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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
[[Image:The Martyrdom of St Livinus by Rubens.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The Martyrdom of St Livinus - [[Rubens]], 1633]]
{{Infobox saint
⚫
'''Saint Livinus''' (ca. 580 - 12 November 657), also '''Livinus of Ghent''' was an apostle in [[Flanders]] and [[Brabant]]. He was canonized. His feast day is 12 November.
|name=Saint Livinius
|birth_date=c. 580
|death_date={{death date|df=yes|657|11|12}}
|feast_day=12 November
|venerated_in=[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]<br>[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|image=The Martyrdom of St Livinus by Rubens.jpg
|imagesize=
|caption=''The Martyrdom of St Livinus'' - [[Rubens]], 1633
|birth_place=[[Ireland]]
|death_place= [[Sint-Lievens-Esse]], [[Flanders]]
|titles=
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date=
|canonized_place=
|canonized_by=
|attributes=
|patronage=
|major_shrine=
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
|prayer=
|prayer_attrib=
}}
[[File:Gent, Sint-Baafskapittel, Ms. 13.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The so-called Livinus Gospels, Ghent (9th century)]]

⚫
Saint '''Livinus''' (''c''. 580 – 12 November 657), also '''Livinus of Ghent''', was an apostle in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] and [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]], venerated as a saint and martyr in the Catholic tradition and more especially at the [[Saint Bavo Cathedral|Saint Bavo Chapel]], Ghent.<ref name=Carasso-Kok54 /> His feast day is 12 November.


==Legend and hagiography==
==Legend and hagiography==
Details of the biography of Deventer saint [[Lebuinus]] were used to compile the ''Passio'' of St Livinus.<ref name=Carasso-Kok54>{{Cite book|first=M. |last=Carasso-Kok |year=1981 |title=Repertorium van verhalende historische bronnen uit de middeleeuwen heiligenlevens, annalen, kronieken en andere in Nederland geschreven verhalende bronnen |publisher=Brill Archive |isbn=90-247-9132-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALjPDDIIJY0C&pg=PA54|page= 54 ff}}</ref>
⚫
The legend goes that Livinus was born from Irish nobility. Upon studies in [[England]], where he visited [[Saint Augustine]] of Canterbuy, he returned to [[Ireland]]. He later went on a “peregrinatio Domini” and left Ireland for [[Ghent]] ([[Belgium]]) and Sealand ([[The Netherlands]]) where he preached. During one of his preaches, Livinus was attacked in the village of Esse, near [[Geraardsbergen]] by a group of pagans who cut out his tongue and severed his head.


⚫
The legend goes that Livinus was born from Irish nobility. Upon studies in [[Anglo-Saxon England|England]], where he visited [[Saint Augustine of Canterbury]], he returned to [[Ireland]]. He was bishop of Dublin in 656.<ref>[https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/L/livinus-saint.html "Livinus, Saint", ''The Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature''. (James Strong and John McClintock, eds.) Harper and Brothers; NY; 1880]</ref> He later went on a ''peregrinatio Domini'' and left Ireland for [[Ghent]] (Belgium) and [[Zeeland]] (Netherlands) where he preached. During one of his sermons, Livinus was attacked in the village of Esse, near [[Geraardsbergen]] by a group of pagans who cut off his tongue and head.<ref>[https://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-livinus/ Monks of Ramsgate. “Livinus”. ''Book of Saints'', 1921. CatholicSaints.Info. 8 November 2014]{{PD-notice}}</ref>
⚫
The villages of [[Sint-Lievens-Esse]], where he was murdered, and [[Sint-Lievens-Houtem]], where he was buried, were named after him.


⚫
The villages of [[Sint-Lievens-Esse]], where he was murdered, and [[Sint-Lievens-Houtem]], where he was buried, were named after him, as well as [[Merck-Saint-Liévin]] in northern [[France]].
⚫
Livinus was canonized in 842. His remains were transferred to Ghent around the turn of the millennium, but went missing and are believed to have been destroyed in 1578 during the Second [[Iconoclasm]].

⚫
His remains were transferred to Ghent around the turn of the millennium, but went missing and are believed to have been destroyed in 1578 during the Second [[Iconoclasm]].


==Myth or reality?==
==Myth or reality?==
Recent research questions the existence of Saint Livinus.<ref>J. Decavele, H. Balthazar, P. Ruyffelaere (1989), ''Gent, apologie van een rebelse stad'', p. 55, Mercatorfonds, Antwerpen, ISBN 90-6153-201-9; [http://books.google.com/books?id=ALjPDDIIJY0C&pg=PA54&dq=Livinus+Gent&lr=&as_brr=3&hl=nl&sig=ACfU3U37K4826LdVpxLboEGWgTvw4W0pOQ M. Carasso-Kok (1981), ''Repertorium van verhalende historische bronnen uit de middeleeuwen heiligenlevens, annalen, kronieken en andere in Nederland geschreven verhalende bronnen'', p. 54 e.v, Brill Archive], ISBN 90-247-9132-4; [http://members.lycos.nl/darcos2/fourdescphotos.html J. Van Brabant (1972), ''Sint-Lieven of Sint-Bavo. Aantekeningen bij een groot schilderij''], D/1973/1.087/1</ref> There are resemblances between Saint Livinus and [[Saint Lebuinus]] of [[Deventer]] (The Netherlands), an English missionary who died in Deventer ca. 775 and who is commemorated on 12 November in the [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] diocese. Both figures were engaged in the christening of pagans in the [[Low Countries]] and were confronted with similar conflicts and clashes. It has been argued that monks of the Saint Bavo Abbey in Ghent, Livinius' presumed place of residence, have launched the cultus of Saint Livinus and found inspiration in the life of Saint Lebuinus.
Recent research questions the existence of Saint Livinus.<ref name=Carasso-Kok54 /><ref name=Decavele55>{{Cite book|author1=Decavele, J.|author-link1=Johan Decavele |author2=H. Balthazar |author3=P. Ruyffelaere |year=1989 |title=Gent, apologie van een rebelse stad |publisher=Mercatorfonds |location=Antwerpen |isbn=90-6153-201-9|page=55}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://members.lycos.nl/darcos2/fourdescphotos.html |first=J. van |last=Brabant |year=1972 |title=Sint-Lieven of Sint-Bavo. Aantekeningen bij een groot schilderij }}</ref> There are resemblances between Saint Livinus and [[Saint Lebuinus]] of [[Deventer]] (Netherlands), an English missionary who died in Deventer ''c''. 775 and who is commemorated on 12 November in the [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] diocese. Both figures were engaged in the christening of pagans in the [[Low Countries]] and were confronted with similar conflicts and clashes. It has been argued that monks of the Saint Bavo Abbey in Ghent, Livinus' presumed place of residence, have launched the cultus of Saint Livinus and found inspiration in the life of Saint Lebuinus.

A hagiography of the saint (edited in Migne, ''[[Patrologia Latina]]'', 89) was formerly ascribed to [[Saint Boniface]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Ja49AAAAYAAJ|title=Der heilige Bonifatius, Apostel der Deutschen|first=Bernhard|last=Kuhlmann|publisher=Verlag der Bonifacius-Dr.|year=1895|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Ja49AAAAYAAJ/page/n513 497]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite journal|last=Coens |first=M. |title=L'auteur de la Passio Livini s'est-il inspiré de la Vita Lebuini? |journal=[[Analecta Bollandiana]] |volume=70 |year=1952 |issue=3–4 |pages=285–305 |doi=10.1484/J.ABOL.4.00029 }}
*{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Coens |first=M. |title=Litanies Gantoises |encyclopedia=Recueil d’études bolandiennes |series=Subsïdia Hagiographica 37 |location=Brussels |year=1963 |pages=258–70 }}
*{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Holder-Egger |first=O. |title=Zu den Heiligengeschichten des Genter St. Bavosklosters |encyclopedia=Historische Aufsätze dem Andenken an Georg Waitz gewidmet |location=Hanover |year=1886 |pages=644–59 |language=German }}
*On the Livinus Gospels:
**{{Citation |last=McGurk |first=Patrick |title=The Ghent Livinus Gospels and the Scriptorium of Saint-Amand|year=1963 |journal=Sacris Erudiri |volume=14 |pages=164–205 |doi=10.1484/J.SE.2.303326 }} Reprinted in McGurk (1998), ''Gospel Books and Early Latin Manuscripts''. Ashgate.
**{{Cite journal|first=Lawrence |last=Nees |title=On Carolingian Book Painters: The Ottoboni Gospels and Its Transfiguration Master |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=83 |year=2001 |issue=2 |pages=209–39 |doi=10.2307/3177207 |jstor=3177207 }}
**{{Cite encyclopedia |language=Dutch |first=Lawrence |last=Nees |title=Evangeliarium van Livinus |editor=Patrick de Rynck |encyclopedia=Meesterlijke middeleeuwen: Miniaturen van Karel de Grote tot Karel de Stoute, 800–1475 |location=Zwolle and Louvain |year=2002 |pages=104–5 }}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.nl/darcos2/fourdescphotos.html] Website of DARCOS (Service for Archeology in Sint-Lievens-Houtem) on Saint Livinus, p.&nbsp;3, 25 and 29
*[http://members.lycos.nl/darcos2/fourdescphotos.html] Website of DARCOS (Service for Archeology in Sint-Lievens-Houtem) on Saint Livinus, p.&nbsp;3, 25 and 29


{{Portalbar|Saints}}
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Livinus}}
⚫
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:7th-century Irish Christian clergy]]
[[Category:Medieval Irish saints on the Continent]]
[[Category:Irish expatriates in the Netherlands]]
⚫
[[Category:580 births]]
[[Category:657 deaths]]


[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[de:Livinus von Gent]]
[[fr:Liévin de Gand]]
[[nl:Livinus van Gent (heilige)]]

Latest revision as of 04:51, 31 August 2024

Saint Livinius
The Martyrdom of St Livinus - Rubens, 1633
Bornc. 580
Ireland
Died(657-11-12)12 November 657
Sint-Lievens-Esse, Flanders
Venerated inEastern Orthodox Church
Roman Catholic Church
Feast12 November
The so-called Livinus Gospels, Ghent (9th century)

Saint Livinus (c. 580 – 12 November 657), also Livinus of Ghent, was an apostle in Flanders and Brabant, venerated as a saint and martyr in the Catholic tradition and more especially at the Saint Bavo Chapel, Ghent.[1] His feast day is 12 November.

Legend and hagiography

[edit]

Details of the biography of Deventer saint Lebuinus were used to compile the Passio of St Livinus.[1]

The legend goes that Livinus was born from Irish nobility. Upon studies in England, where he visited Saint Augustine of Canterbury, he returned to Ireland. He was bishop of Dublin in 656.[2] He later went on a peregrinatio Domini and left Ireland for Ghent (Belgium) and Zeeland (Netherlands) where he preached. During one of his sermons, Livinus was attacked in the village of Esse, near Geraardsbergen by a group of pagans who cut off his tongue and head.[3]

The villages of Sint-Lievens-Esse, where he was murdered, and Sint-Lievens-Houtem, where he was buried, were named after him, as well as Merck-Saint-Liévin in northern France.

His remains were transferred to Ghent around the turn of the millennium, but went missing and are believed to have been destroyed in 1578 during the Second Iconoclasm.

Myth or reality?

[edit]

Recent research questions the existence of Saint Livinus.[1][4][5] There are resemblances between Saint Livinus and Saint Lebuinus of Deventer (Netherlands), an English missionary who died in Deventer c. 775 and who is commemorated on 12 November in the Utrecht diocese. Both figures were engaged in the christening of pagans in the Low Countries and were confronted with similar conflicts and clashes. It has been argued that monks of the Saint Bavo Abbey in Ghent, Livinus' presumed place of residence, have launched the cultus of Saint Livinus and found inspiration in the life of Saint Lebuinus.

A hagiography of the saint (edited in Migne, Patrologia Latina, 89) was formerly ascribed to Saint Boniface.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Carasso-Kok, M. (1981). Repertorium van verhalende historische bronnen uit de middeleeuwen heiligenlevens, annalen, kronieken en andere in Nederland geschreven verhalende bronnen. Brill Archive. p. 54 ff. ISBN 90-247-9132-4.
  2. ^ "Livinus, Saint", The Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. (James Strong and John McClintock, eds.) Harper and Brothers; NY; 1880
  3. ^ Monks of Ramsgate. “Livinus”. Book of Saints, 1921. CatholicSaints.Info. 8 November 2014Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ Decavele, J.; H. Balthazar; P. Ruyffelaere (1989). Gent, apologie van een rebelse stad. Antwerpen: Mercatorfonds. p. 55. ISBN 90-6153-201-9.
  5. ^ Brabant, J. van (1972), Sint-Lieven of Sint-Bavo. Aantekeningen bij een groot schilderij
  6. ^ Kuhlmann, Bernhard (1895). Der heilige Bonifatius, Apostel der Deutschen. Verlag der Bonifacius-Dr. p. 497.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Coens, M. (1952). "L'auteur de la Passio Livini s'est-il inspiré de la Vita Lebuini?". Analecta Bollandiana. 70 (3–4): 285–305. doi:10.1484/J.ABOL.4.00029.
  • Coens, M. (1963). "Litanies Gantoises". Recueil d’études bolandiennes. Subsïdia Hagiographica 37. Brussels. pp. 258–70.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Holder-Egger, O. (1886). "Zu den Heiligengeschichten des Genter St. Bavosklosters". Historische Aufsätze dem Andenken an Georg Waitz gewidmet (in German). Hanover. pp. 644–59.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • On the Livinus Gospels:
    • McGurk, Patrick (1963), "The Ghent Livinus Gospels and the Scriptorium of Saint-Amand", Sacris Erudiri, 14: 164–205, doi:10.1484/J.SE.2.303326 Reprinted in McGurk (1998), Gospel Books and Early Latin Manuscripts. Ashgate.
    • Nees, Lawrence (2001). "On Carolingian Book Painters: The Ottoboni Gospels and Its Transfiguration Master". The Art Bulletin. 83 (2): 209–39. doi:10.2307/3177207. JSTOR 3177207.
    • Nees, Lawrence (2002). "Evangeliarium van Livinus". In Patrick de Rynck (ed.). Meesterlijke middeleeuwen: Miniaturen van Karel de Grote tot Karel de Stoute, 800–1475 (in Dutch). Zwolle and Louvain. pp. 104–5.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
[edit]
  • [1] Website of DARCOS (Service for Archeology in Sint-Lievens-Houtem) on Saint Livinus, p. 3, 25 and 29
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