Lens flare: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Image artifact that scattered or flared light within a lens system produces}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=March 2010}} |
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[[File: |
[[File:Lens flare scheme en.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Scheme of lens flare]] |
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[[File:Lens reflections on Sony SEL1855.JPG|thumb|Light coming from a narrow angle may be "[[Total internal reflection|trapped]]" and reflected between the surfaces of the lens elements.]] |
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'''Lens flare''' is the light scattered in [[lens (optics)|lens]] systems through generally unwanted image formation mechanisms, such as internal [[reflection (physics)|reflection]] and [[scattering]] from material inhomogeneities in the lens. These mechanisms differ from the intended image formation mechanism that depends on refraction of the image rays. Flare manifests itself in two ways: firstly as a haze across the image, making the image look "washed out" by reducing contrast and color saturation (adding light to dark image regions, and adding white to saturated regions, reducing their saturation), and secondly as visible artifacts. |
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[[File:A Lens flare.jpg|thumb|A lens flare]] |
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A '''lens flare''' happens when light is [[scattering|scattered]], or ''flared'', in a [[lens (optics)|lens]] system, often in response to a bright light, producing a sometimes undesirable [[artifact (error)|artifact]] in the image. This happens through light scattered by the imaging mechanism itself, for example through internal [[specular reflection|reflection]] and [[forward scatter]] from material imperfections in the lens. Lenses with large numbers of elements such as [[zoom lens|zooms]] tend to have more lens flare, as they contain a relatively large number of interfaces at which internal scattering may occur. These mechanisms differ from the focused image generation mechanism, which depends on rays from the refraction of light from the subject itself. |
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Flare is particularly caused by a very bright light sources either in the image – which produces visible artifacts – or shining into the lens but not in the image – which produces a haze. Most commonly, this occurs when shooting into the sun (when the sun is in frame or the lens is pointed in the direction of the sun), and is reduced by using a [[lens hood]] or other shade. |
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There are two types of flare: visible [[artifact (error)|artifacts]] and [[glare (vision)|glare]] across the image. The glare makes the image look "washed out" by reducing [[contrast (vision)|contrast]] and [[colorfulness|color saturation]] (adding light to dark image regions, and adding white to saturated regions, reducing their saturation). Visible artifacts, usually in the shape of the [[aperture]] made by the [[diaphragm (optics)|iris diaphragm]], are formed when light follows a [[optical path|pathway]] through the lens that contains one or more reflections from the lens surfaces. |
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For good optical systems and most images (which do not have a bright light shining into the lens), flare is a secondary effect that is widely distributed across the image and thus not visible, though it reduces contrast. Lenses with large numbers of elements such as [[Zoom lens|zooms]] tend to exhibit greater lens flare, as they contain multiple surfaces at which unwanted internal scattering occurs. |
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Flare is particularly caused by very bright light sources. Most commonly, this occurs when aiming toward the [[Sun]] (when the Sun is in frame or the lens is pointed sunward), and is reduced by using a [[lens hood]] or other shade. For good-quality optical systems, and for most images (which do not have a bright light shining into the lens), flare is a secondary effect that is widely distributed across the image and thus not visible, although it does reduce contrast. |
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The spatial distribution of the lens flare typically manifests as several starbursts, rings, or circles in a row across the image or view. Lens flare patterns typically spread widely across the scene and change location with the camera's movement relative to light sources, tracking with the light position and fading as the camera points away from the bright light until it causes no flare at all. The specific spatial distribution of the flare depends on the shape of the [[aperture]] of the image formation elements. For example, if the lens has a 6-bladed aperture, the flare may have a hexagonal pattern. |
The spatial distribution of the lens flare typically manifests as several starbursts, rings, or circles in a row across the image or view. Lens flare patterns typically spread widely across the scene and change location with the camera's movement relative to light sources, tracking with the light position and fading as the camera points away from the bright light until it causes no flare at all. The specific spatial distribution of the flare depends on the shape of the [[aperture]] of the image formation elements. For example, if the lens has a 6-bladed aperture, the flare may have a hexagonal pattern. |
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Such internal scattering is also present in the human eye, and manifests in an unwanted veiling [[Glare (vision)|glare]] most obvious when viewing very bright lights or highly reflective surfaces. |
Such internal scattering is also present in the human eye, and manifests in an unwanted veiling [[Glare (vision)|glare]] most obvious when viewing very bright lights or highly reflective surfaces. In some situations, [[eyelash]]es can also create flare-like irregularities, although these are technically diffraction artifacts. |
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When a bright light source is shining on the lens but not in its field of view, lens flare appears as a haze that washes out the image and reduces contrast. This can be avoided by shading the lens |
When a bright light source is shining on the lens but not in its field of view, lens flare appears as a haze that washes out the image and reduces contrast. This can be avoided by shading the lens using a [[lens hood]]. In a studio, a [[Gobo (lighting)|gobo]] or set of [[barn doors]] can be attached to the lighting to keep it from shining on the camera. Filters can be attached to the camera lens which will also minimise lens flare, which is especially useful for outdoor photographers. |
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When using an [[anamorphic lens]], as is common in analog cinematography, lens flare can manifest itself as |
When using an [[anamorphic lens]], as is common in analog cinematography, lens flare can manifest itself as horizontal lines. This is most commonly seen in car headlights in a dark scene, and may be desired as part of the "film look". |
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== Deliberate use == |
== Deliberate use == |
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[[File:Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Lens flare on [[Borobudur]] stairs to enhance the sense of ascending]] |
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For both of these reasons (implying realism and/or drama) artificial lens flare is a common effect in various graphics editing programs, although its use can be a point of contention among professional [[graphic design]]ers <ref name="adobe_photoshop_5_5_martin_evening_book">{{cite book |last= Evening |first= Martin |coauthors= |title= Adobe Photoshop 5.5 for Photographers: A professional image editor's guide to the creative use of Photoshop for the Macintosh and PC, [http://books.google.gr/books?id=bTkTgIjSd38C&pg=PA335&lpg=PA335&dq=creative+use+of+lens+flare&source=bl&ots=nDXnxKLdsX&sig=RNk7GoJfeSU5DdQ64zRWRStVz6w&hl=el&ei=vP0dTNaiA-GJ4ga7q8mvDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false page 335] |publisher= [[Focal Press]] |year= 2000 |month= March |isbn= 0-2405-1591-9}} </ref>. Lens flare was one of the first special effects developed for computer graphics because it is the result of relatively simple optical principles. During the mid- to late-1990s, it was a popular graphical effect for [[video game|computer and video games]], and is now accompanied by other more complex atmospheric effects that add a greater sense of realism <ref name="essential_lightwave3d_lens_flare">{{cite book |last= Albee |first= Timothy |coauthors= Steve Warner and Robin Wood |title=Essential lightwave 3D 8: the fastest and easiest way to master LightWave, [http://books.google.gr/books?id=eUp89F8nIbcC&pg=PA434&dq=lens+flare&hl=el&ei=0wMeTODoGs38_AaiyZ3LDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=lens%20flare&f=false page 434] |publisher= [[Wordwave Publishing]] |year= 2005 |month= Janyary |isbn= 1-55622-082-0}} </ref>. |
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For both of these reasons (implying realism and/or drama) artificial lens flare is a common effect in various graphics editing programs, although its use can be a point of contention among professional [[graphic design]]ers.<ref name="adobe_photoshop_5_5_martin_evening_book">{{cite book |last= Evening |first= Martin |title= Adobe Photoshop 5.5 for Photographers: A professional image editor's guide to the creative use of Photoshop for the Macintosh and PC |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bTkTgIjSd38C&pg=PA335 |page= 335 |publisher= [[Focal Press]] |date= March 2000 |isbn= 0-240-51591-9 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171128142658/https://books.google.com/books?id=bTkTgIjSd38C&pg=PA335&lpg=PA335&dq=creative+use+of+lens+flare |archive-date= 2017-11-28 }}</ref> Lens flare was one of the first special effects developed for [[computer graphics]] because it can be imitated using relatively simple means. Basic flare-like effects, for instance in [[video game|video games]], can be obtained by drawing starburst, ring, and disc [[Texture (visual arts)|textures]] over the image and moving them as the location of the light source changes.<ref name="essential_lightwave3d_lens_flare">{{cite book |last=Albee |first=Timothy |author2=Steve Warner |author3=Robin Wood |title=Essential lightwave 3D 8: the fastest and easiest way to master LightWave |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUp89F8nIbcC&pg=PA434 |page=434 |publisher=[[Wordwave Publishing]] |date=January 2005 |isbn=1-55622-082-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128142658/https://books.google.com/books?id=eUp89F8nIbcC&pg=PA434&dq=lens+flare#v=onepage&q=lens%20flare&f=false |archive-date=2017-11-28 }}</ref> More sophisticated rendering techniques have been developed based on [[ray tracing (graphics)|ray tracing]]<ref name="sig2011">{{cite journal |last= Hullin |first= Matthias |author2=Elmar Eisemann |author3=Hans-Peter Seidel |author4=Sungkil Lee|title=Physically based real-time lens flare rendering |journal= ACM Transactions on Graphics |volume= 30 |issue=4 |date=August 2011|pages= 1–10 |doi= 10.1145/2010324.1965003 }}</ref> or [[photon mapping]].<ref name="keshmirian-masters">{{cite book |last= Keshmirian |first= Arash |title=A physically-based approach for lens flare simulation |id=Master's Thesis Publication No. 1451802 |publisher= [[University of California, San Diego]] |date=August 2008}}</ref> |
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Lens flare was typically avoided by [[Hollywood]] cinematographers, but when filming ''[[Easy Rider]]'', [[Laszlo Kovacs]] was forced to jury-rig a camera car for his [[Arriflex]], which resulted in numerous lens flares as he shot motorcycle footage against Southwestern U.S. landscapes.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.slate.com/id/2233176/entry/2233172/ | title=The Easy Rider Road Trip | author=Keith Phipps | publisher=[[Slate.com]] | date=2009-11-17 | accessdate=2009-11-19 }}</ref> |
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Lens flare was typically avoided by [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] cinematographers, but the director [[J. J. Abrams]] deliberately added numerous lens flares to his films ''[[Star Trek (2009 film)|Star Trek]]'' (2009) and ''[[Super 8 (2011 film)|Super 8]]'' (2011) by aiming powerful off-camera light sources at the lens. He explained in an interview about ''Star Trek'': "I wanted a visual system that felt unique. I know there are certain shots where even I watch and think, 'Oh that's ridiculous, that was too many.' But I love the idea that the future was so bright it couldn't be contained in the frame." Many complained of the frequent use; Abrams conceded it was "overdone, in some places."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://io9.com/5230278/jj-abrams-admits-star-trek-lens-flares-are-ridiculous |title=J.J. Abrams Admits Star Trek Lens Flares Are 'Ridiculous' |publisher=Io9.com |date=2009-04-27 |access-date=2012-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221114522/http://io9.com/5230278/jj-abrams-admits-star-trek-lens-flares-are-ridiculous |archive-date=2012-12-21 }}</ref> In contrast, the low-budget independent film ''[[Easy Rider]]'' (1969) contains numerous incidental lens flares that resulted from [[Harrison Arnold (cinematographer)|Harrison Arnold]]'s need to modify a [[camera car]] for his [[Arriflex]] as he shot motorcycle footage against landscapes of the [[Southwestern United States]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.slate.com/id/2233176/entry/2233172/ | title=The Easy Rider Road Trip | author=Keith Phipps | work=[[Slate.com|Slate]] | date=2009-11-17 | access-date=2009-11-19 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120054432/http://www.slate.com/id/2233176/entry/2233172 | archive-date=2009-11-20 }}</ref> |
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[[JJ Abrams]], the director of the 2009 version of ''[[Star Trek (film)|Star Trek]]'', admitted that his use of lens flares was "ridiculous". "I wanted to create the sense that, just off camera, something spectacular is happening". He later acknowledged that his inspiration for the liberal use of lens flares was inspired by lens flare technician Jake Dunbar.<ref>http://io9.com/5230278/jj-abrams-admits-star-trek-lens-flares-are-ridiculous</ref> |
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[[David Boyd (cinematographer)|David Boyd]], the director of photography of the sci-fi ''[[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]]'' series, desired this style's evocation of 1970s television so much that he sent back cutting-edge lenses that reduced lens flare in exchange for cheaper ones.<ref name="pilotcommentary">Whedon, ''Firefly: the complete series: "Serenity" commentary''</ref>{{check|date=November 2015}} |
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== Other forms of photographic flare == |
== Other forms of photographic flare == |
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=== Filter flare === |
=== Filter flare === |
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The use of [[photographic filter]]s can cause flare, particularly ghosts of bright lights (under [[central inversion]]).<ref>[http://toothwalker.org/optics/filterflare.html Filter Flare], Paul van Walree 2003–2010</ref> This can be eliminated by not using a filter, and reduced by using higher-quality filters or narrower aperture. |
The use of [[photographic filter]]s can cause flare, particularly ghosts of bright lights (under [[central inversion]]).<ref>[http://toothwalker.org/optics/filterflare.html Filter Flare] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321152942/http://toothwalker.org/optics/filterflare.html |date=2011-03-21 }}, Paul van Walree 2003–2010</ref> This can be eliminated by not using a filter, and reduced by using higher-quality filters or narrower aperture. |
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=== Diffraction artifact in digital cameras === |
=== Diffraction artifact in digital cameras === |
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[[File:Lens flare2.jpg||thumb|200px|left|alt=an example of diffraction artifact in digital cameras|'digital' Lens flare in a photograph by [[Nokia N72]].]] |
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One form of flare is specific to [[digital cameras]]. With the sun shining on an unprotected lens, a group of small rainbows appears. This artifact is formed by internal diffraction on the [[image sensor]], which acts like a [[diffraction grating]]. Unlike true lens flare, this artifact is not visible in the eyepiece of a digital [[SLR camera]], making it more difficult to avoid. |
One form of flare is specific to [[digital cameras]]. With the sun shining on an unprotected lens, a group of small rainbows appears. This artifact is formed by internal diffraction on the [[image sensor]], which acts like a [[diffraction grating]]. Unlike true lens flare, this artifact is not visible in the eyepiece of a digital [[SLR camera]], making it more difficult to avoid. |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Lens Flare.jpg|Photograph of an [[Apollo Lunar Module]] containing lens flare. Besides the obvious flare around the [[Sun]], the light artifacts at the bottom right are also caused by flare. |
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File:High-quality lens flare rendering.png|High-end lens flare rendering using a recent technique<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/resources/lensflareRendering|title=Physically-Based Real-Time Lens Flare Rendering}}</ref> |
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File:Edinburgh-Princesstreet2.jpg|Lens flare is extremely difficult to control when a bright light source like the Sun is just outside the frame. |
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File:Firework with lens flare.jpg|When the subject of a photo is the light source itself, lens flare can be a desirable and dramatic effect. |
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File:Solar eclipse Austria 2011 Jan 04.JPG|Lens flare used to capture details of too bright motive (partial [[solar eclipse]]) |
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Image:rainbow flare.jpg|Diffraction artifact on a digital picture. The sun is just outside the frame. |
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File:20100525 Imbros Marmaros Turkey example of Lens Flare.jpg|Lens flare - the Sun is outside the frame. |
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File:Mograph lensflare.png|Lens flare commonly associated with the use of [[Anamorphic format|anamorphic lenses]] which are often used in the production of films |
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File:Kensington Palace Gardens - London - UK.jpg|Lens flare example in picture of [[Kensington Gardens]] - [[London]], [[UK]] |
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File:Man playing guitar in a portrait with lens flare.jpg|alt=Lens flare example|Lens flare example in picture in a portrait. 50 mm at f1.4 |
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File:Antony Leung - Oresteia - Stairwell Theater, 2019.jpg|Lens flare over Anthony Leung using theatre lighting during Stairwell Theater's [[Oresteia]] - Brooklyn, NY, 2019 |
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File:MarsPerseveranceRover-Rainbow-20210404.png|Many mistook an April 4, 2021 lens flare on Mars, which appears in a ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' rover photograph, for a rainbow, until NASA clarified the issue.<ref name="NASA-20210407">{{cite news |author=NASAPersevere |title=Twitter Tweet: Rainbow On Mars - No, A Lens Flare |url=https://twitter.com/NASAPersevere/status/1379536046338154498 |date=7 April 2021 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=8 April 2021 }}</ref><ref name="SPC-20210407">{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=No, the Perseverance rover didn't spot a rainbow on Mars |url=https://www.space.com/perseverance-rover-mars-rainbow-photo |date=7 April 2021 |work=[[w:Space.com|Space.com]] |accessdate=8 April 2021 }}</ref> |
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File:Lens flare Bow River trail Calgary, Alberta.jpg|Lens flare in shadow of poplar tree |
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File:LensFlare.jpg|Extreme lens flare caused by intense sunlight |
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File:Optical Ground Station 2.webm|Lens flare in a film clip |
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File:'Perception of Christ Ascending to Heaven' Dome of the Rotunda of the church of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem Victor Grigas 2011 -1-19.jpg|Sensor flare - light is reflected off the sensor to the lens and then back to the sensor |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Bokeh]], a source of circles around out-of-focus bright points, also due in part to the internals of the lens. |
* [[Bokeh]], a source of circles around out-of-focus bright points, also due in part to the internals of the lens. |
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* [[Diffraction spike]], a type of lens flare seen in some [[telescope]]s |
* [[Diffraction spike]], a type of lens flare seen in some [[telescope]]s |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Photography}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commons category|Lens flares}} |
{{Commons category|Lens flares}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lens Flare}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lens Flare}} |
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[[Category:Science of photography]] |
[[Category:Science of photography]] |
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[[Category:Lenses]] |
[[Category:Lenses]] |
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[[Category:Optical phenomena]] |
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[[de:Lens Flare]] |
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[[el:Αναλαμπή φακού]] |
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[[ja:レンズフレア]] |
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[[pl:Flara (fotografia)]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:35, 17 August 2024
A lens flare happens when light is scattered, or flared, in a lens system, often in response to a bright light, producing a sometimes undesirable artifact in the image. This happens through light scattered by the imaging mechanism itself, for example through internal reflection and forward scatter from material imperfections in the lens. Lenses with large numbers of elements such as zooms tend to have more lens flare, as they contain a relatively large number of interfaces at which internal scattering may occur. These mechanisms differ from the focused image generation mechanism, which depends on rays from the refraction of light from the subject itself.
There are two types of flare: visible artifacts and glare across the image. The glare makes the image look "washed out" by reducing contrast and color saturation (adding light to dark image regions, and adding white to saturated regions, reducing their saturation). Visible artifacts, usually in the shape of the aperture made by the iris diaphragm, are formed when light follows a pathway through the lens that contains one or more reflections from the lens surfaces.
Flare is particularly caused by very bright light sources. Most commonly, this occurs when aiming toward the Sun (when the Sun is in frame or the lens is pointed sunward), and is reduced by using a lens hood or other shade. For good-quality optical systems, and for most images (which do not have a bright light shining into the lens), flare is a secondary effect that is widely distributed across the image and thus not visible, although it does reduce contrast.
Manifestation
[edit]The spatial distribution of the lens flare typically manifests as several starbursts, rings, or circles in a row across the image or view. Lens flare patterns typically spread widely across the scene and change location with the camera's movement relative to light sources, tracking with the light position and fading as the camera points away from the bright light until it causes no flare at all. The specific spatial distribution of the flare depends on the shape of the aperture of the image formation elements. For example, if the lens has a 6-bladed aperture, the flare may have a hexagonal pattern.
Such internal scattering is also present in the human eye, and manifests in an unwanted veiling glare most obvious when viewing very bright lights or highly reflective surfaces. In some situations, eyelashes can also create flare-like irregularities, although these are technically diffraction artifacts.
When a bright light source is shining on the lens but not in its field of view, lens flare appears as a haze that washes out the image and reduces contrast. This can be avoided by shading the lens using a lens hood. In a studio, a gobo or set of barn doors can be attached to the lighting to keep it from shining on the camera. Filters can be attached to the camera lens which will also minimise lens flare, which is especially useful for outdoor photographers.
When using an anamorphic lens, as is common in analog cinematography, lens flare can manifest itself as horizontal lines. This is most commonly seen in car headlights in a dark scene, and may be desired as part of the "film look".
Deliberate use
[edit]A lens flare is often deliberately used to invoke a sense of drama. A lens flare is also useful when added to an artificial or modified image composition because it adds a sense of realism, implying that the image is an un-edited original photograph of a "real life" scene.
For both of these reasons (implying realism and/or drama) artificial lens flare is a common effect in various graphics editing programs, although its use can be a point of contention among professional graphic designers.[1] Lens flare was one of the first special effects developed for computer graphics because it can be imitated using relatively simple means. Basic flare-like effects, for instance in video games, can be obtained by drawing starburst, ring, and disc textures over the image and moving them as the location of the light source changes.[2] More sophisticated rendering techniques have been developed based on ray tracing[3] or photon mapping.[4]
Lens flare was typically avoided by Hollywood cinematographers, but the director J. J. Abrams deliberately added numerous lens flares to his films Star Trek (2009) and Super 8 (2011) by aiming powerful off-camera light sources at the lens. He explained in an interview about Star Trek: "I wanted a visual system that felt unique. I know there are certain shots where even I watch and think, 'Oh that's ridiculous, that was too many.' But I love the idea that the future was so bright it couldn't be contained in the frame." Many complained of the frequent use; Abrams conceded it was "overdone, in some places."[5] In contrast, the low-budget independent film Easy Rider (1969) contains numerous incidental lens flares that resulted from Harrison Arnold's need to modify a camera car for his Arriflex as he shot motorcycle footage against landscapes of the Southwestern United States.[6]
David Boyd, the director of photography of the sci-fi Firefly series, desired this style's evocation of 1970s television so much that he sent back cutting-edge lenses that reduced lens flare in exchange for cheaper ones.[7][verification needed]
Other forms of photographic flare
[edit]Filter flare
[edit]The use of photographic filters can cause flare, particularly ghosts of bright lights (under central inversion).[8] This can be eliminated by not using a filter, and reduced by using higher-quality filters or narrower aperture.
Diffraction artifact in digital cameras
[edit]One form of flare is specific to digital cameras. With the sun shining on an unprotected lens, a group of small rainbows appears. This artifact is formed by internal diffraction on the image sensor, which acts like a diffraction grating. Unlike true lens flare, this artifact is not visible in the eyepiece of a digital SLR camera, making it more difficult to avoid.
Gallery
[edit]-
Photograph of an Apollo Lunar Module containing lens flare. Besides the obvious flare around the Sun, the light artifacts at the bottom right are also caused by flare.
-
Sample of artificial lens flare, as might be used in an animated movie or video game
-
High-end lens flare rendering using a recent technique[9]
-
Lens flare is extremely difficult to control when a bright light source like the Sun is just outside the frame.
-
When the subject of a photo is the light source itself, lens flare can be a desirable and dramatic effect.
-
Lens flare used to capture details of too bright motive (partial solar eclipse)
-
Lens flare - the Sun is outside the frame.
-
Lens flare commonly associated with the use of anamorphic lenses which are often used in the production of films
-
Lens flare example in picture in a portrait. 50 mm at f1.4
-
Lens flare over Anthony Leung using theatre lighting during Stairwell Theater's Oresteia - Brooklyn, NY, 2019
-
Many mistook an April 4, 2021 lens flare on Mars, which appears in a Perseverance rover photograph, for a rainbow, until NASA clarified the issue.[10][11]
-
Lens flare in shadow of poplar tree
-
Extreme lens flare caused by intense sunlight
-
Lens flare in a film clip
-
Sensor flare - light is reflected off the sensor to the lens and then back to the sensor
See also
[edit]- Anti-reflective coating, used to reduce lens flare and produces the red and green colors common in lens flare.
- Bokeh, a source of circles around out-of-focus bright points, also due in part to the internals of the lens.
- Diffraction spike, a type of lens flare seen in some telescopes
References
[edit]- ^ Evening, Martin (March 2000). Adobe Photoshop 5.5 for Photographers: A professional image editor's guide to the creative use of Photoshop for the Macintosh and PC. Focal Press. p. 335. ISBN 0-240-51591-9. Archived from the original on 2017-11-28.
- ^ Albee, Timothy; Steve Warner; Robin Wood (January 2005). Essential lightwave 3D 8: the fastest and easiest way to master LightWave. Wordwave Publishing. p. 434. ISBN 1-55622-082-0. Archived from the original on 2017-11-28.
- ^ Hullin, Matthias; Elmar Eisemann; Hans-Peter Seidel; Sungkil Lee (August 2011). "Physically based real-time lens flare rendering". ACM Transactions on Graphics. 30 (4): 1–10. doi:10.1145/2010324.1965003.
- ^ Keshmirian, Arash (August 2008). A physically-based approach for lens flare simulation. University of California, San Diego. Master's Thesis Publication No. 1451802.
- ^ "J.J. Abrams Admits Star Trek Lens Flares Are 'Ridiculous'". Io9.com. 2009-04-27. Archived from the original on 2012-12-21. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
- ^ Keith Phipps (2009-11-17). "The Easy Rider Road Trip". Slate. Archived from the original on 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
- ^ Whedon, Firefly: the complete series: "Serenity" commentary
- ^ Filter Flare Archived 2011-03-21 at the Wayback Machine, Paul van Walree 2003–2010
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