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Polemic (/pəˈlɛmɪk/ pə-LEHM-ick, US also /-ˈlimɪk/ -⁠LEEM-ick) is contentious rhetoric intended to support a specific position by forthright claims and to undermine the opposing position. The practice of such argumentation is called polemics, which are seen in arguments on controversial topics. A person who writes polemics, or speaks polemically, is called a polemicist.^[1] The word derives from Ancient Greek πολεμικός (polemikos) 'warlike, hostile',^[1]^[2] from πόλεμος (polemos) 'war'.^[3]

Polemics often concern questions in religion or politics. A polemical style of writing was common in Ancient Greece, as in the writings of the historian Polybius. Polemic again became common in medieval and early modern times. Since then, famous polemicists have included satirist Jonathan Swift, Italian physicist and mathematician Galileo, French theologian Jean Calvin, French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher Voltaire, Russian author Leo Tolstoy, socialist philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, novelist George Orwell, playwright George Bernard Shaw, communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, linguist Noam Chomsky, social critics H.L.Mencken Christopher Hitchens and Peter Hitchens, and existential philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche.

Polemical journalism was common in continental Europe when libel laws were not as stringent as they are now.^[4] To support study of 17th to 19th century controversies, a British research project has placed online thousands of polemical pamphlets from that period.^[5] Discussions of atheism, humanism, and Christianity have remained open to polemic into the 21st century.

History

In Ancient Greece, writing was characterised by what Geoffrey Lloyd and Nathan Sivin called "strident adversariality" and "rationalistic aggressiveness", summed up by McClinton as polemic.^[6]^[7] For example, the ancient historian Polybius practiced "quite bitter self-righteous polemic" against some twenty philosophers, orators, and historians.^[8]

Polemical writings were common in medieval and early modern times.^[9] During the Middle Ages, polemic had a religious dimension, as in Jewish texts written to protect and dissuade Jewish communities from converting to other religions.^[10] Medieval Christian writings were also often polemical; for example in their disagreements on Islam^[11] or in the vast corpus aimed at converting the Jews.^[12]^[13] Martin Luther's 95 Theses was a polemic launched against the Catholic Church.^[6]^{[note 1]} Robert Carliell's 1619 defence of the new Church of England and diatribe against the Roman Catholic Church – Britaine's glorie, or An allegoricall dreame with the exposition thereof: containing The Heathens infidelitie in religion ... – took the form of a 250-line poem.^[14]

Major political polemicists of the 18th century include Jonathan Swift, with pamphlets such as his A Modest Proposal, Alexander Hamilton, with pieces such as A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress and A Farmer Refuted, and Edmund Burke, with his attack on the Duke of Bedford.^[15]

In the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 Communist Manifesto was extremely polemical.^[6] Both Marx and Engels would publish further polemical works, with Engels's work Anti-Dühring serving as a polemic against Eugen Dühring, and Marx's Critique of the Gotha Programme against Ferdinand Lasalle.

Vladimir Lenin published polemics against political opponents. The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky was notably directed against Karl Kautsky, and other works such as The State and Revolution attacked figures including Eduard Bernstein.

In the 20th century, George Orwell's Animal Farm was a polemic against totalitarianism, in particular of Stalinism in the Soviet Union. According to McClinton, other prominent polemicists of the same century include such diverse figures as Herbert Marcuse, Noam Chomsky, John Pilger, and Michael Moore.^[6]

Conservative of Jewish descent Austrian writer and journalist Karl Kraus (1890-1935) that led to he is one of the few writers who resists the moral collapse he thinks about with his polemical writings. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Sigmund Freud, Ernest Mach They think like; They both influenced and remained under the influence of Karl Kraus, who alone produced and published 922 issues of the fifteen-daily magazine called Die Fackel (The Torch) until his death. Kraus's polemics were collected and evaluated by Carr.

In 2007 Brian McClinton argued in Humani that anti-religious books such as Richard Dawkins's The God Delusion are part of the polemic tradition.^[6] In 2008 the humanist philosopher A. C. Grayling published a book, Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness.^[16]

Notes

^ The story of Luther nailing his Theses to the church door has been doubted. See references in Martin Luther#Start of the Reformation – "the story of the posting on the door ... has little foundation in truth."

References

^ ^a ^b "polemic" (s.v.). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. 2005.
^ American College Dictionary. New York: Random House.
^ Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. "πόλεμος". A Greek-English Lexicon. on Perseus.
^ polemic, or polemical literature, or polemics (rhetoric). britannica.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
^ "Rare books collections: Hay Fleming Collection". St Andrews University Library. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e McClinton, Brian (July 2007). "A Defence of Polemics" (PDF). Humani (105): 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016.
^ Lloyd, Geoffrey; Sivin, Nathan (2002). The Way and the Word: Science and Medicine in Early China and Greece. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10160-7.
^ Walbank, F. W. (1962). "Polemic in Polybius". The Journal of Roman Studies. 52 (Parts 1 and 2): 1–12. doi:10.2307/297872. JSTOR 297872. S2CID 153936734.
^ Suerbaum, Almut; Southcombe, George (2016). Polemic: Language as Violence in Medieval and Early Modern Discourse. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-07929-3.
^ Chazan, Robert (2004). Fashioning Jewish identity in medieval western Christendom. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
^ Tolan, John Victor (2000). Medieval Christian perceptions of Islam. Routledge. p. 420.
^ Bobichon, Philippe (2012). "Littérature de controverse entre judaïsme et christianisme: Description du corpus et réflexions méthodologiques (IIe-XVIe siècle ») (textes grecs, latins et hébreux)]". Revue d'Histoire ecclésiastique. 107 (1): 5–48. doi:10.1484/J.RHE.1.102664.
^ Bobichon, Philippe (2018). S. Chandra (ed.). "Is Violence intrinsic to religious confrontation? The case of Judeo-Christian controversy, second to seventeenth century". Violence and Non-violence Across Times. History, Religion and Culture. Routledge: 33–52. doi:10.4324/9780429466205-3.
^ Lee, Sidney (2004). "Carleill, Robert (fl. 1619)". In Reavley Gair (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4680. Retrieved 27 May 2017. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Paulin, Tom (26 March 1995). "The Art of Criticism: 12 Polemic". The Independent. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
^ Grayling, A. C. (2008). Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness. Oberon Books. ISBN 978-1-840-02728-0.

Bibliography

Gallop, Jane (2004). Polemic: Critical or Uncritical (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97228-0.
Hawthorn, Jeremy (1987). Propaganda, Persuasion and Polemic. Hodder Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6497-2.
Lander, Jesse M. (2006). Inventing Polemic: Religion, Print, and Literary Culture in Early Modern England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83854-1.
Öztürk, Nurettin (2005). Türk Edebiyatında Polemik ve "Kavgalarım". Lisans yayıncılık. ISBN 975-6597-28-5. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)

External links

Quotations related to Polemic at Wikiquote

[14] The story of Luther nailing his Theses to the church door has been doubted. See references in Martin Luther#Start of the Reformation – "the story of the posting on the door ... has little foundation in truth."

[auto-1] "polemic" (s.v.). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. 2005.

[2] American College Dictionary. New York: Random House.

[3] Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. "πόλεμος". A Greek-English Lexicon. on Perseus.

[4] polemic, or polemical literature, or polemics (rhetoric). britannica.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.

[5] "Rare books collections: Hay Fleming Collection". St Andrews University Library. Retrieved 16 March 2022.

[McClinton-6] McClinton, Brian (July 2007). "A Defence of Polemics" (PDF). Humani (105): 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016.

[7] Lloyd, Geoffrey; Sivin, Nathan (2002). The Way and the Word: Science and Medicine in Early China and Greece. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10160-7.

[Walbank-8] Walbank, F. W. (1962). "Polemic in Polybius". The Journal of Roman Studies. 52 (Parts 1 and 2): 1–12. doi:10.2307/297872. JSTOR 297872. S2CID 153936734.

[Suerbaum-9] Suerbaum, Almut; Southcombe, George (2016). Polemic: Language as Violence in Medieval and Early Modern Discourse. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-07929-3.

[10] Chazan, Robert (2004). Fashioning Jewish identity in medieval western Christendom. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.

[11] Tolan, John Victor (2000). Medieval Christian perceptions of Islam. Routledge. p. 420.

[12] Bobichon, Philippe (2012). "Littérature de controverse entre judaïsme et christianisme: Description du corpus et réflexions méthodologiques (IIe-XVIe siècle ») (textes grecs, latins et hébreux)]". Revue d'Histoire ecclésiastique. 107 (1): 5–48. doi:10.1484/J.RHE.1.102664.

[13] Bobichon, Philippe (2018). S. Chandra (ed.). "Is Violence intrinsic to religious confrontation? The case of Judeo-Christian controversy, second to seventeenth century". Violence and Non-violence Across Times. History, Religion and Culture. Routledge: 33–52. doi:10.4324/9780429466205-3.

[15] Lee, Sidney (2004). "Carleill, Robert (fl. 1619)". In Reavley Gair (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4680. Retrieved 27 May 2017. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[Indie-16] Paulin, Tom (26 March 1995). "The Art of Criticism: 12 Polemic". The Independent. Retrieved 6 November 2016.

[17] Grayling, A. C. (2008). Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness. Oberon Books. ISBN 978-1-840-02728-0.

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+{{Short description|Contentious rhetoric}}
-{{Otheruses}}
+{{About|the word|the magazine|Polemic (magazine){{!}}''Polemic'' (magazine)}}
-{{Cleanup|date=March 2010}}
+{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}
+{{use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
+{{Rhetoric}}
+'''Polemic''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|m|ɪ|k}} {{respell|pə|LEHM|ick}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|ˈ|l|i|m|ɪ|k}} {{respell|-LEEM|ick}}) is contentious [[rhetoric]] intended to support a specific position by forthright claims and to undermine the opposing position.  The practice of such argumentation is called '''polemics''', which are seen in arguments on controversial topics. A person who writes polemics, or speaks polemically, is called a '''polemicist'''.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|website=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|location=[[Springfield, MA]]|date=2005|format=s.v.|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/polemic|title=polemic}}</ref>  The word derives {{ety|grc|πολεμικός ({{transl|grc|polemikos}})|warlike, hostile}},<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book|title=American College Dictionary|publisher=Random House|location=New York}}</ref> {{ety||πόλεμος ({{transl|grc|polemos}})|war}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpo%2Flemos|title=πόλεμος|author1=Henry George Liddell|author-link=Henry George Liddell|author2=Robert Scott|author2-link=Robert Scott (philologist)|website=[[A Greek-English Lexicon]]|publisher=on Perseus}}</ref>
-A '''polemic''' ({{pron-en|pəˈlɛmɪk}}) is a variety of argument or controversy made against one opinion, doctrine, or person. Other variations of argument are [[debate]] and [[discussion]].  The word is derived from the Greek ''polemikos'' (πολεμικός),  meaning "warlike, hostile".<ref>Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 2005), s.v. [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/polemic "polemic"]</ref>
+Polemics often concern questions in religion or politics. A polemical style of writing was common in [[Ancient Greece]], as in the writings of the historian [[Polybius]]. Polemic again became common in [[medieval]] and [[early modern]] times. Since then, famous polemicists have included satirist [[Jonathan Swift]], Italian physicist and mathematician [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]], French theologian [[ Jean Calvin]], French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher [[Voltaire]], Russian author [[Leo Tolstoy]], socialist philosophers [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]], novelist [[George Orwell]], playwright [[George Bernard Shaw]], communist revolutionary [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[linguist]] [[Noam Chomsky]], social critics H.L.Mencken [[Christopher Hitchens]] and [[Peter Hitchens]], and existential philosophers [[Søren Kierkegaard]] and [[Friedrich Nietzsche]].
-==Overview==
-A polemic is a form of [[dispute]], wherein the main efforts of the disputing parties are aimed at establishing their own point of view regarding an issue. Along with debate, polemic is one of the more common forms of dispute. Similar to debate, it is constrained by a definite thesis which serves as the subject of controversy. However, unlike debate, which seeks a common ground between two parties, polemic is based on establishing a single point of view.
+Polemical journalism was common in [[continental Europe]] when [[libel]] laws were not as stringent as they are now.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-467241/polemic |title=polemic, or polemical literature, or polemics (rhetoric) |publisher=britannica.com |access-date=21 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411123116/http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-467241/polemic |archive-date=11 April 2008 }}</ref> To support study of 17th to 19th century controversies, a British research project has placed online thousands of polemical pamphlets from that period.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://libguides.st-andrews.ac.uk/specialcollections/rarebooks/hayfleming | title=Rare books collections: Hay Fleming Collection |publisher= St Andrews University Library| access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> Discussions of atheism, humanism, and Christianity have remained open to polemic into the 21st century.
-Polemic usually addresses serious matters of [[religious]], [[philosophical]], [[political]], or [[scientific]] importance, and is often written to dispute or refute a widely accepted position.
 ==History==
+In [[Ancient Greece]], writing was characterised by what Geoffrey Lloyd and [[Nathan Sivin]] called "strident adversariality" and "rationalistic aggressiveness", summed up by McClinton as polemic.<ref name=McClinton/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lloyd |first1= Geoffrey |last2=Sivin |first2=Nathan |title= The Way and the Word: Science and Medicine in Early China and Greece |date= 2002 |publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-10160-7}}</ref> For example, the ancient historian [[Polybius]] practiced "quite bitter self-righteous polemic" against some twenty philosophers, orators, and historians.<ref name=Walbank>{{cite journal |last1= Walbank |first1=F. W. |title=Polemic in Polybius |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |date=1962 |volume=52 |issue= Parts 1 and 2 |pages=1–12 |doi= 10.2307/297872 |jstor=297872|s2cid= 153936734 }}</ref>
-Polemic journalism was common in continental Europe, when [[libel]] laws were not as stringent.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-467241/polemic |title=polemic, or polemical literature, or polemics (rhetoric)|publisher=britannica.com |accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref>
+Polemical writings were common in [[medieval]] and [[early modern]] times.<ref name=Suerbaum>{{cite book |last1=Suerbaum |first1=Almut |last2= Southcombe |first2=George |title=Polemic: Language as Violence in Medieval and Early Modern Discourse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFWrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39 |year=2016 |publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-1-317-07929-3}}</ref> During the Middle Ages, polemic had a religious dimension, as in [[Jewish polemics and apologetics in the Middle Ages|Jewish texts written to protect and dissuade Jewish communities from converting to other religions]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Chazan, Robert |title=Fashioning Jewish identity in medieval western Christendom |page=7 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |date=2004}}</ref> [[Christian polemics and apologetics in the Middle Ages|Medieval Christian writings]] were also often polemical; for example in their disagreements on Islam<ref>{{cite book |author=Tolan, John Victor |title=Medieval Christian perceptions of Islam |page=420 |publisher=Routledge |date=2000}}</ref> or in the vast corpus aimed at converting the Jews.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Philippe | last= Bobichon| url= https://www.academia.edu/35266876 | title= Littérature de controverse entre judaïsme et christianisme: Description du corpus et réflexions méthodologiques (IIe-XVIe siècle ») (textes grecs, latins et hébreux)]| journal= Revue d'Histoire ecclésiastique| volume = 107| number= 1 | year= 2012| pages= 5–48| doi= 10.1484/J.RHE.1.102664}}</ref><ref> {{cite journal | first = Philippe | last= Bobichon| url= https://www.academia.edu/37551705 | title= Is Violence intrinsic to religious confrontation? The case of Judeo-Christian controversy, second to seventeenth century| editor= S. Chandra | journal= Violence and Non-violence Across Times. History, Religion and Culture| publisher = Routledge| year= 2018| pages= 33–52| doi= 10.4324/9780429466205-3}}</ref> [[Martin Luther]]'s ''[[Ninety-five Theses|95 Theses]]'' was a polemic launched against the Catholic Church.<ref name=McClinton/>{{refn|group=note|The story of Luther nailing his Theses to the church door has been doubted. See references in [[Martin Luther#Start of the Reformation]] – "the story of the posting on the door ... has little foundation in truth."}} [[Robert Carliell]]'s 1619 defence of the new [[Church of England]] and diatribe against the [[Roman Catholic Church]] – {{lang|enm|Britaine's glorie, or An allegoricall dreame with the exposition thereof: containing The Heathens infidelitie in religion ...}} – took the form of a 250-line poem.<ref>{{cite ODNB | first = Sidney | last= Lee| title= Carleill, Robert (fl. 1619)|editor= Reavley Gair | place= Oxford| year= 2004| doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/4680| url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4680| accessdate = 27 May 2017| url-access= subscription}}</ref>
-To support study of the polemics and controversies of the 17th-19th centuries, a British research project has placed thousands of pamphlets of that era online.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://specialcollections.st-and.ac.uk/projpamph.htm | title=Pamphlet and polemic: Pamphlets as a guide to the controversies of the 17th-19th centuries |publisher= St Andrews University Library| accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref>
+Major political polemicists of the 18th century include [[Jonathan Swift]], with pamphlets such as his ''[[A Modest Proposal]]'', [[Alexander Hamilton]], with pieces such as ''[[A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress]]'' and ''[[The Farmer Refuted|A Farmer Refuted]]'', and [[Edmund Burke]], with his attack on the [[John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford|Duke of Bedford]].<ref name=Indie>{{cite news|last1=Paulin|first1=Tom|title=The Art of Criticism: 12 Polemic|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-art-of-criticism-12-polemic-1612930.html|work=The Independent|access-date=6 November 2016|date=26 March 1995}}</ref>
-==Theology==
-Polemic Theology is the branch of [[theology|theological]] argument devoted to the history or conduct of controversy on religious matters.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.founders.org/FJ33/article3.html|title=Polemic Theology: How to Deal with Those Who Differ from Us |first=Roger R.|last=Nicole |journal=The Founders Journal|date=Summer 1998|issue=33|accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref> As such, it is distinguished from [[apologetics]], the intellectual defense of faith.
+In the 19th century, [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]]'s 1848 ''[[Communist Manifesto]]'' was extremely polemical.<ref name=McClinton/> Both Marx and Engels would publish further polemical works, with Engels's work ''[[Anti-Dühring]]'' serving as a polemic against [[Eugen Dühring]], and Marx's ''[[Critique of the Gotha Programme]]'' against [[Ferdinand Lassalle|Ferdinand Lasalle]].
-==Noted polemicists==
-{{Or|date=April 2010}}
-One of the most famous polemicists was the Frenchman [[Voltaire]], along with other
-classic English-language polemicists such as [[Jonathan Swift]], [[Thomas Paine]], [[Oscar Wilde]] and [[Ambrose Bierce]].  Contemporary polemicists include Ivan Illich, and American polemicists the writer and director [[Michael Moore]], the linguist [[Noam Chomsky]], historian [[Howard Zinn]] (recently deceased) and new media journalist [[Max Keiser]]. It should be noted that the title of Polemic entitles its holder to a certain degree of respect, it infers the person is an informed critic of social and political issues with substantiated, and legitimate,  arguments. The modern Polemic is concerned far more with the scholastic than with the commercial. Martin Luther's "The Bondage of the Will" was a polemic, written against and in answer to the Diatribe of Erasmus On Free-Will...
+[[Vladimir Lenin]] published polemics against political opponents. ''[[The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky]]'' was notably directed against [[Karl Kautsky]], and other works such as ''[[The State and Revolution]]'' attacked figures including [[Eduard Bernstein]].
-==Further reading==
-*{{Cite book| edition = 1| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 0415972280| last = Gallop| first = Jane| title = Polemic: Critical or Uncritical| location = New York| date = 2004}}
+In the 20th century, [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Animal Farm]]'' was a polemic against [[totalitarianism]], in particular of [[Stalinism]] in the [[Soviet Union]].  According to McClinton, other prominent polemicists of the same century include such diverse figures as [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[John Pilger]], and [[Michael Moore]].<ref name= McClinton/>
-*{{Cite book| publisher = Hodder Arnold| isbn = 0713164972| last = Hawthorn| first = Jeremy| title = Propaganda, Persuasion and Polemic| date = 1987}}
-*{{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 0521838541| last = Lander| first = Jesse M.| title = Inventing Polemic: Religion, Print, and Literary Culture in Early Modern England| date = 2006}}
+Conservative of Jewish descent Austrian writer and journalist Karl Kraus (1890-1935) that led to he is one of the few writers who resists the moral collapse he thinks about with his polemical writings. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Sigmund Freud, Ernest Mach They think like; They both influenced and remained under the influence of Karl Kraus, who alone produced and published 922 issues of the fifteen-daily magazine called Die Fackel (The Torch) until his death. Kraus's polemics were collected and evaluated by Carr.
+In 2007 Brian McClinton argued in ''[[Humani (organisation)|Humani]]'' that anti-religious books such as [[Richard Dawkins]]'s ''[[The God Delusion]]'' are part of the polemic tradition.<ref name= McClinton>{{cite journal|last1=McClinton|first1=Brian|title=A Defence of Polemics|journal=Humani|date=July 2007|issue= 105|pages=12–13|url=http://humanistni.org/filestore/image/polemics.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322225304/http://humanistni.org/filestore/image/polemics.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2016}}</ref> In 2008 the humanist philosopher [[A. C. Grayling]] published a book, ''Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grayling|first1=A. C.|title=Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness|date=2008|publisher=Oberon Books|isbn=978-1-840-02728-0}}</ref>
 ==See also==
+{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
-*[[Apologia]]
+* [[Critic]]
-*[[Sam Harris (author)#Conversational intolerance|Conversational intolerance]]
-*[[Devil's advocate]]
+* [[Devil's advocate]]
-*[[Disputation]]
+* [[Dialectic]]
+* [[Disputation]]
-*[[Flying Spaghetti Monster]]
-*[[Philippic]]
+* [[Internet troll]]
-*[[Social gadfly]]
+* [[Irenicism]]
+* [[Philippic]]
+* [[Rhetoric]]
+* [[Social gadfly]]
+* [[Trash-talk]]
+{{div col end}}
+==Notes==
+{{Reflist|group="note"}}
 ==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|30em}}
+==Bibliography==
+* {{Cite book| edition = 1| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 0-415-97228-0| last = Gallop| first = Jane| title = Polemic: Critical or Uncritical| location = New York| year = 2004}}
+* {{Cite book| publisher = Hodder Arnold| isbn = 0-7131-6497-2| last = Hawthorn| first = Jeremy| title = Propaganda, Persuasion and Polemic| year = 1987}}
+* {{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 0-521-83854-1| last = Lander| first = Jesse M.| title = Inventing Polemic: Religion, Print, and Literary Culture in Early Modern England| year = 2006}}
+* {{Cite book| publisher = Lisans yayıncılık| isbn = 975-6597-28-5| last = Öztürk| first = Nurettin| title = Türk Edebiyatında Polemik ve "Kavgalarım"| year = 2005}}
 ==External links==
-* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
+{{Wiktionary}}
 * {{wikiquote-inline}}
+{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Rhetoric]]
-[[Category:Theology]]
-[[Category:Christian genres]]
-[[Category:Apologetics]]
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