advanced and retreated across McMurdo Sound.<ref name="SunANDRILL"/>
On December 26, 2006, ANDRILL broke the previous record of {{convert|999.1|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} set in 2000 by the Ocean Drilling Program's drill ship, the [[Joides Resolution]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2006|title=ANDRILL project breaks Antarctic drilling record|url=http://www.scar.org/news/antarctic/2006.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728002542/http://www.scar.org/news/antarctic/2006.html|archive-date=2011-07-28|access-date=2010-03-27|website=Antarctic Science News - archive 2006|df=}}</ref> The record-breaking core measured {{convert|1284.87|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0" /> In 2007, drilling at the Southern McMurdo Sound, ANDRILL scientists recovered another {{Convert|1138|m|abbr=on}} of core.{{Cn|date=July 2021}} One goal in 2006 was to look at a period of around 3 to 5 million years ago in the [[Pliocene]], which scientists know to be warmer.{{Cn|date=July 2021}} The team's [[sedimentologist]]s identified more than 60 cycles in which ice sheets or [[glacier]]s advanced and retreated across McMurdo Sound.<ref name="SunANDRILL" /><ref name="HarwoodJan2008">{{cite web|last=Hardwood & Levy|author2=David Harwood|author3=Richard Levy|date=January 2008|title=ANDRILL: Antarctic geological drilling for climate history|url=http://www.prairiefirenewspaper.com/2008/01/andrill|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317100839/http://www.prairiefirenewspaper.com/2008/01/andrill|archive-date=March 17, 2009|work=News Article|publisher=[[Prairie Fire (magazine)|Prairie Fire]]|format=Web|doi=|authorlink=|accessdate=March 28, 2010}}</ref>


[[File:ANDRILL - showing features.jpg|thumbnail|left|Slide of sediment core]]
==Objective of ANDRILL==
Scientists on the ANDRILL project will be looking for evidence in their sediment cores that will tie together decades of paleoclimate research to get a more complete picture of how the [[Antarctic ice sheet]]s acted in past times of global warmth. The target is the warmest part of the middle [[Miocene]], a time between 14 million and 15 million years ago, when the Earth was much warmer than today.


⚫
Geologist [[David Harwood]], who was principal investigator and co-chief scientist of the 2007 season,<ref name="SunANDRILL" /> explained that understanding what happened in the warm period is especially important as Earth's climate continues to warm:<blockquote>"If we can identify time periods in Antarctica when we had minimal ice and minimal ocean freezing, we can then look at that particular interval of time - and hopefully several examples from those intervals of time — and see how the rest of the world responded. This will provide evidence to confirm or reject a lot of interpretations that have been suggested and linked to Antarctica,"<ref name="UofN111207" /></blockquote>
The geological target for 2007-2008 is the past 17 million years of Earth history, including the 4 million-year gap between the earlier projects, especially during the warm middle Miocene period.

According to geologist [[David Harwood]] of the [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]], understanding what happened in the warm period is especially important as Earth's climate continues to warm. In the past, scientists working in different parts of the world noted changes in their data, they often deduced that these must be due to changes in the ice on Antarctica. with this seasons drilling scientists will be able to make those connections with more certainty.

⚫
"If we can identify time periods in Antarctica when we had minimal ice and minimal ocean freezing, we can then look at that particular interval of time -- and hopefully several examples from those intervals of time — and see how the rest of the world responded. This will provide evidence to confirm or reject a lot of interpretations that have been suggested and linked to Antarctica," he said.

When [[sea ice]] forms, it pushes the salt out, creating a mass of cold, salty, dense water that sinks to the bottom of the ocean, creating deep [[ocean current]]s that affect ocean circulation and the distribution of heat worldwide.<ref Name="UofN111207">{{cite web | last = Office of University Communications; University of Nebraska-Lincoln | title = 2nd ANDRILL season seeking 'Rosetta Stone' for climate history| work = News Release | publisher = [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] | date = 2007-10-01 | url = http://ucommxsrv1.unl.edu/unlnews/public/fmpro?-db=unlnews.fp5&-format=newsrelease.shtml&-lay=unlnews&-recid=34322&-find= | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref>


==Virtual Field Trip==
==Virtual Field Trip==
The New Zealand online education programme, LEARNZ, conducted a virtual field trip to the Ross Sea drill site in late 2007. Over 3500 New Zealand school students joined LEARNZ teacher Darren on this trip. Telephone conferences were held between students and ANDRILL scientists from the drill site and the Crary Laboratory at McMurdo station.<ref Name="Darren">{{cite web | last = | first =Darren | title =Andrill - Term 4, 2007 | work =A Science, Technology, Social Studies virtual field trip to Antarctica 26 Oct - 6 Nov 2007 | publisher =The LEARNZ programme is provided by Heurisko Ltd | date =2007 | url =http://www.learnz.org.nz/enrol/enrolment.php?y=2008&f=more&vft=83 | format =web
The New Zealand online education programme, LEARNZ, conducted a virtual field trip to the Ross Sea drill site in November 2006.<ref name="LEARNZ" /> In 2007, over 3,500 New Zealand school students joined LEARNZ teacher Darren on this trip.{{Cn|date=July 2021}} Telephone conferences were held between students and ANDRILL scientists from the drill site and the Crary Laboratory at McMurdo station.<ref name="Darren">{{cite web|author=Darren|year=2007|title=Andrill - Term 4, 2007|url=http://rata.learnz.org.nz/summary.php?vft=andrill74|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014095822/http://www.learnz.org.nz/enrol/enrolment.php?y=2008&f=more&vft=83|archive-date=14 October 2008|work=A Science, Technology, Social Studies virtual field trip to Antarctica 26 Oct - 6 Nov 2007|publisher=The LEARNZ programme is provided by Heurisko Ltd|doi=|accessdate=2008-03-06|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| doi = | accessdate = 2008-03-06 }}</ref>


==Media coverage==
==Media coverage==
[[NBC]]'s news anchor [[Ann Curry]] reported from the ANDRILL camp at the U.S. McMurdo Base beginning October 2, 2007. <ref Name="Nebraskan">{{cite web | last = Ziegler | first = Adam | title = NBC's 'Today' visits ANDRILL station in Antarctica | work = News article | publisher = [[Daily Nebraskan]] | date = 2007-11-07 | url = http://media.www.dailynebraskan.com/media/storage/paper857/news/2007/11/07/News/Nbcs-today.Visits.Andrill.Station.In.Antarctica-3083428.shtml | format = Web | doi = | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref> The ''[[Today (NBC program)|Today Show]]'' with anchor Ann Curry, reporting for a series called "[[Ends of the Earth]]," had hoped to tape at the [[South Pole]], was held up at McMurdo due to severe weather conditions. The weather broke and about 1 a.m. local time on Friday, Nov. 9, Curry and crew finally touched down at the South Pole. It is not unusual for there to be Flight delays to South Pole in the early part of the austral summer. <ref Name="SunWeather">{{cite web | last = Rejcek | first = Peter | title = Weather delays Pole flights: Last effort to reach 90 degrees south for report on climate change pays off for Today Show crew | work = News Article | publisher = The Antarctic Sun | date = 2007-11-08 | url = http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contentHandler.cfm?id=1271 | format = Web | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref>
[[NBC]]'s news anchor [[Ann Curry]] reported from the ANDRILL camp at the U.S. McMurdo Base for a week beginning October 2, 2007.<ref Name="Nebraskan">{{cite web|last=Ziegler |first=Adam |title=NBC's 'Today' visits ANDRILL station in Antarctica |work=News article |publisher=[[Daily Nebraskan]] |date=2007-11-07 |url=http://media.www.dailynebraskan.com/media/storage/paper857/news/2007/11/07/News/Nbcs-today.Visits.Andrill.Station.In.Antarctica-3083428.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110807084326/http://media.www.dailynebraskan.com/media/storage/paper857/news/2007/11/07/News/Nbcs-today.Visits.Andrill.Station.In.Antarctica-3083428.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-08-07 |format=Web |doi= |accessdate=2007-11-12 }}</ref> Ann Curry, reporting for a series called "Ends of the Earth," had hoped to tape at the [[South Pole]], was held up at McMurdo due to severe weather conditions.<ref name="SunWeather" /> The weather broke and about 1 a.m. local time on Friday, Nov. 9, Curry and crew finally touched down at the South Pole.<ref name="SunWeather" /> It is not unusual for there to be flight delays to South Pole in the early part of the austral summer. <ref Name="SunWeather">{{cite web | last = Rejcek | first = Peter | title = Weather delays Pole flights: Last effort to reach 90 degrees south for report on climate change pays off for Today Show crew | work = News Article | publisher = The Antarctic Sun | date = 2007-11-08 | url = http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contentHandler.cfm?id=1271 | format = Web | accessdate = 2007-11-12 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071125110604/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contentHandler.cfm?id=1271| archivedate= 25 November 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| url-status=live}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|ANDRILL}}
* [http://www.andrill.org/ ANDRILL]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121021032949/http://www.andrill.org/ ANDRILL]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Andrill}}
[[Category:Science and technology in Antarctica]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Antarctica]]
[[Category:University of Nebraska-Lincoln]]
[[Category:University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]
[[Category:McMurdo Station]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Antarctica]]

Latest revision as of 05:56, 3 August 2021

ANDRILL
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Drill Site
ANDRILL is located in Antarctica
ANDRILL
Location within Antarctica
LocationAntarctica
Coordinates77°53′20″S 167°05′00″E / 77.888889°S 167.083333°E / -77.888889; 167.083333
InterestDrilling
AreaRoss Island

ANDRILL (ANtarctic DRILLing Project) is a scientific drilling project in Antarctica gathering information about past periods of global warming and cooling.[1]

The project involves scientists from Germany, Italy, New Zealand, and the United States.[1][2] The project is based at McMurdo Station in Antarctica.[3] At two sites in 2006 and 2007, ANDRILL team members drilled through ice, seawater, sediment and rock to a depth over more than 1,200 m (3,900 ft) and recovered a virtually continuous core record from the present to nearly 20 million years ago.[2]

Work

[edit]

In studying the cores, ANDRILL scientists from various disciplines are gathering detailed information about past periods of global warming and cooling.[2] A major goal of the project is to significantly improve the understanding of Antarctica's impact on the world's oceans currents and the atmosphere by reconstructing the behavior of Antarctic sea-ice, ice-shelves, glaciers and sea currents over tens of millions of years.[4] When sea ice forms, it pushes the salt out, creating a mass of cold, salty, dense water that sinks to the bottom of the ocean, creating deep ocean currents that affect ocean circulation and the distribution of heat worldwide.[3][5] Initial results imply rapid changes and dramatically different climates at various times on the southernmost continent.[2][6]

The $30 million project has achieved its operational goal of retrieving a continuous core record of the last 17 million years, filling crucial gaps left by previous drilling projects.[7] Making use of knowledge gained through prior Antarctic drilling projects, ANDRILL employed novel techniques to reach record depths at its two drilling sites.[citation needed] Among the innovations deployed were a hot-water drilling system that allowed for easier ice-boring and a flexible drill pipe that could accommodate tidal oscillations and strong currents.[citation needed]

On December 26, 2006, ANDRILL broke the previous record of 999.1 m (3,277.9 ft) set in 2000 by the Ocean Drilling Program's drill ship, the Joides Resolution.[8] The record-breaking core measured 1,284.87 m (4,215 ft).[8] In 2007, drilling at the Southern McMurdo Sound, ANDRILL scientists recovered another 1,138 m (3,734 ft) of core.[citation needed] One goal in 2006 was to look at a period of around 3 to 5 million years ago in the Pliocene, which scientists know to be warmer.[citation needed] The team's sedimentologists identified more than 60 cycles in which ice sheets or glaciers advanced and retreated across McMurdo Sound.[3][9]

Slide of sediment core

Geologist David Harwood, who was principal investigator and co-chief scientist of the 2007 season,[3] explained that understanding what happened in the warm period is especially important as Earth's climate continues to warm:

"If we can identify time periods in Antarctica when we had minimal ice and minimal ocean freezing, we can then look at that particular interval of time - and hopefully several examples from those intervals of time — and see how the rest of the world responded. This will provide evidence to confirm or reject a lot of interpretations that have been suggested and linked to Antarctica,"[5]

Virtual Field Trip

[edit]

The New Zealand online education programme, LEARNZ, conducted a virtual field trip to the Ross Sea drill site in November 2006.[4] In 2007, over 3,500 New Zealand school students joined LEARNZ teacher Darren on this trip.[citation needed] Telephone conferences were held between students and ANDRILL scientists from the drill site and the Crary Laboratory at McMurdo station.[10]

Media coverage

[edit]

NBC's news anchor Ann Curry reported from the ANDRILL camp at the U.S. McMurdo Base for a week beginning October 2, 2007.[11] Ann Curry, reporting for a series called "Ends of the Earth," had hoped to tape at the South Pole, was held up at McMurdo due to severe weather conditions.[12] The weather broke and about 1 a.m. local time on Friday, Nov. 9, Curry and crew finally touched down at the South Pole.[12] It is not unusual for there to be flight delays to South Pole in the early part of the austral summer. [12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "What is ANDRILL?". Antarctic Research Centre (ARC). Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. 2007-09-27. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 12 November 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d Hardwood, David; Levy, Richard (February 2008). "ANDRILL's time machine: Drilling into Antarctic geological history to predict future climate changes". Prairie Fire. Prairie Fire Enterprises, LLC. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
  3. ^ a b c d Rejcek, Peter (1 November 2007). "ANDRILL returns to Antarctica". The Antarctic Sun. National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  4. ^ a b "Andrill From Greenhouse to Icehouse". A Science, Technology, Social Studies virtual field trip to Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. LEARNZ (New Zealand Ministry of Education). November 2006. Archived from the original (Web) on 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  5. ^ a b "2nd ANDRILL season seeking 'Rosetta Stone' for climate history". UNL News Releases. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. 2007-10-01. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  6. ^ Quirin Scheirmeier, "Sediment cores reveal Antarctica's warmer past," Nature News, April 24, 2008.
  7. ^ Alexandra Witze, "School of Rock," Nature, v.446, no.7132, p. 129, March 8, 2007.
  8. ^ a b "ANDRILL project breaks Antarctic drilling record". Antarctic Science News - archive 2006. 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
  9. ^ Hardwood & Levy; David Harwood; Richard Levy (January 2008). "ANDRILL: Antarctic geological drilling for climate history". News Article. Prairie Fire. Archived from the original (Web) on March 17, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  10. ^ Darren (2007). "Andrill - Term 4, 2007". A Science, Technology, Social Studies virtual field trip to Antarctica 26 Oct - 6 Nov 2007. The LEARNZ programme is provided by Heurisko Ltd. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
  11. ^ Ziegler, Adam (2007-11-07). "NBC's 'Today' visits ANDRILL station in Antarctica". News article. Daily Nebraskan. Archived from the original (Web) on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  12. ^ a b c Rejcek, Peter (2007-11-08). "Weather delays Pole flights: Last effort to reach 90 degrees south for report on climate change pays off for Today Show crew" (Web). News Article. The Antarctic Sun. Archived from the original on 25 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
[edit]
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