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{{short description|Set of words that accompany an instrumental}}
{{Mergefrom|Poem and song|date=March 2008}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:Adeste Fideles sheet music sample.svg|thumb|350px|Lyrics in [[sheet music]]. This is a [[homorhythm]]ic (i.e., [[hymn]]-style) arrangement of a traditional piece entitled "{{Lang|la|[[Adeste Fideles]]|italic=no}}" (the original Latin lyrics to "O Come, All Ye Faithful") in standard two-staff format for mixed voices. {{audio|Adeste Fideles sheet music sample.mid|Play}}]]
'''Lyrics''' are [[word]]s that make up a [[song]], usually consisting of [[Verse (poetry)|verses]] and [[Refrain|choruses]]. The writer of lyrics is a [[lyricist]]. The words to an extended musical composition such as an [[opera]] are, however, usually known as a "[[libretto]]" and their writer, as a "[[librettist]]". [[Rap song]]s and grime contain '''rap lyrics''' (often with a variation of rhyming words) that are meant to be [[rapping|spoken rhythmically]] rather than sung. The meaning of lyrics can either be explicit or implicit. Some lyrics are abstract, almost unintelligible, and, in such cases, their explication emphasizes [[Musical form|form]], [[Articulation (music)|articulation]], [[meter (poetry)|meter]], and [[symmetry]] of expression.


==Etymology==
'''Lyrics''' (in singular form '''lyric''') are a set of words that make up a [[song]]. The writer of lyrics is a [[lyricist]] or [[lyrist]]. The meaning of lyrics can either be explicit or implicit. Some lyrics are abstract, almost unintelligible, and, in such cases, their explication emphasizes [[Musical form|form]], [[articulation]], [[meter (poetry)|meter]], and [[symmetry]] of expression. The lyricist of traditional musical forms such as [[Opera]] is known as a [[libretto|librettist]].
[[File:Ur lyre.jpg|right|thumb|175px|A [[lyre|lyrist]] on the [[Standard of Ur]], {{circa|lk=no|2500}} BC]]


The word ''lyric'' derives via [[Latin]] ''{{wikt-lang|la|lyricus}}'' from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{wikt-lang|grc|λυρικός}} (''{{grc-transl|λυρικός}}''),<ref name=oed>{{OED|lyric|access-date=2014-01-15}}</ref> the adjectival form of ''[[lyre]]''.<ref>[[Liddell, Henry]] & al. ''[[A Greek–English Lexicon]]'' 9th ed., "[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=λυρικός&la=greek#Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=luriko/s-contents {{lang|grc|λυρικός}}]". [[Clarendon Press]] ([[Oxford, England|Oxford]]), 1996. Hosted at the [[Perseus Project]]. Accessed 15&nbsp;Jan&nbsp;2014.</ref> It first appeared in English in the mid-16th century in reference to the [[Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey|Earl of Surrey]]'s translations of [[Petrarch]] and to his own [[sonnet]]s.<ref>Sidney, Philip. ''An Apologie for Poetrie'' op.&nbsp;cit. ''OED'' (1903).</ref> [[Greek lyric|Greek lyric poetry]] had been defined by the manner in which it was sung accompanied by the [[lyre]] or [[cithara]],<ref>Miller, Andrew. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=80MpjrOfTH8C Greek Lyric: An Anthology in Translation]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=80MpjrOfTH8C&pg=PR12 pp.&nbsp;xii&nbsp;ff]. Hackett Publishing (Indianapolis), 1996. {{ISBN|978-0872202917}}.</ref> as opposed to the chanted formal [[Greek epic poetry|epics]] or the more passionate [[elegiac couplet#Greek origins|elegies]] accompanied by the [[aulos|flute]]. The personal nature of many of the verses of the [[Nine Lyric Poets]] led to the present sense of "[[lyric poetry]]" but the original Greek sense of "lyric poetry"{{mdash}}"poetry accompanied by the lyre" i.e. "words set to music"{{mdash}}eventually led to its use as "lyrics", first attested in [[Sir John Stainer|Stainer]] and Barrett's 1876 ''Dictionary of Musical Terms''.<ref>Stainer, John & al. ''A Dictionary of Musical Terms'', p.&nbsp;276. (London), 1876.</ref> Stainer and Barrett used the word as a singular substantive: "''Lyric'', poetry or blank verse intended to be set to music and sung". By the 1930s, the present use of the [[plurale tantum]] "lyrics" had begun; it has been standard since the 1950s for many writers.<ref name=oed/> The singular form "lyric" is still used to mean the complete words to a song by authorities such as Alec Wilder,<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilder |first=Alec |date=1972 |title=American Popular Song |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195014457 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanpopulars00alec }}</ref> Robert Gottlieb,<ref>{{cite book |last=Gottlieb |first=Robert |date=2000 |title=Reading Lyrics |location=New York |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=9780375400810}}</ref> and Stephen Sondheim.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sondheim |first=Stephen |date=2011 |title=Finishing the Hat |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |isbn=9780679439073 |url=https://archive.org/details/finishinghat00 }}</ref> However, the singular form is also commonly used to refer to a specific line (or phrase) within a song's lyrics.
==Etymology and usage==
''Lyric'' derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word λυρικος ''lyrikos'', meaning "singing to the lyre".<ref name="etymonline">[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lyric Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-08-23]</ref> A [[Lyric poetry|lyric poem]] is one that expresses a subjective, personal point of view.


==History==
The word ''lyric'' came to be used for the "words of a song"; this meaning was recorded in 1876.<ref name="etymonline"/> The common plural (perhaps because of the association between the plurals ''lyrics'' and ''words''), predominates contemporary usage. Use of the singular form ''lyric'' remains grammatically acceptable, yet remains considered erroneous in referring to a singular song word as a ''lyric''.
{{Expand section|date=August 2023}}

==Poems==
{{Original research|section|date=March 2008}}

The differences between [[poem]] and [[song]] may become less meaningful where verse is set to [[music]], to the point that any distinction becomes untenable. This is perhaps recognised in the way popular songs have ''lyrics''.

However, the verse may pre-date its [[Melody|tune]] (in the way that "[[Rule Britannia]]" was set to music, and "[[And did those feet in ancient time]]" has become the hymn "Jerusalem"), or the tune may be lost over time but the words survive, matched by a number of different tunes (this is particularly common with [[hymn]]s and [[ballad]]s).

Possible classifications proliferate (under [[anthem]], [[ballad]], [[blues]], [[Carol (music)|carol]], [[folk song]], [[hymn]], [[libretto]], [[lied]], [[lullaby]], [[March (music)|march]], [[praise song]], [[round (music)|round]], [[spiritual (music)|spiritual]]). [[Nursery rhymes]] may be songs, or [[doggerel]]: the term does not imply a distinction. The [[ghazal]] is a sung form that is considered primarily poetic. See also [[rapping]], [[roots of hip hop music]].

Analogously, verse [[drama]] might normally be judged (at its best) as [[poetry]], but not consisting of poems (see [[dramatic verse]]).

In Baroque music, melodies and their lyrics were prose. Rather than paired lines they consist of rhetorical sentences or paragraphs consisting of an opening gesture, an amplification (often featuring [[sequence (music)|sequence]]), and a close (featuring a [[cadence (music)|cadence]]); in German ''Vordersatz''-''[[Fortspinnung]]''-''Epilog''.<ref>Kelly, Thomas Forest (2011). ''Early Music: A Very Short Introduction'', p.53. {{ISBN|978-0-19-973076-6}}.</ref> For example:
''When I was a child,'' [opening gesture]
''I spoke as a child,'' [amplification...]
''I understood as a child,'' [...]
''I thought as a child;'' [...]
''But when I became a man, I put away childish things.'' [close]
''- 1 Corinthians 13:11''

==Shifter==<!--[[Shifter (popular music)]] redirects directly here.-->
In the lyrics of [[popular music]] a "shifter"<ref>Durant (1984). Cited in [[Richard Middleton (musicologist)|Middleton, Richard]] (1990/2002). ''Studying Popular Music''. Philadelphia: Open University Press. {{ISBN|0-335-15275-9}}.</ref> is a word, often a [[pronoun]], "where reference varies according to who is speaking, when and where",<ref>Middleton (1990), p.167.</ref> such as "I", "you", "my", "our". For example, who is the "my" of "[[My Generation]]"?


==Copyright and royalties==
==Copyright and royalties==
: ''See [[Royalties#Music_royalties|Royalties]]''
: ''See [[Royalties#Music royalties|Royalties]]''
Currently, there are many websites featuring song lyrics (e.g. www.lyrics.com). This offering, however, is controversial, since some sites include copyrighted lyrics offered without the holder's permission. The U.S. [[Music Publishers' Association]] (MPA), which represents sheet music companies, launched a legal campaign against such websites in December 2005, the MPA's president, Lauren Keiser, said the free lyrics web sites are "completely illegal" and wanted some website operators jailed.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4508158.stm "Song sites face legal crackdown"] BBC News, 12 December 2005. Site accessed 7 January 2007</ref> Today there are several organizations that operate in the lyric licensing field (e.g. Gracenote™ & LyricFind™) that can provide legally licensed lyrics, which can be used online with permission from their respected owner publishers.
{{As of|2021}}, there are many websites featuring song lyrics. This offering, however, is controversial, since some sites include copyrighted lyrics offered without the holder's permission. The U.S. [[Music Publishers Association]] (MPA), which represents sheet music companies, launched a legal campaign against such websites in December 2005. The MPA's president, Lauren Keiser, said the free lyrics web sites are "completely illegal" and wanted some website operators jailed.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4508158.stm |title=Song sites face legal crackdown |work=BBC News |date=12 December 2005 |access-date= 7 January 2007}}</ref>


Lyrics licenses could be obtained worldwide through one of the two aggregators: [[LyricFind]] and [[Musixmatch]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} The first company to provide licensed lyrics was [[Yahoo!]], quickly followed by [[MetroLyrics]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Several lyric websites are providing licensed lyrics, such as [[SongMeanings]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Advertising on SongMeanings |url=http://www.songmeanings.net/about/advertising/ |publisher = [[SongMeanings]] |quote=All of our lyrics are legally licensed through LyricFind. |access-date = 21 July 2012}}</ref> and [[LyricWiki]] (defunct as of 2020).
==Academic study==
* Lyrics can be studied from an academic perspective. For example, some lyrics can be considered a form of [[social commentary]]. Lyrics often contain political, social and economic themes as well as aesthetic elements, and so can connote messages which are culturally significant. These messages can either be explicit or implied through metaphor or symbolism. Lyrics can also be analyzed with respect to the sense of unity (or lack of unity) it has with its supporting music. Analysis based on [[tonality]] and [[contrast]] are particular examples.
* [[Ci (poetry)|Chinese lyrics]] (詞) are [[Chinese poetry|Chinese poems]] written in the set [[meter (poetry)|metrical]] and [[Tonal language|tonal]] pattern of a particular song.


Many competing lyrics web sites are still offering unlicensed content, causing challenges around the legality and accuracy of lyrics.<ref>{{cite news| last = Plambeck| first = Joseph|title = Lyrics Sites at Center of Fight Over Royalties| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]| date = May 9, 2010| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/10/business/media/10lyrics.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=lyrics%20royalty&st=cse| access-date = May 9, 2010}}</ref> In an attempt to crack down unlicensed lyrics web sites, a U.S. federal court has ordered LiveUniverse, a network of websites run by [[MySpace]] co-founder [[Brad Greenspan]], to cease operating four sites offering unlicensed song lyrics.<ref>{{cite web| title = Court Orders LiveUniverse to Shutter Unlicensed Lyrics Sites| publisher = Digital Media Wire| date = August 11, 2010| url = http://www.dmwmedia.com/news/2010/08/11/court-orders-liveuniverse-shutter-unlicensed-lyrics-sites| access-date = September 5, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100815055718/http://www.dmwmedia.com/news/2010/08/11/court-orders-liveuniverse-shutter-unlicensed-lyrics-sites| archive-date = August 15, 2010| url-status = dead}}</ref>
==Riskiest Search==


==Academic study==
McAfee claims searches for phrases containing "lyrics" and "free" are the most likely to have risky results from search engines. <ref>http://us.mcafee.com/en-us/local/docs/most_dangerous_searchterm_us.pdf</ref>
Lyrics can be studied from an academic perspective. For example, some lyrics can be considered a form of [[social commentary]]. Lyrics often contain political, social, and economic themes—as well as aesthetic elements—and so can communicate culturally significant messages. These messages can be explicit, or implied through metaphor or symbolism. Lyrics can also be analyzed with respect to the sense of unity (or lack of unity) it has with its supporting music. Analysis based on [[tonality]] and [[contrast (vision)|contrast]] are particular examples. Former [[Oxford Professor of Poetry]] [[Christopher Ricks]] famously published ''Dylan's Visions of Sin'', an in-depth and characteristically Ricksian analysis of the lyrics of [[Bob Dylan]]; Ricks gives the caveat that to have studied the poetry of the lyrics in tandem with the music would have made for a much more complicated critical feat.

==Search engines==
===Search risk===
A 2009 report published by [[McAfee]] found that, in terms of potential exposure to [[malware]], lyrics-related searches and searches containing the word "free" are the most likely to have risky results from search engines, both in terms of average risk of all results, and maximum risk of any result.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://us.mcafee.com/en-us/local/docs/most_dangerous_searchterm_us.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://us.mcafee.com/en-us/local/docs/most_dangerous_searchterm_us.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=The Web's Most Dangerous Search Terms |publisher=[[McAfee]] |last1 = Keats |first1 = Shane |last2=Koshy |first2 = Eipe |year=2009 |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

===Google===
Beginning in late 2014, Google changed its search results pages to include song lyrics. When users search for a name of a song, Google can now display the lyrics directly in the search results page.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jose|first1=Pagliery|title=Google now displays song lyrics in search results|url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/12/23/technology/google-lyrics/index.html|access-date=23 December 2014|work=CNN.com|date=23 December 2014}}</ref> When users search for a specific song's lyrics, most results show the lyrics directly through a Google search by using Google Play.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store?hl=en|title=Google Play|website=play.google.com|access-date=2016-04-15}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
{{Wiktionarypar|lyrics|lyric}}
* [[Lyricist]], a lyrics writer
* [[Lyricist]], a writer of lyrics
* [[Libretto]], the "little book" of an extended musical piece, written by a librettist
* [[Instrumental]], music without voice
* "[[Singing in the Spirit]]", vocal improvisation in a [[glossolalia|spiritual context]]
* [[Libretto]], the name used for the text of traditional music forms like opera
* [[Scat singing]] & [[Vocalese]], vocal improvisation in [[jazz]]
<!-- do not add any lyrics sites in a future 'External links' section: see discussion page -->
* ''[[Bol (music)|bol]]'', ''[[kouji]]'', [[beatbox]], forms of [[vocal mimicry (disambiguation)|vocal mimicry]] or [[vocal percussion|percussion]]
<!-- do not add any lyrics sites in a future 'External links' section: see discussion page-->


==Notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Moore, Allan F.|title=Analyzing Popular Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSufe6ZDxI0C|date= 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-43534-5}}


==External links==
==External links==
<!-- Note: Before adding a links, please FIRST read the page [[WP:LYRICS]] (related to copyright violations on Lyrics websites). -->
* [http://www.lyrics.net/ Lyrics.net] - Online lyrics resource featuring hundred of thousands lyrics from endless artists that can also be translated to several languages.
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.metrolyrics.com/ Metro Lyrics] - Searchable lyrics database featuring 450000+ lyrics to almost 15000 artists.
{{Wiktionary|lyrics|lyric}}
* [http://lyrics.wikia.com/ LyricWiki] - Wiki style lyrics resource where people can submit and edit song lyrics.


{{Music topics}}
{{Music topics}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Poetry]]
[[Category:Lyrics| ]]
[[Category:Lyrics| ]]
[[Category:Greek loanwords]]
[[Category:Poetry]]

[[de:Liedtext]]
[[es:Letra (música)]]
[[fr:Paroles (chanson)]]
[[ko:노래 가사]]
[[ms:Lirik]]
[[nl:Liedtekst]]
[[ja:歌詞]]
[[pt:Letra (música)]]
[[simple:Lyrics]]
[[fi:Sanoitukset]]
[[zh:歌詞]]

Latest revision as of 19:57, 18 October 2024

Lyrics in sheet music. This is a homorhythmic (i.e., hymn-style) arrangement of a traditional piece entitled "Adeste Fideles" (the original Latin lyrics to "O Come, All Ye Faithful") in standard two-staff format for mixed voices. Play

Lyrics are words that make up a song, usually consisting of verses and choruses. The writer of lyrics is a lyricist. The words to an extended musical composition such as an opera are, however, usually known as a "libretto" and their writer, as a "librettist". Rap songs and grime contain rap lyrics (often with a variation of rhyming words) that are meant to be spoken rhythmically rather than sung. The meaning of lyrics can either be explicit or implicit. Some lyrics are abstract, almost unintelligible, and, in such cases, their explication emphasizes form, articulation, meter, and symmetry of expression.

Etymology

[edit]
A lyrist on the Standard of Ur, c. 2500 BC

The word lyric derives via Latin lyricus from the Greek λυρικός (lurikós),[1] the adjectival form of lyre.[2] It first appeared in English in the mid-16th century in reference to the Earl of Surrey's translations of Petrarch and to his own sonnets.[3] Greek lyric poetry had been defined by the manner in which it was sung accompanied by the lyre or cithara,[4] as opposed to the chanted formal epics or the more passionate elegies accompanied by the flute. The personal nature of many of the verses of the Nine Lyric Poets led to the present sense of "lyric poetry" but the original Greek sense of "lyric poetry"—"poetry accompanied by the lyre" i.e. "words set to music"—eventually led to its use as "lyrics", first attested in Stainer and Barrett's 1876 Dictionary of Musical Terms.[5] Stainer and Barrett used the word as a singular substantive: "Lyric, poetry or blank verse intended to be set to music and sung". By the 1930s, the present use of the plurale tantum "lyrics" had begun; it has been standard since the 1950s for many writers.[1] The singular form "lyric" is still used to mean the complete words to a song by authorities such as Alec Wilder,[6] Robert Gottlieb,[7] and Stephen Sondheim.[8] However, the singular form is also commonly used to refer to a specific line (or phrase) within a song's lyrics.

History

[edit]

Poems

[edit]

The differences between poem and song may become less meaningful where verse is set to music, to the point that any distinction becomes untenable. This is perhaps recognised in the way popular songs have lyrics.

However, the verse may pre-date its tune (in the way that "Rule Britannia" was set to music, and "And did those feet in ancient time" has become the hymn "Jerusalem"), or the tune may be lost over time but the words survive, matched by a number of different tunes (this is particularly common with hymns and ballads).

Possible classifications proliferate (under anthem, ballad, blues, carol, folk song, hymn, libretto, lied, lullaby, march, praise song, round, spiritual). Nursery rhymes may be songs, or doggerel: the term does not imply a distinction. The ghazal is a sung form that is considered primarily poetic. See also rapping, roots of hip hop music.

Analogously, verse drama might normally be judged (at its best) as poetry, but not consisting of poems (see dramatic verse).

In Baroque music, melodies and their lyrics were prose. Rather than paired lines they consist of rhetorical sentences or paragraphs consisting of an opening gesture, an amplification (often featuring sequence), and a close (featuring a cadence); in German Vordersatz-Fortspinnung-Epilog.[9] For example:

When I was a child,                                  [opening gesture]
I spoke as a child,                                  [amplification...]
I understood as a child,                             [...]
I thought as a child;                                [...]
But when I became a man, I put away childish things. [close]
- 1 Corinthians 13:11

Shifter

[edit]

In the lyrics of popular music a "shifter"[10] is a word, often a pronoun, "where reference varies according to who is speaking, when and where",[11] such as "I", "you", "my", "our". For example, who is the "my" of "My Generation"?

[edit]
See Royalties

As of 2021, there are many websites featuring song lyrics. This offering, however, is controversial, since some sites include copyrighted lyrics offered without the holder's permission. The U.S. Music Publishers Association (MPA), which represents sheet music companies, launched a legal campaign against such websites in December 2005. The MPA's president, Lauren Keiser, said the free lyrics web sites are "completely illegal" and wanted some website operators jailed.[12]

Lyrics licenses could be obtained worldwide through one of the two aggregators: LyricFind and Musixmatch.[citation needed] The first company to provide licensed lyrics was Yahoo!, quickly followed by MetroLyrics.[citation needed] Several lyric websites are providing licensed lyrics, such as SongMeanings[13] and LyricWiki (defunct as of 2020).

Many competing lyrics web sites are still offering unlicensed content, causing challenges around the legality and accuracy of lyrics.[14] In an attempt to crack down unlicensed lyrics web sites, a U.S. federal court has ordered LiveUniverse, a network of websites run by MySpace co-founder Brad Greenspan, to cease operating four sites offering unlicensed song lyrics.[15]

Academic study

[edit]

Lyrics can be studied from an academic perspective. For example, some lyrics can be considered a form of social commentary. Lyrics often contain political, social, and economic themes—as well as aesthetic elements—and so can communicate culturally significant messages. These messages can be explicit, or implied through metaphor or symbolism. Lyrics can also be analyzed with respect to the sense of unity (or lack of unity) it has with its supporting music. Analysis based on tonality and contrast are particular examples. Former Oxford Professor of Poetry Christopher Ricks famously published Dylan's Visions of Sin, an in-depth and characteristically Ricksian analysis of the lyrics of Bob Dylan; Ricks gives the caveat that to have studied the poetry of the lyrics in tandem with the music would have made for a much more complicated critical feat.

Search engines

[edit]

Search risk

[edit]

A 2009 report published by McAfee found that, in terms of potential exposure to malware, lyrics-related searches and searches containing the word "free" are the most likely to have risky results from search engines, both in terms of average risk of all results, and maximum risk of any result.[16]

Google

[edit]

Beginning in late 2014, Google changed its search results pages to include song lyrics. When users search for a name of a song, Google can now display the lyrics directly in the search results page.[17] When users search for a specific song's lyrics, most results show the lyrics directly through a Google search by using Google Play.[18]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "lyric". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2014-01-15. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Liddell, Henry & al. A Greek–English Lexicon 9th ed., "λυρικός". Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1996. Hosted at the Perseus Project. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.
  3. ^ Sidney, Philip. An Apologie for Poetrie op. cit. OED (1903).
  4. ^ Miller, Andrew. Greek Lyric: An Anthology in Translation, pp. xii ff. Hackett Publishing (Indianapolis), 1996. ISBN 978-0872202917.
  5. ^ Stainer, John & al. A Dictionary of Musical Terms, p. 276. (London), 1876.
  6. ^ Wilder, Alec (1972). American Popular Song. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195014457.
  7. ^ Gottlieb, Robert (2000). Reading Lyrics. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780375400810.
  8. ^ Sondheim, Stephen (2011). Finishing the Hat. New York: Knopf. ISBN 9780679439073.
  9. ^ Kelly, Thomas Forest (2011). Early Music: A Very Short Introduction, p.53. ISBN 978-0-19-973076-6.
  10. ^ Durant (1984). Cited in Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
  11. ^ Middleton (1990), p.167.
  12. ^ "Song sites face legal crackdown". BBC News. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
  13. ^ "Advertising on SongMeanings". SongMeanings. Retrieved 21 July 2012. All of our lyrics are legally licensed through LyricFind.
  14. ^ Plambeck, Joseph (May 9, 2010). "Lyrics Sites at Center of Fight Over Royalties". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
  15. ^ "Court Orders LiveUniverse to Shutter Unlicensed Lyrics Sites". Digital Media Wire. August 11, 2010. Archived from the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  16. ^ Keats, Shane; Koshy, Eipe (2009). "The Web's Most Dangerous Search Terms" (PDF). McAfee. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  17. ^ Jose, Pagliery (23 December 2014). "Google now displays song lyrics in search results". CNN.com. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  18. ^ "Google Play". play.google.com. Retrieved 2016-04-15.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]