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{{Short description|Species of fern}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
⚫
| name = ''Blechnum fluviatile''
| image = Blechnum fluviatile centre.JPG
| image = Cranfillia fluviatilis 58295612.jpg
| taxon = Cranfillia fluviatilis
| image_width = 240px
| authority = ([[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich<ref name=CFLW/>
| image_caption = ''Blechnum fluviatile''&emsp;(Māori: ''kiwikiwi'')
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=CFLW/>
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| synonyms =
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
{{Species list
| classis = [[Pteridopsida]]
⚫
|Blechnum fluviatile|(R.Br.) Lowe
| ordo = [[Athyriales]]
|Blechnum nudius|Copel.
| familia = [[Blechnaceae]]
|Lomaria fluviatilis|(R.Br.) Spreng.
| genus = ''[[Blechnum]]''
|Lomaria rotundifolia|Colenso
| species = '''''B. fluviatile'''''
|Spicanta fluviatilis|(R.Br.) Kuntze
| binomial = ''Blechnum fluviatile''
|Stegania fluviatilis|R.Br.
| binomial_authority = ([[Robert Brown (botanist)|R.Br.]]) [[Richard Thomas Lowe|Lowe]] ex [[Carl E. Salomon|Salomon]]
}}
}}
}}


'''''Blechnum fluviatile''''' is a [[fern]] known in the [[Māori language]] as '''kiwikiwi'''. A [[herbaceous]] plant, ''B.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is a "hard fern" of the ''[[Blechnum]]'' genus in the [[Blechnaceae]] family. It was identified by Patrick Brownsey in 1979.<ref name="collections.tepapa.govt.nz">[http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/ObjectDetails.aspx?oid=700605&coltype=Plants&regno=P003245 Blechnum fluviatile (R.Br.) Salomon; syntype of Lomaria rotundifolia Colenso - Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Other common names are '''star fern''', '''creek fern''', '''kawakawa''' and '''kiwakiwa'''.<ref name="Blechnum fluviatile">[http://www.kaimaibush.co.nz/Ferns/Blechnum4.html Blechnum fluviatile<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="collections.tepapa.govt.nz"/>
'''''Cranfillia fluviatilis''''', [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] '''''Blechnum fluviatile''''', is a [[fern]] known in the [[Māori language]] as '''kiwikiwi'''. A [[herbaceous]] plant, ''C.&nbsp;fluviatilis'' is a "hard fern" of the genus ''[[Cranfillia]]'' in the family [[Blechnaceae]]. It was identified by [[Patrick Brownsey]] in 1979.<ref name="collections.tepapa.govt.nz">[http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/ObjectDetails.aspx?oid=700605&coltype=Plants&regno=P003245 Blechnum fluviatile (R.Br.) Salomon; syntype of Lomaria rotundifolia Colenso - Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Other common names are '''star fern''', '''creek fern''', '''kawakawa''' and '''kiwakiwa'''.<ref name="Blechnum fluviatile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kaimaibush.co.nz/Ferns/Blechnum4.html |title=Blechnum fluviatile<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206133800/http://kaimaibush.co.nz/Ferns/Blechnum4.html |archive-date=2013-02-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="collections.tepapa.govt.nz"/>


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Ladderlike fronds of ''B. fluviatile'' measure up to {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Growing in a distinctive ground-hugging [[rosette (botany)|rosette]] shape, its fertile [[frond]]s – dark brown and spiky – stand upright from the centre, while the drooping sterile fronds with their nearly round leaflets, form the rosette.<ref name="Blechnum fluviatile"/> As the parent plant ages it develops a short trunk central to a surrounding colony.
Ladderlike fronds of ''C. fluviatilis'' measure up to {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Growing in a distinctive ground-hugging [[rosette (botany)|rosette]] shape, its fertile [[frond]]s – dark brown and spiky – stand upright from the centre, while the drooping sterile fronds with their nearly round leaflets, form the rosette.<ref name="Blechnum fluviatile"/> As the parent plant ages it develops a short trunk central to a surrounding colony.


==Range and ecology==
==Range and ecology==
The hardy ''B.&nbsp;fluviatile'' requires moist, shaded conditions for optimal growth. A small ground fern, the ''B.&nbsp;fluviatile'' is native to New Zealand and southeast Australia, a syntype common throughout the country in damp, shady areas in acidic, moist and boggy soil,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/11267.shtml BBC - Gardening - Plants - Plant Finder - Blechnum fluviatile 'Klwaklwak'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> beside streams in forest areas.<ref name="Blechnum fluviatile"/> This fern species occurs throughout much of New Zealand's forests, including much of the forested area of [[North Island]]; west, north and south coasts of [[South Island]]; and [[Stewart Island/Rakiura]]; moreover, it occurs in parts of the coastal forests of southeast Australia. Example understory flora associates in the mixed broadleaf/[[podocarp]] forests of Rakiura include ''[[Blechnum blechnoides]]'' and ''[[Blechnum durum]]''.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=95431 ''Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor'', Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg]</ref>
The hardy ''C.&nbsp;fluviatilis'' requires moist, shaded conditions for optimal growth. A small ground fern, the species is native to [[New Zealand]] and southeast [[Australia]], a syntype common throughout the country in damp, shady areas in acidic, moist and boggy soil,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/11267.shtml BBC - Gardening - Plants - Plant Finder - Blechnum fluviatile 'Klwaklwak'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> beside streams in forest areas.<ref name="Blechnum fluviatile"/> This fern species occurs throughout much of New Zealand's forests, including much of the forested area of [[North Island]]; west, north and south coasts of [[South Island]]; and [[Stewart Island|Stewart Island / Rakiura]]; moreover, it occurs in parts of the coastal forests of southeast Australia. Example understory flora associates in the mixed broadleaf/[[podocarp]] forests of Rakiura include ''[[Austroblechnum durum]]''.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=95431 ''Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor'', Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213134120/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=95431 |date=2012-02-13 }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{reflist}}
<ref name=CFLW>{{Citation |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=November 2019 |contribution=Cranfillia fluviatilis |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |at=8.11 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |accessdate=2019-12-22 |name-list-style=amp |archive-date=2017-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}


{{Taxonbar|from1=Q42734707|from2=Q4925792}}
{{BlechnumSpecies}}


[[Category:Blechnum|fluviatile]]
[[Category:Blechnaceae]]
⚫
[[Category:Fern species]]
[[Category:Ferns of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Ferns of New Zealand]]
⚫
[[Category:Ferns of Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Antipodes Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of the Antipodes Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Flora of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Flora of Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Flora of Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Flora of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Flora of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)]]

Latest revision as of 14:50, 30 September 2024

Cranfillia fluviatilis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Aspleniineae
Family: Blechnaceae
Genus: Cranfillia
Species:
C. fluviatilis
Binomial name
Cranfillia fluviatilis
(R.Br.) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Blechnum fluviatile (R.Br.) Lowe
  • Blechnum nudius Copel.
  • Lomaria fluviatilis (R.Br.) Spreng.
  • Lomaria rotundifolia Colenso
  • Spicanta fluviatilis (R.Br.) Kuntze
  • Stegania fluviatilis R.Br.

Cranfillia fluviatilis, synonym Blechnum fluviatile, is a fern known in the Māori language as kiwikiwi. A herbaceous plant, C. fluviatilis is a "hard fern" of the genus Cranfillia in the family Blechnaceae. It was identified by Patrick Brownsey in 1979.[2] Other common names are star fern, creek fern, kawakawa and kiwakiwa.[3][2]

Morphology

[edit]

Ladderlike fronds of C. fluviatilis measure up to 50 cm (20 in) long. Growing in a distinctive ground-hugging rosette shape, its fertile fronds – dark brown and spiky – stand upright from the centre, while the drooping sterile fronds with their nearly round leaflets, form the rosette.[3] As the parent plant ages it develops a short trunk central to a surrounding colony.

Range and ecology

[edit]

The hardy C. fluviatilis requires moist, shaded conditions for optimal growth. A small ground fern, the species is native to New Zealand and southeast Australia, a syntype common throughout the country in damp, shady areas in acidic, moist and boggy soil,[4] beside streams in forest areas.[3] This fern species occurs throughout much of New Zealand's forests, including much of the forested area of North Island; west, north and south coasts of South Island; and Stewart Island / Rakiura; moreover, it occurs in parts of the coastal forests of southeast Australia. Example understory flora associates in the mixed broadleaf/podocarp forests of Rakiura include Austroblechnum durum.[5]

History

[edit]

It was collected by William Colenso in December 1841, at the precise locality of woods near Poverty Bay in the North Island.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (November 2019), "Cranfillia fluviatilis", Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World, 8.11, archived from the original on 2017-09-02, retrieved 2019-12-22
  2. ^ a b c Blechnum fluviatile (R.Br.) Salomon; syntype of Lomaria rotundifolia Colenso - Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ
  3. ^ a b c "Blechnum fluviatile". Archived from the original on 2013-02-06. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
  4. ^ BBC - Gardening - Plants - Plant Finder - Blechnum fluviatile 'Klwaklwak'
  5. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived 2012-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
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