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{{House of Hanover|arms=[[Image:G3 Arms.png|150px]]}}
{{Short description|King of Hanover from 1851 to 1866}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[George V]] of the United Kingdom}}
'''George V, King of Hanover and 2nd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, ''Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August''''' ([[27 May]] [[1819]] – [[12 June]] [[1878]]) was the only son of [[Ernest Augustus I of Hanover|Ernst August I, King of Hanover and 1st Duke of Cumberland]], the fifth son of [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III of the United Kingdom]], and his wife Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. He was a first cousin of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]. He was the last sovereign ruler of the short-lived Kingdom of [[Hanover (state)|Hanover]] and the ancestor of the German branch of the [[House of Hanover]].
{{EngvarB|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = George V
| title = [[Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale]]
| image = King George V of Hannover 10.jpg
| caption = George V, {{circa|1860s}}
| alt = Portrait of George aged 42
| reign = 18 November 1851 – <br>20 September 1866
| predecessor = [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]]
| successor = ''Monarchy abolished''
| succession = [[King of Hanover]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Marie of Saxe-Altenburg]]|1843}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
*[[Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover]]
*[[Princess Frederica of Hanover|Princess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen]]
*[[Princess Marie of Hanover|Princess Marie]]}}
| full name = {{langx|de|link=no|Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August}}<br />English: George Frederick Alexander Charles Ernest Augustus
| house = [[House of Hanover|Hanover]]
| religion = [[Protestant]]
| father = [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover]]
| mother = [[Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| birth_date = 27 May 1819
| birth_name = Prince George of Cumberland
| birth_place = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1878|6|12|1819|5|27}}
| death_place = Paris, [[French Third Republic|France]]
| burial_date = 24 June 1878
| burial_place = Royal Vault, [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]]
| signature = GeorgVOfHannoverSignature.svg
}}


'''George V''' (Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August; 27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the last [[king of Hanover]], reigning from 18 November 1851 to 20 September 1866. The only child of [[King Ernest Augustus]] and [[Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Queen Frederica]], he succeeded his father in 1851. George's reign was ended by the [[Austro-Prussian War]], after which [[Prussia]] annexed Hanover.
His Royal Highness Prince George Frederick Alexander Charles Ernest Augustus, KG, was born in [[Berlin]]. Originally styled Prince George of Cumberland, he spent his childhood in Berlin and in Britain. He lost the sight of one eye during a childhood illness, and the other in an accident in 1833. His uncle, [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IV]], created him a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]] on [[15 August]] [[1835]]. Upon the death of William IV and the ascension of Queen Victoria, the 104-year personal union of the British and Hanoverian thrones ended because of the operation of [[Salic Law]] in the German states. The Duke of Cumberland succeeded to the Hanoverian throne as King Ernst August I and Prince George of Cumberland became the Crown Prince of Hanover. As a legitimate male-line descendant of George III, he remained a member of the [[British Royal Family]] and was second in line to the British throne until the birth of Queen Victoria's first child, [[Victoria, Princess Royal and Empress Frederick|Victoria, Princess Royal]], in 1841. Being totally blind there were doubts whether the Crown Prince was qualified to succeed to the government of Hanover; but his father decided that he should do so.


==Early life==
The Crown Prince succeeded his father as the King of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, as well as Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (in the [[Peerage of Great Britain]] and Earl of Armagh (in the [[Peerage of Ireland]]), on [[18 November]] [[1851]], assuming the style George V. From his father and from his maternal uncle, Prince Charles Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1785—1837), one of the most influential men at the Prussian court, George had learned to take a very high and autocratic view of royal authority. During his twenty-five year reign, he engaged in frequent disputes with the Hanoverian Landtag (parliament). Having supported Austria in the Diet of the German confederation in June 1866, he refused, contrary to the wishes of his parliament, to assent to the Prussian demand that Hanover should observe an unarmed neutrality during the [[Austro-Prussian War]]. As a result, the Prussian army occupied Hanover and the Hanoverian army surrendered on [[29 June]] [[1866]], the king and royal family having fled to Austria. The Prussian government formally annexed Hanover on [[20 September]], but the deposed king never renounced his rights to the throne or acknowledged Prussia's actions. From exile in Gmunden, Austria, he appealed in vain for the European great powers to intervene on behalf of Hanover.
[[File:Sir Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830) - Prince George of Cumberland (1819-1878), later George V of Hanover, when a boy - RCIN 405426 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|Portrait of George as a boy by [[Thomas Lawrence]], 1828.]]
George was born on 27 May 1819 in [[Berlin]], the only son of [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale]]. Ernest Augustus was the fifth son of [[George III of the United Kingdom]] and his wife, [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]. Prince George's mother was [[Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Princess Frederica]], niece of Queen Charlotte, the daughter of [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] and [[Frederica of Hesse-Darmstadt]]. George was seventh in the line of [[succession to the British throne]] at birth and later became the son of the [[heir presumptive]].


Prince George was baptised on 8 July 1819 at a hotel in Berlin where his parents were staying, by the Rev. [[Henry Thomas Austen]] (brother of author [[Jane Austen]]). His godparents were the [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince Regent]] (represented by the [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Duke of Cumberland]]), the [[Frederick William III of Prussia|King of Prussia]], the [[Alexander I of Russia|Emperor of Russia]], the [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Crown Prince of Prussia]], [[William I, German Emperor|Prince William of Prussia]], [[Prince Frederick of Prussia (1794–1863)|Prince Frederick of Prussia]], [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1781-1846)|Prince Henry of Prussia]], [[Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1783–1851)|Prince]] and [[Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg|Princess William of Prussia]], the [[Georg, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], [[Duke Charles of Mecklenburg]], the [[Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)|Dowager Empress of Russia]], the [[Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands|Queen of the Netherlands]], [[Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom]], the [[Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom|Hereditary Princess of Hesse-Homburg]], the [[Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh|Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh]], [[Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom]], [[Princess Alexandrine of Prussia (1803–1892)|Princess Alexandrine of Prussia]], the [[Princess Augusta of Prussia|Hereditary Princess of Hesse-Kassel]], the [[Princess Frederica of Prussia, Duchess of Anhalt-Dessau|Duchess of Anhalt-Dessau]], [[Princess Anna Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt|Princess Ferdinand of Prussia]], [[Princess Louise of Prussia (1808-1870)|Princess Louisa of Prussia]], and [[Princess Louise of Prussia (1770–1836)|Princess Radziwiłł]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=17497|page=1296|date=24 July 1819}}</ref>
George married on [[18 February]] [[1843]] at Hanover, Her Highness Princess (Alexandrine) Marie of Saxe-Altenberg ([[14 April]] [[1818]]-[[9 January]] [[1907]]), the eldest daughter of Josef, Duke of Saxe-Altenberg, by his wife Duchess Amelia of Württemburg. The marriage produced three children:


George spent his childhood in Berlin and in Great Britain. He lost the sight of one eye following a childhood illness in 1828,<ref>William Christian Sellé, letter to ''[[The Times]]'' dated 3 July</ref> and in the other eye following an accident in 1833.<ref>Letter to the Times dated 5 July by William Christian Sellé</ref> His father had hoped that the young prince might marry his cousin, the future [[Queen Victoria]], who was older by three days, thus keeping the British and Hanoverian thrones united. However, nothing came of the plan.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bird | first = Anthony | year = 1966 | title = The Damnable Duke of Cumberland | publisher = Barrie and Rockliff | location = London | oclc = 2188257 | pages = 220–221}}</ref>
*Prince [[Ernst August of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland]] ([[21 September]] [[1845]]-[[14 November]] [[1923]]), Crown Prince of Hanover to [[20 September]] [[1866]]; succeeded his father as 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale and Earl of Armagh on [[12 June]] [[1878]]; all British peerages suspended by Order-in-Council, [[28 March]] [[1919]]; succeeded his cousin, Duke Wilhelm of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1806-1884) on [[18 October]] [[1884]], but prevented from reigning by the Bundesrat (federal council of the German Empire), 1885; married Her Royal Highness Princess Tyra ([[29 September]] [[1853]]-[[26 February]] [[1933]]), the third daughter of [[Christian IX of Denmark|King Christian IX of Denmark]] and Princess Lousie of Hesse-Cassel, and had issue.
*Princess Frederica of Hanover ([[9 January]] [[1848]]-[[16 October]] [[1926]]); married Litubert, Baron von Pawel-Rammingen ([[27 July]] [[1843]]-[[20 November]] [[1932]]); and had issue.
*Princess Marie of Hanover ([[3 December]] [[1849]]-[[4 June]] [[1904]]).


==Crown Prince==
King George V died in Paris in June 1878. He was buried in [[St. George's Chapel, Windsor|St George's Chapel]], [[Windsor Castle]].
Upon the death of King William IV and the accession of Queen Victoria to the British throne, the 123-year personal union of the British and Hanoverian thrones ended because Hanover's [[semi-Salic law]] prevented a woman from ascending its throne. The Duke of Cumberland succeeded to the Hanoverian throne as Ernest Augustus, and Prince George became the Crown Prince of Hanover. As a legitimate descendant of George III in the male line, he remained a member of the [[British royal family]] and second in line to the British throne until the birth of Queen Victoria's first child, [[Victoria, Princess Royal and Empress Frederick|Victoria, Princess Royal]], in 1840. Since he was totally blind, there were doubts as to whether the Crown Prince was qualified to succeed as king of Hanover, but his father decided that he should do so.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle= George V. of Hanover |display=George V. |volume= 11 | page= 746}}</ref>


[[Image:Family George V of Hanover.jpg|thumb|George V of Hanover, his wife [[Marie of Saxe-Altenburg]] and their children [[Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover]], [[Princess Frederica of Hanover]], and [[Princess Marie of Hanover]]]]
==See also==
*[http://www.welfen.de/GeorgVExil.htm Portrait]


[[Image:1874 Carte de Visite Georg V., König von Hannover roi de Hanover King of Hanover, Wappen T, Nadar Bildseite.jpg|thumb|[[Carte de visite]] made by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]] in Paris, 1874]]
{{start box}}

{{succession box|
==Marriage==
title = [[Hanover (state)|King of Hanover]] |
George married, on 18 February 1843, at Hanover, Princess [[Marie of Saxe-Altenburg]], the eldest daughter of [[Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]], by his wife, [[Duchess Amelia of Württemberg]].
before = [[Ernest Augustus I of Hanover|Ernest Augustus I]] |

after = &mdash;|
==King of Hanover==
years =
[[File:Battle of Langensalza (1866) Hanoverian Medal, obverse.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Langensalza (1866)]] Hanoverian Medal, awarded by George V to his troops fighting in that battle. Obverse]]

The Crown Prince succeeded his father as the [[Kingdom of Hanover|King of Hanover]] and [[Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] as well as [[Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale]], in the [[Peerage of Great Britain]] and [[Earl of Armagh]], in the [[Peerage of Ireland]], on 18 November 1851, assuming the style George V.<ref name="Weir">{{cite book|title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy|last=Weir|first= Alison|publisher=Random House|date=18 April 2011|page=291|chapter=The House of Hanover}}</ref>

From his father and from his maternal uncle, [[Duke Charles of Mecklenburg|Prince Charles Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], one of the most influential men at the [[Prussia]]n court, George had learned to take a very high and autocratic view of royal authority.<ref name="EB1911"/> During his 15-year reign, he engaged in frequent disputes with the Hanoverian ''[[Landtag]]'' (parliament).

Unlike his father, the King had a deep aversion to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], which bordered on the Kingdom of Hanover in the west and east. George was generally supportive of the [[Austrian Empire]] in the [[Federal Convention (German Confederation)|Diet of the German Confederation]]. He also refused Prussia permission to build the railway line from the Prussian garrison town of [[Minden]] to the Prussian naval port in [[Wilhelmshaven]].

Against the decision of his parliament, he refused to agree to the Prussian demand for neutrality and thus a break with the [[German Confederation]] in the upcoming German War, but joined the other loyal central states.<ref>Georg Schnath: ''Georg V.''. In: ''Neue Deutsche Biographie'' (NDB). Vol. 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964</ref> As the [[Austro-Prussian War]] started, the Prussian government sent a dispatch on 15 June 1866 demanding that Hanover enter into an alliance with them and Hanoverian troops submit to their authority or face war.<ref>Heinzen, Jasper. ''The Guelph 'Conspiracy': Hanover as Would-Be Intermediary in the European System, 1866–1870.'' The International History Review 29, No. 2 (2007), pp. 258–281.</ref> Despite previously having concluded that Hanover could not win an armed confrontation with Prussia, George remained protective of his throne and refused the ultimatum.<ref name="Schmitt"/> Contrary to the wishes of the parliament, Hanover joined the Austrian camp in the war. As a result, the 20,600-strong [[Hanoverian Army]] surrendered on 29 June 1866 following the [[Battle of Langensalza (1866)|Battle of Langensalza]], although tactically successful but hopelessly outnumbered in soldiers. George V had joined his army headquarters in [[Göttingen]]. The Kingdom of Hanover was then occupied by Prussian troops. Austria lost the war and several of its Central German allies were annexed by Prussia, such as the [[Electorate of Hesse]] and the [[Duchy of Nassau]]. George firmly rejected an abdication in favour of his son Ernest Augustus, as suggested by Queen Marie in order to be able to possibly save the existence of the Kingdom.

The Prussian government formally [[annexed]] Hanover on 20 September 1866, despite the King of Prussia, [[William I, German Emperor|William I]], being a first cousin of King George V of Hanover; their mothers were sisters. The deposed King never renounced his rights to the defunct throne or acknowledged Prussia's actions. He went into exile in Austria. While the Austrian Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]] successfully campaigned for the continuation of the [[Kingdom of Saxony]] at the [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Prague peace negotiations]], he did nothing to prevent the annexation of Hanover.<ref>Barbara Beck: ''Die Welfen. Das Haus Hannover 1692–1918'' (The Guelphs. The House of Hanover 1692-1918). Wiesbaden 2014, p. 155</ref> The Prussian interest in the land bridge between the two parts of Prussia seemed to leave him little hope.

Queen Marie with their children stayed at [[Marienburg Castle (Hanover)]] for a year, but then followed her husband. They initially lived in Vienna, where George bought a house that is now the Czech Embassy,<ref>[https://www.vindobona.org/article/everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-the-czech-embassy-building-in-vienna Czech Embassy Building in Vienna]</ref> but in 1868 bought a summer villa in [[Gmunden]], Austria, which they soon used as their main residence.

From exile he appealed in vain for the European great powers to intervene on behalf of Hanover. From 1866 to 1870, George V maintained the [[Guelphic Legion]] partially at his own expense, hoping that a Franco-Prussian war would lead to the reconquest of his kingdom.<ref name=Schmitt>Schmitt, Hans A. ''Prussia's Last Fling: The Annexation of Hanover, Hesse, Frankfurt, and Nassau, 15 June – 8 October 1866.'' Central European History 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 316–347.</ref> In Paris he had the magazine ''Situation'' published, which daily attacked the new order of things in Germany in the most violent terms and fueled France's hatred of a Germany that was becoming more and more Prussian. Much to his disappointment, [[Napoleon III]] lost the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1871.

All of this ultimately led to Prussia suspending financial compensation that had already been promised and confiscating his private assets. The Prussian Prime Minister [[Otto von Bismarck]] had the sequestered assets, the so-called ''Guelph Fund'', managed by a special Prussian commission in Hanover and used the proceeds "to combat Guelph activities".<ref>Dieter Brosius: ''Welfenfonds und Presse im Dienste der preußischen Politik in Hannover nach 1866''. (Guelph fund and press in the service of Prussian politics in Hanover after 1866). In: Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte (Lower Saxony yearbook for regional history), Vol. 36 (1964), pp. 172–206.</ref>

While in exile, he was appointed an honorary full general in the [[British army]] in 1876.<ref name=compeerage/>

{{House of Hanover (UK)|george3}}

==Death==
George V died at his residence in the [[Rue de Presbourg]], Paris, on 12 June 1878. He had come there to seek financial and political support for a re-establishment of his legion. After a funeral service in the Lutheran Church at the Rue Chaucat,<ref name=compeerage>{{cite book|title=The Complete Peerage, Volume III|year=1913|publisher=St Catherine Press|page=576}} Under "Duke of Cumberland".</ref> his body was removed to England and buried in [[St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle]].<ref name="Weir"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Modern English Biography: A–H|last=Boase|first=Frederic Boase|page=1821|publisher=Netherton and Worth|date=1892}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802212735/https://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/about-st-georges/royal-connection/burial/burials-in-the-chapel-since-1805.html|url=https://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/about-st-georges/royal-connection/burial/burials-in-the-chapel-since-1805.html|title=Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805|website=College of St. George|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The King supported industrial development. In 1856 the "Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein" was founded which was named after him and his wife. The company erected an iron and steel works which gave the city [[Georgsmarienhütte]] its name.<ref name="Gieseler">{{cite web|last1=Gieseler|first1=Albert|title=Georgsmarien-Hütten- und Bergwerksverein|website=Kraft- und Dampfmaschinen|url=http://www.albert-gieseler.de/dampf_de/firmen2/firmadet20460.shtml|access-date=23 October 2017|language=de}}</ref>

==Titles, styles, honours and arms==
===Titles and styles===
*27 May 1819&nbsp;– 20 June 1837: ''His Royal Highness'' Prince George of Cumberland<ref>{{cite web|title=The London Gazette, Issue 18711, Page 1579|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18711/page/1579|date=27 July 1830}}</ref>
* 20 June 1837&nbsp;– 18 November 1851: ''His Royal Highness'' The Crown Prince of Hanover<ref>{{cite web|title=The London Gazette, Issue 20201, Page 727|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20201/page/727|date=3 March 1843}}</ref>
* 18 November 1851&nbsp;– 12 June 1878: ''His Majesty'' The King of Hanover<ref>{{cite web|title=The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue 7133, Page 877|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/7133/page/877|date=5 July 1861}}</ref>

=== Honours ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flag|Kingdom of Hanover}}:
** [[Royal Guelphic Order|Sovereign and Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order]], ''1825''<ref name=compeerage/>
** [[Order of St. George (Hanover)|Sovereign and Knight of St. George]], ''1839''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Hannover'' (1847), "Königliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 36</ref>
** Founder and Sovereign of the [[Order of Ernst August]], ''15 December 1865''
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}: [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]], ''15 August 1835''<ref name=p55>Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n143/mode/2up p. 55]</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Anhalt Duchies.png}} [[House of Ascania|Ascanian duchies]]: [[Order of Albert the Bear|Grand Cross of Albert the Bear]], ''16 June 1840''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt'' (1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TYEp3N5O48EC&pg=PA16 16]</ref>
* {{flag|Austrian Empire}}:<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1877&page=222&size=45|chapter=Ritter-Orden|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1877|access-date=2 November 2019|pages=59, 62}}</ref>
** [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Grand Cross of St. Stephen]], ''1843''
** Commander of the [[Military Order of Maria Theresa]], ''1866''
* {{flag|Baden}}:<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1873), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 59, 73</ref>
** Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1855''
** [[Order of the Zähringer Lion|Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion]], ''1855''
* {{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: [[Order of St. Hubert|Knight of St. Hubert]], ''1852''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJljAAAAcAAJ&q=Hof-+und+Staats-handbuch+des+K%C3%B6nigreichs+Bayern&pg=PA8|publisher=Königl. Oberpostamt|date=1867|access-date=2019-07-15|language=de|page=8}}</ref>
* {{flag|Brunswick}}: [[Order of Henry the Lion|Grand Cross of Henry the Lion]]<ref>''Braunschweigisches Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1866''. Braunschweig 1866. Meyer. p. 4</ref>
* {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]], ''25 May 1853''<ref>{{cite book|title=Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi|volume=1|author=H. Tarlier|year=1854|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p35NAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA37 37]|language=fr}}</ref>
* {{flag|Denmark}}: [[Order of the Elephant|Knight of the Elephant]], ''23 November 1851''<ref>{{cite book|author=Jørgen Pedersen|title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag|language=da|isbn=978-87-7674-434-2|page=464}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen}} [[Ernestine duchies]]: Grand Cross of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order]], ''August 1839''<ref>''Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha'' (1843), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00243961/Sachsen_Coburg_Gotha_165771801_1843_0043.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00473415 6]</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg}} [[Second French Empire|French Empire]]: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]], ''28 June 1860''<ref>{{cite book| author = M. & B. Wattel | title = Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers |location= Paris |date = 2009 |publisher= Archives & Culture | page = 469 | isbn = 978-2-35077-135-9}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg}} [[Mecklenburg]]: [[House Order of the Wendish Crown|Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown]], with Crown in Ore, ''29 October 1865''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/hof-und-staats-handbuch-des-grossherzogthums-mecklenburg-strelitz-fur-1878/page/n1/mode/2up |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878 |chapter=Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen |location=Neustrelitz |publisher=Druck und Debit der Buchdruckerei von G. F. Spalding und Sohn |date=1878 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hof-und-staats-handbuch-des-grossherzogthums-mecklenburg-strelitz-fur-1878/page/n27/mode/2up 11]|language=German }}</ref>
* {{flag|Oldenburg}}: [[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis|Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig]], with Golden Crown, ''11 September 1841''<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NpBYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA31 Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für das Jahr 1872/73]'', "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst Orden" p. 29</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]]: [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], ''14 June 1838''; with Collar, ''1852''<ref name="prus">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|volume=1|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=13&skin=2021 9]|chapter=Schwarzer Adler-orden|language=German|location=Berlin|year=1877}}</ref>
* {{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: [[Order of the White Falcon|Grand Cross of the White Falcon]], ''27 May 1857''<ref>''[https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183885/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_13_0218.tif Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822024219/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183885/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_13_0218.tif |date=22 August 2019 }}'' (1859), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Saxony}}: [[Order of the Rue Crown|Knight of the Rue Crown]], ''1852''<ref>''Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867)'' (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4</ref>
* {{flag|Spain|1785}}: [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Knight of the Golden Fleece]], ''5 May 1865''<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0002300923&search=&lang=en|chapter=Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1868|access-date=10 December 2019|page=157|language=es}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Sweden|1844}} {{flagicon|Norway|1844}} [[Sweden-Norway]]: [[Order of the Seraphim|Knight of the Seraphim]], ''9 September 1852''<ref>{{cite book|title=Sveriges och Norges statskalender|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JhaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA468|year=1874|publisher=Liberförlag|page=468}}</ref>
* {{flag|Württemberg}}: [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1852''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg'' (1873), "Königliche Orden" p. 31</ref>
}}
}}
{{succession box | title=[[Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale]]| after=[[Ernst August of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland|Ernst August II]] | before=[[Ernest Augustus I of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]] | years=}}
{{end box}}


===Arms===
By grant dated 15 August 1835, George's arms in right of the United Kingdom were those of his father (being the arms of the United Kingdom, differenced by a ''label argent of three points, the centre point charged with a fleur-de-lys azure, and each of the other points charged with a cross gules''), the whole differenced by a ''label gules bearing a horse courant argent''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm|title=Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family|website=www.heraldica.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerage02debrgoog|title=Debrett's Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland.|last=Debrett |first=John |date=1839 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerage02debrgoog/page/n73/mode/1up?q=Hanover/page/68 68]}}</ref>
He removed the label after his father's death in 1851.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/peeragebaronetag00lodg/page/n64/mode/1up The peerage and baronetage of the British empire as at present existing]</ref>


<gallery mode="packed" heights="170px">
[[Category:1819 births|George V of Hanover]]
File:Coat of Arms of George, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (from 1835 to 1851).svg
[[Category:1878 deaths|George V of Hanover]]
File:Coat of Arms of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale.svg
[[Category:Berliners|George V of Hanover]]
</gallery>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
| 1= 1. '''George V of Hanover'''
| 2= 2. [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover]]
| 3= 3. [[Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 4= 4. [[George III of the United Kingdom]]
| 5= 5. [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 6= 6. [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 7= 7. [[Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
| 8= 8. [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]]
| 9= 9. [[Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha]]
|10=10. [[Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg]] (= 12)
|11=11. [[Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen]] (= 13)
|12=12. [[Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg]] (= 10)
|13=13. [[Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen]] (= 11)
|14=14. [[Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
|15=15. [[Countess Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg]]
}}

==Issue==
{| border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|- bgcolor=cccccc
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|[[Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover]]||21 September 1845||14 November 1923||Ernest Augustus William Adolphus George Frederick; born at Hanover, died at [[Gmunden]], married [[Princess Thyra of Denmark]]; had issue
|-
|[[Princess Frederica of Hanover]]||9 January 1848||16 October 1926||born at Hanover, died at [[Biarritz]]; married [[Alfons, Baron von Pawel-Rammingen]]; had no surviving issue
|-
|[[Princess Marie of Hanover]]||3 December 1849||4 June 1904||Marie Ernestine Josephine Adolphine Henrietta Theresa Elizabeth Alexandrina; born at Hanover, died unmarried at Gmunden
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Georg V of Hannover}}
* [http://www.welfen.de/GeorgVExil.htm Die Welfen – George V (with portrait)] {{in lang|de}}
* {{NPG name|name=George V, King of Hanover}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Hanover]]|27 May|1819|12 June|1878|[[House of Welf]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kingdom of Hanover|King of Hanover]]|years=18 November 1851 – 20 September 1866}}
{{s-non|reason=[[Austro-Prussian War|Hanover annexed by Prussia]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-reg|gb}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale]]|years=18 November 1851 – 12 June 1878}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]]}}
{{s-break}}|-
{{s-pre}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-new|loss|reason=[[Austro-Prussian War|Kingdom dissolved]]}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Kingdom of Hanover|King of Hanover]]|years=20 September 1866 – 12 June 1878}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Rulers of Hanover}}
{{Pretenders to the Hanover throne since 1866}}
{{British princes}}
{{Dukes of Cumberland and Teviotdale}}
{{Hanoverian princes}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George 05 Of Hanover}}
[[Category:Kings of Hanover]]
[[Category:British princes]]
[[Category:Hanoverian princes]]
[[Category:House of Hanover]]
[[Category:House of Hanover]]
[[Category:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]
[[Category:Dukes of Cumberland and Teviotdale|2]]
[[Category:People from Berlin]]
[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1878 deaths]]
[[Category:Blind royalty and nobility]]
[[Category:Crown princes of Hanover]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:English & British princes]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Dukes in the Peerage of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
[[Category:Commanders Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa]]

[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain]]
[[de:Georg V. (Hannover)]]
[[Category:British blind people]]
[[gl:Xurxo V de Hannover]]
[[Category:German blind people]]
[[nl:George V van Hannover]]
[[Category:British people of German descent]]
[[no:Georg V av Hannover]]
[[Category:German people of British descent]]
[[Category:Pretenders]]

Latest revision as of 01:03, 26 November 2024

Not to be confused with George V of the United Kingdom.

George V
Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale
Portrait of George aged 42
George V, c. 1860s
King of Hanover
Reign18 November 1851 –
20 September 1866
PredecessorErnest Augustus
SuccessorMonarchy abolished
BornPrince George of Cumberland
27 May 1819
Berlin, Prussia
Died12 June 1878(1878-06-12) (aged 59)
Paris, France
Burial24 June 1878
Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1843)​
Issue
Names
German: Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August
English: George Frederick Alexander Charles Ernest Augustus
HouseHanover
FatherErnest Augustus, King of Hanover
MotherFrederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
ReligionProtestant
SignatureGeorge V's signature

George V (Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August; 27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the last king of Hanover, reigning from 18 November 1851 to 20 September 1866. The only child of King Ernest Augustus and Queen Frederica, he succeeded his father in 1851. George's reign was ended by the Austro-Prussian War, after which Prussia annexed Hanover.

Early life

[edit]
Portrait of George as a boy by Thomas Lawrence, 1828.

George was born on 27 May 1819 in Berlin, the only son of Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale. Ernest Augustus was the fifth son of George III of the United Kingdom and his wife, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Prince George's mother was Princess Frederica, niece of Queen Charlotte, the daughter of Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Frederica of Hesse-Darmstadt. George was seventh in the line of succession to the British throne at birth and later became the son of the heir presumptive.

Prince George was baptised on 8 July 1819 at a hotel in Berlin where his parents were staying, by the Rev. Henry Thomas Austen (brother of author Jane Austen). His godparents were the Prince Regent (represented by the Duke of Cumberland), the King of Prussia, the Emperor of Russia, the Crown Prince of Prussia, Prince William of Prussia, Prince Frederick of Prussia, Prince Henry of Prussia, Prince and Princess William of Prussia, the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duke Charles of Mecklenburg, the Dowager Empress of Russia, the Queen of the Netherlands, Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom, the Hereditary Princess of Hesse-Homburg, the Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom, Princess Alexandrine of Prussia, the Hereditary Princess of Hesse-Kassel, the Duchess of Anhalt-Dessau, Princess Ferdinand of Prussia, Princess Louisa of Prussia, and Princess Radziwiłł.[1]

George spent his childhood in Berlin and in Great Britain. He lost the sight of one eye following a childhood illness in 1828,[2] and in the other eye following an accident in 1833.[3] His father had hoped that the young prince might marry his cousin, the future Queen Victoria, who was older by three days, thus keeping the British and Hanoverian thrones united. However, nothing came of the plan.[4]

Crown Prince

[edit]

Upon the death of King William IV and the accession of Queen Victoria to the British throne, the 123-year personal union of the British and Hanoverian thrones ended because Hanover's semi-Salic law prevented a woman from ascending its throne. The Duke of Cumberland succeeded to the Hanoverian throne as Ernest Augustus, and Prince George became the Crown Prince of Hanover. As a legitimate descendant of George III in the male line, he remained a member of the British royal family and second in line to the British throne until the birth of Queen Victoria's first child, Victoria, Princess Royal, in 1840. Since he was totally blind, there were doubts as to whether the Crown Prince was qualified to succeed as king of Hanover, but his father decided that he should do so.[5]

George V of Hanover, his wife Marie of Saxe-Altenburg and their children Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, Princess Frederica of Hanover, and Princess Marie of Hanover
Carte de visite made by Nadar in Paris, 1874

Marriage

[edit]

George married, on 18 February 1843, at Hanover, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg, the eldest daughter of Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, by his wife, Duchess Amelia of Württemberg.

King of Hanover

[edit]
Battle of Langensalza (1866) Hanoverian Medal, awarded by George V to his troops fighting in that battle. Obverse

The Crown Prince succeeded his father as the King of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg as well as Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, in the Peerage of Great Britain and Earl of Armagh, in the Peerage of Ireland, on 18 November 1851, assuming the style George V.[6]

From his father and from his maternal uncle, Prince Charles Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, one of the most influential men at the Prussian court, George had learned to take a very high and autocratic view of royal authority.[5] During his 15-year reign, he engaged in frequent disputes with the Hanoverian Landtag (parliament).

Unlike his father, the King had a deep aversion to Prussia, which bordered on the Kingdom of Hanover in the west and east. George was generally supportive of the Austrian Empire in the Diet of the German Confederation. He also refused Prussia permission to build the railway line from the Prussian garrison town of Minden to the Prussian naval port in Wilhelmshaven.

Against the decision of his parliament, he refused to agree to the Prussian demand for neutrality and thus a break with the German Confederation in the upcoming German War, but joined the other loyal central states.[7] As the Austro-Prussian War started, the Prussian government sent a dispatch on 15 June 1866 demanding that Hanover enter into an alliance with them and Hanoverian troops submit to their authority or face war.[8] Despite previously having concluded that Hanover could not win an armed confrontation with Prussia, George remained protective of his throne and refused the ultimatum.[9] Contrary to the wishes of the parliament, Hanover joined the Austrian camp in the war. As a result, the 20,600-strong Hanoverian Army surrendered on 29 June 1866 following the Battle of Langensalza, although tactically successful but hopelessly outnumbered in soldiers. George V had joined his army headquarters in Göttingen. The Kingdom of Hanover was then occupied by Prussian troops. Austria lost the war and several of its Central German allies were annexed by Prussia, such as the Electorate of Hesse and the Duchy of Nassau. George firmly rejected an abdication in favour of his son Ernest Augustus, as suggested by Queen Marie in order to be able to possibly save the existence of the Kingdom.

The Prussian government formally annexed Hanover on 20 September 1866, despite the King of Prussia, William I, being a first cousin of King George V of Hanover; their mothers were sisters. The deposed King never renounced his rights to the defunct throne or acknowledged Prussia's actions. He went into exile in Austria. While the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I successfully campaigned for the continuation of the Kingdom of Saxony at the Prague peace negotiations, he did nothing to prevent the annexation of Hanover.[10] The Prussian interest in the land bridge between the two parts of Prussia seemed to leave him little hope.

Queen Marie with their children stayed at Marienburg Castle (Hanover) for a year, but then followed her husband. They initially lived in Vienna, where George bought a house that is now the Czech Embassy,[11] but in 1868 bought a summer villa in Gmunden, Austria, which they soon used as their main residence.

From exile he appealed in vain for the European great powers to intervene on behalf of Hanover. From 1866 to 1870, George V maintained the Guelphic Legion partially at his own expense, hoping that a Franco-Prussian war would lead to the reconquest of his kingdom.[9] In Paris he had the magazine Situation published, which daily attacked the new order of things in Germany in the most violent terms and fueled France's hatred of a Germany that was becoming more and more Prussian. Much to his disappointment, Napoleon III lost the Franco-Prussian War in 1871.

All of this ultimately led to Prussia suspending financial compensation that had already been promised and confiscating his private assets. The Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck had the sequestered assets, the so-called Guelph Fund, managed by a special Prussian commission in Hanover and used the proceeds "to combat Guelph activities".[12]

While in exile, he was appointed an honorary full general in the British army in 1876.[13]

British Royalty
House of Hanover
Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent; overall an escutcheon tierced per pale and per chevron, I Gules two lions passant guardant Or, II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure, III Gules a horse courant Argent, the whole inescutcheon surmounted by crown
George III
Children
George IV
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
William IV
Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of Württemberg
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Princess Augusta Sophia
Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg
Ernest Augustus I of Hanover
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
Princess Sophia
Prince Octavius
Prince Alfred
Princess Amelia
Grandchildren
Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Princess Charlotte of Clarence
Princess Elizabeth of Clarence
Victoria
Princess Frederica of Cumberland
George V of Hanover
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck
Great-grandchildren
Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover
Frederica, Baroness Alfons of Pawel-Rammingen
Princess Marie of Hanover
Great-great-grandchildren
Marie Louise, Margravine of Baden
George William, Hereditary Prince of Hanover
Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Princess Olga of Hanover and Cumberland
Prince Christian of Hanover and Cumberland
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick
Great-great-great-grandchildren
Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick
Prince George William of Hanover and Cumberland
Frederica, Queen of the Hellenes

Death

[edit]

George V died at his residence in the Rue de Presbourg, Paris, on 12 June 1878. He had come there to seek financial and political support for a re-establishment of his legion. After a funeral service in the Lutheran Church at the Rue Chaucat,[13] his body was removed to England and buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.[6][14][15]

Legacy

[edit]

The King supported industrial development. In 1856 the "Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein" was founded which was named after him and his wife. The company erected an iron and steel works which gave the city Georgsmarienhütte its name.[16]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

[edit]

Titles and styles

[edit]
  • 27 May 1819 – 20 June 1837: His Royal Highness Prince George of Cumberland[17]
  • 20 June 1837 – 18 November 1851: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Hanover[18]
  • 18 November 1851 – 12 June 1878: His Majesty The King of Hanover[19]

Honours

[edit]

Arms

[edit]

By grant dated 15 August 1835, George's arms in right of the United Kingdom were those of his father (being the arms of the United Kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points, the centre point charged with a fleur-de-lys azure, and each of the other points charged with a cross gules), the whole differenced by a label gules bearing a horse courant argent.[39][40] He removed the label after his father's death in 1851.[41]

Ancestry

[edit]

Issue

[edit]
Name Birth Death Notes
Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover 21 September 1845 14 November 1923 Ernest Augustus William Adolphus George Frederick; born at Hanover, died at Gmunden, married Princess Thyra of Denmark; had issue
Princess Frederica of Hanover 9 January 1848 16 October 1926 born at Hanover, died at Biarritz; married Alfons, Baron von Pawel-Rammingen; had no surviving issue
Princess Marie of Hanover 3 December 1849 4 June 1904 Marie Ernestine Josephine Adolphine Henrietta Theresa Elizabeth Alexandrina; born at Hanover, died unmarried at Gmunden

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "No. 17497". The London Gazette. 24 July 1819. p. 1296.
  2. ^ William Christian Sellé, letter to The Times dated 3 July
  3. ^ Letter to the Times dated 5 July by William Christian Sellé
  4. ^ Bird, Anthony (1966). The Damnable Duke of Cumberland. London: Barrie and Rockliff. pp. 220–221. OCLC 2188257.
  5. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "George V.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 746.
  6. ^ a b Weir, Alison (18 April 2011). "The House of Hanover". Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. Random House. p. 291.
  7. ^ Georg Schnath: Georg V.. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Vol. 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964
  8. ^ Heinzen, Jasper. The Guelph 'Conspiracy': Hanover as Would-Be Intermediary in the European System, 1866–1870. The International History Review 29, No. 2 (2007), pp. 258–281.
  9. ^ a b Schmitt, Hans A. Prussia's Last Fling: The Annexation of Hanover, Hesse, Frankfurt, and Nassau, 15 June – 8 October 1866. Central European History 8, No. 4 (1975), pp. 316–347.
  10. ^ Barbara Beck: Die Welfen. Das Haus Hannover 1692–1918 (The Guelphs. The House of Hanover 1692-1918). Wiesbaden 2014, p. 155
  11. ^ Czech Embassy Building in Vienna
  12. ^ Dieter Brosius: Welfenfonds und Presse im Dienste der preußischen Politik in Hannover nach 1866. (Guelph fund and press in the service of Prussian politics in Hanover after 1866). In: Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte (Lower Saxony yearbook for regional history), Vol. 36 (1964), pp. 172–206.
  13. ^ a b c The Complete Peerage, Volume III. St Catherine Press. 1913. p. 576. Under "Duke of Cumberland".
  14. ^ Boase, Frederic Boase (1892). Modern English Biography: A–H. Netherton and Worth. p. 1821.
  15. ^ "Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805". College of St. George. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017.
  16. ^ Gieseler, Albert. "Georgsmarien-Hütten- und Bergwerksverein". Kraft- und Dampfmaschinen (in German). Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  17. ^ "The London Gazette, Issue 18711, Page 1579". 27 July 1830.
  18. ^ "The London Gazette, Issue 20201, Page 727". 3 March 1843.
  19. ^ "The Edinburgh Gazette, Issue 7133, Page 877". 5 July 1861.
  20. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Hannover (1847), "Königliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 36
  21. ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 55
  22. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt (1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 16
  23. ^ "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1877, pp. 59, 62, retrieved 2 November 2019
  24. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1873), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 59, 73
  25. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern (in German). Königl. Oberpostamt. 1867. p. 8. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  26. ^ Braunschweigisches Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1866. Braunschweig 1866. Meyer. p. 4
  27. ^ H. Tarlier (1854). Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi (in French). Vol. 1. p. 37.
  28. ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 464. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
  29. ^ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1843), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 6
  30. ^ M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 469. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
  31. ^ "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen". Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878 (in German). Neustrelitz: Druck und Debit der Buchdruckerei von G. F. Spalding und Sohn. 1878. p. 11.
  32. ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für das Jahr 1872/73, "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst Orden" p. 29
  33. ^ "Schwarzer Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1877, p. 9{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach Archived 22 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine (1859), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13
  35. ^ Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867) (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4
  36. ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1868, p. 157, retrieved 10 December 2019
  37. ^ Sveriges och Norges statskalender. Liberförlag. 1874. p. 468.
  38. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1873), "Königliche Orden" p. 31
  39. ^ "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family". www.heraldica.org.
  40. ^ Debrett, John (1839). Debrett's Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland. pp. 68.
  41. ^ The peerage and baronetage of the British empire as at present existing
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georg V of Hannover.
George V of Hanover
Cadet branch of the House of Welf
Born: 27 May 1819 Died: 12 June 1878
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Hanover
18 November 1851 – 20 September 1866 		Hanover annexed by Prussia
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale
18 November 1851 – 12 June 1878 		Succeeded by
Titles in pretence
Loss of title
 — TITULAR —
King of Hanover
20 September 1866 – 12 June 1878 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=George_V_of_Hanover&oldid=1259600018"