Florida: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|U.S. state}} |
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{{About|the U.S. state|other uses}} |
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{{Distinguish|Flo Rida}} |
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| Name = Florida |
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{{pp-move}} |
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| Fullname = State of Florida |
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{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} |
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| Flag = Flag of Florida.svg |
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{{Use American English|date=August 2022}} |
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| Flaglink = [[Flag of Florida|Flag]] |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}} |
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| Seal =Seal_of_Florida.svg |
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{{Infobox U.S. state |
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| Map = Map of USA FL.svg |
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| name = Florida |
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| Nickname = The Sunshine State |
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| image_flag = State Flag of Florida.svg |
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| Demonym = Floridian |
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| image_seal = Great Seal of Florida.svg |
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| Motto = [[In God We Trust]] |
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| nickname = Sunshine State<ref>{{cite web |title=Florida {{!}} Map, Population, History, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Florida |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=June 30, 2020 |archive-date=July 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705070029/https://www.britannica.com/place/Florida |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Florida {{!}} State Facts & History |url=https://www.infoplease.com/us/states/florida |website=www.infoplease.com |access-date=June 30, 2020 |archive-date=June 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630145521/https://www.infoplease.com/us/states/florida |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Florida |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/es/fl/es_fl_subj.html |website=www.americaslibrary.gov |access-date=June 30, 2020 |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427222524/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/es/fl/es_fl_subj.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| motto = [[In God We Trust]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-state-symbols/state-motto/ |title=State Motto |website=Florida Department of State |access-date=September 14, 2018 |archive-date=January 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121154908/http://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-state-symbols/state-motto/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| anthem = "[[Florida (Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky)|Florida]]" (state anthem), "[[Old Folks at Home]]" (state song) {{break}} {{center|[[File:Foster - Schumann-Heink - Old Folks at Home (rec. 1918).ogg]]}} |
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| population_demonym = Floridian, Floridan |
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| OfficialLang = [[Template:Official languages of U.S. states and territories|English]]<ref name="Article 2, Section 9, Constitution of the State of Florida"/> |
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| Languages = * [[English language|English]] only: 67.3% |
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* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: 21.2%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table?text=Language&t=Language+Spoken+at+Home&g=0400000US12&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1601|title=Languages Spoken at Home in Florida|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 2, 2022}}</ref> |
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* Other: 11.5% |
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| image_map = Florida in United States.svg |
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| seat = [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]] |
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| LargestCity = [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] |
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| LargestMetro = [[Miami metropolitan area|South Florida]] |
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| LargestCounty = [[Miami-Dade County|Miami-Dade]] |
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| area_total_km2 = 170,312 |
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| area_total_sq_mi = 65,758<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf |
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|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |
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|access-date=April 9, 2019 |
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|title=United States Summary: 2010. Population and Housing Unit Counts. 2010 Census of Population and Housing |
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|date=September 2012 |
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|page=41 |
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|archive-date=October 19, 2012 |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019110435/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf |
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|url-status=live |
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}}</ref> |
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| area_land_km2 = 138,887 |
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| area_land_sq_mi = 53,625 |
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| area_water_km2 = 31,424 |
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| area_water_sq_mi = 12,133 |
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| area_water_percent = 18.5 |
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| area_rank = 22nd |
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| width_mi = 361 |
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| width_km = 582 |
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| length_mi = 447 |
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| length_km = 721 |
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| Latitude = 24° 27' N to 31° 00' N |
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| Longitude = 80° 02' W to 87° 38' W |
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| population_as_of = 2023 |
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| 2010Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 22,610,726<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts Florida |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/FL |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 Estimate |access-date=January 4, 2024}}</ref> |
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| 2020DensityUS = 414.8 |
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| 2020Density = 160 |
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| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|57703|-2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/FL/INC110220|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|title=US Census Bureau QuickFacts|access-date=April 30, 2022|archive-date=May 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509045749/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/FL/INC110220|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|34th]] |
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| population_rank = 3rd |
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| population_density_rank = 7th |
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| elevation_max_point = [[Britton Hill]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]]}} |
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| elevation_max_ft = 345 |
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| elevation_max_m = 105 |
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| elevation_ft = 100 |
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| elevation_m = 30 |
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| elevation_min_point = Atlantic Ocean<ref name=USGS/> |
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| elevation_min_ft = 0 |
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| elevation_min_m = 0 |
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| Former = Florida Territory |
| Former = Florida Territory |
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| AdmittanceDate = {{Start date and age|1845|03|03}} |
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| State Song = [[Old Folks At Home]] |
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| AdmittanceOrder = 27th |
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| Capital = [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]] |
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| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Ron DeSantis]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}} |
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| Senators = [[Bill Nelson (politician)|Bill Nelson]] (D)<br />[[George LeMieux]] (R) |
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| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Jeanette Nuñez]] (R)}} |
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|Representative=15 Republicans, 10 Democrats |
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| LargestCity = [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] <!-- Jacksonville is the largest city, Not Miami --> |
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| LargestMetro= [[South Florida metropolitan area]] |
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| UnincorporatedPlace = [[Brandon, Florida|Brandon]] |
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| Governor = [[Charlie Crist]] (I) |
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| Lieutenant Governor = [[Jeff Kottkamp]] (R) |
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| Legislature = [[Florida Legislature]] |
| Legislature = [[Florida Legislature]] |
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| Upperhouse = [[Florida Senate|Senate]] |
| Upperhouse = [[Florida Senate|Senate]] |
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| Lowerhouse = [[Florida House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] |
| Lowerhouse = [[Florida House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] |
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| Judiciary = [[Supreme Court of Florida]] |
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| PostalAbbreviation = FL |
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| Senators = [[Marco Rubio]] (R){{break}}[[Rick Scott]] (R) |
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| Representative = 19 Republicans{{break}}8 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]{{break}} 1 vacant |
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| timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] |
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| utc_offset1 = −05:00 |
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| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]] |
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| utc_offset1_DST = −04:00 |
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| timezone1_location = Peninsula and "[[Big Bend (Florida)|Big Bend]]" region |
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| timezone2 = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]] |
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| utc_offset2 = −06:00 |
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| timezone2_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] |
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| utc_offset2_DST = −05:00 |
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| timezone2_location = [[Florida Panhandle|Panhandle]] west of the [[Apalachicola River]] |
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| iso_code = US-FL |
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| postal_code = FL |
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| TradAbbreviation = Fla. |
| TradAbbreviation = Fla. |
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| website = myflorida.com |
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| BorderingStates = [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] |
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| footnotes = |
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| OfficialLang = English <ref>{{Cite web |
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| Capital = [[Tallahassee]] |
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| url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?mode=constitution&submenu=3&tab=statutes#A02S09 |
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| Representatives = |
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| title= Article 2, Section 9, Constitution of the State of Florida |
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| publisher=State of Florida |
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| accessdate=2008-12-08}}</ref> |
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| Languages = English and Spanish <ref>{{Cite book |
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| url=http://www.city-data.com/states/Florida-Languages.html |
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| title= Florida — Languages |
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| publisher=City Data |
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| accessdate=2010-01-26}}</ref> |
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| AreaRank = 22nd |
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| TotalArea = 170,304<ref name=census>{{Cite web|title=2000 Census |url=ftp://ftp.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/Summary_File_4/Florida/flgeo_uf4.zip |publisher=US Census Bureau |accessdate=2007-07-18 |format=ZIP}}</ref> |
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| TotalAreaUS=65,795<ref name=census/> |
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| LandArea = 139,670<ref name=census/> |
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| LandAreaUS = 53,927<ref name=census/> |
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| WaterArea = 30,634<ref name=census/> |
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| WaterAreaUS = 11,828<ref name=census/> |
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| PCWater = 17.9 |
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| PopRank = 4th |
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| 2000Pop = 18,537,969 (2009 est.)<ref name=2008est/><br /> |
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15,982,378 (2000) | |
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| DensityRank = 8th |
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| 2000DensityUS = 338.4 |
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| 2000Density = 130.67 <!-- 18,251,243 div by 139,670 = 130.67 not 114.43 --> |
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| MedianHouseholdIncome = $41,171 |
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| IncomeRank = 36th |
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| AdmittanceOrder = 27th |
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| AdmittanceDate = March 3, 1845 |
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| TimeZone = [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|Eastern]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]-5/[[Daylight saving time|DST]]-4 |
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| TZ1Where = Peninsula and <br />"Big Bend" region |
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| TimeZone2 = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central]]: UTC-6/DST-5 |
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| TZ2Where = [[Florida Panhandle|Panhandle]] |
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| Latitude = 24°27′ N to 31° N |
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| Longitude = 80°02′ W to 87°38′ W |
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| Width = 582 |
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| WidthUS= 361 |
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| Length = 721 |
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| LengthUS= 447 |
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| HighestPoint = [[Britton Hill]]<ref name=usgs>{{Cite web|date=April 29, 2005 |url=http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=U.S Geological Survey|accessdate=November 3, 2006}}</ref> |
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| HighestElev = 105 |
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| HighestElevUS = 345 |
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| MeanElev = 30 |
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| MeanElevUS = 98 |
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| LowestPoint = Atlantic Ocean<ref name=usgs/> |
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| LowestElev = 0 |
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| LowestElevUS = 0 |
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| ISOCode = US-FL |
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| Zipcodes = 32003-34997 |
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| Areacodes = 239,305,321,352,386,407,561,689,727,754,772,786,813,850,863,904,941,954 |
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| ElectoralVotes = 27 |
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| Website = www.myflorida.com |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States |
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| image_flag = Flag of Florida.svg |
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| image_seal = Seal of Florida.svg |
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| state = Florida |
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| Bird = [[Mockingbird]] |
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| bird = [[Northern mockingbird]] |
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| Butterfly = [[Heliconius charithonia|Zebra Longwing]] |
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| insect = [[Heliconius charithonia|Zebra longwing]] |
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| Fish = [[Largemouth bass|Florida largemouth bass]], [[Sailfish|Atlantic sailfish]] |
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| fish = [[Largemouth bass|Florida largemouth bass]], [[Sailfish|Atlantic sailfish]] |
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| Flower = [[Orange (fruit)|Orange blossom]] |
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| flower = [[Orange (fruit)|Orange blossom]] |
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| Insect = [[Heliconius charithonia|Zebra Longwing]] |
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| mammal = [[Florida panther]], [[West Indian manatee|manatee]], [[Common bottlenose dolphin|bottlenose dolphin]], [[Florida Cracker Horse]]<ref name="FHR">{{cite web |url=http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=37196& |title=SB 230—State Symbols/Fla. Cracker Horse/Loggerhead Turtle [RPCC] |publisher=Florida House of Representatives |access-date=April 7, 2012 |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102808/http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=37196 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| Mammal = [[Florida panther]], [[Manatee]], [[Bottle-nosed dolphin]] |
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| reptile = [[American alligator]], [[Loggerhead sea turtle|Loggerhead turtle]], [[Gopher tortoise]]<ref name=FHR/> |
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| Reptile = [[American Alligator]] |
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| amphibian = [[Hyla gratiosa|Barking tree frog]] |
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| Tree = [[Sabal palmetto|Sabal Palmetto]] |
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| tree = [[Sabal palmetto]] |
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| beverage = [[Orange juice]] |
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| food = [[Key lime pie]], [[Orange (fruit)|Orange]] |
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| gemstone = [[Moonstone (gemstone)|Moonstone]] |
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| rock = [[Agate|Agatized]] [[coral]] |
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| shell = [[Triplofusus giganteus|Horse conch]] |
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| soil = [[Myakka (soil)|Myakka]] |
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| Slogan = ''Visit Florida'' |
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| image_route = Florida 27.svg |
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| Soil = [[Myakka (soil)|Myakka]] |
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| image_quarter = 2004 FL Proof.png |
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| Song = ''[[Old Folks at Home]] (Way Down Upon The Swanee River)'' |
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| quarter_release_date = 2004 |
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| Route Marker = Florida 13.svg |
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| Quarter = 2004 FL Proof.png |
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| QuarterReleaseDate = 2004 |
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}} |
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'''Florida''' ({{IPAc-en|en-us-Florida.ogg|ˈ|f|l|ɒr|ɪ|d|ə}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] of the [[United States]]. It is located in the [[Southeastern United States]], bordering [[Alabama]] to the northwest and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large [[peninsula]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the west, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the east and the [[Caribbean]] to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization. |
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'''Florida''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|l|ɒr|ɪ|d|ə||audio=En-us-Florida.ogg}}, {{respell|FLORR|ih|də}}; {{IPA|es|floˈɾiða|lang}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Southeastern United States|Southeastern]] region of the [[United States]]. It borders the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the west, [[Alabama]] to the northwest, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] to the north, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the east, and the [[Straits of Florida]] and [[Cuba]] to the south. About two-thirds of Florida occupies a peninsula between the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It has the [[List of U.S. states by coastline|longest coastline]] in the [[contiguous United States]], spanning approximately {{convert|1,350|mi|km}}, not including its many [[barrier island]]s. It is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of over 21 million, it is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|third-most populous state in the United States]] and ranks [[List of states and territories of the United States by population density|eighth in population density]] as of 2020. Florida spans {{convert|65758|sqmi|km2}}, ranking [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|22nd in area]] among the states. The [[Miami metropolitan area]], anchored by the cities of [[Miami]], [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], and [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]], is the state's largest [[metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan area]], with a population of 6.138 million; the most populous city is [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]]. Florida's other major population centers include [[Tampa Bay area|Tampa Bay]], [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]], and the state capital of [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]. |
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With an area of {{convert|65,758|sqmi|km2|0}}, it is ranked 22nd in size among the 50 U.S. states. [[List of U.S. states by coastline|Florida has the longest coastline]] in the [[contiguous United States]], encompassing approximately {{convert|1350| mi}}. The state has four large urban areas, a number of smaller industrial cities, and many small towns. |
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Various Native American tribes have inhabited Florida for at least 14,000 years. In 1513, [[Spaniards|Spanish]] explorer [[Juan Ponce de León]] became the first known European to make landfall, calling the region ''La Florida'' (land of flowers) ([[Help:IPA/Spanish|''[la floˈɾiða]'']]). Florida subsequently became the first area in the continental U.S. to be permanently settled by Europeans, with the settlement of [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], founded in 1565, being the oldest continuously inhabited city. Florida was frequently attacked and coveted by [[Great Britain]] before Spain [[Adams–Onís Treaty|ceded it to the U.S.]] in 1819 in exchange for resolving the border dispute along the [[Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)|Sabine River]] in [[Spanish Texas]]. Florida was admitted as the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|27th state]] on March 3, 1845, and was the principal location of the [[Seminole Wars]] (1816–1858), the longest and most extensive of the [[American Indian Wars]]. The state seceded from [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]] on January 10, 1861, becoming one of the seven original [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]], and was readmitted to the Union after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] on June 25, 1868. |
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Florida is nicknamed the "Sunshine State" because of its generally warm [[climate]]—[[subtropical climate|subtropical]] in the northern and central regions of the state, with a true [[tropical climate]] in the southern portion.<ref name=abbott>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.johnabbott.qc.ca/webpages/departments/geoscience/intro/Koppen/KoppenMap.htm |title=Köppen Climate Classification Map |publisher=John Abbott College, Geosciences Department |accessdate=2007-07-18}}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau]] estimates that the state population was 18,537,969 in 2009, ranking Florida as the fourth most populous state in the U.S.<ref>behind [[California]], [[Texas]], and [[New York]]</ref><ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=n&_lang=en&mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1R_US9S&format=US-9S&_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1-R&ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&geo_id=01000US United States population by states], United States Census Bureau.</ref> [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]] is the state capital, [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] is the largest city, and the [[South Florida metropolitan area]] is the largest metropolitan area. |
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Since the mid-20th century, Florida has experienced rapid demographic and economic growth. [[Economy of Florida|Its economy]], with a [[gross state product]] (GSP) of $1.647 trillion, is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by GDP|fourth largest of any U.S. state]] and the 15th-largest in the world; the main sectors are [[tourism]], [[Hospitality industry|hospitality]], [[agriculture]], real estate, and [[Transportation in Florida|transportation]]. Florida is world-renowned for its [[beach resort]]s, [[amusement park]]s, warm and sunny climate, and nautical recreation; attractions such as [[Walt Disney World]], the [[Kennedy Space Center]], and [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]] draw tens of millions of visitors annually. Florida is a popular destination for [[Pensioner|retirees]], [[Snowbird (person)|seasonal vacationers]], and both domestic and international migrants; it hosts nine out of the ten fastest-growing communities in the U.S. The state's close proximity to the ocean has shaped [[Florida culture|its culture]], identity, and daily life; its colonial history and successive waves of migration are reflected in [[African American|African]], [[European American|European]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]], [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]], and [[Asian Americans|Asian]] influences. Florida has attracted or inspired some of the most prominent American writers, including [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings]], and [[Tennessee Williams]], and continues to attract celebrities and athletes, especially in [[golf]], [[tennis]], [[auto racing]], and [[List of water sports|water sports]]. Florida has been considered a [[swing state|battleground state]] in [[United States presidential election|American presidential elections]], particularly those in [[2000 United States presidential election|2000]] and [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]. |
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Florida's climate varies from [[subtropical]] in the north to [[tropical]] in the south. It is the only state besides [[Hawaii]] to have a [[tropical climate]], and the only continental state with both a tropical climate, located at the southern portion of the state, and a [[coral reef]]. Florida has several unique ecosystems, including [[Everglades National Park]], the largest tropical wilderness in the U.S. and among the largest in the [[Americas]]. Unique wildlife include the [[American alligator]], [[American crocodile]], [[American flamingo]], [[roseate spoonbill]], [[Florida panther]], [[Common bottlenose dolphin|bottlenose dolphin]], and [[West Indian manatee|manatee]]. The [[Florida Reef]] is the only living [[Coral reef|coral barrier reef]] in the continental United States, and the third-largest coral barrier reef system in the world, after the [[Great Barrier Reef]] and the [[Belize Barrier Reef]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{Main|History of Florida}} |
{{Main|History of Florida}} |
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[[Paleo-Indians]] entered Florida at least 14,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dunbar |first=James S. |title=The pre-Clovis occupation of Florida: The Page-Ladson and Wakulla Springs Lodge Data |url=http://www.clovisinthesoutheast.net/dunbar.html |access-date=June 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012043208/http://www.clovisinthesoutheast.net/dunbar.html |archive-date=October 12, 2014 }}</ref> By the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major [[Indigenous peoples of Florida#Early modern period|groups of people]] living in Florida included the [[Apalachee]] of the [[Florida Panhandle]], the [[Timucua]] of northern and central Florida, the [[Ais people|Ais]] of the central Atlantic coast, the [[Mayaimi]] of the [[Lake Okeechobee]] area, the [[Tequesta]] of southeastern Florida, and the [[Calusa]] of southwest Florida.<ref>{{cite web |title=16th Century Settlements – Florida Department of State |url=https://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-history/16th-century-settlements/ |website=dos.myflorida.com |access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> |
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===European arrival=== |
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Florida was the first part of what is now the [[continental United States]] to be visited by Europeans. The earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish [[conquistador]] [[Juan Ponce de León]], who spotted the peninsula on April 2, 1513. According to his chroniclers, Ponce de León named the region ''La Florida'' ("flowery land") because it was then the [[Easter Season]], known in Spanish as ''[[Pascua Florida]]'' (roughly "Flowery [[Easter]]"), and because the vegetation was in bloom.<ref>From the 1601 publication by the pre-eminent historian of 16th century Spanish exploration in America, [[Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas]], in {{Cite book|title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |last= Stewart|first=George |authorlink=George R. Stewart|year=1945 |publisher= Random House|location=New York |pages= 11–12 |isbn=1590172736}}</ref> It is possible Juan Ponce de León was not the first European to reach Florida, however; reportedly, at least one indigenous tribesman whom he encountered in Florida in 1513 spoke Spanish.<ref>Smith, Hale G., and Marc Gottlob. 1978. "Spanish-Indian Relationships: Synoptic History and Archaeological Evidence, 1500–1763." In ''Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period.'' Edited by Jerald Milanich and Samuel Proctor. Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-0535-3</ref> From 1513 onward, the land became known as "La Florida", although after 1630 and throughout the 18th century, '''Tegesta''' (after the [[Tequesta]] tribe) was an alternate name of choice for the Florida peninsula following publication of a [http://www.georgeglazer.com/maps/florida/delaetflorida.html map] by the Dutch cartographer [[Hessel Gerritsz]] in [[Joannes de Laet]]'s ''History of the New World''.<ref>Ehrenberg, Ralph E. [http://www.broward.org/library/bienes/lii14003.htm "Marvellous countries and lands" Notable Maps of Florida, 1507-1846]</ref><ref>The name Florida, sometimes expanded to cover more of the present-day southeastern U.S., remained the most commonly used Spanish term, however, throughout the entire period. {{Cite book|title=De Bow's Review, Vol. XXII Third Series Vol. II|last= De Bow|first=J.D.B. |authorlink=James Dunwoody Brownson DeBow |year=1857 |location=Washington, D.C. and New Orleans |pages= 303–305}}</ref> |
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{{Main|New Spain|Spanish Florida|French and Indian War|Treaty of Paris (1763)|West Florida|East Florida|Indian Reserve (1763)|American Revolutionary War|Gulf Coast campaign|Treaty of Paris (1783)|Spanish West Florida}} |
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[[File:Chiaves-la-florida-1584.jpg|thumb|Map of Florida, likely based on the expeditions of [[Hernando de Soto]] (1539–1543)]] |
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[[File:Castillo de San Marcos Fort Panorama 1.jpg|thumb|The design of [[Castillo de San Marcos]] reflects the colors and shapes of the [[Cross of Burgundy]] and the subsequent [[Flag of Florida]].]] |
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[[File:West Florida Map 1767.svg|thumb|[[East Florida]] and [[West Florida]] during the [[British colonization of the Americas|British period]] of 1763 to 1783]] |
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Florida was the first region of what is now the [[contiguous United States]] to be visited and settled by Europeans. The earliest known European explorers came with [[Juan Ponce de León]]. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2, 1513. He named it ''[[Spanish Florida|Florida]]'' (colloquially la Florida) in recognition of the flowery, verdant landscape and because it was the [[Easter]] season, which the [[Spaniards]] called ''[[Pascua Florida]]'' (Festival of Flowers). The following day they came ashore to seek information and take possession of this new land.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan D. Steigman|title=La Florida Del Inca and the Struggle for Social Equality in Colonial Spanish America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTjoOz7WMiIC&pg=PA33|date=September 25, 2005|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0-8173-5257-8|page=33|access-date=September 15, 2019|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204071312/https://books.google.com/books?id=QTjoOz7WMiIC&pg=PA33|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States"/> The story that he was searching for the [[Fountain of Youth]] is mythical and appeared only long after his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0vr122VYG8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/l0vr122VYG8 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Michael Francis: La historia entre Florida y España es de las más ricas de Estados Unidos|website=[[YouTube]]|date=May 23, 2012 |access-date=July 18, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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In May 1539, [[Hernando de Soto]] skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as {{convert|70|ft}}, with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult.<ref>Davidson, James West. ''After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection'' Volume 1. Mc Graw Hill, New York 2010, Chapter 1, p. 7.</ref> Europeans introduced [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]], cattle, horses, sheep, the Castilian language, and more to Florida.<ref>Proclamation, presented by Dennis O. Freytes, MPA, MHR, BBA, Chair/Facilitator, 500th Florida Discovery Council Round Table, VP NAUS SE Region; Chair Hispanic Achievers Grant Council</ref><!--add text re native depopulation due to disease--> Spain established several settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don [[Tristán de Luna y Arellano]] established a settlement at present-day [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], making it one of the first settlements in Florida, but it was mostly abandoned by 1561. |
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[[File:Five flags of Florida.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The five flags of Florida from the right, [[Cross of Burgundy flag|Spain]] (1565–1763), the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], Spain (1784–1821), the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], and the United States. France (not featured) also controlled part of Florida.]] |
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In 1564–1565, there was a French settlement at [[Fort Caroline]], in present [[Duval County, Florida|Duval County]], which was destroyed by the Spanish.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Paul E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20594668 |title=A New Andalucia and a Way to the Orient: the American Southeast During the Sixteenth Century |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8071-1552-5 |location=Baton Rouge |pages=278 |oclc=20594668}}</ref> Today a reconstructed version of the fort stands in its location within Jacksonville. |
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Over the following century, both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don [[Tristán de Luna y Arellano]] established a colony at present-day [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], one of the first European attempts at settlement in the continental United States. It was abandoned by 1561 due to hurricanes, famine and warring tribes, and the area was not re-inhabited until the 1690s. French [[Huguenots]] founded [[Fort Caroline]] in modern-day Jacksonville in 1564, but in the following year, the fort was conquered by forces from the new Spanish colony of [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] (called ''San Agustín'' in Spanish). The Spanish maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the local tribes, briefly with [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] and later with [[Franciscan]] friars. The local leaders ([[caciques]]) demonstrated their loyalty to the Spanish by converting to Roman Catholicism and welcoming the Franciscan priests into their villages. |
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In 1565, the settlement of [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] (San Agustín) was established under the leadership of admiral and governor [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]], creating what would become the oldest, continuously occupied European settlements in the continental U.S. and establishing the first generation of Floridanos and the [[List of colonial governors of Florida|Government of Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://losfloridanos.org/|title=Los Floridanos|website=Los Floridanos|access-date=August 23, 2019|archive-date=November 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114000917/http://www.losfloridanos.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville, and Miguel Rodríguez, a white Segovian, occurred in 1565 in St. Augustine. It is the first recorded Christian marriage in the continental United States.<ref>{{citation|url=http://laflorida.org/florida-stories/|title=Luisa de Abrego: Marriage, Bigamy, and the Spanish Inquisition|publisher=University of South Florida|author=J. Michael Francis, PhD|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204110350/http://laflorida.org/florida-stories/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:Flindians1723.JPG|thumb|left|200px|[[Bernard Picart]] copper plate engraving of Florida Indians, Circa 1721 "Cérémonies et Coutumes Religieuses de tous les Peuples du Monde"]] |
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Some Floridanos married or had unions with [[Pensacola people|Pensacola]], [[Muscogee|Creek]], or [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] women, both slave and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of [[mestizo]]s and [[mulatto]]es. The Spanish encouraged [[Slavery in the colonial United States|slaves]] from the [[Thirteen Colonies]] to come to Florida as a refuge, promising freedom in exchange for conversion to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. [[Charles II of Spain|King Charles II of Spain]] issued a royal proclamation freeing all slaves who fled to Florida and accepted conversion and baptism. Most went to the area around [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], but [[Fugitive slaves in the United States|escaped slaves]] also reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-black militia unit defending Florida as early as 1683.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/sanctuary-in-the-spanish-empire.htm|title=Sanctuary in the Spanish Empire: An African American officer earns freedom in Florida|author=Gene Allen Smith, Texas Christian University|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110103703/https://www.nps.gov/articles/sanctuary-in-the-spanish-empire.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English colonies to the north and French colonies to the west. The English weakened Spanish power in the area by supplying their [[Creek people|Creek]] and [[Yamasee]] allies with firearms and urging them to raid the Timucuan and Apalachee client-tribes of the Spanish. The English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times, while the citizens hid behind the walls of the [[Castillo de San Marcos]]. |
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The geographical area of Spanish claims in Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north and French claims to the west. English colonists and [[buccaneer]]s launched several attacks on St. Augustine in the 17th and 18th centuries, razing the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Spain built the [[Castillo de San Marcos]] in 1672 and [[Fort Matanzas]] in 1742 to defend Florida's capital city from attacks, and to maintain its strategic position in the defense of the [[Captaincy General of Cuba]] and the [[Spanish West Indies]]. |
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Florida was attracting a large number of Africans and African Americans from British-occupied North America who sought freedom from slavery. Once in Florida, the Spanish Crown converted them to Roman Catholicism and gave them freedom. Those ex-slaves settled in a community north of St. Augustine, called [[Fort Mose Historic State Park|Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose]], the first freedom settlement of its kind in what became the United States. Many of those slaves were also welcomed by Creek and Seminole Native Americans who had established settlements there at the invitation of the Spanish government. |
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In 1738, the [[List of colonial governors of Florida|governor of Florida]] [[Manuel de Montiano]] established [[Fort Mose Historic State Park|Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose]] near St. Augustine, a fortified town for escaped slaves to whom Montiano granted citizenship and freedom in return for their service in the Florida militia, and which became the first free black settlement legally sanctioned in North America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/underground/fl2.htm|title=Aboard the Underground Railroad—Fort Mose Site|first=Sarah Dillard|last=Pope|website=Nps.gov|access-date=July 19, 2016|archive-date=April 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426210615/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/underground/fl2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fortmose.org/|title=Fort Mose Historical Society|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-date=July 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707201925/http://www.fortmose.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Great Britain gained control of Florida and other territory diplomatically in 1763 through the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Peace of Paris]]. The British divided their new acquisitions into [[East Florida]], with its capital at St. Augustine, and [[West Florida]], with its capital at Pensacola. Britain tried to develop the Floridas through the importation of immigrants for labor, but this project ultimately failed. Spain received both Floridas after Britain's defeat by the American colonies and the subsequent [[Treaty of Versailles (1783)|Treaty of Versailles]] in 1783, continuing the division into East and West Florida. They offered land grants to anyone who settled in the colonies, and many Americans moved to them. |
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In [[Timeline of Florida History|1763]], Spain traded Florida to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] for control of [[Havana]], [[Captaincy General of Cuba|Cuba]], which [[Siege of Havana|had been captured]] by the British during the [[Seven Years' War]]. The trade was done as part of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]] which ended the Seven Years' War. Spain was granted [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Louisiana]] from France due to their loss of Florida. A large portion of the Florida population left, taking along large portions of the remaining Indigenous population with them to Cuba.<ref>{{cite web |author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology |url=http://fcit.usf.edu/Florida/docs/f/florbrit.htm |title=Floripedia: Florida: As a British territory |publisher=Fcit.usf.edu |access-date=October 2, 2009 |archive-date=December 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121213002156/http://fcit.usf.edu/Florida/docs/f/florbrit.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The British soon constructed the [[King's Road (Florida)|King's Road]] connecting St. Augustine to [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]]. The road crossed the [[St. Johns River]] at a narrow point called ''Wacca Pilatka'', now the core of [[Downtown Jacksonville]], and formerly referred to by the British name "Cow Ford", reflecting the fact that [[cattle]] were brought across the river there.<ref>{{cite book |title= Jacksonville's Architectural Heritage |last= Wood |first= Wayne |year= 1992 |publisher= [[University Press of Florida]] |isbn= 978-0-8130-0953-7|page= 22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= The Indian Miscellany |last= Beach |first= William Wallace |year= 1877 |publisher= J. Munsel|page= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lqqAAAAAIAAJ/page/n126 125] |url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lqqAAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wells|first=Judy|title=City had humble beginnings on the banks of the St. Johns|url=http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/030200/ent_S0302FIR.html|access-date=July 2, 2011|newspaper=The Florida Times-Union|date=March 2, 2000|archive-date=October 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009090448/http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/030200/ent_S0302FIR.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:East and West Florida 1810.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Florida split into East and West in 1810]] |
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The British divided and consolidated the Florida provinces (''Las Floridas'') into [[British East Florida|East Florida]] and [[British West Florida|West Florida]], a division the Spanish Crown kept after the brief British period.<ref>''A History of Florida''. Caroline Mays Brevard, Henry Eastman Bennett p. 77</ref> The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the [[French and Indian War]] in order to encourage settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to Florida, reports of its natural wealth were published in England. A number of British settlers who were described as being "energetic and of good character" moved to Florida, mostly coming from [[South Carolina]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and England. There was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of [[Bermuda]]. This was the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now [[Duval County, Florida|Duval County]], [[Baker County, Florida|Baker County]], [[St. Johns County, Florida|St. Johns County]] and [[Nassau County, Florida|Nassau County]]. The British constructed good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits, as well as the export of lumber.<ref name="A History of Florida">''A History of Florida''. Caroline Mays Brevard, Henry Eastman Bennett</ref><ref name="The Land Policy in British East Florida">''The Land Policy in British East Florida''. [[C. L. Mowat|Charles L. Mowat]], 1940</ref> |
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After settler attacks on Indian towns, [[Seminole]] Indians based in [[East Florida]] began raiding [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] settlements, purportedly at the behest of the Spanish. The [[United States Army]] led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by [[Andrew Jackson]] that became known as the [[First Seminole War]]. Following the war, the United States effectively controlled East Florida. In 1819, by terms of the [[Adams-Onís Treaty]], Spain ceded Florida to the United States in exchange for the American renunciation of any claims on [[Texas]] that they might have from the [[Louisiana Purchase]] and $5 million. |
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The British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas, and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This was the first introduction of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today, including [[Jury trial|trial by jury]], [[habeas corpus]] and county-based government.<ref name="A History of Florida"/><ref name="The Land Policy in British East Florida"/> Neither East Florida nor West Florida sent any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]. Florida remained a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the [[American Revolution]].<ref>Clark, James C.; "200 Quick Looks at Florida History" p. 20 {{ISBN|1561642002}}</ref> |
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As settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from their lands in Florida. To the chagrin of Georgia landowners, the Seminoles harbored and integrated runaway blacks, known as the [[Black Seminoles]], and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the United States government signed the [[Treaty of Payne's Landing]] with some of the Seminole chiefs, promising them lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida voluntarily. Many of the Seminoles left at this time, while those who remained prepared to defend their claims to the land. The U.S. Army arrived in 1835 to enforce the treaty under pressure from white settlers, and the [[Second Seminole War]] began at the end of the year with the [[Dade Massacre]], when Seminoles ambushed and killed or mortally wounded all but one in a group of 110 Army troops, plus Major Dade and seven officers, marching from [[Fort Brooke]] (Tampa) to reinforce [[Fort King]] (Ocala).<ref>Daily National Intelligencer, January 27, 1836 (Library of Congress) http://mitchellarchives.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/dade-report.jpg</ref> Between 900 and 1,500 Seminole Indian warriors employed guerrilla tactics against United States Army troops for seven years until 1842. The U.S. government is estimated to have spent between US$20 million and US$40 million on the war, at the time an astronomical sum. |
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Spain regained both East and West Florida after Britain's defeat in the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] and the subsequent [[Treaty of Versailles (1783)|Treaty of Versailles]] in 1783, and continued the provincial divisions until 1821.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/trnsfer/trnsfer1.htm|title=Transfer of Florida|website=fcit.usf.edu|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206232047/https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/trnsfer/trnsfer1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:Flagler College 2005-Sept fl 104.JPEG|thumb|right|200px|[[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] is the oldest city in the United States, established in 1565 by Spain.]] |
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===Statehood and Indian removal=== |
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On March 3, 1845, Florida became the 27th state of the United States of America, although initially its population grew slowly. White settlers continued to encroach on lands used by the Seminoles, and the United States government resolved to make another effort to move the remaining Seminoles to the West. The [[Seminole Wars#Third Seminole War|Third Seminole War]] lasted from 1855 to 1858, and resulted in the removal of most of the remaining Seminoles. Even after three bloody wars, the U.S. Army failed to force all of the Seminole Indians in Florida to the West.<ref>Tindall, George Brown, and David Emory Shi. (edition unknown) ''America: A Narrative History.'' W. W. Norton & Company. 412. ISBN 039396874X</ref> Though most of the Seminoles were [[Trail of Tears|forcibly exiled to Creek lands]] west of the Mississippi, hundreds, including Seminole leader Aripeka (Sam Jones), remained in the [[Everglades]] and refused to leave the native homeland of their ancestors. Their descendants remain there to this day. |
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{{See also|Republic of East Florida|Seminole Wars|Adams–Onís Treaty|Florida Territory|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}} |
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<!--Add text re status, state governance and constitution, economy--> |
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[[File:Remington A cracker cowboy.jpg|thumb|A portrait of a [[Florida cracker|Cracker cowboy]] by [[Frederic Remington]] {{small|(1861–1909)}}]] |
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Defense of Florida's northern border with the United States was minor during the second Spanish period. The region became a haven for escaped slaves and a base for Indian attacks against U.S. territories, and the U.S. pressed Spain for reform. |
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Americans of [[English Americans|English]] and [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scots Irish descent]] began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[South Carolina]]. Though technically not allowed by the government authorities, they were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to immigrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as [[Florida Cracker]]s.<ref>Ste Claire, Dana (2006). ''Cracker: Cracker Culture in Florida History''. University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|978-0-8130-3028-9}}</ref> |
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[[File:Battle of Olustee.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The [[Battle of Olustee]] during the [[Civil War]] in 1864]] |
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These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish governance, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent [[Republic of West Florida]] on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the garrison at [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]] (now in [[Louisiana]]) and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the "[[Bonnie Blue Flag]]". |
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White settlers began to establish cotton plantations in Florida, which required numerous laborers. By 1860 Florida had only 140,424 people, of whom 44% were enslaved. There were fewer than 1000 free [[free black|African Americans]] before the Civil War.<ref>[http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php Historical Census Browser, accessed 31 October 2007]{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> |
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In 1810, parts of West Florida were annexed by the proclamation of President [[James Madison]], who claimed the region as part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. These parts were incorporated into the newly formed [[Territory of Orleans]]. The U.S. annexed the Mobile District of West Florida to the [[Mississippi Territory]] in 1812. Spain continued to dispute the area, though the United States gradually increased the area it occupied. In 1812, a group of settlers from Georgia, with de facto support from the U.S. federal government, attempted to overthrow the Floridan government in the province of East Florida. The settlers hoped to convince Floridians to join their cause and proclaim independence from Spain, but the settlers lost their tenuous support from the federal government and abandoned their cause by 1813.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.floridamemory.com/collections/constitution/|title=Florida's Early Constitutions—Florida Memory|access-date=July 16, 2017|archive-date=August 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827045025/https://www.floridamemory.com/collections/constitution/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:Winter in Florida.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Winter in Florida, 1893]] |
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Traditionally, historians argued that [[Seminole]]s based in [[East Florida]] began raiding Georgia settlements and offering havens for runaway slaves. The [[United States Army]] led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by [[Andrew Jackson]] that became known as the [[First Seminole War]]. The United States now effectively controlled East Florida. Control was necessary according to Secretary of State [[John Quincy Adams]] because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them."<ref>Alexander Deconde, ''A History of American Foreign Policy'' (1963) p. 127</ref> |
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On January 10, 1861, before the start of the [[American Civil War]], Florida declared its secession from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]; ten days later, the state became a founding member of the [[Confederate States of America]]. The war ended in 1865. On June 25, 1868, Florida's [[United States Congress|congressional]] representation was restored. After Reconstruction, white Democrats succeeded in regaining power in the state legislature. In 1885 they created a new constitution, followed by statutes through 1889 that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites over the next several years. Provisions included [[poll taxes]], [[literacy tests]], and residency requirements. Disfranchisement for most African Americans in the state persisted until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s gained federal legislation to protect their suffrage. |
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[[File: |
[[File:Seminole War in Everglades.jpg|thumb|A [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] boat searching the [[Everglades]] for [[Seminole]]s (hiding in foreground) during the [[Second Seminole War]], which lasted from 1835 to 1842]] |
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More recent historians describe that after U.S. independence, settlers in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] increased pressure on Seminole lands, and skirmishes near the border led to the [[First Seminole War]] (1816–1819). The United States purchased Florida from Spain by the [[Adams-Onis Treaty]] (1819) and took possession in 1821. The Seminole were moved out of their rich farmland in northern Florida and confined to a large reservation in the interior of the Florida peninsula by the [[Treaty of Moultrie Creek]] (1823). Passage of the [[Indian Removal Act]] (1830) led to the [[Treaty of Payne's Landing]] (1832), which called for the relocation of all Seminole to [[Indian Territory]] (now [[Oklahoma]]).<ref>Mahon, pp. 190–191.</ref> Some resisted, leading to the [[Second Seminole War]], the bloodiest [[American Indian Wars|war against Native Americans]] in United States history. By 1842, most Seminoles and Black Seminoles, facing starvation, were removed to Indian Territory west of the [[Mississippi River]]. Perhaps fewer than 200 Seminoles remained in Florida after the [[Third Seminole War]] (1855–1858), having taken refuge in the Everglades, from where they never surrendered to the US. They fostered a resurgence in traditional customs and a culture of staunch independence.<ref>Mahon, pp. 201–202</ref> |
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[[File:Flaglerstreet Miami 1945.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Soldiers and crowds in [[Downtown Miami]] 20 minutes after surrender during World War II.]] |
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Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or troops due to the devastation caused by the [[Peninsular War]]. Madrid, therefore, decided to cede the territory to the United States through the [[Adams–Onís Treaty]], which took effect in 1821.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tebeau | first=Charlton W. | author-link=Charlton W. Tebeau | title=A History of Florida |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofflorida00char |url-access=registration | publisher=University of Miami Press | year=1971 | location=Coral Gables, Florida | pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofflorida00char/page/114 114–118]| isbn=9780870241499 }}</ref> President [[James Monroe]] was authorized on March 3, 1821, to take possession of [[East Florida]] and [[West Florida]] for the United States and provide for initial governance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=003/llsl003.db&recNum=678|title=A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875|website=Library of Congress|access-date=July 21, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124222705/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=003%2Fllsl003.db&recNum=678|url-status=live}}</ref> On behalf of the U.S. government, [[Andrew Jackson]], whom Jacksonville is named after, served as a military commissioner with the powers of governor of the newly acquired territory for a brief period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-history/florida-governors/andrew-jackson/|title=Andrew Jackson|publisher=Florida Department of State|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-date=June 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628023909/http://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-history/florida-governors/andrew-jackson/|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 30, 1822, the U.S. Congress merged [[East Florida]] and part of [[West Florida]] into the [[Florida Territory]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=003/llsl003.db&recNum=695|title=A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875|website=Library of Congress|access-date=July 21, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124222705/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=003%2Fllsl003.db&recNum=695|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Until the mid-20th century, Florida was the least populous Southern state. In 1900 its population was only 528,542, of whom nearly 44% were African American.<ref>Historical Census Browser, 1900 Federal Census, University of Virginia [http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state/php]{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}. Retrieved 15 March 2008.</ref> The [[boll weevil]] devastated cotton crops, and early 20th century lynchings and racial violence caused a record number of African Americans to leave the state in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] to northern and midwestern industrial cities. Forty thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population, left for better opportunities.<ref>Maxine D. Rogers, Larry E. Rivers, David R. Colburn, R. Tom Dye, and William W. Rogers, "Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida in January 1923", December 1993, p.5 [http://mailer.fsu.edu/~mjones/rosewood/rosewood.html]. Retrieved 28 March 2008.</ref> National economic prosperity in the 1920s stimulated tourism to Florida. Combined with its sudden elevation in profile was the [[Florida land boom of the 1920s]], which brought a brief period of intense land development. Devastating hurricanes in [[1926 Miami hurricane|1926]] and [[1928 Okeechobee hurricane|1928]], followed by the stock market crash and [[Great Depression]], brought that period to a halt. |
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By the early 1800s, [[Indian removal]] was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the [[Indian Removal Act]] and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the U.S. government to remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles offered sanctuary to blacks, and these became known as the [[Black Seminoles]], and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the [[Treaty of Payne's Landing]] promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminoles left at this time. |
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Florida's economy did not fully recover until the buildup for World War II. The climate, tempered by the growing availability of [[air conditioning]], and low cost of living made the state a haven. Migration from the [[Rust Belt]] and the Northeast sharply increased the population after the war. In recent decades, more migrants have come for the jobs in a developing economy. Today, with an estimated population of more than 18 million, Florida is the most populous state in the Southeastern United States, the second most populous state in the South behind Texas, and the fourth most populous in the United States. The [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]] estimated that "Florida, now the fourth most populous state, will edge past New York into third place in total population by 2011".<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/004704.html |title=Florida, California and Texas to Dominate Future Population Growth, Census Bureau Reports |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |date=April 21, 2005 |accessdate=2008-01-23|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080125095319/http%3A//www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/004704.html |archivedate = January 25, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
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Some Seminoles remained, and the U.S. Army arrived in Florida, leading to the [[Second Seminole War]] (1835–1842). Following the war, approximately 3,000 Seminole and 800 Black Seminole were removed to [[Indian Territory]]. A few hundred Seminole remained in Florida in the [[Everglades]]. |
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{{See also|Seminole Wars|Florida in the American Civil War}} |
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{{multiple image |
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==Geography== |
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[[File:Florida topographic map-en.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Topographic map of Florida]] |
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{{further|[[List of counties in Florida]]}} |
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{{See also|List of Florida state parks}} |
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Much of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the [[Straits of Florida]]. Spanning two time zones, It extends to the northwest into a [[panhandle]], extending along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Alabama]], and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near several Caribbean countries, particularly [[The Bahamas]] and [[Cuba]]. Florida's extensive coastline made it a perceived target during World War II, so the government built airstrips throughout the state; today, approximately 400 airports are still in service. According to the [[National Drug Intelligence Center]], Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private airports, airstrips, heliports, and seaplane bases.<ref name=NDIC>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs5/5169/overview.htm |title=Florida Drug Threat Assessment-Overview |publisher=National Drug Intelligence Center |accessdate=2007-07-18}}</ref> Florida is one of the largest states east of the [[Mississippi River]], and only [[Alaska]] and [[Michigan]] are larger in water area. |
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| image1 = The Call-Collins House, The Grove- Tallahassee, Florida (7157983334).jpg |
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| caption1 = The Historic Call-Collins House, the Grove, built by slaves in the 1840s, is an antebellum [[Plantation complexes in the Southern United States|plantation house]] in Tallahassee. |
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| image2 = $ 10 reward for runaway slave "SMART" by Geo Willis Navy Agent Pensacola Gazette 22 Aug 1840 p 3.jpg |
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| alt2 = |
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| caption2 = 1840 advertisement in the ''Pensacola Gazette'' offering a $10 ($330 in 2022) reward for the return of a [[Fugitive slaves in the United States|fugitive slave]]. |
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}} |
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On March 3, 1845, only one day before the end of President [[John Tyler]]'s term in office, Florida became the 27th state,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=005/llsl005.db&recNum=779|title=A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875|website=Library of Congress|access-date=July 21, 2015|archive-date=June 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619031820/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=005%2Fllsl005.db&recNum=779|url-status=live}}</ref> admitted as a [[slave state]] and no longer a sanctuary for runaway slaves. Initially its population grew slowly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://population.us/fl/|title=Florida state population|website=population.us|access-date=May 19, 2019|archive-date=April 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418213105/https://population.us/fl/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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As European settlers continued to encroach on Seminole lands, the United States intervened to move the remaining Seminoles to the West. The [[Third Seminole War]] (1855–1858) resulted in the [[Trail of Tears|forced removal]] of most of the remaining Seminoles, although hundreds of Seminole Indians remained in the Everglades.<ref>Tindall, George Brown, and David Emory Shi. (edition unknown) ''America: A Narrative History''. W. W. Norton & Company. 412. {{ISBN|978-0-393-96874-3}}</ref> |
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[[File:Everglades National Park cypress.jpg|200px|thumb|left|[[Everglades National Park]] in [[Southern Florida]]]] |
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[[File:Crandon Park Modified.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Crandon Park]] in [[Key Biscayne, Florida|Key Biscayne]]]] |
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The first settlements and towns in South Florida were founded much later than those in the northern part of the state. The first permanent European settlers arrived in the early 19th century. People came from the [[Bahamas]] to South Florida and the [[Florida Keys|Keys]] to hunt for treasure from the ships that ran aground on the treacherous Great [[Florida Reef]]. Some accepted Spanish land offers along the Miami River. At about the same time, the [[Seminole]] Indians arrived, along with a group of runaway slaves. The area was affected by the [[Second Seminole War]], during which Major [[William S. Harney]] led several raids against the Indians. Most non-Indian residents were soldiers stationed at [[Fort Dallas]]. It was the most devastating Indian war in American history, causing almost a total loss of population in Miami. |
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[[File:Florida counties map.png|200px|thumb|right|A map of Florida showing county names and boundaries]] |
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[[File:BahiaHonda.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The beach at [[Bahia Honda Key|Bahia Honda]] in the [[Florida Keys]]]] |
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After the Second Seminole War ended in 1842, William English re-established a plantation started by his uncle on the [[Miami River (Florida)|Miami River]]. He charted the "Village of Miami" on the south bank of the Miami River and sold several plots of land. In 1844, Miami became the county seat, and six years later a census reported there were ninety-six residents in the area.<ref>[http://www.miamidade.gov/info/history.asp History of Miami-Dade county] retrieved January 26, 2006 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110194202/http://www.miamidade.gov/info/history.asp |date=January 10, 2006 }}</ref> The [[Seminole Wars#Third Seminole War|Third Seminole War]] was not as destructive as the second, but it slowed the settlement of southeast Florida. At the end of the war, a few of the soldiers stayed. |
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At 345 feet (105 m) [[above mean sea level]], [[Britton Hill]] is the highest point in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state.<ref name=Britton>{{Cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW268 |title=The Florida Environment: An Overview |month=July|year=2007 |last=Main |first=Martin B. |last2=Allen |first2=Ginger M.|publisher=[[University of Florida]], [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] |accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref> Much of the state south of [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] is low-lying and fairly level; however, some places, such as [[Clearwater, Florida|Clearwater]], feature vistas that rise 50 to 100 feet (15{{ndash}} 30 m) above the water. Much of Central and North Florida, typically 25 miles (40 km) or more away from the coastline, features rolling hills with elevations ranging from 100 to 250 feet (30{{ndash}} 76 m). The highest point in peninsular Florida, [[Sugarloaf Mountain (Florida)|Sugarloaf Mountain]], is a {{convert|312|ft|m|0|sing=on}} peak in [[Lake County, Florida|Lake County]].<ref name=Sugarloaf>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dot.state.fl.us/EMO/ScenicHWY/designated/greenmountain.htm |title=Green Mountain Scenic Byway |publisher=[[Florida Department of Transportation]] |accessdate=2008-01-23}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
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=== Civil War and Reconstruction === |
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Areas under control of the [[National Park Service]] include:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Florida |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=2008-07-15 |url=http://www.nps.gov/state/fl}}</ref> |
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{{Main|Florida in the American Civil War}} |
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* [[Big Cypress National Preserve]], near [[Lake Okeechobee]] |
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{{See also|American Civil War|Reconstruction era}}[[File:Battle of Olustee.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Olustee]] during the [[American Civil War]] in 1864]] |
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* [[Biscayne National Park]], in [[Miami-Dade County]] south of [[Miami]] |
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American settlers began to establish cotton [[plantations in the American South|plantations]] in north Florida, which required numerous laborers, which they supplied by buying slaves in the domestic market. By 1860, Florida had only 140,424 people, of whom 44% were enslaved. There were fewer than 1,000 free [[free black|African Americans]] before the American Civil War.<ref>[http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php Historical Census Browser, Retrieved October 31, 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823030234/http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php |date=August 23, 2007 }}</ref> |
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* [[Canaveral National Seashore]], between [[New Smyrna Beach, Florida|New Smyrna Beach]] and [[Titusville, Florida|Titusville]] |
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* [[Castillo de San Marcos|Castillo de San Marcos National Monument]], in [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] |
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* [[De Soto National Memorial]], in [[Bradenton, Florida|Bradenton]] |
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* [[Dry Tortugas National Park]], at [[Key West, Florida|Key West]] |
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* [[Everglades National Park]] in [[South Florida|Southern Florida]] |
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* [[Fort Caroline National Memorial]], at Jacksonville |
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* [[Fort Matanzas National Monument]], in St. Augustine |
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* [[Gulf Islands National Seashore]], near [[Gulf Breeze, Florida|Gulf Breeze]] |
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* [[Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve]], in Jacksonville |
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Areas under the control of the USDA [[United States Forest Service]] include: |
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* [[Apalachicola National Forest]] along the east bank of the [[Apalachicola River]], |
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* [[Choctawhatchee National Forest]] near [[Niceville]], |
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* [[Ocala National Forest]] in [[Central Florida]], and |
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* [[Osceola National Forest]] in [[First Coast|Northeast Florida]]. |
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On January 10, 1861, nearly all delegates in the Florida Legislature approved an ordinance of secession,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ordinance of Secession, 1861 |url=https://www.floridamemory.com/exhibits/floridahighlights/secession/ |website=Florida Memory |publisher=State Library & Archives of Florida |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=July 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712140709/https://www.floridamemory.com/exhibits/floridahighlights/secession/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/civil/jb_civil_florida_1.html|title=Florida Seceded! January 10, 1861{{!}}America's Story from America's Library|website=America's Library|access-date=November 14, 2017|archive-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919112537/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/civil/jb_civil_florida_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> declaring Florida to be "a sovereign and independent nation"—an apparent reassertion to the preamble in Florida's Constitution of 1838, in which Florida agreed with Congress to be a "Free and Independent State". The ordinance declared Florida's secession from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]], allowing it to become one of the founding members of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]]. |
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===Boundaries=== |
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The state line begins in the Atlantic Ocean, traveling west, south, and north up the [[thalweg]] of the [[Saint Mary's River (Florida/Georgia)|Saint Mary's River]]. At the origin of that river, it then follows a straight line nearly due west and slightly north, to the point where the [[confluence (geography)|confluence]] of the [[Flint River (Georgia)|Flint River]] (from Georgia) and the [[Chattahoochee River]] (down the Alabama/Georgia line) used to form Florida's Apalachicola River. (Since Woodruff Dam was built, this point has been under Lake Seminole.) The border with Georgia continues north through the lake for a short distance up the former thalweg of the Chattahoochee, then with Alabama runs due west along [[latitude]] [[31st parallel north|31°N]] to the [[Perdido River]], then south along its thalweg to the Gulf via Perdido Bay. Much of the state is at or near [[sea level]]. |
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The Confederacy received little military help from Florida; the 15,000 troops it offered were generally sent elsewhere. Instead of troops and manufactured goods, Florida did provide salt and, more importantly, beef to feed the Confederate armies. This was particularly important after 1864, when the Confederacy lost control of the Mississippi River, thereby losing access to Texas beef.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.floridamemory.com/onlineclassroom/floridacivilwar/|title=Florida in the Civil War|first=State Library and Archives of|last=Florida|website=Florida Memory|access-date=May 19, 2019|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402212938/https://www.floridamemory.com/onlineclassroom/floridacivilwar/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Taylor, R. (1988). Rebel Beef: Florida Cattle and the Confederate Army, 1862-1864. The Florida Historical Quarterly, 67(1), 15–31. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30147921 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430043831/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30147921 |date=April 30, 2019 }}</ref> The largest engagements in the state were the [[Battle of Olustee]], on February 20, 1864, and the [[Battle of Natural Bridge]], on March 6, 1865. Both were Confederate victories.<ref>Taylor, Paul. (2012) ''Discovering the Civil War in Florida: A Reader and Guide'' (2nd edition). pp. 3–4, 59, 127. Sarasota, Fl.: Pineapple Press.</ref> The war ended in 1865. |
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===Climate=== |
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[[File:Royal Poinciana.jpg|thumb|right|[[Royal Poinciana]] tree in full bloom in the [[Florida Keys]], an indication of [[South Florida]]'s [[tropical climate]].]] |
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{{Main|Climate of Florida}} |
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{{See also|List of Florida hurricanes|List of all-time high and low temperatures by state}} |
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Following the American Civil War, Florida's [[United States Congress|congressional]] representation was restored on June 25, 1868, albeit forcefully after [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]] and the installation of unelected government officials under the final authority of federal military commanders. After the Reconstruction period ended in 1876, white Democrats regained power in the state legislature. In 1885, they created a new constitution, followed by statutes through 1889 that [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disfranchised]] most blacks and many poor whites.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nancy A. Hewitt|title=Southern Discomfort: Women's Activism in Tampa, Florida, 1880s–1920s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbawYOvvUrkC&pg=PA22|year=2001|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-02682-9|page=22|access-date=May 13, 2018|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204020303/https://books.google.com/books?id=MbawYOvvUrkC&pg=PA22|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is very distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]], while coastal areas south of the lake (including the [[Florida Keys]]) have a true [[tropical climate]].<ref name=Ritter>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uwsp.edu/geO/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/climate_classification.html |title=Wet/Dry Tropical Climate |author=Ritter, Michael |publisher=University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point |accessdate=2007-07-18}}</ref> High temperatures in the state seldom exceed 100 °[[Fahrenheit|F]] (38 °[[Celsius|C]]), with much of Florida commonly seeing a high summer temperature of 90s °F (32+ °C). |
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In the pre-automobile era, railroads played a key role in the state's development, particularly in coastal areas. In 1883, the [[Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad]] connected Pensacola and the rest of the [[Florida Panhandle|Panhandle]] to the rest of the state. In 1884 the [[South Florida Railroad]] (later absorbed by [[Atlantic Coast Line Railroad]]) opened full service to [[Tampa]]. In 1894 the [[Florida East Coast Railway]] reached [[West Palm Beach]]; in 1896 it reached [[Biscayne Bay]] near [[Miami]]. Numerous other railroads were built all over the interior of the state. |
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During late autumn and winter months, Florida has experienced occasional cold fronts that can bring high winds and relatively cooler temperatures for the entire state, with high temperatures that could remain into the 40s and 50s (4 to 15 °C) and lows of 20s and 30s (-7 to 4 °C) for few days in the northern and central parts of Florida, although below-freezing temperatures are very rare in the southern part of the state. Low temperatures have been 10's{{Clarify||too chatty, needs precise figure from reliable source. need to convert to centigrade which most of the world uses. Apparently in NORTH florida not south? Sentence does not make clear|date=April 2010}}, and high temperature (at their lowest) in the upper 30s.{{Clarify||need precise figure not off the top of someone's head|date=April 2010}}{{Citation needed|reason=needs conversion to centigrade when exact figure can be obtained|date=April 2010}} |
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===20th century=== |
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[[File:Lake Alice Winter.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fall foliage]] in North Florida.]] |
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[[File:Don CeSar Hotel- St. Petersburg Beach, Florida (8410317737).jpg|thumb|Vacationers at the newly opened [[The Don CeSar|Don Cesar Hotel]] in [[St. Pete Beach, Florida]], in 1928]] |
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[[File:Miamisummershower.png|thumb|right|Typical summer afternoon shower from the [[Everglades]] traveling eastward over [[Downtown Miami]].]] |
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Florida's economy has been based primarily upon agricultural products such as citrus fruits, strawberries, nuts, sugarcane and cattle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fdacs.gov/Agriculture-Industry/Florida-Agriculture-Overview-and-Statistics|title=Florida Agriculture Overview and Statistics – Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services|website=www.fdacs.gov|access-date=January 24, 2021|archive-date=February 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203113521/https://www.fdacs.gov/Agriculture-Industry/Florida-Agriculture-Overview-and-Statistics|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[boll weevil]] devastated cotton crops during the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Darryl |date=19 May 2014 |title=Boll Weevils and Beyond: Extension Entomology |url=https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/ifascomm/2014/05/19/boll-weevils-and-beyond-extension-entomology/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Science}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Fabian |last2=Olmstead |first2=Alan |last3=Rhode |first3=Paul |date=September 2009 |title=The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40263940 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=685–718 |doi=10.1017/S0022050709001090 |jstor=40263940 |s2cid=154646873 |issn=0022-0507 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Jacksonville Snow 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Snow]] is not common in Florida, but has occurred in every major Florida city at least once. Snow also falls occasionally in North Florida.]] |
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Until the mid-20th century, Florida was the least-populous state in the [[southern United States]]. In 1900, its population was only 528,542, of whom nearly 44% were African American, the same proportion as before the Civil War.<ref>Historical Census Browser, 1900 Federal Census, University of Virginia [http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state/php] {{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Retrieved March 15, 2008.</ref> Forty thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population levels in Florida, left the state in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]]. They left due to [[lynching]]s and racial violence and for better opportunities in the North and the West.<ref>Rogers, Maxine D.; Rivers, Larry E.; Colburn, David R.; Dye, R. Tom & Rogers, William W. (December 1993), [http://mailer.fsu.edu/~mjones/rosewood/rosewood.html "Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida in January 1923"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515152951/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~mjones/rosewood/rosewood.html |date=May 15, 2008 }}, p. 5. Retrieved April 9, 2011.</ref> [[Disfranchisement]] for most African Americans in the state persisted until the [[Civil Rights Movement]] of the 1960s gained federal legislation in 1965 to enforce protection of their constitutional suffrage. |
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The hottest temperature ever recorded in Florida was 109 °F (43 °C), which was set on June 29, 1931 in [[Monticello, Florida|Monticello]]. The coldest temperature was –2 °F (−19 °C), on February 13, 1899, just 25 miles (40 km) away, in Tallahassee. Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32–35 °C). Mean low temperatures for late January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in northern Florida to the mid-50s (≈13 °C) in southern Florida. |
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[[File:Rc17739 04.jpg|alt=Black and white photograph of segregationists fighting on a beach|thumb|White segregationists (foreground) trying to prevent black people from swimming at a "White only" beach in St. Augustine during the [[1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests]]]] |
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The seasons in Florida are determined more by [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] than by temperature, with the hot, wet springs and summers making up the wet season, and mild to cool, and the relatively dry winters and autumns, making the dry season. [[Fall foliage]] appears in Central and North Florida starting around late November, and into winter. |
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In response to [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] in Florida, a number of protests occurred in Florida during the 1950s and 1960s as part of the Civil Rights Movement. In 1956–1957, students at [[Florida A&M University]] organized a bus boycott in Tallahassee to mimic the [[Montgomery bus boycott]] and succeeded in integrating the city's buses.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tallahassee Bus Boycott 1956-57 |url=https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/classroom/learning-units/civil-rights/tallahasseebusboycott/ |website=Florida Memory |access-date=February 11, 2021 |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507015758/https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/classroom/learning-units/civil-rights/tallahasseebusboycott/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Students also held sit-ins in 1960 in protest of segregated seating at local lunch counters, and in 1964 an incident at a [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] motel pool, in which the owner poured acid into the water during a demonstration, influenced the passage of the [[1964 Civil Rights Act]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement in Florida |url=https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/classroom/learning-units/civil-rights/ |website=Florida Memory |access-date=February 11, 2021 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024201945/https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/classroom/learning-units/civil-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Economic prosperity in the 1920s stimulated tourism to Florida and related development of hotels and resort communities. Combined with its sudden elevation in profile was the [[Florida land boom of the 1920s]], which brought a brief period of intense land development. In 1925, the [[Seaboard Air Line]] broke the FEC's southeast Florida monopoly and extended its freight and passenger service to West Palm Beach; two years later it extended passenger service to Miami. Devastating hurricanes in [[1926 Miami hurricane|1926]] and [[1928 Okeechobee hurricane|1928]], followed by the [[Great Depression]], brought that period to a halt. Florida's economy did not fully recover until the military buildup for [[World War II]]. |
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The [[Florida Keys]], because they are completely surrounded by water, have lesser variability in temperatures. At [[Key West, Florida|Key West]], temperatures rarely exceed {{convert|90|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in the summer or fall below {{convert|60|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in the winter, and frost has never been reported in the Keys. |
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[[File:Miami Freedom Tower by Tom Schaefer.jpg|thumb|[[Freedom Tower (Miami)|Miami's Freedom Tower]], built in 1925, was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1979.]] |
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Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the [[lightning]] capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country.<ref name=lightning>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/ltgcenter/ltgmain.html |title=Lightning Information Center |publisher=[[National Weather Service]] |accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref> Florida has the highest average precipitation of any state, in large part because afternoon [[thunderstorm]]s are common in most of the state from late spring until early autumn. A fair day may be interrupted with a storm, only to return to sunshine an hour or so later. These thunderstorms, caused by overland collisions of moist masses of air from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}, pop up in the early afternoon and can bring heavy downpours, high winds, and sometimes [[tornado]]es. Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per square mile (when including [[waterspouts]])<ref name=waterspout>{{Cite news|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2007/jul/01/waterspouts_common_coastal_florida_summer/?breaking_news |title=Waterspouts common off coastal Florida in summer |last=Aten |first=Tim |date=July 1, 2007 |publisher=[[Naples Daily News]] |accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref> but they do not typically reach the intensity of those in the [[Midwest]] and [[Great Plains]]. [[Hail]] often accompanies the most severe thunderstorms. |
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In 1939, Florida was described as "still very largely an empty State."<ref>{{cite book|title=Florida. A Guide to the Southernmost State|date=1939|place=New York|author=Federal Writers' Project|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=7}}</ref> Subsequently, the growing availability of [[air conditioning]], the climate, and a low cost of living made the state a haven. Migration from the [[Rust Belt]] and the Northeast sharply increased Florida's population after 1945. |
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In the 1960s, many refugees from [[Cuba]], fleeing [[Fidel Castro]]'s communist regime, arrived in Miami at the [[Freedom Tower (Miami)|Freedom Tower]], where the federal government used the facility to process, document and provide medical and dental services for the newcomers. As a result, the Freedom Tower was also called the "Ellis Island of the South".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/freedom_tower.html|title=Freedom Tower—American Latino Heritage: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary|website=Nps.gov|access-date=May 14, 2018|archive-date=May 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514142205/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/american_latino_heritage/freedom_tower.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In recent decades, more migrants have come for the jobs in a developing economy. |
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[[List of snow events in Florida|Snow in Florida]] is a rare occurrence, especially on the peninsula. During the [[Great Blizzard of 1899]], Florida experienced [[blizzard]] conditions; the [[Tampa Bay|Tampa Bay area]] had "gulf-effect" snow, similar to [[lake-effect snow]] in the Great Lakes region.<ref>James A. Henry, Kenneth Michael Portier, Jan Coyne, ''The Climate and Weather of Florida'', Pineapple Press, 1994, p. 60. ISBN 1561640360.</ref> During the 1899 blizzard was the only time the temperature in Florida is known to have fallen below 0 degrees Fahrenheit (−18 °C). The most widespread snowfall in Florida history occurred on January 19, 1977, when snow fell over much of the state, with flurries as far south as [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]]. Snow [[flurries]] also fell on [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]] for the only time in recorded history. A hard freeze in 2003 brought "ocean-effect" snow flurries to the Atlantic coast as far south as [[Cape Canaveral]].<ref name=oceaneffect>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/surveys/012403/flurries.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070704000654/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/surveys/012403/flurries.html |archivedate=2007-07-04 |title=Cold Temperatures and Snow Flurries in East-Central Florida |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2007-07-18}}</ref> |
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The [[Storm of the Century (1993)|1993 Superstorm]] brought blizzard conditions to the panhandle, while heavy rain and tornadoes beset the peninsula. The storm is believed to have been similar in composition to a [[tropical cyclone|hurricane]], some Gulf coast regions even seeing [[storm surge]]s of six feet or more. More recently, traces of snow and sleet fell across central and southern Florida during a hard freeze event in January, 2010. There was some slight accumulation north of the I-4 corridor, mostly in the form of sleet.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Posted: 8:16 am EST January 9, 2010 |url=http://www.wftv.com/news/22191710/detail.html |title=Sleet, Snow Fall In Parts Of Central Florida - News Story - WFTV Orlando |publisher=Wftv.com |date=2010-01-09 |accessdate=2010-08-02}}</ref> |
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===21st century=== |
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[[File:Andrew 23 aug 1992 1231Z.jpg|right|thumb|[[Hurricane Andrew]] bearing down on Florida on August 23, 1992.]] |
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[[File:Cinderella Castle.jpg|thumb|[[Walt Disney World]] opened on October 1, 1971, near the cities of [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] and [[Kissimmee, Florida|Kissimmee]].]] |
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[[tropical cyclone|Hurricanes]] pose a severe threat during hurricane season, which lasts from June 1 to November 30, although some storms have been known to form out of season. Florida is the most hurricane-prone US state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. From 1851 to 2006, Florida has been struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—[[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 3|category 3]] and above.<ref name="fltoday fact">{{cite|first=|last=Doe|title=Florida is US lightning capital| url=|work=|publisher=Florida Today Factbook|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 34|date=28 March 2009|id=|accessdate=}}</ref> It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm. For storms, [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|category 4]] or higher, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas.<ref name="fltoday fact"/> August to October is the most likely period for a hurricane in Florida. |
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With a population of more than 18{{spaces}}million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/florida-is-now-officially-the-third-most-populous-state-6554486|title=Florida Is Now Officially the Third Most Populous State|first=Kyle|last=Munzenrieder|date=December 23, 2014|website=Miaminewtimes.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=May 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503032134/https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/florida-is-now-officially-the-third-most-populous-state-6554486|url-status=live}}</ref> The population of Florida has boomed in recent years with the state being the recipient of the largest number of out-of-state movers in the country as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/florida-population-boom-taxes|title=Florida to see population boom over coming years as SALT deductions remain capped|first=Brittany De|last=Lea|date=August 9, 2019|website=FOXBusiness|access-date=September 6, 2019|archive-date=September 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906062556/https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/florida-population-boom-taxes|url-status=live}}</ref> Florida's growth has been widespread, as cities throughout the state have continued to see population growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adammillsap/2018/06/06/floridas-population-is-booming-but-should-we-worry-about-income-growth/|title=Florida's Population Is Booming—But Should We Worry About Income Growth?|first=Adam|last=Millsap|website=Forbes|access-date=September 6, 2019|archive-date=September 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905224515/https://www.forbes.com/sites/adammillsap/2018/06/06/floridas-population-is-booming-but-should-we-worry-about-income-growth/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In 2012, the [[killing of Trayvon Martin]], a young black man, by [[George Zimmerman]] in [[Sanford, Florida|Sanford]] drew national attention to Florida's [[stand-your-ground law]]s, and sparked African American activism, including the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nicole Chavez |title=George Zimmerman lawsuit reminds us of how significant the Trayvon Martin case was for a divided country |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/05/us/trayvon-martin-shooting-race-in-america/index.html |website=CNN Digital |access-date=February 11, 2021 |date=December 5, 2019 |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205212730/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/05/us/trayvon-martin-shooting-race-in-america/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In 2004, Florida was hit by a record four hurricanes. Hurricanes [[Hurricane Charley|Charley]] (August 13), [[Hurricane Frances|Frances]] (September 4–5), [[Hurricane Ivan|Ivan]] (September 16), and [[Hurricane Jeanne|Jeanne]] (September 25–26) cumulatively cost the state's economy $42 billion. Additionally, the four storms caused an estimated $45 billion in damage.<ref name="ft091231">{{Cite news|first=|last=|title=Weather, politics shook things up|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20091231/NEWS01/912310317/1086/Stories+of+the+decade++Weather++politics+shook+things+up| work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 1A|date=31 December 2009|id=|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> In 2005, [[Hurricane Dennis]] (July 10) became the fifth storm to strike Florida within eleven months. Later, [[Hurricane Katrina]] (August 25) passed through [[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]] and [[Hurricane Rita]] (September 20) swept through the [[Florida Keys]]. [[Hurricane Wilma]] (October 24) made landfall near [[Cape Romano]], just south of [[Marco Island, Florida|Marco Island]], finishing another very active hurricane season. Wilma is the second most expensive hurricane in Florida history, due in part to a five year window in which to file claims.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Matt|last=Read|title=Watchdog:Discounts may boost price for insurance|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=20102020311| work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 1B|date=2 February 2010|id=|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> |
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After [[Hurricane Maria]] devastated [[Puerto Rico]] in September 2017, a large population of Puerto Ricans began moving to Florida to escape the widespread destruction. Hundreds of thousands of Puerto Ricans arrived in Florida after Maria dissipated, with nearly half of them arriving in Orlando and large populations also moving to Tampa, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/17/us/puerto-ricans-orlando.html|title=A Great Migration From Puerto Rico Is Set to Transform Orlando|date=November 17, 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 14, 2018|archive-date=December 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212145235/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/17/us/puerto-ricans-orlando.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Florida was the site of the second costliest weather disaster in U.S. history, [[Hurricane Andrew]], which caused more than US$25 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] in damage when it struck on August 24, 1992. In a long list of other infamous hurricane strikes are the [[1926 Miami hurricane]], the [[1928 Okeechobee hurricane]], the [[Labor Day Hurricane of 1935]], [[Hurricane Donna]] in 1960, and [[Hurricane Opal]] in 1995. Recent research suggests the storms are part of a natural cycle and not a result of [[global warming]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livescience.com/environment/050831_hurricane_freq.html |title=Many More Hurricanes To Come |last=Than |first=Ker |date=August 31, 2005 |publisher=[[Imaginova|Live Science]] |accessdate=2007-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.magazine.noaa.gov/stories/mag184.htm |title=NOAA Attributes Recent Increase In Hurricane Activity To Naturally Occurring Multi-Decadal Climate Variability |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate=2007-12-03}}</ref> |
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<center> |
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[[File:Pulse fence memorials.jpg|thumb|Memorials to the victims of the [[Orlando nightclub shooting]] left on the fence of the Pulse nightclub in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] in 2016]] |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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A handful of high-profile mass shootings have occurred in Florida in the 21st century. In June 2016, a gunman [[Orlando nightclub shooting|killed 49 people at a gay nightclub in Orlando]]. It is the deadliest incident in the [[history of violence against LGBT people in the United States]], as well as the deadliest terrorist attack in the U.S. since the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, and it was the deadliest [[mass shootings in the United States|mass shooting]] by a single gunman in U.S. history until the [[2017 Las Vegas shooting]]. In February 2018, 17 people were killed in a [[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting|school shooting]] at [[Stoneman Douglas High School]] in [[Parkland, Florida]], leading to new gun control regulations at both the state and federal level.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andone |first1=Dakin |title=Parkland students turned from victims to activists and inspired a wave of new gun safety laws |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/11/us/parkland-change-gun-control-legislation/index.html |website=CNN |date=February 11, 2019 |access-date=February 11, 2021 |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209163535/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/11/us/parkland-change-gun-control-legislation/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Average High and Low temperatures for various Florida Cities |
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|-style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000" |
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On June 24, 2021, a condominium in [[Surfside, Florida]], near [[Miami]] [[Surfside condominium building collapse|collapsed]], killing at least 97 people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=<!--Not stated-->|date=July 16, 2021|title=97 dead as recovery effort at collapsed Florida condo nears end|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/16/97-dead-as-recovery-effort-at-collapsed-florida-condo-nears-end|access-date=July 17, 2021|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|language=en-US|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717012610/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/16/97-dead-as-recovery-effort-at-collapsed-florida-condo-nears-end|url-status=live}}</ref> The Surfside collapse is tied with the [[Knickerbocker Theatre (Washington, D.C.)|Knickerbocker Theatre collapse]] as the [[List of accidents and disasters by death toll#Structural collapses|third-deadliest]] [[List of structural failures and collapses|structural engineering failure]] in United States history, behind the [[Hyatt Regency walkway collapse]] and the [[Pemberton Mill|collapse of the Pemberton Mill]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spocchia |first1=Gina |title=Hyatt Regency walkway collapse: 40 years ago today one of America's deadliest structural collapses took place |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/hyatt-regency-walkway-collapse-kansas-b1885876.html |work=The Independent |date=July 17, 2021 |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725205115/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/hyatt-regency-walkway-collapse-kansas-b1885876.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Surfside collapse is reminiscent of other tragic construction failures in the United States |url=https://www.thebharatexpressnews.com/the-surfside-collapse-is-reminiscent-of-other-tragic-construction-failures-in-the-united-states/ |publisher=The Baharat Express News |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917084705/https://www.thebharatexpressnews.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| '''City''' |
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==Geography== |
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{{Main|Geography of Florida}} |
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{{See also|List of counties in Florida|List of places in Florida|List of municipalities in Florida|List of islands of Florida|List of Florida state parks}} |
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Much of Florida is on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean and the [[Straits of Florida]]. Spanning two [[time zone]]s, it extends to the northwest into a [[Salient (geography)|panhandle]], extending along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Alabama]], and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is the only state that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Florida also is the southernmost of the 48 contiguous states, [[Hawaii]] being the only one of the fifty states reaching farther south. Florida is west of the [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]] and {{convert|90|mi}} north of [[Cuba]]. Florida is one of the largest states east of the [[Mississippi River]], and only [[Alaska]] and [[Michigan]] are larger in water area. The water boundary is {{convert|3|nmi|mi km}} offshore in the Atlantic Ocean<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web|url=http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/docs/StateCZBoundaries.pdf |title=State Coastal Zone Boundaries |author=Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |date=July 1, 2011 |access-date=October 28, 2011 |archive-date=October 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015013333/http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/mystate/docs/StateCZBoundaries.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> and {{convert|9|nmi|mi km}} offshore in the Gulf of Mexico.<ref name="NOAA"/> |
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At {{convert|345|ft|0}} [[above mean sea level]], [[Britton Hill]] is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by elevation|highest point]] in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW268 |title=The Florida Environment: An Overview |date=July 2007 |last1=Main |first1=Martin B. |last2=Allen |first2=Ginger M. |publisher=[[University of Florida]], [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] |access-date=January 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204183859/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw268 |archive-date=December 4, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Much of the state south of [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] lies at a lower elevation than northern Florida, and is fairly level. Much of the state is at or near sea level. Some places, such as [[Clearwater, Florida|Clearwater]] have [[Promontory|promontories]] that rise {{convert|50|to|100|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} above the water. Much of Central and North Florida, typically {{convert|25|mi|0|abbr=on}} or more away from the coastline, have rolling hills with elevations ranging from {{convert|100|to|250|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}. The highest point in peninsular Florida (east and south of the [[Suwannee River]]), [[Sugarloaf Mountain (Florida)|Sugarloaf Mountain]], is a {{convert|312|ft|0|adj=on}} peak in [[Lake County, Florida|Lake County]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dot.state.fl.us/EMO/ScenicHWY/designated/greenmountain.htm|title=Green Mountain Scenic Byway |publisher=[[Florida Department of Transportation]] |access-date=January 23, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306190416/http://www.dot.state.fl.us/emo/scenichwy/designated/greenmountain.htm |archive-date=March 6, 2008}}</ref> On average, Florida is the flattest state in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|author=Megan Garber|title=Science: Several U.S. States, Led by Florida, Are Flatter Than a Pancake|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/03/science-several-us-states-led-by-florida-are-flatter-than-a-pancake/284348/|website=The Atlantic|date=March 11, 2014|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204070340/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/03/science-several-us-states-led-by-florida-are-flatter-than-a-pancake/284348/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:Florida topographic map-en.svg|thumb|Florida is mostly low-lying and flat as this topographic map shows.]] |
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[[Lake Okeechobee]], the largest lake in Florida, is the [[List of largest lakes of the United States by area|tenth-largest natural freshwater lake]] among the 50 states of the United States and the second-largest natural freshwater lake contained entirely within the [[Contiguous United States|contiguous 48 states]], after [[Lake Michigan]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Heather S. Henkel |url=http://sofia.usgs.gov/virtual_tour/lakeokee/index.html |title=SOFIA Virtual Tour – Lake Okeechobee |publisher=Sofia.usgs.gov |date=2010-04-15 |access-date=2011-11-27 |archive-date=2011-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518213153/http://sofia.usgs.gov/virtual_tour/lakeokee/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The longest river within Florida is the St. Johns River, at {{convert|310|miles|km}} long. The drop in elevation from its headwaters South Florida to its mouth in Jacksonville is less than {{convert|30|feet|m}}. |
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===Climate=== |
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{{Main|Climate of Florida}} |
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{{See also|List of Florida hurricanes|U.S. state temperature extremes}} |
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[[File:Spalmetto2.JPG|thumb|The state tree, [[Sabal palmetto]], flourishes in Florida's overall warm climate.]] |
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[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 USA Florida 1991–2020.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] map of climate zones in Florida.]] |
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The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean. North of [[Lake Okeechobee]], the prevalent climate is [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa''), while areas south of the lake (including the [[Florida Keys]]) have a true [[tropical climate]] (Köppen: ''Aw'', ''Am'', and ''Af'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwsp.edu/geO/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/climate_classification.html |title=Wet/Dry Tropical Climate |author=Ritter, Michael |publisher=University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point |access-date=July 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124064306/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/climate_classification.html |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32–34{{spaces}}°C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid-January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7{{spaces}}°C) in north Florida to above {{convert|60|°F|0}} from Miami on southward. With an average daily temperature of {{convert|70.7|°F|1}}, it is the warmest state in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/US/average-annual-state-temperatures.php|title=Average Annual Temperature for Each US State|publisher=Current Results Nexus|access-date=August 19, 2011|archive-date=August 27, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827213807/http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/US/average-annual-state-temperatures.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/hottest-states.php|title=Hottest States in the US—Current Results|website=Currentresults.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=April 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409042831/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/hottest-states.php|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In the summer, high temperatures in the state rarely exceed {{convert|100|°F|1}}. Several record cold maxima have been in the 30s °F (−1 to 4{{spaces}}°C) and record lows have been in the 10s (−12 to −7{{spaces}}°C). These temperatures normally extend at most a few days at a time in the northern and central parts of Florida. South Florida rarely dips below freezing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/mfl/about_cold|title=Cold Weather Hazards|website=[[National Weather Service Miami, Florida]]|access-date=June 19, 2018|archive-date=June 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619190115/https://www.weather.gov/mfl/about_cold|url-status=live}}</ref> The hottest temperature ever recorded in Florida was {{convert|109|°F|0}}, which was set on June 29, 1931, in [[Monticello, Florida|Monticello]]. The coldest temperature was {{convert|-2|°F|0}}, on February 13, 1899, just {{convert|25|mi|0}} away, in Tallahassee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://floridadisaster.org/kids/temperatures.htm |title=Hazardous Weather: A Florida Guide—Temperatures |publisher=FloridaDisaster.org |access-date=October 9, 2016 |archive-date=June 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619061514/http://www.floridadisaster.org/kids/temperatures.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mymanatee.org/home/government/departments/public-safety/emergency-management/breaking-news/archived-news/temperature-extremes.html |title=Temperature Extremes |date=June 11, 2012 |website=Mymanatee.org |access-date=October 9, 2016 |archive-date=September 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907103512/http://www.mymanatee.org/home/government/departments/public-safety/emergency-management/breaking-news/archived-news/temperature-extremes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Due to its subtropical and tropical climate, Florida rarely receives measurable [[Snow in Florida|snowfall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/has-it-ever-snowed-in-florida.html|title=Has It Ever Snowed in Florida?|website=Worldatlas.com|date=October 25, 2017|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=April 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409042831/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/has-it-ever-snowed-in-florida.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On rare occasions, a combination of cold moisture and freezing temperatures can result in snowfall in the farthest northern regions like [[Jacksonville]], [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]] or [[Pensacola]]. [[Frost]], which is more common than [[snow]], sometimes occurs in the panhandle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/weather/fl-reg-chance-of-frost-20180101-story.html|title=Brrrrr! South Florida may see frost by week's end|first=Anne|last=Geggis|website=Sun-sentinel.com|date=January 2, 2018 |access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112192143/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/weather/fl-reg-chance-of-frost-20180101-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The USDA Plant [[hardiness zone]]s for the state range from zone 8a (no colder than {{convert|10|°F|0|disp=or}}) in the inland western [[Florida panhandle|panhandle]] to zone 11b (no colder than {{convert|45|°F|0|disp=or}}) in the lower [[Florida Keys]].<ref>{{cite web|last=United States National Arboretum|title=Florida Hardiness Zones|url=http://publicserver2.sjrwmd.com/waterwise/hardiness_zones.html|publisher=St Johns River Water Management District|access-date=March 25, 2011|archive-date=July 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716160957/http://publicserver2.sjrwmd.com/waterwise/hardiness_zones.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fog]] also occurs all over the state or climate of Florida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://miami.cbslocal.com/tag/dense-fog-advisory/|title=Dense Fog Advisory|website=miami.cbslocal.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204013850/https://miami.cbslocal.com/tag/dense-fog-advisory/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |
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| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Average high and low temperatures for various Florida cities |
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|- style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000" |
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| '''°F''' |
|||
| '''Jan''' |
| '''Jan''' |
||
| '''Feb''' |
| '''Feb''' |
||
Line 235: | Line 277: | ||
| '''Nov''' |
| '''Nov''' |
||
| '''Dec''' |
| '''Dec''' |
||
|-style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000" |
|- style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000" |
||
|[[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]]<ref |
|[[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=jax |title = NowData—NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = March 5, 2012 |archive-date = November 9, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234659/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=jax |url-status = live }}</ref> |
||
| 65/ |
| 65/42 |
||
| 68/45 |
| 68/45 |
||
| 74/50 |
| 74/50 |
||
| |
| 79/55 |
||
| 86/ |
| 86/63 |
||
| 90/70 |
| 90/70 |
||
| 92/73 |
| 92/73 |
||
| 91/73 |
| 91/73 |
||
| 87/ |
| 87/69 |
||
| 80/61 |
| 80/61 |
||
| |
| 74/51 |
||
| |
| 67/44 |
||
|-style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000" |
|- style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000" |
||
| [[Miami]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mfl |title = NowData—NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = March 5, 2012 |archive-date = July 12, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150712183630/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mfl |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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| [[Key West, Florida|Key West]]<ref name=eywweather>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl4570 |title=KEY WEST WSO AIRPORT, FLORIDA—Climate Summary |publisher=Southeast Regional Climate Center |accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> |
|||
| 75/65 |
|||
| 76/66 |
|||
| 79/69 |
|||
| 82/72 |
|||
| 85/76 |
|||
| 88/78 |
|||
| 89/80 |
|||
| 90/80 |
|||
| 88/78 |
|||
| 85/76 |
|||
| 80/71 |
|||
| 76/67 |
|||
|-style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000" |
|||
| [[Melbourne, Florida|Melbourne]]<ref name=mlbweather>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl5612 |title=MELBOURNE WSO, FLORIDA—Climate Summary |publisher=Southeast Regional Climate Center |accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> |
|||
| 72/51 |
|||
| 73/53 |
|||
| 77/57 |
|||
| 81/61 |
|||
| 85/67 |
|||
| 88/71 |
|||
| 90/73 |
|||
| 90/73 |
|||
| 88/72 |
|||
| 83/67 |
|||
| 78/60 |
|||
| 73/53 |
|||
|-style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000" |
|||
|[[Miami, Florida|Miami]]<ref name=miaweather>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl5663 |title=MIAMI WSCMO AIRPORT, FLORIDA—Climate Summary |publisher=Southeast Regional Climate Center |accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> |
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| 76/60 |
| 76/60 |
||
| |
| 78/62 |
||
| 80/ |
| 80/65 |
||
| 83/68 |
| 83/68 |
||
| |
| 87/73 |
||
| |
| 89/76 |
||
| |
| 91/77 |
||
| |
| 91/77 |
||
| |
| 89/76 |
||
| |
| 86/73 |
||
| |
| 82/68 |
||
| |
| 78/63 |
||
|-style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000" |
|- style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000" |
||
| [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mlb |title = NowData—NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = March 5, 2012 |archive-date = September 5, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905111301/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mlb |url-status = live }}</ref> |
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| [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]]<ref name=pnsweather>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl6997 |title=PENSACOLA FAA ARPT, FLORIDA—Climate Summary |publisher=Southeast Regional Climate Center |accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> |
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| 71/49 |
|||
| 74/52 |
|||
| 78/56 |
|||
| 83/60 |
|||
| 88/66 |
|||
| 91/72 |
|||
| 92/74 |
|||
| 92/74 |
|||
| 90/73 |
|||
| 85/66 |
|||
| 78/59 |
|||
| 73/52 |
|||
|- style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000" |
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| [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]]<ref name="pnsweather"/> |
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| 61/43 |
| 61/43 |
||
| 64/46 |
| 64/46 |
||
Line 305: | Line 333: | ||
| 70/50 |
| 70/50 |
||
| 63/45 |
| 63/45 |
||
|-style="background:# |
|- style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000" |
||
| [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]<ref |
| [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=tae |title = NowData—NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = March 5, 2012 |archive-date = September 5, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085903/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=tae |url-status = live }}</ref> |
||
| 64/ |
| 64/39 |
||
| |
| 68/42 |
||
| |
| 74/47 |
||
| 80/ |
| 80/52 |
||
| 87/62 |
| 87/62 |
||
| 91/ |
| 91/70 |
||
| |
| 92/72 |
||
| |
| 92/72 |
||
| |
| 89/68 |
||
| |
| 82/57 |
||
| |
| 73/48 |
||
| 66/41 |
| 66/41 |
||
|-style="background:# |
|- style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000" |
||
| [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]<ref |
| [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=tbw |title = NowData—NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = March 5, 2012 |archive-date = June 16, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190616075146/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=tbw |url-status = live }}</ref> |
||
| |
| 70/51 |
||
| |
| 73/54 |
||
| 77/57 |
|||
| 82/62 |
|||
| 88/68 |
|||
| 90/73 |
|||
| 90/75 |
|||
| 90/75 |
|||
| 89/73 |
|||
| 84/66 |
|||
| 77/58 |
| 77/58 |
||
| |
| 81/62 |
||
| 88/69 |
|||
|}</center> |
|||
| 90/74 |
|||
| 90/75 |
|||
| 91/76 |
|||
| 89/74 |
|||
| 85/67 |
|||
| 78/60 |
|||
| 72/54 |
|||
|} |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |
|||
|- style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000" |
|||
| '''°C''' |
|||
| '''Jan''' |
|||
| '''Feb''' |
|||
| '''Mar''' |
|||
| '''Apr''' |
|||
| '''May''' |
|||
| '''Jun''' |
|||
| '''Jul''' |
|||
| '''Aug''' |
|||
| '''Sep''' |
|||
| '''Oct''' |
|||
| '''Nov''' |
|||
| '''Dec''' |
|||
|- style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000" |
|||
|[[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] |
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| 18/6 |
|||
| 20/7 |
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| 23/10 |
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| 26/13 |
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| 30/17 |
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| 32/21 |
|||
| 33/23 |
|||
| 33/23 |
|||
| 31/21 |
|||
| 27/16 |
|||
| 23/11 |
|||
| 19/7 |
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|- style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000" |
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| [[Miami]] |
|||
| 24/16 |
|||
| 26/17 |
|||
| 27/18 |
|||
| 28/20 |
|||
| 31/23 |
|||
| 32/24 |
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| 33/25 |
|||
| 33/25 |
|||
| 32/24 |
|||
| 30/23 |
|||
| 28/20 |
|||
| 26/17 |
|||
|- style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000" |
|||
| [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] |
|||
| 22/9 |
|||
| 23/11 |
|||
| 26/13 |
|||
| 28/16 |
|||
| 31/19 |
|||
| 33/22 |
|||
| 33/23 |
|||
| 33/23 |
|||
| 32/23 |
|||
| 29/19 |
|||
| 26/15 |
|||
| 23/11 |
|||
|- style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000" |
|||
| [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]] |
|||
| 16/6 |
|||
| 18/8 |
|||
| 21/11 |
|||
| 24/14 |
|||
| 29/19 |
|||
| 32/22 |
|||
| 32/23 |
|||
| 32/23 |
|||
| 31/21 |
|||
| 27/16 |
|||
| 21/10 |
|||
| 17/7 |
|||
|- style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000" |
|||
| [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]] |
|||
| 18/4 |
|||
| 20/6 |
|||
| 23/8 |
|||
| 27/11 |
|||
| 31/17 |
|||
| 33/21 |
|||
| 33/22 |
|||
| 33/22 |
|||
| 32/20 |
|||
| 28/14 |
|||
| 23/9 |
|||
| 19/5 |
|||
|- style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000" |
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| [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] |
|||
| 21/11 |
|||
| 23/12 |
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| 25/14 |
|||
| 27/17 |
|||
| 31/21 |
|||
| 32/23 |
|||
| 32/24 |
|||
| 33/24 |
|||
| 32/23 |
|||
| 29/19 |
|||
| 26/16 |
|||
| 22/12 |
|||
|} |
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Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/ltgcenter/ltgmain.html |title=Lightning Information Center |publisher=[[National Weather Service]] |access-date=January 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509093118/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/ltgcenter/ltgmain.html |archive-date=May 9, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/usclimate/pcp.state.19712000.climo |title=Total Precipitation in inches by month |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=March 31, 2013 |archive-date=April 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421024731/http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/usclimate/pcp.state.19712000.climo |url-status=live }}</ref> in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://climatecenter.fsu.edu/topics/thunderstorms|title=Thunderstorms—Florida Climate Center|website=climatecenter.fsu.edu|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=July 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703125718/http://climatecenter.fsu.edu/topics/thunderstorms|url-status=live}}</ref> A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/maps/pdf/NAM_US_THEM_AnnualSun.pdf |title=united states annual sunshine map |publisher=HowStuffWorks, Inc |access-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212162419/https://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/maps/pdf/NAM_US_THEM_AnnualSun.pdf |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per area<!--easier than trying to convert from miles to kilometers--> (when including [[waterspout]]s),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2007/jul/01/waterspouts_common_coastal_florida_summer/?breaking_news |title=Waterspouts common off coastal Florida in summer |last=Aten |first=Tim |date=July 1, 2007 |work=[[Naples Daily News]] |access-date=January 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205104954/http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2007/jul/01/waterspouts_common_coastal_florida_summer/?breaking_news |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but they do not typically reach the intensity of those in the [[Midwest]] and [[Great Plains]]. [[Hail]] often accompanies the most severe thunderstorms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://miami.cbslocal.com/tag/hail-storm/|title=Hail Storm|website=miami.cbslocal.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204070125/https://miami.cbslocal.com/tag/hail-storm/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[Tropical cyclone|Hurricanes]] pose a severe threat each year from June{{spaces}}1 to November 30, particularly from August to October. Florida is the most hurricane-prone state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. Of the [[Category 4 typhoon|category{{spaces}}4]] or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas.<ref name="fltoday fact">{{Cite news |title=Florida is US lightning capital| work =[[Florida Today]] Factbook |page= 34 |date=March 28, 2009}}</ref> |
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From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—[[Saffir–Simpson scale|category{{spaces}}3]] and above.<ref name="fltoday fact"/> It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/how-often-do-hurricanes-hit-florida-3266726|title=How Often Hurricanes Make Landfall in Florida|website=Tripsavvy.com|access-date=November 6, 2021|archive-date=April 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416092628/https://www.tripsavvy.com/how-often-do-hurricanes-hit-florida-3266726|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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In 1992, Florida was the site of what was then the costliest weather disaster in U.S. history, [[Hurricane Andrew]], which caused more than $25{{spaces}}billion in damages when it struck during August; it held that distinction until 2005, when [[Hurricane Katrina]] surpassed it, and it has since been surpassed by six other hurricanes. Andrew is the second-costliest hurricane in Florida's history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/keynotes/keynotes_0817_andrew25.html|title=The 25th Anniversary of Hurricane Andrew|website=Aoml.noaa.gov|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806144021/https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/keynotes/keynotes_0817_andrew25.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Fauna=== |
===Fauna=== |
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{{Further|Fauna of Florida|List of invasive species in Florida}} |
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[[File:Anhingatrailalligator.png|thumb|right|[[Alligator]] in the [[Florida Everglades]]]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:Anhingatrailalligator.png|thumb|An [[American alligator|alligator]] in the [[Everglades]]]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:Manatee with calf.PD - colour corrected.jpg|thumb|[[West Indian manatee]]]] |
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Florida is host to many types of wildlife, including: |
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* Marine mammals: [[Common bottlenose dolphin|bottlenose dolphin]], [[short-finned pilot whale]], [[North Atlantic right whale]], [[West Indian manatee]] |
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* Mammals: [[Florida panther]], [[northern river otter]], [[mink]], [[eastern cottontail rabbit]], [[marsh rabbit]], raccoon, striped skunk, squirrel, [[white-tailed deer]], [[Key deer]], bobcats, [[red fox]], [[gray fox]], coyote, wild boar, [[Florida black bear]], [[nine-banded armadillo]]s, [[Virginia opossum]] |
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* Reptiles: [[Crotalus adamanteus|eastern diamondback]] and [[Sistrurus miliarius barbouri|pygmy rattlesnakes]], [[Gopherus polyphemus|gopher tortoise]], [[Green turtle|green]] and [[leatherback sea turtle]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/sea-turtles/nesting/leatherback/|title=Leatherback Nesting in Florida|website=myfwc.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031144319/https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/sea-turtles/nesting/leatherback/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[brown anole]]s, and [[Drymarchon|eastern indigo snake]]. In 2012, there were about one million [[American alligator]]s and 1,500 [[American crocodile|crocodiles]].<ref>{{Cite news | first=Curtis | last=Morgan | title=Crocs crawl back to coast | url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/local/breakingnews/mh-crocodiles-rebound-20120408,0,5816687.story | newspaper=[[Florida Today]] | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=8B | date=April 9, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410234242/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/local/breakingnews/mh-crocodiles-rebound-20120408,0,5816687.story | archive-date=April 10, 2012 }}</ref><!--hard and soft copy sources do not match but are the same article. When link rots, delete this caveat--> |
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* Birds: [[peregrine falcon]],<ref>{{Cite news | first=Keith | last=Winston | title=Predator animals rebound | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20131224/COLUMNISTS0410/312240021/Keith-Winsten-Predator-animals-rebound | newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=7B | date=December 24, 2013 | access-date=December 29, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316133407/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20131224/COLUMNISTS0410/312240021/Keith-Winsten-Predator-animals-rebound | archive-date=March 16, 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[bald eagle]], [[American flamingo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/birds-animals-flamingos-florida-native/|title=Surprising Origin of American Flamingos Discovered|date=March 10, 2018|website=News.mationalgeographic.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141057/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/birds-animals-flamingos-florida-native/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[crested caracara]], [[snail kite]], [[osprey]], [[American white pelican|white]] and [[brown pelican]]s, [[Larus|sea gulls]], [[Whooping crane|whooping]] and [[sandhill crane]]s, [[roseate spoonbill]], [[American white ibis]], [[Florida scrub jay]] (state [[endemism|endemic]]), and others. One subspecies of wild turkey, ''[[Meleagris gallopavo osceola]]'', is found only in Florida.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2008. [http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=2199 ''Wild turkey: Meleagris gallopavo'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725174654/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=2199 |date=July 25, 2017 }}</ref> The state is a wintering location for many species of eastern North American birds. |
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:As a result of [[climate change]], there have been small numbers of several new species normally native to cooler areas to the north: [[snowy owl]]s, [[snow bunting]]s, [[harlequin duck]]s, and [[razorbill]]s. These have been seen in the northern part of the state.<ref name="ft140107">{{Cite news | first=Keith | last=Winsten | title='Snow' bird species in South | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20140107/NEWS01/301070029/Keith-Winsten-Snow-bird-species-show-up-far-south | newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=7B | date=January 7, 2014 | access-date=January 7, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109080920/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20140107/NEWS01/301070029/Keith-Winsten-Snow-bird-species-show-up-far-south | archive-date=January 9, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* Invertebrates: [[carpenter ants]], termites, [[American cockroach]], [[Africanized bee]]s, the [[Miami blue]] butterfly, and the [[Gonatista grisea|grizzled mantis]]. |
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Florida also has more than 1,500 nonnative animal species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biological Control of Invasive Insect Pests of Crops and Native Flora in Florida|url=https://reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0220406-biological-control-of-invasive-insect-pests-of-crops-and-native-flora-in-florida.html|website=Usda.gov/|access-date=June 3, 2018|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204010914/https://reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0220406-biological-control-of-invasive-insect-pests-of-crops-and-native-flora-in-florida.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some exotic species living in Florida include the [[Burmese python]], [[green iguana]], [[veiled chameleon]], [[Argentine black and white tegu]], [[peacock bass]], [[Mayan cichlid]], [[lionfish]], [[white-nosed coati]], [[rhesus macaque]], [[vervet monkey]], [[Cuban tree frog]], [[cane toad]], [[Indian peafowl]], [[monk parakeet]] and [[tui parakeet]]. Some of these nonnative species do not pose a threat to any native species, but some do threaten the native species of Florida by living in the state and eating them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/nonnatives/|title=Nonnative Species|website=myfwc.com|access-date=May 17, 2018|archive-date=February 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213223709/https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/nonnatives/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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Florida is host to many types of wildlife including: |
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* Marine Mammals: [[Bottlenose Dolphin]], [[Short-finned Pilot Whale]], [[North Atlantic Right Whale]], [[West Indian Manatee]] |
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* Reptiles: [[American Alligator]] and [[American Crocodile|Crocodile]], [[Crotalus adamanteus|Eastern Diamondback]] and [[Sistrurus miliarius barbouri|Pygmy Rattlesnakes]], [[Gopherus polyphemus|Gopher Tortoise]], [[Green turtle|Green]] and [[Leatherback Sea Turtle]]s, [[Drymarchon|Eastern Indigo Snake]] |
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* Mammals: [[Florida panther]], [[White-tailed deer]], [[Key Deer]], [[Bobcat]]s, [[Florida Black Bear]], [[Nine-banded Armadillo]]s |
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* Birds: [[Bald Eagle]], [[Northern Caracara]], [[Snail Kite]], [[Osprey]], [[American White Pelican|White]] and [[Brown Pelican]]s, [[Larus|Sea Gulls]], [[Whooping Crane|Whooping]] and [[Sandhill Crane]]s, [[Roseate Spoonbill]], [[Florida Scrub Jay]] (state [[endemism|endemic]]), and others. One subspecies of Wild Turkey, ''[[Meleagris gallopavo]]'', namely subspecies ''osceola'', is found only in the state of Florida.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2008. [http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=2199 ''Wild turkey: Meleagris gallopavo'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg]</ref> The state is a wintering location for many species of eastern North American birds. |
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===Flora=== |
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The only known calving area for the Northern Right Whale is off the coasts of Florida and Georgia.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Jim|last=Waymer|title=Whale habitat could grow|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20091228/NEWS01/912280303/1086/Whale+habitat+could+grow| work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 1A|date=28 December 2009|id=|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref><!---the url does ''not'' give box figures which had the right whale text imbedded. It is listed here for "credibility" only but only the print text supports this fact---> |
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{{Further|Florida mangroves|List of invasive plant species in Florida}} |
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[[File:Red mangrove-everglades natl park.jpg|thumb|Red mangroves in [[Everglades National Park]]]] |
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The state has more than {{convert|26000|mi2}} of forests, covering about half of the state's land area.<ref>{{Cite news| first=Jim | last=Waymer | title=Florida forests help roll out toilet paper | url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/environment/2020/03/31/coronavirus-fuels-forestry-florida/5088495002/ | newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=1A,10A | date=April 1, 2020 | access-date=April 4, 2020 | archive-date=April 3, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403034807/https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/environment/2020/03/31/coronavirus-fuels-forestry-florida/5088495002/ | url-status=live}}</ref> |
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There are about 3,000 types of [[wildflower]]s in Florida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/ornamentals/native-plants.html|title=Native Plants—University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|website=gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=February 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201054720/https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/ornamentals/native-plants.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This is the third-most diverse state in the union, behind [[California]] and [[Texas]], both larger states.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Maria | last=Sonnenberg | title=Florida's flowers | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20130921/SPACES/309210025/Florida-s-flowers-brighten-fields | newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | page=1D | date=September 21, 2013 | access-date=September 21, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316122002/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20130921/SPACES/309210025/Florida-s-flowers-brighten-fields | archive-date=March 16, 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In Florida, wild populations of coconut palms extend up the East Coast from Key West to [[Jupiter Inlet]], and up the West Coast from [[Marco Island]] to [[Sarasota]]. Many of the smallest coral islands in the [[Florida Keys]] are known to have abundant coconut palms sprouting from coconuts deposited by ocean currents. Coconut palms are cultivated north of south Florida to roughly Cocoa Beach on the East Coast and the Tampa Bay area on the West Coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg043|title=The Coconut Palm in Florida|first=Timothy K. Broschat and Jonathan H.|last=Crane|date=April 4, 2018|website=edis.ifas.ufl.edu|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209151103/https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg043|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Since their accidental importation from South America into North America in the 1930s, the [[Red imported fire ant]] population has increased its territorial range to include most of the [[Southern United States]], including Florida. They are more aggressive than most native ant species and have a painful sting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/invasive/4fireant.html |title=Not all alien invaders are from outer space |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |accessdate=2007-12-03}}</ref> |
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On the east coast of the state, [[mangroves]] have normally dominated the coast from [[Cocoa Beach, Florida|Cocoa Beach]] southward; [[salt marsh]]es from [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] northward. From St. Augustine south to Cocoa Beach, the coast fluctuates between the two, depending on the annual weather conditions.<ref name="ft140107"/> All three mangrove species flower in the spring and early summer. [[Propagule]]s are produced from late summer through early autumn.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/rep.htm |title= Reproductive Strategies of Mangroves|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=Newfound Harbor Marine Institute |publisher=Seacamp Association |access-date=15 November 2023 |quote=}}</ref> Florida mangrove plant communities covered an estimated {{convert|430,000|to|540,000|acre|km2}} in Florida in 1981. Ninety percent of the Florida mangroves are in southern Florida, in [[Collier County, Florida|Collier]], [[Lee County, Florida|Lee]], [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade]] and [[Monroe County, Florida|Monroe]] counties. |
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A number of non-native snakes have been released in the wild. In 2010 the state created a hunting season for [[Burmese python|Burmese]] and [[Indian python]]s, [[African rock python]]s, [[green anaconda]]s, and [[Nile monitor lizard]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Associated Press|last=|title=State creates season for hunting pythons|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100222/BREAKINGNEWS/100222008/Officials-set-new-python-hunting-season| work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 6B|date=23 February 2010|id=|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> |
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===Reef=== |
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{{Main|Florida Reef}} |
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[[File:Fish and corals in John Pennekamp Marine Park (2351507031).jpg|thumb|Fish and corals in [[John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park]] near [[Key Largo]]]] |
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The Florida Reef is the only living coral barrier reef in the continental United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/05/04/the-largest-coral-reef-in-the-continental-u-s-is-dissolving-into-the-ocean/|title=The biggest coral reef in the continental U.S. is dissolving into the ocean|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204230141/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/05/04/the-largest-coral-reef-in-the-continental-u-s-is-dissolving-into-the-ocean/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also the third-largest coral barrier reef system in the world, after the [[Great Barrier Reef]] and the [[Belize Barrier Reef]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coris.noaa.gov/portals/florida.html|title=NOAA CoRIS—Regional Portal—Florida|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|last=US Department of Commerce|website=www.coris.noaa.gov|access-date=May 19, 2019|archive-date=June 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605144359/https://www.coris.noaa.gov/portals/florida.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The reef lies a little bit off of the coast of the Florida Keys. A lot of the reef lies within [[John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park]], which was the first [[underwater park]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pennekamppark.com/about/|title=About—Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park|website=pennekamppark.com|access-date=May 19, 2019|archive-date=February 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206001403/http://pennekamppark.com/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> The park contains a lot of tropical vegetation, marine life, and seabirds. The Florida Reef extends into other parks and sanctuaries as well including [[Dry Tortugas National Park]], [[Biscayne National Park]], and the [[Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary]]. Almost 1,400 species of marine plants and animals, including more than 40 species of [[stony corals]] and 500 species of fish, live on the Florida Reef.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/sofia.usgs.gov/publications/circular/1134/esns/frt.html|title=SOFIA—Circular 1134—the Natural System—Florida Reef Tract|website=archive.usgs.gov|access-date=May 19, 2019|archive-date=July 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731171706/https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/sofia.usgs.gov/publications/circular/1134/esns/frt.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Florida Reef, being a delicate ecosystem like other coral reefs, faces many threats including [[overfishing]], plastics in the ocean, [[coral bleaching]], rising sea levels, and changes in [[sea surface temperature]]. |
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===Environmental issues=== |
===Environmental issues=== |
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{{Main|Environment of Florida}} |
{{Main|Environment of Florida}} |
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{{See also|Environmental issues in Florida}} |
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Florida ranks 45th out of 50 states in total energy consumption per capita, despite the heavy reliance on air conditioners and pool pumps. This includes coal, natural gas, petroleum, and retail electricity sales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_sum/html/pdf/rank_use_per_cap.pdf |title=Energy Consumption by Source and Total Consumption per Capita, Ranked by State, 2004 |publisher=[[US Department of Energy]] |accessdate=2008-01-27 |format=PDF}}</ref> It is estimated that approximately 4% of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources.<ref name=DoE-profile>{{Cite web|url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=FL |title=State Energy Profiles: Florida |publisher=US Department of Energy |accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref> Florida's energy production is 6% of the nation's total energy output, while total production of pollutants is lower, with figures of 5.6% for [[nitrogen oxide]], 5.1% for [[carbon dioxide]], and 3.5% for [[sulfur dioxide]].<ref name=DoE-profile /> |
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[[File:Florida_flamingos.jpg|thumb|American flamingos in [[South Florida]]]] |
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[[File:Gator and Python.jpg|thumb|An [[American alligator]] and an invasive [[Burmese python]] in [[Everglades National Park]]]] |
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Florida is a low per capita energy user.<ref name="Energy Consumption by Source and Total Consumption per Capita, Ranked by State, 2004"/> {{As of|2008}}, it is estimated that approximately 4% of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources.<ref name="DoE-profile"/> Florida's energy production is 6% of the U.S. total energy output, while total production of pollutants is lower, with figures of 6% for [[nitrogen oxide]], 5% for [[carbon dioxide]], and 4% for [[sulfur dioxide]].<ref name="DoE-profile" /> Wildfires in Florida occur at all times of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Florida-Forest-Service/Wildland-Fire/Current-Wildfire-Conditions2|title=Current Wildfire Conditions / Wildland Fire / Florida Forest Service / Divisions & Offices / Home—Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services|website=Freshfromflorida.com|access-date=October 23, 2018|archive-date=February 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202084929/https://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Florida-Forest-Service/Wildland-Fire/Current-Wildfire-Conditions2|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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All potable water resources have been controlled by the state government through five regional water authorities since 1972.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0373/SEC503.HTM&Title=- |title=Florida Statutes |publisher=Leg.state.fl.us |access-date=November 4, 2011 |archive-date=October 31, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031235651/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0373%2FSEC503.HTM&Title=- |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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It is believed that significant energy resources are located off of Florida's western coast in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], but that region has been closed to exploration since 1981.<ref name=iht>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/10/13/business/oil.php?page=1 |title=Gulf of Mexico's depths beckon |author=Mouawad, Jad |date=13 October 2005 |work=[[International Herald-Tribune]] |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> Governor [[Charlie Crist]] and both of Florida's [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]], [[Bill Nelson]] and [[Mel Martinez]], oppose offshore drilling and exploration. Former Governor [[Jeb Bush]], who was originally opposed to all drilling,<ref name=sr>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spokesmanreview.com/news-story.asp?date=053002&ID=s1156519 |title=Bush prevents oil, gas drilling off Florida coast |date=30 May 2002 |work=Spokesman-Review |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> changed his position in 2005 when he supported a bill introduced into the House of Representatives which allowed unrestricted drilling {{convert|125|mi|km}} or more from the coast.<ref name=spt-od>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2005/11/07/State/Offshore_drilling_sep.shtml |title=Offshore drilling separates hopefuls |first=Steve |last=Bousquet |date=7 November 2005 |work=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> Crist, Martinez and Nelson opposed that bill, but Martinez and Nelson voted for a Senate alternative which prohibited drilling within {{convert|125|mi|km}} of the Panhandle coast, and {{convert|235|mi|km}} of the peninsular coast.<ref name=Nelson>{{cite press release |url=http://billnelson.senate.gov/news/details.cfm?id=259767& |title=Senate leaders pledge Florida will be protected from oil, gas rigs |publisher=Senator Bill Nelson |date=July 27, 2006 |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref> |
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[[Red tide]] has been an issue on the southwest coast of Florida, as well as other areas. While there has been a great deal of conjecture over the cause of the toxic algae bloom, there is no evidence that it is being caused by pollution or that there has been an increase in the duration or frequency of red tides.<ref name="Tide's toxins trouble lungs ashore"/> Red tide is now killing off wildlife or [[Tropical fish]] and coral reefs putting all in danger.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/8/30/17795892/red-tide-2018-florida-gulf-sarasota-sanibel-okeechobee|title=Why Florida's red tide is killing fish, manatees, and turtles|website=Vox.com|date=August 30, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=April 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416182027/https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/8/30/17795892/red-tide-2018-florida-gulf-sarasota-sanibel-okeechobee|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In July 2007, Florida Governor Charlie Crist announced plans to sign executive orders that would impose strict new air-pollution standards in the state, with aims to reduce [[greenhouse gas]] emissions by 80% of 1990 levels by 2050. Crist's orders would set new emissions targets for power companies, automobiles and trucks, and toughen conservation goals for state agencies and require state-owned vehicles to use alternative fuels.<ref name=enn>{{Cite news|url=http://www.enn.com/climate/article/6914 |title=Florida To Introduce Tough Greenhouse Gas Targets |last=Loney |first=Jim |agency=[[Reuters]] |work=Environmental News Network |date=12 July 2007 |accessdate=2007-12-03}}</ref> |
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The [[Florida panther]] is close to extinction. A record 23 were killed in 2009, mainly by automobile collisions, leaving about 100 individuals in the wild. The [[Center for Biological Diversity]] and others have therefore called for a special [[protected area]] for the panther to be established.<ref name="Record number of panthers killed by vehicles in 2009"/> [[West Indian manatee|Manatees]] are also dying at a rate higher than their reproduction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article217064995.html|title=More manatees have died in Florida so far this year than in all of 2017. Here's why|website=Miamiherald.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=August 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818015949/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article217064995.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[American flamingos]] are rare to see in Florida due to being hunted in the 1900s, where it was to a point considered completely extirpated. Now the flamingos are reproducing toward making a comeback to [[South Florida]] since it is adamantly considered native to the state and also are now being protected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/03/06/590378419/floridas-long-lost-wild-flamingos-were-hiding-in-plain-sight|title=Florida's Long-Lost Wild Flamingos Were Hiding in Plain Sight|website=Npr.org|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=April 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409042832/https://www.npr.org/2018/03/06/590378419/floridas-long-lost-wild-flamingos-were-hiding-in-plain-sight|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article213645084.html|title=Now that we agree these flamingos are Florida natives, it's time to protect them, experts say|website=Miamiherald.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=August 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827235207/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article213645084.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[Red tide]] has been an issue on the Southwest coast of Florida, as well as other areas. While there has been a great deal of conjecture over the cause of the toxic algae bloom, there is no evidence that it is being caused by pollution or that there has been an increase in the duration or frequency of red tides.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2005/03/28/tides_toxins_trouble_lungs_ashore/ |title=Tide's toxins trouble lungs ashore |last=Daley |first=Beth |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=28 March 2005 |accessdate=2007-12-03}}</ref> |
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Much of Florida has an elevation of less than {{convert|12|ft}}, including many populated areas. Therefore, it is susceptible to [[Current sea level rise|rising sea levels]] associated with [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Goodbye, Miami|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/why-the-city-of-miami-is-doomed-to-drown-20130620|access-date=June 21, 2013|newspaper=Rolling Stone|date=June 20, 2013|author=Jeff Goodell|archive-date=May 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510050815/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/why-the-city-of-miami-is-doomed-to-drown-20130620|url-status=live}}</ref> The Atlantic beaches that are vital to the state's economy are being washed out to sea due to rising sea levels caused by climate change. The Miami Beach area, close to the continental shelf, is running out of accessible offshore sand reserves.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/25/us/where-sand-is-gold-the-coffers-are-running-dry-in-florida.html|title=Where Sand Is Gold, the Reserves Are Running Dry|date=August 25, 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 16, 2017|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023518/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/25/us/where-sand-is-gold-the-coffers-are-running-dry-in-florida.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Elevated temperatures can damage coral reefs, causing [[coral bleaching]]. The first recorded bleaching incident on the Florida Reef was in 1973. Incidents of bleaching have become more frequent in recent decades, in correlation with a rise in [[sea surface temperature]]s. [[White band disease]] has also adversely affected corals on the Florida Reef.<ref>Precht and Miller:243–44, 245, 247–48, 249{{break}}[http://serc.fiu.edu/wqmnetwork/boyerj/pubs/NOAA%20Coral%20Florida%20Keys2008.pdf The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Florida Keys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811125654/http://serc.fiu.edu/wqmnetwork/boyerj/pubs/NOAA%20Coral%20Florida%20Keys2008.pdf|date=August 11, 2010}} Accessed December 17, 2010</ref> |
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The [[Florida panther]] is close to [[extinction]]. A record 23 were killed in 2009 by hunters and in car accidents which leaves only about 100 individuals in the wild. The [[Center for Biological Diversity]] and others have therefore called for a special [[protected area]] for the panther to be established.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2009/dec/29/16-record-number-panthers-killed-vehicles-2009/ |title=Record number of panthers killed by vehicles in 2009 |last=Williams Hale |first=Leslie |work=[[Naples News]] |date=29 December 2009 |accessdate=2010-01-01}}</ref> |
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[[Manatees]] are also dying at a rate higher than their reproduction. |
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===Geology=== |
===Geology=== |
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{{Main|Geology of Florida}} |
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The Florida peninsula is a porous [[plateau]] of [[karst]] [[limestone]] sitting atop [[bedrock]] known as the [[Florida Platform]]. The emergent portion of the platform was created during the [[Eocene]] to [[Oligocene]] as the [[Gulf Trough]] filled with silts, clays, and sands. Flora and fauna began appearing during the [[Miocene]]. No land animals were present in Florida prior to the Miocene. |
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[[File:Floridakeys-nasa.jpg|thumb|The [[Florida Keys]] as seen from a satellite, in December 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keyshistory.org/keysgeology.html|title=History of Keys Geology|first=Jerry|last=Wilkinson|website=Keyshistory.org|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109050819/http://www.keyshistory.org/keysgeology.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]] |
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The Florida peninsula is a porous [[plateau]] of [[karst]] [[limestone]] sitting atop [[bedrock]], known as the [[Florida Platform]]. |
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The largest deposits of potash in the country are found in Florida.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hoovers.com/chemical-manufacturing---agricultural-/--ID__161--/free-ind-fr-profile-basic.xhtml |title=Industry overview |accessdate= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2010-03-25 |year= |month= |work=First research |publisher=www.hoovers.com |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> |
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The largest deposits of [[potash]] in the United States are found in Florida.<ref name="Industry overview"/> The largest deposits of [[Phosphorite|rock phosphate]] in the country are found in Florida.<ref name="Industry overview"/> Most of this is in [[Bone Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baysoundings.com/the-real-cost-of-fertilizer/|title=The Real Cost of Fertilizer|last=Parsons|first=Victoria|date=Spring 2011|work=Bay Soundings|access-date=June 21, 2014|archive-date=March 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324093433/http://baysoundings.com/the-real-cost-of-fertilizer/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Extended systems of underwater caves, [[sinkholes]] and [[spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with [[sand]]y soils deposited as ancient [[beach]]es over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the [[last glacial period]], lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely [[Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|savanna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW208 |first=Ginger M. |last=Allen |coauthors=Main, Martin B |title=Florida's Geological History |month=May |year=2005 |work=Florida Cooperative Extension Service |publisher=University of Florida |accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref> The [[Everglades]], an enormously wide, very slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. |
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Extended systems of underwater [[cave]]s, [[sinkholes]] and [[spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridasprings.org/expedition/wakulla/protectingwakulla/springshedmap/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211052546/http://www.floridasprings.org/expedition/wakulla/protectingwakulla/springshedmap/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 11, 2011|title=Florida Springs, Springs in Florida, Florida Cave Diving—Florida's Springs: Protecting Nature's Gems—Florida DEP—Springshed Map|date=February 11, 2011|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> The limestone is topped with [[sand]]y soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the [[last glacial period]], lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely [[Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|savanna]].<ref name="Florida's Geological History"/> While there are sinkholes in much of the state, modern sinkholes have tended to be in West-[[Central Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1182/pdf/15WCFlorida.pdf|title=Sinkholes, West-Central Florida. A link between surface water and ground water|last=Tihansky|first=Ann B.|publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]], Tampa, Florida|access-date=June 21, 2014|archive-date=October 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025021733/http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1182/pdf/15WCFlorida.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/maps/galleries/sinkholes/index.php|title=Sinkhole Maps of Florida Counties|year=2007|work=Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education|publisher=[[University of South Florida]]|access-date=June 21, 2014|archive-date=April 10, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410000535/http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/maps/galleries/sinkholes/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref><!--right over the Floridan aquifer which is being tapped by Orlando and Tampa-St. Pete--> Everglades National Park covers {{convert|1509000|acre|km2}}, throughout [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Dade]], [[Monroe County, Florida|Monroe]], and [[Collier County, Florida|Collier]] counties in Florida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf|title=The National Parks: Index 2012–2016 |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |page=47 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113065657/https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/NPIndex2012-2016.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref> The [[Everglades]], an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2{{spaces}}billion from 2006 through 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|title=State Farm seeks 28% rate hike |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-16/state-farm-seeks-rate-hikes-in-property-insurance.html |newspaper=[[Florida Today]] |location=Melbourne, Florida |page=8B |date=February 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219145835/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-16/state-farm-seeks-rate-hikes-in-property-insurance.html |archive-date=February 19, 2011}}</ref><!--soft copy source does not match hard copy but is the same article--> [[Winter Park, Florida#The Winter Park Sinkhole|Winter Park Sinkhole]], in central Florida, appeared May 8, 1981. It was approximately 350 feet (107{{spaces}}m) wide and 75 feet (23{{spaces}}m) deep. It was one of the largest recent sinkholes to form in the United States. It is now known as Lake Rose.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Huber, Red |date=November 13, 2012 |title=Looking back at Winter Park's famous sinkhole |newspaper=Orlando Sentinel |url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/os-fla360-looking-back-at-winter-parks-famous-sinkhole-20121113-story.html |access-date=May 9, 2022 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117021354/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/os-fla360-looking-back-at-winter-parks-famous-sinkhole-20121113-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Econlockhatchee River]] (Econ River for short) is an {{convert|87.7|km|mi|sp=us|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}}<ref>U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. [http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ The National Map] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329155652/http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|date=March 29, 2012}}, accessed April 21, 2011</ref> north-flowing [[blackwater river|blackwater]] tributary of the [[St. Johns River]], the longest river in the [[U.S. state]] of Florida. The Econ River flows through [[Osceola County, Florida|Osceola]], [[Orange County, Florida|Orange]], and [[Seminole County, Florida|Seminole]] counties in [[Central Florida]], just east of the [[Orlando Metropolitan Area]] (east of [[Florida State Road 417|State Road 417]]). It is a designated [[Outstanding Florida Waters]].<ref>(2013-01-02). [http://sjrwmd.com/middlestjohnsriver/econriver.html "Econlockhatchee River"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705021846/http://www.sjrwmd.com/middlestjohnsriver/econriver.html |date=July 5, 2017 }}. Saint Johns River Water Management District. Retrieved on August 4, 2014.</ref> |
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Florida is tied for last place<ref>with North Dakota</ref> as having the fewest earthquakes of any US state.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Margaret Webb|last=Presler|title=More earthquakes than usual? Not really.|url=| work=KidsPost|work=Washington Post| location=Washington D.C.|pages= C10|date=14 April 2010|id=|accessdate=}}</ref><!----url does not contain box statistics that print edition does and is included for info only----> Because Florida is not located near any [[plate tectonics|tectonic plate]] boundaries, earthquakes are very rare, but not totally unknown. In January, 1879, a shock occurred near [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]]. There were reports of heavy shaking that knocked plaster from walls and articles from shelves. Similar effects were noted at [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]] {{convert|50|mi|km}} south. The tremor was felt as far south as Tampa and as far north as [[Savannah, Georgia]]. In January 1880, Cuba was the center of two strong earthquakes that sent severe shock waves through the city of [[Key West, Florida]].<ref>See [[List of earthquakes in Cuba]]</ref> Another earthquake centered outside Florida was the [[1886 Charleston earthquake]]. The shock was felt throughout northern Florida, ringing church bells at St. Augustine and severely jolting other towns along that section of Florida's east coast. Jacksonville residents felt many of the strong aftershocks that occurred in September, October, and November 1886.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/florida/history.php |title=Florida:Earthquake History |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |accessdate=2007-12-03}}</ref> As recently as 2006, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake centered about {{convert|260|mi|km}} southwest of Tampa in the Gulf of Mexico sent shock waves through southwest and central Florida. The earthquake was too small to trigger a tsunami and no damage was reported.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/09/10/gulf.quake/index.html |title=6.0 quake in Gulf shakes Southeast |publisher=CNN |date=September 11, 2006 |accessdate=2007-12-03}}</ref> |
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Earthquakes are rare because Florida is not located near any [[plate tectonics|tectonic plate]] boundaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.decodedscience.org/florida-earthquake-history-tectonic-setting/52225|title=Florida's Earthquake History and Tectonic Setting|date=January 23, 2015|website=Decodedscience.org|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=September 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903151028/https://www.decodedscience.org/florida-earthquake-history-tectonic-setting/52225|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
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===Population=== |
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{{USCensusPop |
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|1830 = 34730 |
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|1840 = 54477 |
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|1850 = 87445 |
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|1860 = 140424 |
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|1870 = 187748 |
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|1880 = 269493 |
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|1890 = 391422 |
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|1900 = 528542 |
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|1910 = 752619 |
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|1920 = 968470 |
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|1930 = 1468211 |
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|1940 = 1897414 |
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|1950 = 2771305 |
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|1960 = 4951560 |
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|1970 = 6789443 |
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|1980 = 9746324 |
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|1990 = 12937926 |
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|2000 = 15982378 |
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|estyear = 2009 |
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|estimate = 18537969}} |
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Florida has the 4th highest state population in the United States. The [[center of population]] of Florida is located in [[Polk County, Florida|Polk County]], in the town of [[Lake Wales, Florida|Lake Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |title=Population and Population Centers by State: 2000 |publisher=US Census Bureau |accessdate=2007-11-17}}</ref> As of 2009, Florida's population was estimated to be 18,537,969. The state grew 128,814, or 0.7% from 2007. Using the latest population estimates, Florida is the nation's thirtieth-fastest-growing state. During Florida's peak growth year of 2005, it was the nation's fifth fastest growing state and grew at an annual rate of 2.2%.<ref name=2008est>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/states/NST-ann-est.html|title=Annual Population Estimates 2000 to 2008|publisher=US Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-12-25}}</ref> |
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===Regions=== |
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About two-thirds of the population was born in another state, the second highest in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/4/6/a_ponzi_state_univ_of_south |title="A Ponzi State"–Univ. of South Florida Professor Examines the Economic Crisis in Florida|accessdate= |author=Amy Goodman |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2009-04-06 |year= |month= |work= |publisher=Democracy Now! |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> |
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[[File:Florida counties.jpg|thumb|The 67 counties in Florida]] |
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{{div col |colwidth=15em}} |
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* '''[[Florida Panhandle]]''' |
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** [[Emerald Coast]] |
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** [[Forgotten Coast]] |
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** [[North Florida]] |
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** [[Pensacola metropolitan area]] |
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** [[Tallahassee metropolitan area]] |
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* '''[[North Central Florida]]''' |
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** [[Big Bend (Florida)|Big Bend]] |
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** [[Nature Coast]] |
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** [[North Florida]] |
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** [[Gainesville metropolitan area, Florida|Gainesville metropolitan area]] |
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* '''[[Northeast Florida]]''' |
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** [[First Coast]] |
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** [[Jacksonville metropolitan area]] |
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** [[North Florida]] |
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* '''[[Central West Florida]]''' |
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** [[Nature Coast]] |
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** [[Tampa Bay area]] |
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** [[Florida Suncoast]] |
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* '''[[Central Florida]]''' |
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** [[Greater Orlando]] |
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* '''Central East Florida''' |
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** [[Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach metropolitan area]] |
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** [[Halifax area|Surf Coast/Fun Coast/Halifax Area]] |
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** [[Space Coast]] |
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** [[Treasure Coast]] |
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* '''[[Southwest Florida]]''' |
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** [[Florida Heartland]] |
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** [[Florida Everglades]] |
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** [[Florida Suncoast]] |
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** [[Sarasota metropolitan area]] |
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** [[Ten Thousand Islands]] |
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* '''[[South Florida]]''' |
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** [[Glades (Florida)|Everglades]] |
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** [[Gold Coast (Florida)|Gold Coast]] |
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** [[Florida Keys]] |
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** [[Miami metropolitan area]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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=== Cities and towns === |
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The state had the third largest illegal immigrant population in the country in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Associated Press|last=|title=Illegals on rise in Southeast|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/2010/02/23/1991912/illegal-immigrant-numbers-rise.html| work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 6A|date=24 February 2010|id=|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref><!---footnote matches hardcopy, not url--->b In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 5.7% of the population. This was the sixth highest percentage of any state in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Peter|last=Slevin|title=New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/29/AR2010042904970.html?sid=ST2010042905051|work=Washington Post|location=Washington, D.C.|pages= A4|date=30 April 2010|id=|accessdate=}}</ref><!---as often happens, the box score figures listed in wikipedia article are from print edition and did not appear in the online article---><ref>behind Nevada, Arizona, New Jersey, California and Texas</ref> |
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{{See also|List of metropolitan areas of Florida|List of municipalities in Florida|List of urbanized areas in Florida (by population)}} |
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The largest [[metropolitan area]] in the state as well as the entire southeastern United States is the [[Miami metropolitan area]], with about 6.06{{spaces}}million people. The [[Tampa Bay area]], with more than 3.02{{spaces}}million, is the second-largest; the [[Orlando metropolitan area]], with more than 2.44{{spaces}}million, is third; and the [[Jacksonville metropolitan area]], with more than 1.47{{spaces}}million, is fourth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adammillsap/2018/03/23/big-metro-areas-in-florida-keep-getting-bigger/|title=Big Metro Areas in Florida Keep Getting Bigger|first=Adam|last=Millsap|website=Forbes.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=April 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409042852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/adammillsap/2018/03/23/big-metro-areas-in-florida-keep-getting-bigger/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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There were 186,102 military retirees living in the state in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|first=|last=|title=Retired Military Personnel|url=| work=|publisher=The Intercom (publication of the Military Officers Association of Cape Canaveral)|location=Patrick Air Force Base, Florida|page= 4|date=June 2009|id=|accessdate=}}</ref> |
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Florida has 22 [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]]s (MSAs) defined by the [[United States Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB). Forty-three of Florida's 67 counties are in an MSA. |
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===Ancestry groups=== |
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{{US Demographics|state=Florida}} |
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The legal name in Florida for a city, town or village is "municipality". In Florida there is no legal difference between towns, villages and cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridaleagueofcities.com/Resources.aspx?CNID%3D877 |title=Local Government Vocabulary |website=Florida League of Cities |access-date=May 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234408/http://www.floridaleagueofcities.com/Resources.aspx?CNID=877 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 }}</ref> |
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===Racial and ancestral makeup=== |
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The largest reported ancestries in the 2000 Census were [[German people|German]] (11.8%), [[Irish people|Irish]] (10.3%), [[English people|English]] (9.2%), [[American ancestry|American]] (8%), [[Italian people|Italian]] (6.3%), [[French people|French]] (2.8%), [[Polish people|Polish]] (2.7%) and [[Scottish people|Scottish]] (1.8%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=&_cityTown=&_state=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010 |title=Florida Factstreet |publisher=US Census Bureau |accessdate=2007-12-03}}</ref> |
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Florida is a highly urbanized state, with 89 percent of its population living in urban areas in |
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[[File:Florida population map.png|thumb|right|200px|Florida Population Density Map]] |
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2000, compared to 79 percent across the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bebr.ufl.edu/sites/default/files/FloridaPop2005_0.pdf |title=Population data |publisher=bebr.ufl.edu |date=2005 |access-date=November 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212162431/https://www.bebr.ufl.edu/sites/default/files/FloridaPop2005_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Before the [[American Civil War]], when [[History of slavery in the United States|slavery]] was legal, and during the [[Reconstruction era (United States)|Reconstruction]] era that followed, [[African American|blacks]] made up nearly half of the state's population.<ref name=1870census>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1870e-02.pdf |title=Compendium of the Ninth Census:Population, with race. |publisher=US Census Bureau |page=14 |accessdate=2007-12-03 |format=PDF}}</ref> Their proportion declined over the next century, as many moved north in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] while large numbers of northern [[European American|whites]] moved to the state. Recently, the state's proportion of black residents has begun to grow again. Today, large concentrations of black residents can be found in northern Florida (notably in Jacksonville, [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]], [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]], and Pensacola), the [[Tampa Bay]] area, the Orlando area, especially in Orlando and [[Sanford, Florida|Sanford]]. Also, there has been a large increase of [[Black Americans#Demographics|Black Americans of Hispanic descent]] in South Florida;{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} where their numbers have been bolstered by significant [[immigration to the United States|immigration]] from [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], and small numbers from Spanish speaking countries in South America.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} |
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In 2012, 75% of the population lived within {{convert|10|miles}} of the coastline.<ref>{{Cite news| first=Hank | last=Fishkind | title=Beaches are critically important to us | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20131109/COLUMNISTS0707/311090013/Hank-Fishkind-Beaches-critically-important-us | newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=4B | date=November 9, 2013 | access-date=November 11, 2013 | archive-date=March 16, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316123809/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20131109/COLUMNISTS0707/311090013/Hank-Fishkind-Beaches-critically-important-us | url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Florida's [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic]] population includes large communities of [[Cuban Americans]] in Miami and Tampa, [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Ricans]] in Orlando and Tampa, and Central American migrant workers in inland West-Central and South Florida. The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile. Between the years of 2000 and 2004, [[Lee County, Florida|Lee County]] in [[Southwest Florida]], which is largely suburban in character, had the fastest Hispanic population growth rate of any county in the United States.<!--This reference is broken, and because it is just a bare URL, there is no way to verify it. This is why it is important to use proper citation formats. Commenting out citation.<ref>[http://www.news-press.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060309/NEWS01/603090396/1075 News-Press]</ref> --> |
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{{Largest cities |
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[[White American]]s of all European backgrounds are present in all areas of the state. Those of [[English American|English]] and [[Irish American|Irish]] ancestry are present in large numbers in all the urban/suburban areas across the state. There is a large [[German American|German]] population in Southwest Florida, a large [[Greek American|Greek]] population in the [[Tarpon Springs, Florida|Tarpon Springs]] area, a sizable [[Italian American|Italian]], [[Spanish American|Spanish]], and [[Russian American|Russian]] communities in Miami, and white Floridians of longer-present generations in the culturally southern areas of inland and northern Florida.{{Citation needed|reason=needs citation and run-on sentence probably needs to be broken up as well|date=August 2010}} Native white Floridians, especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families, affectionately refer to themselves as "[[Florida cracker]]s." Like all the other southern states, they descend mainly from [[English American|English]] and [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] settlers, as well as some other British settlers.<ref>David Hackett Fischer, ''Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America'', New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp.633–639</ref> In and around St. Augustine are also several descendants of the Minorcans who fled there from |
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| country = Florida |
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British [[Dr. Andrew Turnbull|physician Andrew Turnbull's]] [[New Smyrna Beach, Florida#History|New Smyrna]] colony in 1768.<ref>Waitley,Douglas. "Roadside History of Florida" (1997)pp230</ref> |
|||
| stat_ref = Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/about/rdo.html|title=2020 Decennial US Census|publisher=[[2020 US Census]]|date=November 2021|access-date=November 26, 2021|archive-date=December 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208195041/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/about/rdo.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
|||
| list_by_pop = |
|||
| div_name = |
|||
| div_link = Counties of Florida{{!}}County |
|||
| city_1 = Jacksonville, Florida{{!}}Jacksonville |
|||
| div_1 = Duval County, Florida{{!}}Duval |
|||
| pop_1 = 949,611 |
|||
| img_1 = Nächtliche Skyline von Jacksonville, Florida.JPG |
|||
| city_2 = Miami, Florida{{!}}Miami |
|||
| div_2 = Miami-Dade County, Florida{{!}}Miami-Dade |
|||
| pop_2 = 442,241 |
|||
| img_2 = Brickell skyline 2012.jpg |
|||
| city_3 = Tampa, Florida{{!}}Tampa |
|||
| div_3 = Hillsborough County, Florida{{!}}Hillsborough |
|||
| pop_3 = 384,959 |
|||
| img_3 = Downtown Tampa Skyline.jpg |
|||
| city_4 = Orlando, Florida{{!}}Orlando |
|||
| div_4 = Orange County, Florida{{!}}Orange |
|||
| pop_4 = 307,573 |
|||
| img_4 = Lake Eola Park in Orlando 01.jpg |
|||
| city_5 = St. Petersburg, Florida{{!}}St. Petersburg |
|||
| div_5 = Pinellas County, Florida{{!}}Pinellas |
|||
| pop_5 = 258,308 |
|||
| img_5 = |
|||
| city_6 = Hialeah, Florida{{!}}Hialeah |
|||
| div_6 = Miami-Dade County, Florida{{!}}Miami-Dade |
|||
| pop_6 = 223,109 |
|||
| img_6 = |
|||
| city_7 = Port St. Lucie, Florida{{!}}Port St. Lucie |
|||
| div_7 = St. Lucie County, Florida{{!}}St. Lucie |
|||
| pop_7 = 204,851 |
|||
| img_7 = |
|||
| city_8 = Tallahassee, Florida{{!}}Tallahassee |
|||
| div_8 = Leon County, Florida{{!}}Leon |
|||
| pop_8 = 196,169 |
|||
| img_8 = |
|||
| city_9 = Cape Coral, Florida{{!}}Cape Coral |
|||
| div_9 = Lee County, Florida{{!}}Lee |
|||
| pop_9 = 194,016 |
|||
| img_9 = |
|||
| city_10 = Fort Lauderdale, Florida{{!}}Fort Lauderdale |
|||
| div_10 = Broward County, Florida{{!}}Broward |
|||
| pop_10 = 182,760 |
|||
| img_10 = |
|||
| city_11 = Pembroke Pines, Florida{{!}}Pembroke Pines |
|||
| div_11 = Broward County, Florida{{!}}Broward |
|||
| pop_11 = 171,178 |
|||
| img_11 = |
|||
| city_12 = Hollywood, Florida{{!}}Hollywood |
|||
| div_12 = Broward County, Florida{{!}}Broward |
|||
| pop_12 = 153,067 |
|||
| img_12 = |
|||
| city_13 = Gainesville, Florida{{!}}Gainesville |
|||
| div_13 = Alachua County, Florida{{!}}Alachua |
|||
| pop_13 = 141,085 |
|||
| img_13 = |
|||
| city_14 = Miramar, Florida{{!}}Miramar |
|||
| div_14 = Broward County, Florida{{!}}Broward |
|||
| pop_14 = 134,721 |
|||
| img_14 = |
|||
| city_15 = Coral Springs, Florida{{!}}Coral Springs |
|||
| div_15 = Broward County, Florida{{!}}Broward |
|||
| pop_15 = 134,394 |
|||
| img_15 = |
|||
| city_16 = Palm Bay, Florida{{!}}Palm Bay |
|||
| div_16 = Brevard County, Florida{{!}}Brevard |
|||
| pop_16 = 119,760 |
|||
| img_16 = |
|||
| city_17 = West Palm Beach, Florida{{!}}West Palm Beach |
|||
| div_17 = Palm Beach County, Florida{{!}}Palm Beach |
|||
| pop_17 = 117,415 |
|||
| img_17 = |
|||
| city_18 = Clearwater, Florida{{!}}Clearwater |
|||
| div_18 = Pinellas County, Florida{{!}}Pinellas |
|||
| pop_18 = 117,292 |
|||
| img_18 = |
|||
| city_19 = Lakeland, Florida{{!}}Lakeland |
|||
| div_19 = Polk County, Florida{{!}}Polk |
|||
| pop_19 = 112,641 |
|||
| img_19 = |
|||
| city_20 = Pompano Beach, Florida{{!}}Pompano Beach |
|||
| div_20 = Broward County, Florida{{!}}Broward |
|||
| pop_20 = 112,046 |
|||
| img_20 = |
|||
}} |
|||
== Demographics == |
|||
===Metropolitan areas=== |
|||
{{Main|Demographics of Florida}} |
|||
[[File:FLMap-MSA.PNG|right|thumb|150px|Distribution of Metropolitan Statistical Areas in Florida]] |
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{{See also| |
{{See also|Culture of Florida}} |
||
{{See also|List of cities in Florida|Florida locations by per capita income}} |
|||
===Population=== |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
[[File:Population Density by Florida Census Tract - 2020 Census.png|thumb|Population density of Florida according to the 2020 census]] |
|||
!colspan=3|Largest cities in Florida<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/SUB-EST2009.html |title=Population Estimates |publisher=Census.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-08-02}}</ref> |
|||
[[File:Cuban American men playing dominoes in Little Havana Miami, Florida.jpg|thumb|[[Cuban American]] men playing dominoes in [[Miami]]'s [[Little Havana]]. In 2010, Cubans made up 34.4% of Miami's population and 6.5% of Florida's.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10|archive-url = https://archive.today/20200212214535/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10|url-status = dead|archive-date = February 12, 2020|title = Miami, Florida Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010 Census Summary File 1|access-date = October 27, 2015|website = American FactFinder|publisher = US Census Bureau}}</ref><ref name=HisLatFlo/>]] |
|||
|- |
|||
{{US Census population |
|||
| 1830 = 34730 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1840 = 54477 |
|||
!|City |
|||
| 1850 = 87445 |
|||
!|Population |
|||
| 1860 = 140424 |
|||
!|Metropolitan area |
|||
| 1870 = 187748 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1880 = 269493 |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
| 1890 = 391422 |
|||
[[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] |
|||
| 1900 = 528542 |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
| 1910 = 752619 |
|||
813,518 |
|||
| 1920 = 968470 |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
| 1930 = 1468211 |
|||
[[Greater Jacksonville Metropolitan Area|Jacksonville]] |
|||
| 1940 = 1897414 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1950 = 2771305 |
|||
!colspan=3|City population > 200,000 |
|||
| 1960 = 4951560 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1970 = 6789443 |
|||
!|City |
|||
| 1980 = 9746324 |
|||
!|Population |
|||
| 1990 = 12937926 |
|||
!|Metropolitan area |
|||
| 2000 = 15982378 |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2010 = 18801310 |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
| 2020 = 21538187 |
|||
[[Miami, Florida|Miami]]<br> |
|||
| estimate = 23372215 |
|||
[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]<br> |
|||
| estref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=QuickFacts: Florida |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/FL | website=Census.gov | publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 20, 2024}}</ref> |
|||
[[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]]<br> |
|||
| estyear = 2024 |
|||
[[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]<br> |
|||
| footnote = Sources: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910-2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
|||
[[Hialeah, Florida|Hialeah]] |
|||
}} |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
433,136<br> |
|||
343,890<br> |
|||
244,324<br> |
|||
235,860<br> |
|||
218,896 |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
[[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]]<br> |
|||
[[Tampa Bay Area|Tampa Bay]]<br> |
|||
[[Tampa Bay Area|Tampa Bay]]<br> |
|||
[[Greater Orlando|Orlando]]<br> |
|||
[[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]] |
|||
|- |
|||
!colspan=3|City population > 150,000 |
|||
|- |
|||
!|City |
|||
!|Population |
|||
!|Metropolitan area |
|||
|- |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]]<br> |
|||
[[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]<br> |
|||
[[Port Saint Lucie, Florida|Port Saint Lucie]]<br> |
|||
[[Cape Coral, Florida|Cape Coral]] |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
184,892<br> |
|||
172,574<br> |
|||
154,410<br> |
|||
154,202 |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
[[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]]<br> |
|||
[[Tallahassee, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area|Tallahassee]]<br> |
|||
[[Port St. Lucie, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area|Port St. Lucie]]<br> |
|||
[[Cape Coral – Fort Myers, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area|Cape Coral-Fort Myers]] |
|||
|- |
|||
!colspan=3|City population > 100,000 |
|||
|- |
|||
!|City |
|||
!|Population |
|||
!|Metropolitan area |
|||
|- |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
[[Pembroke Pines, Florida|Pembroke Pines]]<br> |
|||
[[Hollywood, Florida|Hollywood]]<br> |
|||
[[Coral Springs, Florida|Coral Springs]] <br> |
|||
[[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]]<br> |
|||
[[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]]<br> |
|||
[[Miramar, Florida|Miramar]] <br> |
|||
[[Clearwater, Florida|Clearwater]] <br> |
|||
[[Pompano Beach, Florida|Pompano Beach]] <br> |
|||
[[Palm Bay, Florida|Palm Bay]] |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
146,600<br> |
|||
142,622<br> |
|||
126,518<br> |
|||
116,616<br> |
|||
109,332<br> |
|||
109,176<br> |
|||
106,081<br> |
|||
102,609<br> |
|||
100,999 |
|||
|valign="top"| |
|||
[[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]]<br> |
|||
[[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]]<br> |
|||
[[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]]<br> |
|||
[[Gainesville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area|Gainesville]]<br> |
|||
[[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]]<br> |
|||
[[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]]<br> |
|||
[[Tampa Bay Area|Tampa Bay]]<br> |
|||
[[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]]<br> |
|||
[[Palm Bay – Melbourne – Titusville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area|Palm Bay-Melbourne]] |
|||
|} |
|||
The [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] estimated that the population of Florida was 21,477,737 on July 1, 2019, a 14.24% increase since the [[2010 United States Census|2010 United States census]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/FL,US/PST045219|title=Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019|date=January 29, 2019|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 4, 2019|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610161658/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/FL,US/PST045219|url-status=live}}</ref> The population of Florida in the 2010 census was 18,801,310.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130814015143/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=12|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 14, 2013|title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search|author=Website Services & Coordination Staff (WSCS)|website=census.gov|access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref> Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state in the U.S. in the 12-month period ending July 1, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weissmann|first=Jordan|title=The Fastest-Growing States in America (and Why They're Booming)|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/12/the-fastest-growing-states-in-america-and-why-theyre-booming/266541/|website=The Atlantic|access-date=August 14, 2014|date=December 22, 2012|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525081826/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/12/the-fastest-growing-states-in-america-and-why-theyre-booming/266541/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, the [[center of population]] of Florida was located between [[Fort Meade, Florida|Fort Meade]] and [[Frostproof, Florida|Frostproof]]. The center of population has moved less than {{convert|5|mi|0}} to the east and approximately {{convert|1|mi|1}} to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in [[Polk County, Florida|Polk County]] since the [[1960 United States Census|1960 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida's Population Center Migrates through History|url=http://www.bebr.ufl.edu/articles/floridas-population-center-migrates-through-history|publisher=University of Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research|access-date=August 14, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130814015104/http://www.bebr.ufl.edu/articles/floridas-population-center-migrates-through-history|archive-date=August 14, 2013}}</ref> The population exceeded 19.7{{spaces}}million by December 2014, surpassing the population of the state of [[New York (state)|New York]] for the first time, making Florida the third most populous state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/395312/florida-leaves-new-york-behind-its-rear-view-mirror-john-fund|title=Florida Leaves New York Behind in Its Rear-View Mirror |date=December 23, 2014|website=National Review |first1= John |last1=Fund |access-date=October 23, 2018|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200510/http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/395312/florida-leaves-new-york-behind-its-rear-view-mirror-john-fund|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/12/23/florida-surpasses-ny-as-3rd-most-populous-state.html|title=Florida surpasses NY as 3rd most populous state |first=Jacob|last=Pramuk|date=December 23, 2014|website=CNBC |access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=April 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405224242/https://www.cnbc.com/2014/12/23/florida-surpasses-ny-as-3rd-most-populous-state.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Florida population was 21,477,737 residents or people according to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2019 Population Estimates Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.florida-demographics.com/|title=Florida Demographics—Get Current Census Data for Florida|website= florida-demographics.com|access-date=May 19, 2019|archive-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024232311/https://www.florida-demographics.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> By the 2020 census, its population increased to 21,538,187. |
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<div style="float:right;" class="center"> |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
In 2010, [[Illegal immigration|undocumented immigrants]] constituted an estimated 5.7% of the population. This was the sixth highest percentage of any U.S. state.<ref name="New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot"/><!--as often happens, the box score figures listed in Wikipedia article are from print edition and did not appear in the online article-->{{efn|Behind Nevada, Arizona, New Jersey, California and Texas}} There were an estimated 675,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Matt |last=Reed |title=E-Verify best way to find illegals |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110118/COLUMNISTS0207/101180318/1086/Matt+Reed++Fearmongering+on+E-Verify+shields+illegals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504000756/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110118/COLUMNISTS0207/101180318/1086/Matt%2BReed%2B%2BFearmongering%2Bon%2BE-Verify%2Bshields%2Billegals |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 4, 2014 |work=Florida Today |location=Melbourne, Florida |page=1B |date=January 18, 2011 }}</ref><!--hard copy titles differ but are the same article--><!--paragraph needs to be reworked--> Florida has banned [[Sanctuary city|sanctuary cities]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/09/politics/sanctuary-city-bans-states/index.html|title=Florida is about to ban sanctuary cities. At least 11 other states have, too|first=Catherine E.|last=Shoichet|website=CNN|date=May 9, 2019|access-date=September 3, 2019|archive-date=June 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616132746/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/09/politics/sanctuary-city-bans-states/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The top countries of origin for Florida's immigrants were [[Cuba]], [[Haiti]], [[Colombia]], [[Mexico]] and [[Jamaica]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrants-florida|title=Immigrants in Florida|date=January 2015 }}</ref> |
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According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 25,959 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Florida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf|title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress}}</ref> |
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[[File:Ethnic Origins in Florida.png|center|thumb|Ethnic origins in Florida]] |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |
|||
|+ '''Florida racial breakdown''' |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! Racial composition !! 1970<ref name="census" /> !! 1990<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher= U. S. Census Bureau Population Division |date=September 2002 |first1=Campbell |last1=Gibson |first2=Kay |last2=Jung |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151538/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=December 24, 2014 }}</ref> !! 2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusviewer.com/city/FL|title=FL|website=censusviewer.com|access-date=April 16, 2024|archive-date=March 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321020039/https://censusviewer.com/city/FL|url-status=dead}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=2010 Census Data|author=Center for New Media and Promotions(C2PO)|website=Census.gov|access-date=April 7, 2020|archive-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522200920/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|url-status=live}}</ref> !! 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=US Census |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |access-date=April 19, 2022 |website=Census.gov |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=US Census |title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |access-date=April 19, 2022 |website=Census.gov |archive-date=April 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412101107/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
!colspan=3|Largest metropolitan areas in Florida |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Hispanic or Latino American|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 6.6% || 12.2% || 16.8% || 22.5% || 26.5% |
|||
! Rank |
|||
! Metropolitan Area |
|||
! Population |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[African American|Black or African American alone]] ||15.3% || 13.6% || 14.6% || 16.0% || 15.1% |
|||
| 1 |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]] |
|||
| [[Asian American|Asian alone]] || 0.2% || 1.2% || 1.7% || 2.4% || 3.0% |
|||
| 5,463,857 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American alone]] || 0.1% || 0.3% || 0.3% || 0.4% || 0.4% |
|||
| 2 |
|||
| [[Tampa Bay Area|Tampa Bay]] |
|||
| 2,733,761 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] ||—||—|| 2.3% || 2.5% || 16.5% |
|||
| 3 |
|||
| [[Greater Orlando|Orlando]] |
|||
| 2,082,421 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White alone, not Hispanic or Latino]] || 77.9% || 73.2% || 65.4% || 57.9% || 51.5% |
|||
| 4 |
|||
| [[Greater Jacksonville Metropolitan Area|Jacksonville]] |
|||
| 1,313,228 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[White American|White alone]] || 84.2% || 83.1% || 78.0% || 75.0% ||57.7% |
|||
| 5 |
|||
| [[Bradenton–Sarasota–Venice, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area|Bradenton-Sarasota]] |
|||
| 688,126 |
|||
|} |
|} |
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In 2010, 6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only [[American people|American]] ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity).<ref name=FLdemo>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Florida Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=October 27, 2015 |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=FLpop>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Florida: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States—2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=October 27, 2015 |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of these were of English or [[Scots-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]] descent, whose families have lived in the state for so long they choose to identify as having "American" ancestry or do not know their ancestry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=&_cityTown=&_state=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010 |title=Florida Factstreet |publisher=US Census Bureau |access-date=December 3, 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212052421/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=&_cityTown=&_state=04000US12&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&pg=PA57|title=Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America|first=Dominic|last=Pulera|date=October 20, 2004|publisher=A&C Black|access-date=October 23, 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=9780826416438|archive-date=September 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907093623/https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&pg=PA57|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', ''Demography'', Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.</ref><ref>Mary C. Waters, ''Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.</ref> In the 1980 [[United States census]], the largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming they were of English or mostly [[English American]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980—Table 3 |access-date=November 4, 2011 |archive-date=February 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224233043/http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of their ancestry dated to the original [[thirteen colonies]]. |
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{{as of|2010}}, those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population. Out of the 57.9%, the largest groups were 12.0% [[Germans|German]] (2,212,391), 10.7% [[Irish people|Irish]] (1,979,058), 8.8% English (1,629,832), 6.6% [[Italians|Italian]] (1,215,242), 2.8% [[Polish people|Polish]] (511,229), and 2.7% [[French people|French]] (504,641).<ref name=FLdemo/><ref name=FLpop/> [[White American]]s of all European backgrounds are present in all areas of the state. In 1970, non-Hispanic whites constituted nearly 80% of Florida's population.<ref name="census"/> Those of [[English American|English]] and [[Irish American|Irish]] ancestry are present in large numbers in all the urban/suburban areas across the state. Some native white Floridians, especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as "[[Florida cracker]]s"; others see the term as a derogatory one. Like whites in most other states of the southern U.S., they descend mainly from English and [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] settlers, as well as some other [[British American]] settlers.<ref>[[David Hackett Fischer]], ''[[Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America]]'', New York: [[Oxford University Press]], 1989, pp.633–639</ref> |
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The largest [[metropolitan area]] in the state as well as the entire southeastern United States is the [[South Florida metropolitan area]], with about 5.5 million people. The [[Tampa Bay area]], with over 2.7 million people, is the second largest metro area and [[Greater Orlando]], with over 2 million people, is the third. |
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As of 2010, those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population. Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) [[Cuban Americans|Cuban]], and 4.5% (847,550) [[Stateside Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]].<ref name=HisLatFlo>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Florida Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 Census Summary File 1 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=October 26, 2015 |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Florida's [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic]] population includes large communities of [[Cuban Americans]] in Miami and Tampa, [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Ricans]] in Orlando and Tampa, and Mexican/Central American migrant workers. The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile. Florida has a large and diverse Hispanic population, with Cubans and Puerto Ricans being the largest groups in the state. Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida where there is a long-standing and affluent Cuban community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder—Results|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|website=census.gov|access-date=July 21, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213707/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Florida has the second-largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.usatoday.com/dist/custom/gci/InsidePage.aspx?cId=thedailyjournal&sParam=53490820.story|title=Thedailyjournal—Puerto Rico's population exodus is all about jobs|website=usatoday.com|access-date=July 21, 2015|archive-date=September 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011425/http://content.usatoday.com/dist/custom/gci/InsidePage.aspx?cId=thedailyjournal&sParam=53490820.story|url-status=live}}</ref> Puerto Ricans are more widespread throughout the state, though the heaviest concentrations are in the Orlando area of Central Florida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/brinkmann-on-business/os-bz-puerto-rico-numbers-20180105-story.html|title=How many Puerto Ricans have moved to Florida? State's numbers questioned|first=Paul|last=Brinkmann|website=Orlandosentinel.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=February 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203014108/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/brinkmann-on-business/os-bz-puerto-rico-numbers-20180105-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Florida has one of the largest and most diverse Hispanic/Latino populations in the country, especially in [[South Florida]] around Miami, and to a lesser degree Central Florida. Aside from the dominant Cuban and Puerto Rican populations, there are also large populations of Mexicans, Colombians, Venezuelans and Dominicans, among numerous other groups, as most Latino groups have sizable numbers in the state. |
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Florida has twenty [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]]s (MSAs) defined by the [[United States Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB). Thirty-nine of Florida's sixty-seven counties are in an MSA. Reflecting the distribution of population in Florida, Metropolitan areas in the state are concentrated around the coast of the peninsula. They form a continuous band on the east coast of Florida, stretching from the Jacksonville MSA to the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach MSA, including every county on the east coast, with the exception of [[Monroe County, Florida|Monroe County]]. There is also a continuous band of MSAs on the west coast of the peninsula from the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater MSA to the Naples-Marco Island MSA, including all of the coastal counties from [[Hernando County, Florida|Hernando County]] to [[Collier County, Florida|Collier County]]. The interior of the northern half of the peninsula also has several MSAs, connecting the east and west coast MSAs. A few MSAs are scattered across the Florida panhandle. |
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{{-}} |
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{{as of|2010}}, those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population, which includes [[African American]]s. Out of the 16.0%, 4.0% (741,879) were [[West Indian]] or [[Afro-Caribbean American]].<ref name=FLdemo/><ref name=FLpop/><ref name=HisLatFlo/> During the early 1900s, [[black people]] made up nearly half of the state's population.<ref name="1870census"/> In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s. They moved for jobs, better education for their children and the chance to vote and participate in society. By 1960, the proportion of African Americans in the state had declined to 18%.<ref name="Historical Census Browser: 1960 US Census"/> Conversely, large numbers of northern [[White people|whites]] moved to the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://depts.washington.edu/moving1/Florida.shtml |title= Florida Migration History 1850-2018|last=Gregory |first= James |date= |website=Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium |publisher=University of Washington |access-date=19 November 2023 |quote=}}</ref> Today, large concentrations of black residents can be found throughout Florida. Aside from blacks descended from African slaves brought to the southern U.S., there are also large numbers of blacks of [[West Indian American|West Indian]], [[African immigration to the United States|recent African]], and [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans|Afro-Latino]] immigrant origins, especially in the Miami/South Florida area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/article18228377.html|title=As Caribbean immigration rises, Miami's black population becomes more foreign|website=Miamiherald.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=September 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912173415/https://www.miamiherald.com/article18228377.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Florida has the largest West Indian population of any state, originating from many Caribbean countries, with [[Haitian Americans]] being the most numerous. |
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<center><gallery widths=160px heights=120px> |
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Image:Friendship_Fountain_at_Night.JPG |<center>[[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]]</center> |
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File:Central Downtown Miami 20090513.jpg|<center>[[Miami, Florida|Miami]]</center> |
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Image:Downtowntampa08.jpg|<center>[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]</center> |
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Image:St Pete Skyline from Pier.jpg|<center>[[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]]</center> |
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File:OrlandoFLnightskyline2.jpg|<center>[[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]</center> |
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File:Fort Lauderdale Skyline.jpg|<center>[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]]</center> |
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Image:Tallahassee a&m shot - across.jpg|<center>[[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]</center> |
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File:Coral_Springs_One_Charter_Place.JPG|<center>[[Coral Springs, Florida|Coral Springs]]</center> |
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</gallery></center> |
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In 2016, Florida had the highest percentage of West Indians in the United States at 4.5%, with 2.3% (483,874) from [[Haitians|Haitian]] ancestry, 1.5% (303,527) [[Jamaicans|Jamaican]], and 0.2% (31,966) [[Bahamians|Bahamian]], with the other West Indian groups making up the rest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=04000US12&primary_geo_id=04000US12#valueType%7Cpercentage|title=Grid View: Table B04006—Census Reporter|website=censusreporter.org|access-date=October 10, 2017|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204014540/https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=04000US12&primary_geo_id=04000US12#valueType%7Cpercentage|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Languages=== |
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As of 2000, 76.91% of Florida residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a [[first language]], while 16.46% spoke Spanish, and [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]] (predominantly [[Haitian Creole language|Haitian Creole]]) was spoken by 1.38% of the population. French was spoken by 0.83%, followed by German at 0.59%, and Italian at 0.44% of all residents. Also, Portuguese comprised 0.36%, while [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] made up 0.25% of speakers, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] was at 0.21% and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] at 0.20%. In all, 23.80% of Florida's population age 5 and older spoke a [[language]] other than English at home.<ref name= MLA>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data |title=Most spoken languages in Florida |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |accessdate=2007-12-03|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071201170638/http%3A//www.mla.org/map_data |archivedate = December 1, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
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{{as of|2010}}, those of Asian ancestry accounted for 2.4% of Florida's population.<ref name=FLdemo/><ref name=FLpop/> |
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As of 2005, 74.54% of Florida residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a first language, while 18.65% spoke Spanish, and French Creole (predominantly Haitian Creole) was spoken by 1.73% of the population. French was spoken by 0.63%, followed by German at 0.45%, and Portuguese at 0.44% of all residents. Also, Italian comprised 0.32%, while Tagalog made up 0.30% of speakers, Vietnamese was at 0.25% and Arabic at 0.23%. In all, 25.45% of Florida's population age 5 and older spoke a language other than English.<ref name= MLA>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data |title=Most spoken languages in Florida |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |accessdate=2008-10-06|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071201170638/http%3A//www.mla.org/map_data |archivedate = December 1, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
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As of 2011, Florida contains the highest percentage of people over 65 (17.3%) in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://247wallst.com/2011/05/10/the-states-with-the-oldest-and-youngest-residents/3/ |title=The States with the Oldest And Youngest Residents |author=Michael B. Sauter |author2=Douglas A. McIntyre |date=May 10, 2011 |publisher=wallst.com |access-date=January 24, 2015 |archive-date=October 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010090050/http://247wallst.com/2011/05/10/the-states-with-the-oldest-and-youngest-residents/3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There were 186,102 military retirees living in the state in 2008.<ref name="Retired Military Personnel"/> About two-thirds of the population was born in another state, the second-highest in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/4/6/a_ponzi_state_univ_of_south |title="A Ponzi State"—Univ. of South Florida Professor Examines the Economic Crisis in Florida |author=Amy Goodman |date=April 6, 2009 |website=Democracy Now! |access-date=April 12, 2010 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033730/https://www.democracynow.org/2009/4/6/a_ponzi_state_univ_of_south |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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This means English decreased by -2.37%, Spanish increased +2.21%, French Creole (including Haitian Creole) increased by +0.35%, French decreased by -0.20%, German decreased by -0.14%, Italian decreased by -0.12%, Portuguese increased by +0.08%, Tagalog increased by +0.05%, Arabic increased by +0.02%, and Vietnamese increased by +0.05% of languages spoken.<ref name= MLA>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data |title=MLA Language Map Data Center |publisher=[[Modern Language Association]] |accessdate=2008-10-06|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071201170638/http%3A//www.mla.org/map_data |archivedate = December 1, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
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In 2020, [[Hispanic and Latino]]s of any race(s) made up 26.5% of the population, while [[Native Hawaiian]]s [[Pacific Islander|and Pacific Islander]]s made up 0.1% of all Broward County residents.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Florida |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/FL/RHI825216#viewtop |website=Census Bureau QuickFacts |access-date=April 2, 2018 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204041614/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/FL/RHI825216#viewtop |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Florida's climate makes it a popular state for [[immigrant]]s. Florida's [[public education]] system identifies over 200 first languages other than English spoken in the homes of students. In 1990, the [[League of United Latin American Citizens|League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)]] won a [[class action lawsuit]] against the state [[Florida Department of Education]] that required [[educator]]s to be trained in teaching [[English language learning and teaching|English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL)]].<!--removed non-specific link. --> |
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===Languages=== |
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[[Florida Constitution#Article II: "General Provisions"|Article II, Section 9]], of the [[Florida Constitution]] provides that "English is the [[official language]] of the State of Florida." This provision was adopted in 1988 by a vote following an Initiative [[Petition]]. |
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{{See also|Demographics of Florida#Languages|Miami accent}} |
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In 1988, English was affirmed as the state's [[official language]] in the [[Florida Constitution]]. [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is also widely spoken, especially as immigration has continued from Latin America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrants-florida|title=Immigrants in Florida|date=January 1, 2015|website=Americanmigrationcouncil.org|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204011518/https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrants-florida|url-status=live}}</ref> About 20% percent of the population speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as their first language, while 27% speaks a [[mother language]] other than English. More than 200 first languages other than English are spoken at home in the state.<ref name="MLA">{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data|title=Florida|publisher=[[Modern Language Association]]|access-date=August 11, 2013|archive-date=December 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201170638/http://www.mla.org/map_data|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Status of English Language Learners in Florida: Trends and Prospects |last=MacDonald |first=Victoria M. |publisher=Education Policy Research Unit, [[Arizona State University]] |date=April 2004 |access-date=May 24, 2013 |url=http://www.collier.k12.fl.us/ell/docs/Status%20of%20ELL%20in%20Florida.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209171845/http://www.collier.k12.fl.us/ell/docs/Status%20of%20ELL%20in%20Florida.pdf |archive-date=February 9, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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The most common languages spoken in Florida as a first language in 2010 are:<ref name="MLA"/> |
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* 73% English |
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* 20% Spanish |
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* 2% Haitian Creole |
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* Other languages less than 1% each |
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===Religion=== |
===Religion=== |
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[[File:Church of the Little Flower.jpg|thumb|[[Church of the Little Flower (Coral Gables, Florida)|Church of the Little Flower]] in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]]]] |
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As of the year 2000, the three largest denominational groups in Florida are [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Evangelical Protestant]], and [[Mainline Protestant]].<ref name="thearda">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/12_2000.asp|title=State Membership Reports |accessdate=2010-06-15 |work= thearda.com }}</ref> The [[Catholic Church]] has the highest number of adherents in Florida (at 2,596,148), followed by the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] with 1,292,097 members reported and [[Judaism]] reporting 628,485 adherents. |
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[[File:Hindu Temple Tampa.jpeg|thumb|[[Hindu Temple of Florida]] in [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]]] |
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Florida is mostly [[Christians|Christian]] (70%),<ref name="pew2014"/> although there is a large [[irreligious]] and relatively significant [[Jewish]] community. [[Protestantism|Protestants]] account for almost half of the population, but the [[Catholic Church]] is the largest single denomination in the state mainly due to its large [[Hispanic]] population and other groups like [[Haitians]]. Protestants are very diverse, although [[Baptists]], [[Methodists]], [[Pentecostals]] and [[nondenominational Protestants]] are the largest groups. Smaller Christian groups include [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Florida|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]. There is also a sizable [[American Jews|Jewish]] community in [[South Florida]]. This is the largest Jewish population in the [[Southern United States|southern U.S.]] and the third-largest in the U.S. behind those of [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[California]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/usjewpop.html |title=Jewish Population of the United States, by State (2011) |encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=September 13, 2013 |archive-date=January 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121170748/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/usjewpop.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In 2010, the three largest denominations in Florida were the [[Catholic Church]], the [[Southern Baptist Convention]], and the [[United Methodist Church]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/12/rcms2010_12_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=November 15, 2013 |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224254/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/12/rcms2010_12_state_adh_2010.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Florida is mostly [[Protestant]], but [[Roman Catholicism]] is the single largest denomination in the state. There is also a sizable [[American Jews|Jewish]] community, located mainly in [[South Florida]]; no other Southern state has such a large Jewish population. Florida's current [[religious]] affiliations are shown in the table below:<ref>[http://pewforum.org/religion08/state.php?StateID=2 Religion and Politics 2008:Florida - Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> |
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[[File:Mosque in Boca Raton, FL.jpg|thumb|250px|A Mosque in [[Boca Raton]]]] |
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The [[Pew Research Center]] survey in 2014 gave the following religious makeup of Florida:<ref>Pew Research Center, [http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/florida/ "Religious Landscape Study: Florida"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124100357/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/florida/ |date=November 24, 2020 }}</ref> |
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* [[Roman Catholic]], 26% |
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{{bar box |
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* [[Protestant]], 48% |
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|title = Religion in Florida (2014)<ref name="pew2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/florida/|title=Religious Landscape Study|date=May 11, 2015|publisher=Pew Forum|access-date=June 7, 2015|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124100357/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/florida/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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** [[Baptist]], 9% |
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|float = |
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** [[Methodist]], 6% |
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|bars = |
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** [[Pentecostal]], 3% |
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{{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|purple|46}} |
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* [[Jewish]], 3% |
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{{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]|dodgerblue|21}} |
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* [[Jehovah's Witness]], 1% |
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{{bar percent|[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Florida|Mormon]]|DeepSkyBlue|1}} |
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* [[Muslim]], 1% |
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{{bar percent|[[Jehovah's Witness]]|Aquamarine|1}} |
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* [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], 1% |
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{{bar percent|Other [[Christians|Christian]]|mediumblue|1}} |
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* other religions, 1% |
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{{bar percent|Nothing in Particular|pink|17}} |
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* non-religious, 16% |
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{{bar percent|[[Agnostic]]|#A020F0|4}} |
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{{bar percent|[[Atheist]]|red|3}} |
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{{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|green|3}} |
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{{bar percent|Other faiths{{break}}{{small|(e.g. [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]])}}|grey|3}} |
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}} |
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== |
==Governance== |
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{{Main|Government of Florida}} |
{{Main|Government of Florida}} |
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{{See also|List of |
{{See also|List of governors of Florida|United States congressional delegations from Florida|List of United States senators from Florida|Florida Cabinet}} |
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[[File:Old Florida Capitol.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Old and New Florida State Capitol, Tallahassee, East view 20160711 1.jpg|thumb|The old and new [[Florida State Capitol]] in [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]]] |
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The basic structure, duties, function, and operations of the government of the State of Florida are defined by the [[Florida Constitution]], which establishes the basic law of the state and guarantees various rights and freedoms of the people. As with the American federal government and all other state governments, Florida's government consists of three separate branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The legislature enacts bills, which, if signed by the [[Governor of Florida|governor]], become [[Florida Statutes|law]]. |
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The [[Florida Legislature]] comprises the [[Florida Senate]], which has 40 members, and the [[Florida House of Representatives]], which has 120 members. The governor of Florida is [[Ron DeSantis]]. The [[Florida Supreme Court]] consists of a chief justice and six justices. |
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The basic structure, duties, function, and operations of the government of the State of Florida are defined and established by the [[Florida Constitution]], which establishes the basic law of the state and guarantees various rights and freedoms of the people. The state government consists of three separate branches: judicial, executive, and legislative. The legislature enacts bills, which, if signed by the [[Governor of Florida|governor]], become [[Florida Statutes]]. |
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Florida has 67 [[County (United States)|counties]]. Some reference materials may show only 66 because [[Duval County, Florida|Duval County]] is consolidated with the [[City of Jacksonville]]. There are 379 cities in Florida (out of 411) that report regularly to the Florida Department of Revenue, but there are other incorporated municipalities that do not. The primary revenue source for cities and counties is property tax; properties with unpaid taxes are subject to [[tax sale]]s, which are held at the county level in May and are highly popular, due to the extensive use of online bidding sites. |
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The [[Florida Legislature]] comprises the [[Florida Senate]], which has 40 members, and the [[Florida House of Representatives]], which has 120 members. The current Governor of Florida is [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] [[Charlie Crist]]. |
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The [[Florida Supreme Court]] consists of a Chief Justice and six Justices. |
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The state government's primary revenue source is sales tax. Florida is [[State income tax#States with no individual income tax|one of eight states]] that do not impose a personal [[income tax]]. |
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There are 67 [[County (US)|Counties]] in Florida, but some reports show only 66 because of [[Duval County, Florida|Duval County]], which is consolidated with the [[City of Jacksonville]]. There are 379 cities in Florida (out of 411) that report regularly to the Florida Department of Revenue, but there are other incorporated municipalities that do not. The primary source of revenue for the State government is sales tax, but the primary revenue source for cities and counties is property tax. |
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There were 800 [[Federal Corrupt Practices Act|federal corruption]] convictions from 1988 to 2007, more than any other state.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Editorial:Culture of corruption |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110107/OPINION/110106021/Our-Views-Culture-of-corruption-Jan-7- |work=Florida Today |location=Melbourne, Florida |page=1A |date=January 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107202129/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110107/OPINION/110106021/Our-Views-Culture-of-corruption-Jan-7- |archive-date=January 7, 2014 }}</ref> |
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===Political history=== |
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<!--really need a "Politics of Florida" superarticle that would contain this and point to political strength article---> |
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After [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]], white-elite Democrats wrestled for power until they regained it in 1877, partly through violent paramilitary tactics targeting freedmen and allies to reduce their voting.{{Citation needed|reason=the word "paramilitary" did not exist in 1877|date=February 2010}} From 1885 to 1889, the state legislature passed statutes with provisions to reduce voting by blacks and poor whites, which had threatened white Democratic power with a populist coalition. As these groups were stripped from voter rolls, white Democrats established power in a one-party state, as happened across the South. In 1900 African Americans comprised 44% of the state's population,<ref>{{Cite web |
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|title = Historical Census Browser: 1900 US Census |
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|work = University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center |
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|publisher = [[University of Virginia Library]] |
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|year = 2004 |
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|url = http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/start.php?year=V1900 |
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|accessdate = 2008-08-29 |
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}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> the same proportion as before the Civil War, but they were effectively disfranchised. From 1877 to 1948, Florida voted for the Democratic candidate for president in every election except for the [[United States presidential election, 1928|1928 election]]. |
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In a 2020 study, Florida was ranked as the 11th hardest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In April 2022, the legislature passed and the governor signed a new election law prohibiting Floridians from using [[Ranked-choice voting in the United States|ranked-choice voting]] in all federal, state and municipal elections.<ref>{{cite news|title=Florida, Tennessee Ban Ranked-Choice Voting Despite Citizen Support|url=https://reason.com/2022/04/28/florida-tennessee-ban-ranked-choice-voting-despite-citizen-support/|author=Shackford, Scott|date=April 28, 2022|work=Reason|access-date=April 30, 2022|archive-date=April 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429232815/https://reason.com/2022/04/28/florida-tennessee-ban-ranked-choice-voting-despite-citizen-support/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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[[File:FlaSupremeCrtBldgFeb08.JPG|thumb|left|Florida Supreme Court]] |
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In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], in waves from 1910–1940, and again starting in the later 1940s. They moved for jobs, better education for their children and the chance to vote and participate in society. Given migration of other groups into Florida (as noted in other sections of this article), by 1960 the proportion of African Americans in the state had declined to 18%.<ref>{{Cite web |
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|title = Historical Census Browser: 1960 US Census |
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|work = University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center |
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|publisher = [[University of Virginia Library]] |
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|year = 2004 |
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|url = http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/start.php?year=V1960 |
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|accessdate = 2008-08-29 |
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}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> |
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{{further|[[Political party strength in Florida]]}} |
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Since 1952, despite having a majority of registered Democrats, the state has voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for the [[United States presidential election, 1964|1964]], [[United States presidential election, 1976|1976]], [[United States presidential election, 1996|1996]], and [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]] elections. The first post-reconstruction Republican [[William C. Cramer|congressional representative]] was elected in 1954.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03EFDF1131F934A15753C1A9659C8B63 |title=William C. Cramer, 81, a Leader Of G.O.P. Resurgence in South |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |date=October 27, 2003 |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> The state's first post-reconstruction Republican [[Edward J. Gurney|senator]] was elected in 1968,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E4DD1E39F930A15756C0A960958260 |title=E. J. Gurney, 82, Senator Who Backed Nixon |last=Thomas, Jr |first=Robert McG |date=May 23, 1996 |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> two years after the first post-reconstruction Republican [[Claude R. Kirk, Jr.|governor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/museum/collections/governors/about.cfm?id=43 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070818093043/http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/museum/collections/governors/about.cfm?id=43 |archivedate=2007-08-18 |title=Claude Roy Kirk, Jr. |publisher=Office of Cultural and Historic Programs, State of Florida |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> |
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Florida retains the [[death penalty]]. Authorized methods of execution include the [[electric chair]] and [[lethal injection]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/methods-of-execution|title=Methods of Execution|website=Death Penalty Information Center}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:83%; text-align:center" |
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|+ '''Presidential elections results''' |
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===Elections history=== |
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|- style="background:lightgrey;" |
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{{Further|Elections in Florida|Politics of Florida|Political party strength in Florida|United States presidential elections in Florida}} |
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! Year |
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From 1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]]. The following year, Congress passed and President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signed the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]], providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities in order to prevent the discrimination and disenfranchisement which had excluded most of them for decades from the political process. |
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! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
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! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |
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From the 1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats, who together with other Democrats of the [[Solid South]], exercised considerable control in Congress. They have gained slightly less federal money from national programs than they have paid in taxes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://files.taxfoundation.org/legacy/docs/ftsbs-timeseries-20071016-.pdf|title=Alabama : Federal Taxes Paid vs. Federal Spending Received : 1981–present|website=Files.taxfoundation.org|access-date=October 23, 2018|archive-date=April 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412030238/https://files.taxfoundation.org/legacy/docs/ftsbs-timeseries-20071016-.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 1970s, conservative white voters in the state have largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party. Though the majority of registered voters in Florida were Democrats,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dos.myflorida.com/elections/data-statistics/voter-registration-statistics/voter-registration-monthly-reports/voter-registration-current-by-county/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024133158/http://dos.myflorida.com/elections/data-statistics/voter-registration-statistics/voter-registration-monthly-reports/voter-registration-current-by-county/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 24, 2016|title=Voter Registration—Current by County—Division of Elections—Florida Department of State|date=October 24, 2016}}</ref> it continued to support Republican presidential candidates through 2004, except in [[1976 United States presidential election|1976]] and [[1996 United States presidential election|1996]], when the Democratic nominee was from [[Southern United States|the South]]. |
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In the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008]] and [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]] presidential elections, [[Barack Obama]] carried the state as a northern Democrat, attracting high voter turnout, especially among the young, independents, and minority voters, of whom [[Hispanics]] comprise an increasingly large proportion. 2008 marked the first time since 1944, when [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] carried the state for the fourth time, that Florida was carried by a Northern Democrat for president. |
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The first post-[[Reconstruction era]] Republican elected to Congress from Florida was [[William C. Cramer]] in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast,<ref name="William C. Cramer, 81, a Leader Of G.O.P. Resurgence in South"/> where demographic changes were underway. In this period, African Americans were still [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchised]] by the state's constitution and discriminatory practices; in the 19th century, they had made up most of the Republican Party. Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states. In 1966, [[Claude R. Kirk Jr.]] was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election.<ref name="Claude Roy Kirk Jr."/> In 1968, [[Edward J. Gurney]], also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US senator.<ref name="E. J. Gurney, 82, Senator Who Backed Nixon"/> In 1970, Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat and maintained dominance for years. |
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Florida is sometimes considered a bellwether state in presidential elections because every candidate who won the state from 1996 until 2016 won the election.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chris |first1=Moody |title=Florida is the true US presidential election bellwether state |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/1/florida-is-the-uss-true-presidential-election-bellwether |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=February 11, 2021 |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117071439/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/1/florida-is-the-uss-true-presidential-election-bellwether |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2020 election broke that streak when [[Donald Trump]] won Florida but lost the election. |
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In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as "snowbirds".<ref name="The New York Times"/> [[South Florida]] and the [[Miami metropolitan area]] became dominated by both racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state. The Daytona Beach area is similar demographically and the city of Orlando has a large Hispanic population, which has often favored Democrats. Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida, including Jacksonville and the panhandle and particularly in the more rural and suburban areas. This is characteristic of its voter base throughout the [[Deep South]].<ref name="The New York Times" /> |
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The fast-growing [[I-4 corridor]] area, which runs through [[Central Florida]] and connects the cities of [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]], [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], and [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]/[[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters. The area has often been seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion, making it the biggest swing area in the state. Since the late 20th century, the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state in federal presidential elections.<ref name="The Washington Times"/> |
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Historically, the Democratic Party maintained an edge in voter registration, both statewide and in the state's three most populous counties, [[Miami-Dade County]], [[Broward County, Florida|Broward County]], and [[Palm Beach County]].<ref name="Voter Registration by Party Affiliation and County"/>{{when|date=March 2022}} |
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====2000–present==== |
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In 2000, [[George W. Bush]] won the [[2000 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election]] by a margin of 271–266 in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]].<ref name="archives2000"/> Of the 271 electoral votes for Bush, 25 were cast by electors from Florida.<ref name="archives1"/> The Florida results were contested and a recount was ordered by the court, with the results settled in a [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] decision, ''[[Bush v. Gore]]''. |
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Reapportionment following the 2010 United States census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives.<ref name="www.tampabay.com">Leary, Alex: [http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/article1141209.ece "Florida gains two U.S. House seats in Census"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224164152/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/article1141209.ece |date=December 24, 2010 }}, ''St. Petersburg Times'', December 21, 2010</ref> The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010; it accepted a new map in early December 2015. |
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The political make-up of congressional and legislative districts has enabled Republicans to control the governorship and most statewide elective offices, and 17 of the state's 27 seats in the 2012 [[United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, 2012|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Pear|first=Robert|title=Elections 2012, State Results|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/results/states/florida|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 15, 2013|archive-date=February 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220151058/https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2012/results/states/florida.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Florida has been listed as a [[swing state]] in presidential elections since 1952, voting for the losing candidate only twice in that period of time.<!--Nixon in 1960 and Bush in 1992. Since the state had voted reliably Democrat into the mid-20th century, it has been mostly aligned with the winning vote since 1932.--><ref name="Florida1"/> |
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[[File:United States presidential election in Florida, 2016.svg|thumb|[[Treemap]] of the popular vote by county in the [[2016 United States presidential election]]]] |
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In the closely contested [[2000 United States presidential election in Florida|2000 election]], the state played a pivotal role.<ref name="archives2000"/><ref name="archives1"/><ref>''See'' [https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html ''Bush'' ''v''. ''Gore''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015060335/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html |date=October 15, 2007 }}, 531 U.S. 98 (2000)</ref><ref>''See also'' [https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-836.ZPC.html ''Bush'' ''v''. ''Palm Beach County Canvassing Board''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126125832/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-836.ZPC.html |date=January 26, 2021 }}, 531 U.S. 70 (2000).</ref><ref name="Study of Disputed Florida Ballots Finds Justices Did Not Cast the Deciding Vote"/><ref>''Cf''. Fla. Stat. § 103.011 ([http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0103/SEC011.HTM&Title=-%3E2000-%3ECh0103-%3ESection%20011#0103.011 web version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409043143/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0103%2FSEC011.HTM&Title=-%3E2000-%3ECh0103-%3ESection%20011#0103.011 |date=April 9, 2022 }}) ("Votes cast for the actual candidates for President and Vice President shall be counted as votes cast for the presidential electors supporting such candidates. The Department of State shall certify as elected the presidential electors of the candidates for President and Vice President who receive the highest number of votes.")</ref> Out of more than 5.8{{spaces}}million votes for the two main contenders Bush and [[Al Gore]], around 500 votes separated the two candidates for the all-decisive Florida electoral votes that landed Bush the election win. Florida's [[felony disenfranchisement]] law is more severe than most European nations or other American states. A 2002 study in the ''[[American Sociological Review]]'' concluded that "if the state's 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida—and the presidency—by more than 80,000 votes."<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/maryland-felon-voting/462000/ Matt Ford, "Restoring Voting Rights for Felons in Maryland"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421090255/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/maryland-felon-voting/462000/ |date=April 21, 2017 }}, ''The Atlantic'', February 9, 2016, accessed March 23, 2016</ref> |
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In 2008, delegates of both the [[Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008#GOP February 5 rule|Republican Florida primary election]] and [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008#Nullified primaries|Democratic Florida primary election]] were stripped of half of their votes when the conventions met in August due to violation of both parties' national rules. |
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In the 2010 elections, Republicans solidified their dominance statewide, by winning the governor's mansion, and maintaining firm majorities in both houses of the state legislature. They won four previously Democratic-held seats to create a 19–6 Republican majority delegation representing Florida in the federal House of Representatives. |
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In 2010, more than 63% of state voters approved the initiated Amendments{{spaces}}5 and{{spaces}}6 to the state constitution, to ensure more fairness in districting. These have become known as the Fair District Amendments. As a result of the [[2010 United States Census]], Florida gained two House of Representative seats in 2012.<ref name="www.tampabay.com" /> The legislature issued revised congressional districts in 2012, which were immediately challenged in court by supporters of the above amendments. |
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The court ruled in 2014, after lengthy testimony, that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering. After this was appealed, in July 2015 the Florida Supreme Court ruled that lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn. On December 2, 2015, a 5–2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts, some of which was drawn by challengers. Their ruling affirmed the map previously approved by [[Leon County, Florida|Leon County]] Judge Terry Lewis, who had overseen the original trial. It particularly makes changes in South Florida. There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts.<ref>[http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article47576450.html Mary Ellen Klas, "Florida Supreme Court approves congressional map drawn by challengers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314023536/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article47576450.html |date=March 14, 2016 }}, ''Tampa Bay Times'', December 2, 2015, accessed December 11, 2016</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align: right;" width="32%" |
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|+ Voter registration totals as of November 30, 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dos.myflorida.com/elections/data-statistics/voter-registration-statistics/voter-registration-reportsxlsx/voter-registration-by-party-affiliation/|title=Voter Registration—By Party Affiliation|publisher=Florida Department of State|access-date=November 19, 2024 }}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan = 2 | Party |
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| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]] |
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! Registered voters |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|48.22% ''4,045,624 |
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! Percentage |
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| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''50.96%''' ''4,282,074 |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}} |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]] |
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|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''52.10%''' ''3,964,522 |
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| style=" |
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,633,700 |
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| style="text-align:center;"| 39.46% |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}} |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 2000|2000]] |
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| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''48.85%''' ''2,912,790 |
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| style=" |
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,497,119 |
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| style="text-align:center;"| 31.50% |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}} |
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| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1996|1996]] |
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| [[Independent voter|Unaffiliated]] |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|42.32% ''2,244,536 |
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| style=" |
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,719,066 |
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| style="text-align:center;"| 26.05% |
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|- |
|- |
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| {{party color cell|Other parties (US)}} |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1992|1992]] |
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|Minor parties |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''40.89%''' ''2,173,310 |
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| style=" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 428,587 |
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| style="text-align:center;" | 3.00% |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="2" | Total |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1988|1988]] |
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! style="text-align:center;" | 14,278,472 |
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! style="text-align:center;" | 100.00% |
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|- |
|- |
||
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1984|1984]] |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''65.32%''' ''2,730,350 |
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| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|34.66% ''1,448,816 |
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|- |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1980|1980]] |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''55.52%''' ''2,046,951 |
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| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|38.50% ''1,419,475 |
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|- |
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| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1976|1976]] |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|46.64% ''1,469,531 |
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| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''51.93%''' ''1,636,000 |
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|- |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1972|1972]] |
|||
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''71.91%''' ''1,857,759 |
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| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|27.80% ''718,117 |
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|- |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1968|1968]] |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''40.53%''' ''886,804 |
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| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|30.93% ''676,794 |
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|- |
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| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[United States presidential election, 1964|1964]] |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|48.85% ''905,941 |
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| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''51.15%''' ''948,540 |
|||
|- |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|[[United States presidential election, 1960|1960]] |
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| style="background:#fff3f3;"|'''51.51%''' ''795,476 |
|||
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|48.49% ''748,700 |
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|} |
|} |
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According to [[The Sentencing Project]], the effect of Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is such that in 2014, "[m]ore than one in ten Floridians—and nearly one in four African-American Floridians—are [were] shut out of the polls because of felony convictions", although they had completed sentences and parole/probation requirements.<ref>Brent Staples, "Florida Leads the Pack—in Felon Disenfranchisement", ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 7, 2014, accessed March 23, 2016</ref> |
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In 1998, Democrats were described as most dominant in areas of the state with high percentages of racial minorities, as well as transplanted white liberals coming primarily from the [[Northeastern United States]].<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|title=Florida's Split: Will It Play in the Panhandle?|last=Navarro |first=Mireya |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E1D81330F932A1575AC0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|date=1998-09-21|accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> The [[South Florida metropolitan area]] was a good example of this as it had a particularly high level of both racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has been one of the most Democratic areas of the state. The Daytona metropolitan area has been, to a lesser extent, somewhat similar to South Florida demographically and the city of Orlando had a large Hispanic population, which often favored Democrats. Republicans remain dominant through out much of the rest of Florida particularly in the more rural and suburban areas.<ref name="The New York Times" /> |
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The state switched back to the GOP in the [[2016 United States presidential election in Florida|2016 presidential election]], and again in [[2020 United States presidential election in Florida|2020]], when [[Donald Trump]] headed the party's ticket both times. 2020 marked the first time Florida sided with the eventual loser of the presidential election since [[1992 United States presidential election in Florida|1992]]. |
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The fast growing [[I-4 corridor]] area, which runs through [[Central Florida]] and connects the cities of [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]], [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], and [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]/[[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], had a fairly similar number of both Republican and Democratic voters. The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion making it the biggest swing area in the state. In recent times, whichever way the I-4 corridor area, containing 40% of Florida voters, votes has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections.<ref name="The Washington Times">{{Cite web|title=As I-4 corridor goes, so goes Florida|last=Lengell |first=Sean |work=[[The Washington Times]] |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20080128/NATION/3421225/1001}}</ref> |
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In the [[2018 United States elections|2018 elections]], the ratio of Republican to Democratic representation fell from 16:11 to 14:13. The [[2018 United States Senate election in Florida|U.S. Senate election]] between Democratic incumbent senator [[Bill Nelson]] and then governor [[Rick Scott]] was close, with 49.93% voting for the incumbent and 50.06% voting for the former governor. Republicans also held onto the governorship in a [[2018 Florida gubernatorial election|close race]] between Republican candidate [[Ron DeSantis]] and Democratic candidate [[Andrew Gillum]], with 49.6% voting for DeSantis and 49.3% voting for Gillum. In [[2022 United States elections|2022]], incumbent Governor DeSantis [[2022 Florida gubernatorial election|won reelection]] by a [[Landslide victory|landslide]] against Democrat [[Charlie Crist]]. The unexpectedly large margin of victory led many pundits to question Florida's perennial status as a swing state, and instead identify it as a [[Red states and blue states|red state]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narea |first=Nicole |date=2022-11-11 |title=It's official: Florida is a red state |url=https://www.vox.com/midterm-elections-2022/2022/11/11/23452549/midterm-elections-2022-results-florida-republicans-red-wave-swing-state |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref> |
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The Democratic Party has maintained an edge in voter registration, both statewide and in 40 of the 67 counties, including [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]], [[Broward County, Florida|Broward County]], and [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach County]], the state's three most populous counties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://election.dos.state.fl.us/voterreg/registration.asp |title=Voter Registration by Party Affiliation and County |month=January|year=2008 |publisher=Florida Department of State |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> |
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In November 2021, for the first time in Florida's history, the total number of registered Republican voters exceeded the number of registered Democrats.<ref>[http://www.floridapoliticalreview.com/the-collapse-of-the-florida-democratic-party/ "The Collapse of the Florida Democratic Party"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104183733/http://www.floridapoliticalreview.com/the-collapse-of-the-florida-democratic-party/ |date=January 4, 2022 }}, ''Florida Political Review'', January 4, 2022, accessed January 12, 2022</ref> |
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====Recent elections==== |
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{{Main|United States presidential election in Florida, 2000}} |
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===Statutes=== |
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In 2000, [[George W. Bush]] won the [[United States presidential election, 2000|U.S. Presidential election]] by a margin of 271-266 in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]].<ref name="archives2000">{{Cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/votes/2000.html|title=U. S. Electoral College}}</ref> Of the 271 electoral votes for Bush, 25 were cast by electors from Florida.<ref name="archives1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/2000_certificates/vote_florida.html|title=Florida Certificate of Vote}}</ref> |
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{{See also|Law of Florida}} |
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[[File:Florida Supreme Court Building 2011.jpg|thumb|The [[Supreme Court of Florida|Florida Supreme Court]] building in [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]]] |
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<!--Really no other place for this sort of thing since there is confusion over elections and politics. No place under "government".--> |
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In 1972, the state made [[personal injury protection]] auto insurance mandatory for drivers, becoming the second in the U.S. to enact a [[no-fault insurance]] law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.flsenate.gov/data/publications/2006/senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2006-102bilong.pdf|title=Florida's Motor Vehicle : No-Fault Law : Report Number 2006-102|website=Archive.flsenate.gov|access-date=October 23, 2018|archive-date=July 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729182151/http://archive.flsenate.gov/data/Publications/2006/Senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2006-102bilong.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The ease of receiving payments under this law is seen as precipitating a major increase in insurance fraud.<ref>{{cite web|title=Personal Injury Protection (PIP)|url=http://www.flsenate.gov/PublishedContent/Session/2012/InterimReports/2012-203bi.pdf|date=August 2011|publisher=The Florida Senate, Committee on Banking and Insurance|access-date=February 9, 2012|archive-date=January 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105105520/http://flsenate.gov/PublishedContent/Session/2012/InterimReports/2012-203bi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Auto insurance fraud was the highest in the U.S. in 2011, estimated at close to $1{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Corruption at Miami-Dade auto accident clinics creates huge financial burden on drivers|url=http://www.unitedautocourtsreport.com/blog/?p=558|date=January 15, 2012|website=United Auto Courts Report|publisher=United Auto Insurance Co.|access-date=February 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515012653/http://www.unitedautocourtsreport.com/blog/?p=558|archive-date=May 15, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fraud is particularly centered in the Miami-Dade and Tampa areas.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/politics/os-pip-governor-20120126,0,2175419.story |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525200505/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-01-26/business/os-pip-governor-20120126_1_auto-injury-insurance-costs-auto-insurance-law |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |title=Scott says PIP program 'has to be fixed' |author=Deslatte, Aaron |date=January 26, 2012 |work=Orlando Sentinel }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/01/25/2608553/scott-backed-bill-to-combat-fraud.html |title=Scott-backed bill to combat fraud advances in House |author=Mitchell, Tia |date=January 25, 2012 |work=Miami Herald |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211135709/http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/01/25/2608553/scott-backed-bill-to-combat-fraud.html |archive-date=February 11, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/the-buzz-florida-politics/content/house-version-pip-reform-gets-scott-endorsement |title=House version of PIP reform gets Scott endorsement |date=January 25, 2012 |work=Tampa Bay Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323031404/http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/the-buzz-florida-politics/content/house-version-pip-reform-gets-scott-endorsement |archive-date=March 23, 2013 }}</ref> |
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[[Capital punishment]] is applied in Florida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/execut3.htm|title=Facts about capital punishment—the death penalty|website=www.religioustolerance.org|access-date=May 19, 2019|archive-date=July 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713215816/http://www.religioustolerance.org/execut3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> If a person committing a predicate felony directly contributed to the death of the victim then the person will be charged with murder in the first degree. The only two sentences available for that statute are life imprisonment and the death penalty.<ref name="The Florida Statutes.">''The Florida Statutes.''</ref><ref name=guidelines>{{cite web|title=FL sentencing guidelines|url=http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2010/775.082|publisher=FL Senate|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124075255/https://flsenate.gov/laws/statutes/2010/775.082|url-status=live}}</ref> If a person commits a predicate felony, but was not the direct contributor to the death of the victim then the person will be charged with murder in the second degree. The maximum prison term is life.<ref name="The Florida Statutes."/><ref name=guidelines/> In 1995, the legislature modified Chapter 921 to provide that felons should serve at least 85% of their sentence.<ref>{{cite news | first=Andrew | last=Knapp | title=Crime rate decreases 5.5% | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20101016/NEWS01/10160312/1006/Crime+rate+decreases+5.5+percent | newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=1B | date=October 16, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712134439/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20101016/NEWS01/10160312/1006/Crime+rate+decreases+5.5+percent | archive-date=July 12, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0900-0999/0921/Sections/0921.002.html |title=The 2010 Florida Statutes |date=October 16, 2010 |publisher=State of Florida |access-date=May 9, 2022 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204070340/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0900-0999%2F0921%2FSections%2F0921.002.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Despite the Democratic advantage in registration, as of 2008, Republicans controlled the governorship and most other statewide elective offices; both houses of the state legislature; and 15 of the state's 25 seats in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. Florida has been listed as a [[swing state]] in Presidential elections since 1950, voting for the losing candidate once in that period of time.<!---Dole 1992. Actually since it voted reliably Democrat, it has been mostly right since 1932.---><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.270towin.com/states/Florida |title=Florida |accessdate= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2010-01-02 |year= |month= |work= |publisher=270towin.com |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> In the closely contested [[United States presidential election, 2000, in Florida|2000 election]] the state played a pivotal role.<ref name="archives2000"/><ref name="archives1"/><ref>''See'' [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html ''Bush'' ''v''. ''Gore''], 531 U.S. 98 (2000)</ref><ref>''See also'' [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-836.ZPC.html ''Bush'' ''v''. ''Palm Beach County Canvassing Board''], 531 U.S. 70 (2000).</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/politics/12VOTE.html?pagewanted=all|title=Study of Disputed Florida Ballots Finds Justices Did Not Cast the Deciding Vote | work=The New York Times | first1=Ford | last1=Fessenden | first2=John M. | last2=Broder | date=2001-11-12}}</ref><ref>''Cf''. Fla. Stat. § 103.011 ([http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0103/SEC011.HTM&Title=-%3E2000-%3ECh0103-%3ESection%20011#0103.011 web version]) (“Votes cast for the actual candidates for President and Vice President shall be counted as votes cast for the presidential electors supporting such candidates. The Department of State shall certify as elected the presidential electors of the candidates for President and Vice President who receive the highest number of votes.”)</ref> |
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Florida approved its [[Florida Lottery|lottery]] by amending the constitution in 1984. It approved slot machines in Broward and [[Miami-Dade County]] in 2004. It has disapproved casinos (outside of sovereign [[Seminole]] and [[Miccosukee]] tribal areas) three times: 1978, 1986, and 1994.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Mike | last=Haridopolos | title=Legislature aims to rewrite gaming rules. 'Complex' issue affects billions of dollars in state revenue | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20140311/COLUMNISTS0205/303110004/Legislature-aims-rewrite-state-gaming-rules | newspaper=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=1A | date=March 11, 2014 | access-date=March 11, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051235/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20140311/COLUMNISTS0205/303110004/Legislature-aims-rewrite-state-gaming-rules | archive-date=September 24, 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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In 2008, delegates of both the [[Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008#GOP February 5 rule|Republican Florida primary election]] and [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008#Nullified primaries|Democratic Florida primary election]] were stripped of half of their votes when the conventions met in August due to violation of both parties' national rules. |
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===Taxation=== |
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Tax is collected by the [[Florida Department of Revenue]]. |
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<!---really no other place for this sort of thing since there is confusion over elections and politics. No place under "government."--> |
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All potable water resources have been controlled by the state government through five regional water authorities since 1972.<ref>[http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0373/SEC503.HTM&Title=- Florida Statutes]</ref> |
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== Economy == |
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The state repealed mandatory auto inspection in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aJoTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SgYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6830,6180921&dq=state+auto+inspection+florida+history&hl=en |title=New laws include auto inspection repeal |accessdate= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1981-09-27 |year= |month= |work= Big Sun |publisher=Ocala Star-Banner |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> |
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{{Main|Economy of Florida|Agriculture in Florida}} |
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[[File:City of Miami, FL. USA (50751668348).jpg|thumb|The [[Brickell Financial District]] in [[Miami]] contains the largest concentration of international banks in the United States.]] |
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[[File:PensacolaBeach and Condos.jpg|thumb|Visitors enjoying the beach at [[Pensacola Beach]]]] |
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The economy of the state of Florida is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by GDP|fourth-largest]] in the [[United States]], with a $1.647{{spaces}}trillion [[gross state product]] (GSP) as of 2024.<ref name="GDPByState" /> If Florida were a sovereign nation (2024), it would rank as the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|world's 15th-largest economy]] according to the [[International Monetary Fund]], ahead of [[Spain]] and behind [[South Korea]].<ref name="GDPByState">{{cite web |title=GDP by State |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=GDP by State | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) |publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817010902/https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state |url-status=live }}https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/qgdpstate0621.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820201411/https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/qgdpstate0621.pdf |date=August 20, 2021 }} Bureau of Economic Analysis – Full release and tables Gross Domestic Product by State, 1st Quarter 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=October 2021 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=January 10, 2022 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103115846/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GDP (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=US&most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=July 28, 2021 |website=The World Bank |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728204255/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=US&most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 20th century, tourism, industry, construction, international banking, biomedical and life sciences, healthcare research, simulation training, aerospace and defense, and commercial space travel have contributed to the state's economic development.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stronge |first1=William B. |title=The sunshine economy : an economic history of Florida since the Civil War |date=2008 |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville |isbn=978-0813032016 |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcbe_facbooks/185/ |access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> |
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Tourism is a large portion of Florida's economy. Florida is home to the world's most visited theme park, the [[Magic Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aecom.com/wp-content/uploads/documents/reports/AECOM-Theme-Index-2022.pdf |title=Museum Index 2022|website=aecom.com|access-date=29 September 2023}}</ref> Florida is also home to the largest single-site employer in the United States, [[Walt Disney World]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disneyconnect.com/disneyworld/|title=Walt Disney World External Affairs|website=Walt Disney World External Affairs}}</ref> [[PortMiami]] is the largest [[passenger port]] in the world and one of the largest [[cargo port]]s in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/cruises/galleries/the-worlds-busiest-cruise-ports/|title=The 15 cities with the most cruise tourists – where does Venice rank?|date=July 28, 2017|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Beach towns have many visitors too as Florida is known around the world for its beaches. |
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==Health and public safety== |
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Florida was ranked the fifth most dangerous state in 2009. Ranking was based on the record of serious felonies committed in 2008.<ref>[http://www.walletpop.com/insurance/most-dangerous-states?icid=main|main|dl1|link3|http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walletpop.com%2Finsurance%2Fmost-dangerous-states 20 Most Dangerous States for 2009]. Retrieved March 23, 2009.</ref> |
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Agriculture is another large part of the Florida economy. Florida is the number one grower of oranges for juice,<ref>{{cite web |title=The U.S. and World Situation: Citrus |url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/horticulture/citrus/2004%20Citrus.pdf |website=USDA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604113031/http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/horticulture/citrus/2004%20Citrus.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2012 |date=April 2004}}</ref> mangoes,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.growingproduce.com/fruits/more-florida-mangoes-please-scientists-are-working-on-it/|title=More Florida Mangoes, Please! Scientists Are Working on It|first=Paul|last=Rusnak|date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> fresh tomatoes,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FE1027|title=FE1027/FE1027: The US Tomato Industry: An Overview of Production and Trade|website=edis.ifas.ufl.edu}}</ref> sugar,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sugars.com/does-the-us-grow-all-the-sugar-it-consumes|title=Does the US Grow All the Sugar It Consumes?|date=March 29, 2021|website=www.sugars.com}}</ref> sweet corn, green beans,<ref>{{cite web |title=Corn, Green Bean Prices Rise After Florida Freezes |url=http://calorielab.com/labnotes/20101231/green-bean-prices-sweet-corn-florida-freeze-damage/ |website=calorielab.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707024227/http://calorielab.com/labnotes/20101231/green-bean-prices-sweet-corn-florida-freeze-damage/ |archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref> beans, cucumbers, watermelons, and more.<ref name="stacker.com">{{Cite web|url=https://stacker.com/florida/most-valuable-crops-grown-florida|title=Most valuable crops grown in Florida|website=Stacker}}</ref> Florida is also the second biggest producer of strawberries, avocadoes, grapefruit, and peppers in the U.S.<ref name="stacker.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wtsp.com/article/life/welcome-to-florida/plant-city-florida-strawberry-festival/67-7876c747-a445-4f8e-aef8-b9694d55f1c6|title=How Plant City became the Winter Strawberry Capital of the World|date=March 3, 2022|website=wtsp.com}}</ref> |
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There were 2.7 million [[Medicaid]] patients in Florida in 2009. The governor has proposed adding $2.6 billion to care for the expected 300,000 additional patients in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Will|last=Hobson|title=County Medicaid tab rises, could get worse|url=http://www.newsherald.com/articles/tab-80645-city-worse.html| work=|publisher=Miami Herald|location=Miami, Florida|pages=|date=16 January 2010|id=|accessdate=}}</ref><!---$8,666 per patient.---> |
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Other large sectors of Florida's economy include finance, government and military (especially in Jacksonville and Pensacola),<ref>"State-by-State Listing of Major U.S. Military Bases—Florida". Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2009.</ref> healthcare, aerospace (especially in the [[Space Coast]]), mining (especially for phosphate in [[Bone Valley]]), fishing, trade, real estate, and tech (especially in Miami, Orlando, and Tampa in the [[2020s]]). |
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Medicaid paid for 60% of all births in Florida in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Matt|last=Reed|title=Watchdog:10 ugly truths about our politicians|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100131/COLUMNISTS0207/1310316/Matt-Reed--10-ugly-truths-about-our-politicians| work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 1B|date=31 January 2010|id=|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> |
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==Healthcare== |
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The state has a [[Florida Medicaid waiver|program]] for those not covered by Medicaid. |
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{{See also|List of hospitals in Florida|Abortion in Florida}} |
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[[File:Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg|thumb|[[Jackson Memorial Hospital]] in the [[Health District (Miami)|Miami Health District]], the primary teaching hospital of the [[Miller School of Medicine]] at the [[University of Miami]]]] |
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There were 2.7{{spaces}}million [[Medicaid]] patients in Florida in 2009. The governor has proposed adding $2.6{{spaces}}billion to care for the expected 300,000 additional patients in 2011.<ref name="County Medicaid tab rises, could get worse"/><!--$8,666 per patient.--> The cost of caring for 2.3{{spaces}}million clients in 2010 was $18.8{{spaces}}billion.<ref>{{Cite news|first=MacKenzie |last=Ryan |title=Qualifying for care a minefield |url=http://www.fdhc.state.fl.us/Medicaid/deputy_secretary/recent_presentations/florida_medicaid_020410.pdf |work=Florida Today |location=Melbourne, Florida |page=3A |date=December 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205061359/http://www.fdhc.state.fl.us/Medicaid/deputy_secretary/recent_presentations/florida_medicaid_020410.pdf |archive-date=December 5, 2010 }}</ref> <!--softcopy differs significantly from hard copy. But it is the original source of material. When it disappears online, we are left with the newspaper as hard copy--> <!--and, no, I don't know why "governor's estimates differ from actuals--> This is nearly 30% of Florida's budget.<ref>{{Cite news | first=James | last=Marshal | title=Sunday debate: No: Longtime official lost touch with voters | url=http://m.floridatoday.com/news.jsp?key=369240&rc=op | work=Florida Today | location=Melbourne, Florida | page=19A | date=December 26, 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821050729/http://m.floridatoday.com/news.jsp?key=369240&rc=op | archive-date=August 21, 2013 }}</ref> Medicaid paid for 60% of all births in Florida in 2009. The state has a [[Florida Medicaid waiver|program]] for those not covered by Medicaid. |
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In 2013, Florida refused to participate in providing coverage for the uninsured under the [[Affordable Care Act]], colloquially called Obamacare. The Florida legislature also refused to accept additional Federal funding for Medicaid, although this would have helped its constituents at no cost to the state. As a result, Florida is second only to Texas in the percentage of its citizens without health insurance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bureau |first1=US Census |title=Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2013 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-250.html |website=Census.gov |access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> |
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==Architecture== |
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<!---could be moved under "culture" later---> |
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While many houses and commercial buildings look similar to [[Chicago school (architecture)|those elsewhere in the country]], the state has appropriated some unique styles in some section of the state including [[Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture|Spanish revival]], [[Florida cracker architecture|Florida vernacular]], and [[Mediterranean Revival Style]].<ref>[http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20090423/COLUMNISTS0207/904230319/1086]{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.floridatoday.com/news.jsp?key=201475 |title=Official: Design rules haven't cost Palm Bay new businesses |publisher=M.floridatoday.com |date=2009-04-23 |accessdate=2010-08-02}}</ref> |
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In 2022, the largest [[hospital network]] in Florida is [[HCA Healthcare]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nasdaq.com/articles/hca-healthcare-hca-to-build-new-hospitals-in-florida|title=HCA Healthcare (HCA) to Build New Hospitals in Florida|date=2021-12-03|website=[[Nasdaq]]|access-date=2023-07-19}}</ref> and the second largest is [[AdventHealth]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news-journalonline.com/story/news/local/flagler/2019/01/02/florida-hospital-is-now-adventhealth/6400897007/|title=Florida Hospital is now AdventHealth|last=Ross|first=Nikki|date=2019-01-02|website=[[The Daytona Beach News-Journal]]|access-date=2023-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/health-news-florida/2022-03-10/floridas-hospital-systems-remained-profitable-in-2020-despite-pandemic-report-says|title=Florida's hospital systems remained profitable in 2020 despite pandemic, report says|last=Bruner|first=Katrine|date=2022-03-10|website=wusf Public Media|access-date=2023-07-19}}</ref> |
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==Economy== |
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In 2023, the largest hospitals in Florida were [[Jackson Memorial Hospital]], [[AdventHealth Orlando]], [[Tampa General Hospital]], [[UF Health Shands Hospital]] and [[Baptist Hospital of Miami]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bizjournals.com/tampabay/subscriber-only/2023/01/06/largest-hospitals-in-florida.html|title=Largest Hospitals in Florida|last=Erickson|first=Chris|date=2023-01-06|website=[[Tampa Bay Business Journal]]|url-access=subscription|access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref> |
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[[File:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|175px|right|Launch of {{OV|102}} from the [[Kennedy Space Center]]]] |
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[[File:Port of Miami 20071208.jpg|thumb|right|175px|The [[Port of Miami]] is the world's largest cruise ship port, and is the headquarters of many of the world's largest cruise companies.]] |
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[[File:Miami skyline northern Brickell 20100206.jpg|thumb|right|175px|The [[Brickell Financial District]] in [[Miami]] contains the largest concentration of international banks in the U.S.<ref>[http://www.nestseekers.com/Guides/Neighborhood/3059 Brickell Neighborhood Guide]</ref><ref>[http://www.miamisignaturehomes.com/brickell-real-estate-n26555.html Brickell Real Estate - Millionaires Row]</ref>]] |
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[[File:Sugar cane madeira hg.jpg|right|175px|thumb|[[South Florida]]'s climate is ideal for growing [[sugarcane]].]] |
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[[Mayo Clinic]] hosts one of its three major U.S. campuses in Jacksonville. The practice specializes in treating difficult cases through [[tertiary care]] and [[Medical tourism#United States|destination medicine]]. |
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The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Florida in 2007 was $734.5 billion. Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2007/07%20July/0707_gdp_state.pdf |title=Gross Domestic Product by state Table 8:Gross Domestic Product by State in Current Dollars, 2003-2006 |publisher=[[Bureau of Economic Analysis]], [[United States Department of Commerce]] |month=July|year=2007 |accessdate=2008-03-02 |format=PDF}}</ref> The major contributors to the state's gross output in 2007 were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively. In 2009, the state government had a budget of $66.5 billion.<ref name="ft091231"/> |
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==Architecture== |
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===Personal income=== |
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{{See also|Architecture of Miami|Architecture of Jacksonville}} |
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<!---may be broader than that and need renaming---> |
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[[File:SouthBeachMiamiBeach.jpg|thumb|[[Miami Beach Architectural District|Miami Art Deco District]] in [[South Beach]], built during the 1920s and 1930s]] |
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In 2009, [[List of U.S. states by GDP per capita (nominal)|Per Capita personal income]] was $37,780, ranking 24th in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2010/pdf/spi0310.pdf |title=STATE PERSONAL INCOME 2009 |publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis, United States Department of Commerce |date=March 25, 2010 |accessdate=2010-05-06}}</ref> |
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Florida has the largest collection of [[Art Deco]] and [[Streamline Moderne]] buildings, both in the United States and in the entire world, most of which are located in the [[Miami metropolitan area]], especially [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]]'s [[Miami Beach Architectural District|Art Deco District]], constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bassmuseum.org/miami |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122110824/http://www.bassmuseum.org/miami |archive-date=November 22, 2010 |url-status=dead |title=Miami Beach |work=Bass Museum of Art }}</ref> A unique architectural design found only in Florida is the post-World War{{spaces}}II [[Miami Modern Architecture|Miami Modern]], which can be seen in areas such as [[Miami]]'s [[MiMo Historic District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiandbeaches.com/things-to-do/attractions/tour-miami-modern-buildings-in-south-beach-s-art-d|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160712/https://www.miamiandbeaches.com/things-to-do/attractions/tour-miami-modern-buildings-in-south-beach-s-art-d|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 18, 2018|title=Tour Miami's Art Deco District—MiamiAndBeaches.com—Miami and The Beaches|date=September 18, 2018|access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> |
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Being of early importance as a regional center of banking and finance, the [[architecture of Jacksonville]] displays a wide variety of styles and design principles. Many of the state's earliest skyscrapers were constructed in Jacksonville, dating as far back as 1902,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.metrojacksonville.com/article/2008-mar-a-century-of-floridas-tallest-skyscrapers |title= A Century of Florida's Tallest Skyscrapers |author= Ennis Davis |date= March 6, 2008 |publisher= Metro Jacksonville |access-date= April 12, 2016 |archive-date= May 25, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200929/http://www.metrojacksonville.com/article/2008-mar-a-century-of-floridas-tallest-skyscrapers |url-status= live }}</ref> and last holding a state height record from 1974 to 1981.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.emporis.com/buildings/118945/wells-fargo-center-jacksonville-fl-usa |title= Wells Fargo Center, Jacksonville |publisher= Emporis |access-date= April 12, 2016 |archive-date= May 9, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160509205636/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/118945/wells-fargo-center-jacksonville-fl-usa |url-status= usurped }}</ref> The city is endowed with one of the largest collections of [[Prairie School]] buildings outside of the Midwest.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.prairieschooltraveler.com/html/fl/lost/Lost-Treasures.html |title= Jacksonville's Lost Treasures |author= Wayne W. Wood |publisher= Prairie School Traveler |access-date= April 23, 2016 |archive-date= May 25, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200928/http://www.prairieschooltraveler.com/html/fl/lost/Lost-Treasures.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Jacksonville is also noteworthy for its collection of [[Mid-Century modern]] architecture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jaxhistory.wordpress.com/tag/mid-century-modern/ |title=When Does Modern Architecture Become Historic? |publisher=Jacksonville Historical Society |access-date=April 23, 2016 |archive-date=August 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826232827/https://jaxhistory.wordpress.com/tag/mid-century-modern/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The state was one of the few states to not have a state [[minimum wage]] law until 2004, when voters passed a constitutional amendment establishing a state minimum wage and (unique among minimum wage laws) mandating that it be adjusted for inflation annually. For 2010, the calculated Florida minimum wage was lower than the Federal rate of $7.25, so the Federal rate controlled.<ref name=minwage>{{Cite web|url=http://www.floridajobs.org/minimumwage/index.htm |title=Florida's Minimum Wage |publisher=State of Florida, Agency for Workforce Innovation |date=October 15, 2009 |accessdate=July 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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Some sections of the state feature architectural styles including [[Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture|Spanish revival]], [[Florida cracker architecture|Florida vernacular]], and [[Mediterranean Revival Style|Mediterranean Revival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20090423/COLUMNISTS0207/904230319/1086|title=Official: Design rules haven't cost Palm Bay new businesses|access-date=June 1, 2009|work=Florida Today|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825042936/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20090423/COLUMNISTS0207/904230319/1086|archive-date=August 25, 2013}}</ref> A notable collection of these styles can be found in [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], the oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement within the borders of the United States.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/geo-flor/24.htm| title=Florida: St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District| publisher=National Park Service| access-date=May 8, 2016| archive-date=April 30, 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430164443/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/geo-flor/24.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Florida is one of the [[state income tax|nine states]] that do not impose a personal [[income tax]]. |
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==Education== |
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There were 2.4 million Floridians living in poverty in 2008. 18.4% of children 18 and younger were living in poverty.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Paul|last=Flemming|title=Poverty estimates pain sad picture|url=http://www.flapolitics.com/diary/4285/florida-political-news-november-28-2009|work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 8B|date=November 29, 2009|id=|accessdate=}}</ref> |
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{{Main|Education in Florida}} |
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{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Florida|List of high schools in Florida|List of school districts in Florida}} |
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[[File:FSUWestcottBuilding-2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Florida State University]] in [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]]] |
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[[File:Shalala Student Center.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[University of Miami]] in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]]]] |
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[[File:UCFlibrary.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[University of Central Florida]] in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]]] |
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[[File:Florida International University.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Florida International University]] in [[Miami]]]] |
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[[File:USF Marshall Center Running of the Bulls.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|[[University of South Florida]] in [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]]] |
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[[File:UF SignatureShot.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[University of Florida]] in [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]]]] |
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In 2020, Florida was ranked the third best state in the U.S. for [[K–12|K-12 education]], outperforming other states in 15 out of 18 metrics in ''[[Education Week]]''{{'}}s 2020 Quality Counts report.<ref name="Solodev-2020">{{Cite web |last=Solodev |date=October 16, 2020 |title=Florida Moves Up in National Ranking |url=https://www.fldoe.org/newsroom/latest-news/florida-moves-up-in-national-ranking.stml |access-date=June 28, 2022 |website=www.fldoe.org |language=en}}</ref> In terms of K-12 Achievement, which measures progress in areas such as academic excellence and graduation rates, the state was graded "B−" compared to a national average of C.<ref name="Solodev-2020" /> Florida's higher education was ranked first and pre-K-12 was ranked 27th best nationwide by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/education|title= Rankings|website= www.usnews.com|access-date= April 13, 2021|archive-date= April 13, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210413110230/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/education|url-status= live}}</ref> |
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===Primary and secondary education=== |
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The state also had the second-highest credit card delinquency rate, with 1.45% of cardholders in the state more than 90 days delinquent on one or more credit cards.<ref name=TBFP /> |
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Florida spent $8,920 for each student in 2016, and was 43rd in the U.S. in expenditures per student.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/education-data/state-education-spending-per-pupil-data.html|title=Education Spending Per Student by State|website=Governing.com|date=February 9, 2012|access-date=August 14, 2018|archive-date=July 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702004654/http://www.governing.com/gov-data/education-data/state-education-spending-per-pupil-data.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Florida's primary and secondary school systems are administered by the [[Florida Department of Education]]. School districts are organized within county boundaries. Each school district has an elected [[Board of Education]] that sets policy, budget, goals, and approves expenditures. Management is the responsibility of a [[Superintendent (education)|Superintendent of schools]]. |
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In 2010, over 2.5 million Floridians were on food stamps, up from 1.2 million in 2007. To qualify Floridians must make less than 133% of the federal poverty level. Under $29,000 for a family of four.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Josh|last=Hafenbrack|title=2.5 million on Fla. food stamps|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-03-09/news/fl-food-stamps-record-20100308_1_food-stamps-don-winstead-canned| work=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]]|location=Fort Lauderdale, Florida|date=March 9, 2010| accessdate=July 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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The [[Florida Department of Education]] is required by law to train educators in teaching [[English language learning and teaching|English for Speakers of Other Languages]] (ESOL).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fldoe.org/aala/lulac.asp |title=League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) et al. vs. State Board of Education et al. Consent Decree |publisher=[[United States District Court]] for the Southern District of Florida |date=August 14, 1990 |access-date=May 24, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617222621/http://www.fldoe.org/aala/lulac.asp |archive-date=June 17, 2013 }}</ref> |
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===Real estate=== |
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In the early 20th century, land speculators discovered Florida, and businessmen such as [[Henry Plant]] and [[Henry Flagler]] developed [[railroad]] systems, which led people to move in, drawn by the weather and local economies. From then on, tourism boomed, fueling a cycle of development that overwhelmed a great deal of farmland. |
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While Florida's public schools suffer from more than 5,000 unoccupied teacher positions, according to Karla Hernández, teacher and president of United Teachers of Dade, decisions made by the DeSantis administration will make the situation worse. She referred to its blocking of an [[AP African American Studies|Advanced Placement African American studies]] course,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsweek.com/ron-desantis-administration-defends-banning-african-american-studies-class-florida-1775151 | title=DeSantis Admin Defends Banning African American Studies Class | publisher=newsweek | date=January 19, 2023 | access-date=12 February 2023 | author=JON JACKSON}}</ref> book bans and removing some lessons in courses as "really scary moments in the state of Florida".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsweek.com/ron-desantis-scary-actions-will-exacerbate-teacher-shortage-educator-1777365 | title=Ron DeSantis' 'Scary' Actions Will 'Exacerbate' Teacher Shortage: Educator | publisher=Newsweek | work=FATMA KHALED | date=January 29, 2023 | access-date=12 February 2023 | author=FATMA KHALED}}</ref> |
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Because of the collective effect on the insurance industry of the hurricane claims of 2004, homeowners insurance has risen 40% to 60% and deductibles have risen.<ref name="ft091231"/> |
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In 2023, the state of Florida approved a public school curriculum including videos produced by conservative advocacy group [[PragerU]], likening climate change skeptics to those who fought Communism and Nazism, implying renewable energy harms the environment, and saying global warming occurs naturally.<ref name=Guardian_20230810/> DeSantis has called climate change "[[Left-wing politics|leftwing]] stuff".<ref name=Guardian_20230810>{{cite news |last1=Milman |first1=Oliver |title=Videos denying climate science approved by Florida as state curriculum |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/10/florida-ron-desantis-climate-vidoes-school-curriculum |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811045427/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/10/florida-ron-desantis-climate-vidoes-school-curriculum |archive-date=11 August 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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At the end of the third quarter in 2008, Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days.<ref name=TBFP>{{Cite news|url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20081203/BUSINESS/812030301/1003/BUSINESS|title = State scores well in credit card, mortgage payment delinquency|publisher=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |date = December 3, 2008 |accessdate=2008-12-03}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref><!--note that ref title refers to ANOTHER state---> A 2009 list of national housing markets that were hard hit in the real estate crash included a disproportionate number in Florida.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.forbes.com/realestate/2009/01/07/housing-cities-realestate-forbeslife-cx_do_0107realestateweak.html?partner=relatedstoriesbox |title=America's 25 Weakest Housing Markets |author=Orr, Deborah |periodical=''[[Forbes]]'' |date=January 7, 2009 |accessdate=2009-01-25}}</ref> The early 21st century building boom left Florida with 300,000 vacant homes in 2009, according to state figures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20090320/OPINION/90319027/1006/NEWS01 |title=Our views:Playing with fire| publisher=[[Florida Today]]|date=March 20, 2009 |accessdate=March 22, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> In 2009, the US Census Bureau estimated that Floridians spent an average 49.1% of personal income on housing-related costs, the third highest percentage in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sungazette.net/articles/2009/10/16/quarterly_real_estate_guide/re790d.txt |title=Census Bureau: 1 in 3 Virginians Pays Plenty for Housing|publisher=Arlington Sun Gazette |date=October 15, 2009 |last=McCaffrey |first=Scott |accessdate=October 16, 2009}}</ref> |
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In August 2023, restrictions have been placed on the teaching of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespearean plays and literature]] by Florida teachers in order to comply with state law.<ref>{{cite news |last=Patterson |first=Jeff |title='Teachers are frightened': Hillsborough schools putting restrictions on Shakespeare to avoid sexual content |url=https://www.wfla.com/news/hillsborough-county/teachers-are-frightened-hillsborough-schools-putting-restrictions-on-shakespeare-to-avoid-sexual-content |date=August 8, 2023 |work=[[WFLA-TV]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230814010856/https://www.wfla.com/news/hillsborough-county/teachers-are-frightened-hillsborough-schools-putting-restrictions-on-shakespeare-to-avoid-sexual-content/ |archive-date=August 14, 2023 |access-date=August 13, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lichtenberg |first=Drew |title=Make Shakespeare Dirty Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/13/opinion/shakespeare-canceled-schools.html |date=August 13, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230813105514/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/13/opinion/shakespeare-canceled-schools.html |archivedate=August 13, 2023 |accessdate=August 13, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lichtenberg |first=Drew |title=Shakespeare's 'Sublimely, Disturbingly Smutty Effect' Must Endure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/10/opinion/canceled-shakespeare-schools.html |date=September 10, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230910112044/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/10/opinion/canceled-shakespeare-schools.html |archivedate=September 10, 2023 |accessdate=September 11, 2023}}</ref> |
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In the third quarter of 2009, there were 278,189 delinquent loans, 80,327 foreclosures.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Eric|last=Enrique|title=No to noncourt foreclosures|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100227/COLUMNISTS0205/100226017/1138/opinion/No+to+noncourt+foreclosures| work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 13A|date=February 27, 2010|accessdate=}}</ref> Sales of existing homes for February 2010 was 11,890, up 21% from the same month in 2009. Only two metropolitan areas showed a decrease in homes sold: [[Panama City – Lynn Haven – Panama City Beach, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area|Panama City]] and [[Palm Bay – Melbourne – Titusville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area|Brevard County]]. The average sales price for an existing house was $131,000, 7% decrease from the prior year.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Wayne T.|last=Price|title=Area home sales down|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100324/BUSINESS/3240323/1006/NEWS01/Brevard+home+sales+down| work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 6C|date=March 24, 2010|accessdate=}}</ref> |
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=== |
===Higher education=== |
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The [[State University System of Florida]] was founded in 1905, and is governed by the [[Florida Board of Governors]]. During the 2019 academic year, 346,604 students attended one of these twelve universities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flbog.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020_SYSTEM_Accountability_Plan_Final.pdf |title=Accountability plan |date=2020 |website=www.flbog.edu |access-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517034242/https://www.flbog.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020_SYSTEM_Accountability_Plan_Final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, Florida charged the second lowest tuition in the U.S. for four-year programs, at $26,000 for in-state students and $86,000 for out-of-state students; this compares with an average of $34,800 for in-state students.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2017/03/daily-chart |title=Higher education in Britain is still good value compared with America |access-date=March 2, 2017 |date=March 2, 2017 |website=Economist |archive-date=March 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302042820/http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2017/03/daily-chart |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 11.9%.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov]; Local Area Unemployment Statistics</ref> |
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As of 2020, three Florida universities are among the top 10 [[List of United States public university campuses by enrollment|largest universities by enrollment]] in the United States: The [[University of Central Florida]] in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] (2nd), the [[University of Florida]] in [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]] (4th), and [[Florida International University]] in [[Miami]] (8th). |
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===Tourism=== |
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[[Tourism]] makes up the largest sector of the state economy. Warm weather and hundreds of miles of beaches attract about 60 million visitors to the state every year. [[Amusement park]]s, especially in the [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] area, make up a significant portion of tourism. The [[Walt Disney World Resort]] is the largest vacation resort in the world, consisting of four [[theme park]]s and more than 20 hotels in [[Lake Buena Vista, Florida]]; it, and [[Universal Orlando Resort]], [[Busch Gardens]], [[SeaWorld]], and other major parks drive state tourism. Many beach towns are also popular tourist destinations, particularly in the winter months. 23.2 million tourists visited Florida beaches in 2000, spending $21.9 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Jim|last=Waymer|title=Beaches get pumped up|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100215/NEWS01/2150312/Beaches-get-pumped-up| work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 13A|date=February 15, 2010|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref><!---"box" with actual figure in it is only available in print edition---> |
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The [[Florida College System]] comprises 28 public community and state colleges with 68 campuses spread out throughout the state. In 2016, enrollment exceeded 813,000 students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fldoe.org/core/fileparse.php/15267/urlt/FactBook2016.pdf |title=Factbook |date=2016 |website=www.fldoe.org |access-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515220255/https://www.fldoe.org/core/fileparse.php/15267/urlt/FactBook2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The public has a right to beach access under the [[public trust doctrine]]. However, some areas have access effectively blocked by private owners for a long distance.<ref>[http://www.law.fsu.edu/Journals/Landuse/vol18_2/sullivan.pdf Laying out an “unvelcome mat” to public beach access]</ref><!---probably should be merged with above---> |
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The [[Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida]] is an association of 30 private, educational institutions in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icuf.org/ |title=Official website of ICUF |publisher=Icuf.org |access-date=November 4, 2011 |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529013848/http://icuf.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This Association reported that their member institutions served more than 158,000 students in the fall of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icuf.org/|title=ICUF – Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida|access-date=March 9, 2021|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224210120/https://icuf.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Industry=== |
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[[Phosphate#Occurrence|Phosphate mining]], concentrated in the [[Bone Valley]], is the state's third-largest industry. The state produces about 75% of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world supply, with about 95% used for agriculture (90% for [[fertilizer]] and 5% for [[livestock]] feed supplements) and 5% used for other products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phosphateflorida.com/mosaic.asp?page=about_phosphate |title=About Phosphate |publisher=[[The Mosaic Company]] |accessdate=2007-11-17 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070923012437/http://www.phosphateflorida.com/mosaic.asp?page=about_phosphate <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-23}}</ref> |
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The [[University of Miami]] in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]] is one of the top private research universities in the U.S. Florida's first private university, [[Stetson University]] in [[DeLand, Florida|DeLand]], was founded in 1883. |
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Since the arrival of the NASA [[List of Merritt Island launch sites|Merritt Island launch sites]] on Cape Canaveral (most notably Kennedy Space Center) in 1962, Florida has developed a sizable [[aerospace|aerospace industry]]. |
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As of 2023, three universities in Florida are members of the [[Association of American Universities]]: University of Florida, University of Miami and University of South Florida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aau.edu/sites/default/files/AAU-Files/Who-We-Are/AAU%20Member%20Universities%20listed%20by%20year_updated%202023.pdf |title=Our Members |publisher=Associate of American Universities}}</ref> |
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Another major economic engine in Florida is the [[United States Military]]. There are currently 24 military bases in the state, housing three [[Unified Combatant Command]]s; [[United States Central Command]] in Tampa, [[United States Southern Command]] in [[Doral, Florida|Doral]], and [[United States Special Operations Command]] in Tampa. There are 109,390 U.S. military personnel currently stationed in Florida,<ref>{{Cite news|title=State-by-State Listing of Major U.S. Military Bases — Florida|url=http://usmilitary.about.com/library/milinfo/statefacts/blfl.htm|work=|publisher=|location=|pages=|date=|id=|accessdate= July 6, 2009}}</ref> contributing, directly and indirectly, $52 billion a year to the state's economy.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Jim|last=Ash|title=Military-friendly bill cruise|url=| work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 9B|date=April 15, 2009|accessdate=}}</ref> |
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== |
==Transportation== |
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{{Main|Transportation in Florida}} |
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Historically, Florida's economy was based upon cattle farming and agriculture (especially [[sugarcane]], [[citrus]], [[tomato]]es, and [[strawberry|strawberries]]). <!---this needs merging with the following sentence---> |
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===Highways=== |
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The second largest industry is [[agriculture]]. [[Citrus]] [[fruit]], especially [[orange (fruit)|oranges]], are a major part of the economy, and Florida produces the majority of citrus fruit grown in the U.S.{{ndash}} in 2006 67% of all citrus, 74% of oranges, 58% of [[tangerine]]s, and 54% of [[grapefruit]]. About 95% of commercial orange production in the state is destined for processing (mostly as [[orange juice]], the official [[state beverage]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aic.ucdavis.edu/profiles/Citrus-2006.pdf |title=Commodity Profile: Citrus |publisher=Agricultural Issues Center, [[University of California]] |accessdate=2007-11-17|format=PDF}}</ref> [[Citrus canker]] continues to be an issue of concern. Other products include [[sugarcane]], [[strawberry|strawberries]], [[tomato]]es and [[celery]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/FLCelery.html |title=Crop Profile for Celery in Florida |publisher=NSF Center for Integrated Pest Management, [[North Carolina State University]] |accessdate=2007-11-17}}</ref> The Everglades Agricultural Area is a major center for agriculture. The environmental impact of agriculture—especially [[water pollution]]—is a major issue in Florida today. |
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{{Further|Florida State Highway System|List of state roads in Florida|County roads in Florida}} |
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Florida's highway system contains {{convert|1495|mi|abbr=on}} of interstate highway, and {{convert|10601|mi|abbr=on}} of non-interstate highway, such as state highways and U.S. Highways. Florida's [[Interstate Highway System|interstates]], [[Florida State Highway System|state highways]], and [[U.S. Highways]] are maintained by the [[Florida Department of Transportation]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Transportation Data and Analytics Office | url=http://www.fdot.gov/statistics/hwysys/ | website=Florida Department of Transportation | date=September 4, 2018 | access-date=September 14, 2018 | archive-date=September 14, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914084552/http://www.fdot.gov/statistics/hwysys/ | url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In 2011, there were about 9,000 [[filling station|retail gas stations]] in the state. Floridians consumed 21{{spaces}}million gallons of gasoline daily in 2011, ranking it third in national use behind California and Texas.<ref>{{Cite news | first=R. Norman | last=Moody | title=Guidelines tight to drive a fuel tanker | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110130/NEWS01/101300318/Beachline-huge-artery-tankers | newspaper=[[Florida Today]] | location=Melbourne, Florida | page=2A | date=January 30, 2011 | access-date=February 19, 2011 | archive-date=September 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035917/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110130/NEWS01/101300318/Beachline-huge-artery-tankers | url-status=live }}</ref><!--soft copy does ''not'' contain box scores given here and is only listed for (what?) versimilitude?--> |
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===Fishing=== |
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As of 2024, motorists in Florida have one of the highest rates of car insurance in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2024/02/19/car-insurance-price-by-state/72617803007/ |title=Car insurance prices soar even as inflation eases. Which states have the highest rates? |work=[[USA Today]] |last=Lee |first=Medora |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=March 31, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/car-insurance/rates-by-state/ |title=Car Insurance Rates By State 2024 |work=[[Forbes]] |last=Gusner |first=Penny |date=2 January 2024 |access-date=March 31, 2024}}</ref> 24% are uninsured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ircweb.org/news/ircum2011_042111.pdf |title=Recession Marked by Bump in Uninsured Motorists |access-date=November 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902084352/http://www.ircweb.org/News/IRCUM2011_042111.pdf |archive-date=September 2, 2011 }}</ref> |
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In 2009, fishing was a $6 billion industry, employing 60,000 jobs for sports and commercial purposes.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Wayne T.|last=Price|title=Locals to protest fish regulation|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100223/BUSINESS/2230313/Locals-to-protest-fish-regulations| work=|publisher=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|pages= 8C|date=February 23, 2010|id=|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref><!---not that great a ref. Text can be replaced when a better snippet is available--> |
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Drivers between 15 and 19 years of age averaged 364 car crashes a year per ten thousand licensed Florida drivers in 2010. Drivers 70 and older averaged 95 per 10,000 during the same time frame. A spokesperson for the non-profit [[Insurance Institute for Highway Safety|Insurance Institute]] stated "Older drivers are more of a threat to themselves."<ref>{{Cite news|first=Britt |last=Kennerley |title=Olde drivers take fewer risks |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110918/NEWS01/109180309/Aging-out-driver-s-seat |newspaper=[[Florida Today]] |location=Melbourne, Florida |page=11A |date=September 18, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927042854/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110918/NEWS01/109180309/Aging-out-driver-s-seat |archive-date=September 27, 2011 }}</ref> |
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==Education== |
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[[File:CenturyTower.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[University of Florida]] in [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]]]] |
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[[File:University of Miami Otto G. Richter Library.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[University of Miami]] in [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]]]] |
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{{See also|Education in Florida}} |
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[[File:Fountain Landis0320 (012).jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Florida State University]] in [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]]] |
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Florida's public primary and secondary schools are administered by the [[Florida Department of Education]]. |
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Intercity bus travel, which utilizes Florida's highway system, is provided by [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]], [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]], and [[Amtrak Thruway]]. |
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===State University System=== |
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The [[State University System of Florida]] was founded in 1905, and is governed by the [[Florida Board of Governors]]. During the 2008 academic year 301,570 students attended one of these member institutions. |
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Before the construction of routes under the [[Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956]], Florida began construction of a long cross-state [[toll road]], [[Florida's Turnpike]]. The first section, from [[Fort Pierce, Florida|Fort Pierce]] south to the [[Golden Glades Interchange]] was completed in 1957. After a second section north through Orlando to [[Wildwood, Florida|Wildwood]] (near present-day [[The Villages, Florida|The Villages]]), and a [[Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike|southward extension]] around Miami to [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]], it was finished in 1974. |
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===Private universities=== |
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Florida has many large and small private institutions. The [[Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida]] is an association of 28 private, educational institutions in the state.<ref>[http://www.icuf.org/ Official website of ICUF]</ref> This Association reported that their member institutions served over 121,000 students in the fall of 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icuf.org/_docs/2005-2006_Acct_Report.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070925205651/http://www.icuf.org/_docs/2005-2006_Acct_Report.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-25 |title=2005-2006 Accountability Report: Quality, Productivity, Diversity, and Access |last=Atherton |first=Blair |date = August 2006|accessdate=2007-09-14 |format=PDF}}</ref> |
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[[File:SunshineSkywayBridge-4SC 6643-15.jpg|thumb|[[Sunshine Skyway Bridge]] over [[Tampa Bay]], part of Florida's [[Interstate Highway System|interstate system]]]] |
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==Transportation== |
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Florida's primary interstate routes include: |
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{{Main|Transportation in Florida}} |
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* {{jct|country=USA|I|4}}, which spans 133 miles, bisects the state, connecting [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], [[Lakeland, Florida|Lakeland]], [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], and [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]], connecting with [[Interstate 75 in Florida|I-75]] in Tampa and I-95 in Daytona Beach. |
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* {{jct|state=FL|I|10}}, which spans 362 miles in Florida, traverses the [[Florida Panhandle|panhandle]], connecting [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]], [[Lake City, Florida|Lake City]], and [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], with interchanges with I-75 in Lake City and I-95 in Jacksonville. It is the southernmost east–west interstate in the United States terminating in [[Santa Monica]] with a total length of 2460 miles. |
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* {{jct|state=FL|I|75}}, which spans 470 miles in Florida, enters the state near Lake City ({{convert|45|mi}} west of [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]]) and continues southward through [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]], [[Ocala, Florida|Ocala]], Tampa's eastern suburbs, [[Bradenton, Florida|Bradenton]], [[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]], [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]] and [[Naples, Florida|Naples]], where it crosses the "[[Alligator Alley]]" as a [[toll road]] to [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] before turning southward and terminating in [[Hialeah, Florida|Hialeah]]/[[Miami Lakes, Florida|Miami Lakes]] having interchanges with I-10 in Lake City and I-4 in Tampa. It is the second longest north–south interstate with a total length of 1786 miles and terminates at the Canadian border at [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan]]. |
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* {{jct|state=FL|I|95}}, which spans 382 miles in Florida, enters the state near Jacksonville and continues along the Atlantic Coast through Daytona Beach, the [[Space Coast|Melbourne/Titusville]], [[Palm Bay, Florida|Palm Bay]], [[Vero Beach, Florida|Vero Beach]], [[Fort Pierce, Florida|Fort Pierce]], [[Port Saint Lucie, Florida|Port Saint Lucie]], [[Stuart, Florida|Stuart]], [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]], and [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], before terminating in [[Downtown Miami]]. It has interchanges with I-10 in Jacksonville and I-4 in Daytona Beach, and there are four auxiliary routes associated with the interstate. It is the longest north–south interstate with a total length of 1924 miles and terminates at the Canadian border northeast of [[Houlton, Maine]]. |
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=== |
===Airports=== |
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{{ |
{{See also|List of airports in Florida|Aviation in Florida}} |
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[[File:Orlando International Airport terminal from arriving airplane.jpg|thumb|[[Orlando International Airport]], the busiest airport in the state with 44.6{{spaces}}million total passengers in 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Orlando International Airport Busiest in Florida with Record Passenger Traffic in 2017 |url=https://www.orlandoairports.net/press/2018/02/06/orlando-international-airport-busiest-florida-record-passenger-traffic-2017/ |website=Orlando International Airport (MCO) |publisher=Greater Orlando Aviation Authority |date=February 6, 2018 |access-date=March 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104055904/https://orlandoairports.net/press/2018/02/06/orlando-international-airport-busiest-florida-record-passenger-traffic-2017/ |archive-date=January 4, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] |
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[[File:National-Atlas-Florida-major-road-map.gif|200px|thumb|Map of Florida with major roads and cities]] |
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Florida's [[interstate highway|interstates]], [[Florida State Roads|state highways]] and [[U.S. Highways]] are maintained by the [[Florida Department of Transportation]]. Florida's [[interstate highway system]] contains 1,473 miles (2,371 km) of highway, and there are 9,934 miles (15,987 km) of non-interstate highway in the state, such as [[Florida state highways]] and [[U.S. Highways]]. |
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Florida has 131 public airports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs5/5169/overview.htm |title=Florida Drug Threat Assessment-Overview |publisher=National Drug Intelligence Center |access-date=July 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831002548/http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs5/5169/overview.htm |archive-date=August 31, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Florida's seven large hub and medium hub airports, as classified by the FAA,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/cy17-all-enplanements.pdf |title=Calendar Year 2017 Enplanements at All Airports (Primary, Non-primary Commercial Service, and General Aviation) by State and Airport, Updated 7 October 2018 |access-date=November 9, 2019 |archive-date=January 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111213629/https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/cy17-all-enplanements.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> are the following: |
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Florida's primary interstate routes include: |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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* [[File:I-4.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 4|I-4]], which bisects the state, connecting [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], [[Lakeland, Florida|Lakeland]], [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], and [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]], connecting with [[I-95]] in [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]] and [[I-75]] in [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]. |
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* [[File:I-10.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 10|I-10]], which traverses the panhandle, connecting [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], [[Lake City, Florida|Lake City]], [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]] and [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], with junctions with [[I-95]] in [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] and [[I-75]] in [[Lake City, Florida|Lake City]]. |
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* [[File:I-75.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 75|I-75]], which enters the state near [[Lake City, Florida|Lake City]] (45 miles west of [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]]) and continues southward through [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]], [[Ocala, Florida|Ocala]], [[Tampa]]'s eastern suburbs, [[Bradenton, Florida|Bradenton]], [[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]], [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]] and [[Naples, Florida|Naples]], where it crosses the "[[Alligator Alley]]" as a [[toll road]] to [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] before turning southward and terminating in [[Hialeah, Florida|Hialeah]]/[[Miami Lakes]] having junctions with [[I-10]] in [[Lake City, Florida|Lake City]] and [[Interstate 4|I-4]] in [[Tampa]]. |
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* [[File:I-95.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 95 in Florida|I-95]], which enters the state near [[Jacksonville]] and continues along the Atlantic Coast through [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]] [[Space Coast|Melbourne/Titusville]], [[Palm Bay, Florida|Palm Bay]], [[Vero Beach, Florida|Vero Beach]], [[Fort Pierce, Florida|Fort Pierce]], [[Port Saint Lucie, Florida|Port Saint Lucie]], [[Stuart, Florida|Stuart]], [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]], and [[Fort Lauderdale]] before terminating in [[Downtown Miami]], with junctions with [[I-10]] in [[Jacksonville]] and [[Interstate 4|I-4]] in [[Daytona Beach]]. |
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[[File:Palmetto Expressway northbound.jpg|thumb|195px|right|Miami's [[Palmetto Expressway]] is one of Florida's busiest roads]] |
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Prior to the construction of routes under the [[Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956]], Florida began construction of a long cross-state [[toll road]], [[Florida's Turnpike]]. The first section, from [[Fort Pierce, Florida|Fort Pierce]] south to the [[Golden Glades Interchange]] was completed in 1957. After a second section north through Orlando to [[Wildwood, Florida|Wildwood]] (near present-day [[The Villages, Florida|The Villages]]), and a [[Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike|southward extension]] around [[Miami]] to [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]], it was finished in 1974. |
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|- valign=baseline |
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State highways are numbered according to a specific convention. The first digits of state highways, with some exceptions (such as [[Florida State Road 112|State Road 112]] connecting Interstate 95 to the [[Miami International Airport]]), are numbered with the first digit indicating what area of the state the road is in, from 1 in the north and east to 9 in the south and west. Major north-south state roads generally have one- or two-digit odd route numbers that increase from east to west, while major east-west state roads generally have one- or two-digit even route numbers that increase from north to south. Roads of secondary importance usually have three-digit route numbers. The first digit ''x'' of their route number is the same as the first digit of the road with two-digit number ''x''0 to the immediate north. The three-digit route numbers also increase from north to south for even numbers and east to west for odd numbers. |
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! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | City served |
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! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | Code |
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! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | Airport name |
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! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" | FAA{{break}}Category |
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! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" | Enplane{{shy}}ments |
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<!--lines above and below must not be blank--> |
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|- valign=top |
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| [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] |
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| style="text-align:center;"| MCO |
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| [[Orlando International Airport]] |
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| Large Hub |
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| align=right | 21,565,448 <!--2009: 16,371,016; 2008: 17,288,480; 2007: 17,614,679; 2006: 16,807,534; 2005: 16,592,133--> |
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|- valign=top |
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Following this convention, [[Florida State Road 907|State Road 907]], or Alton Rd. on Miami Beach, is farther east than [[Florida State Road 997|State Road 997]], which is Krome Ave, or the farthest west north-south road in Miami-Dade County. One notable exception to the convention is [[Florida State Road 826|State Road 826]], or the Palmetto Expressway (pictured at the right heading north) which, although even numbered, is signed north-south. State roads can have anywhere from one to four digits depending on the importance and location of the road.<ref>[http://www.flhsmv.gov/fhp/misc/RoadListing.htm FHP State Road Listings]. Retrieved March 29, 2009.</ref> County roads often follow this same system. |
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| [[Miami]] |
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| align=center | MIA |
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| [[Miami International Airport]] |
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| Large Hub |
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| align=right | 20,709,225 <!--2009: 16,187,768; 2008: 16,377,488; 2007: 16,194,162; 2006: 15,664,791; 2005: 15,092,763--> |
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|- valign=top |
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===Intercity rail=== |
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| [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] |
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[[File:Miami International FH020002.jpg|195px|thumb|right|[[Miami International Airport]] is the world's 10th-largest cargo airport]] |
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| style="text-align:center;"| FLL |
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| [[Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport|Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood Int'l Airport]] |
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| Large Hub |
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| align=right | 15,817,043 <!--2009: 10,258,118; 2008: 11,020,091; 2007: 11,079,250; 2006: 10,204,579; 2005: 10,729,468--> |
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|- valign=top |
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Florida is served by [[Amtrak]]: [[Sanford, Florida|Sanford]], in [[Orlando-Kissimmee, Florida, Metropolitan Statistical Area|Greater Orlando]], is the southern terminus of the [[Auto Train (Amtrak)|Amtrak Auto Train]], which originates at [[Lorton, Virginia]], south of [[Washington, D.C.]]. Orlando is also the eastern terminus of the [[Sunset Limited]], which travels across the southern United States via [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]], [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], and [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]] to its western terminus of [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]. Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains (the [[Silver Star (Amtrak train)|Silver Star]] and the [[Silver Meteor]]), which operate between New York City and [[Miami]]. |
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| [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] |
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| style="text-align:center;"| TPA |
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| [[Tampa International Airport]] |
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| Large Hub |
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| align=right | 9,548,580 <!--2009: 8,263,294; 2008: 8,871,917; 2007: 9,306,036; 2006: 9,187,865; 2005: 9,297,643--> |
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|- valign=top |
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The [[Florida Department of Transportation]] is preparing to build a [[high speed rail]] between [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], [[Lakeland, Florida|Lakeland]] and [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]].<ref name="Lakeland Brief Mar 2010">{{Cite web|url=http://www.floridahighspeedrail.org/uploads/LAKELAND_FHSR_PRESENTATION_MARCH_2010.pdf|title=FLORIDA HIGH SPEED RAIL UPDATE:Regional Rail Briefing March 24, 2010, Lakeland |accessdate=2010-04-07 |year=2010 |month=March |format=PDF |publisher=Florida Department of Transportation}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> This is the first phase of the [[Florida High Speed Rail]] system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.floridahighspeedrail.org/Environmental_Studies.html |title=Environmental Studies |publisher=Floridahighspeedrail.org |date=2010-05-20 |accessdate=2010-08-02}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Soil work began in July 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theledger.com/article/20100720/NEWS/7205036/1338 |title=Bullet Train Work Begins With Soil in I-4 Median |publisher=TheLedger.com |date=2010-07-20 |accessdate=2010-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wtsp.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=137356&catid=250 |title=Work begins on Florida's high speed rail | Tampa Bay, St. Petersburg, Clearwater, Sarasota |publisher=WTSP.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-02}}</ref> and construction of the line is slated to begin in 2011, with the initial Tampa-Orlando phase completed by 2014.<ref name="TBO Payment">Jackovics, Ted. January 28, 2010, [http://www2.tbo.com/content/2010/jan/28/obama-calls-high-speed-rail-funding-down-payment/ "Obama calls high speed rail funding a 'down payment'".] [http://www2.tbo.com ''The Tampa Tribune'' (TBO.com).]. Retrieved February 18, 2010.</ref> |
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| [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]] |
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| style="text-align:center;"| RSW |
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| [[Southwest Florida International Airport]] |
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| Medium Hub |
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| align=right | 4,364,224 <!--2009: 3,668,279; 2008: 3,770,681; 2007: 3,986,928; 2006: 3,764,223; 2005: 3,701,665--> |
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|- valign=top |
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===Airports=== |
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| [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] |
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{{See also|List of airports in Florida}} |
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| style="text-align:center;"| PBI |
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| [[Palm Beach International Airport]] |
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| Medium Hub |
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| align=right | 3,110,450 <!--2009: 3,004,076; 2008: 3,232,009; 2007: 3,475,345; 2006: 3,418,310; 2005: 3,496,936--> |
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|- valign=top |
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Major [[international airports]] in Florida which processed more than 15 million passengers each in 2006 are [[Orlando International Airport]] (34,128,048), [[Miami International Airport]] (32,533,974), [[Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport]](21,369,577) and [[Tampa International Airport]] (18,867,541). |
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| [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] |
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| style="text-align:center;"| JAX |
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| [[Jacksonville International Airport]] |
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| Medium Hub |
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| align=right | 2,701,861 <!--2009: 2,777,041; 2008: 2,965,973; 2007: 3,138,015; 2006: 2,971,953; 2005: 2,890,298--> |
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|} |
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===Intercity rail=== |
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Secondary airports, with annual passenger traffic exceeding 5 million each in 2006, include [[Southwest Florida International Airport]] (Fort Myers) (7,643,217), [[Palm Beach International Airport]] (West Palm Beach) (7,014,237),<ref>2005 figure; 2006 data not available.</ref> and [[Jacksonville International Airport]] (5,946,188). |
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[[File:Brightline train at Fort Lauderdale station.jpg|thumb|The [[Brightline]] train at [[Fort Lauderdale station (Brightline)|Fort Lauderdale's Brightline station]]]] |
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* [[Brightline]] is a [[Diesel-electric train|diesel–electric]] [[higher-speed rail]] system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0672|title=All Aboard Florida—Miami to Orlando Passenger Rail Service|website=Federal Railroad Authority|access-date=February 17, 2015|archive-date=June 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628032825/https://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0672|url-status=live}}</ref> Service runs from [[MiamiCentral]] station in downtown [[Miami]] to the [[Orlando International Airport Intermodal Terminal]] in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] with stops in [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]], [[Boca Raton, Florida|Boca Raton]], [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], and [[Aventura, Florida|Aventura]]. |
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* Florida is also served by [[Amtrak]], operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada. The busiest Amtrak train stations in Florida in 2011 were: [[Sanford station (Amtrak)|Sanford]] (259,944), [[Orlando Health/Amtrak station|Orlando]] (179,142), [[Tampa Union Station]] (140,785), [[Miami station (Amtrak)|Miami]] (94,556), and [[Jacksonville station|Jacksonville]] (74,733).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.amtrak.com/pdf/factsheets/FLORIDA11.pdf |title= Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2011, State of Florida |publisher= Amtrak |access-date= April 20, 2016 |archive-date= September 16, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160916015130/https://www.amtrak.com/pdf/factsheets/FLORIDA11.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Sanford, Florida|Sanford]], in [[Greater Orlando]], is the southern terminus of the ''[[Auto Train]]'', which originates at [[Lorton, Virginia]], south of Washington, D.C. Until 2005, Orlando was also the eastern terminus of the ''[[Sunset Limited]]'', which travels across the southern United States via [[New Orleans]], [[Houston]], and [[San Antonio]] to its western terminus of Los Angeles. Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains (the ''[[Silver Star (Amtrak train)|Silver Star]]'' and the ''[[Silver Meteor]]''), which operate between New York City and Miami. [[MiamiCentral]] in [[Greater Downtown Miami]] and the [[Miami Intermodal Center]] near [[Miami International Airport]] are major hubs for [[rapid transit]], [[commuter rail]], [[intercity rail]], and buses. |
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===Public transit=== |
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[[Regional Airports]] which processed over one million passengers each in 2006 are [[Pensacola Regional Airport|Pensacola]] (1,620,198) and [[Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport|Sarasota-Bradenton]] (1,423,113). [[Orlando Sanford International Airport|Sanford]], which is primarily served by international charter airlines processed 1,649,565 passengers in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aci-na.org/asp/traffic.asp?art=215 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071103200444/http://www.aci-na.org/asp/traffic.asp?art=215 |archivedate=2007-11-03 |title=2006 North America Airports Traffic Statistics |publisher=[[Airports Council International]] |accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref> |
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{{Further|Transportation in South Florida}} |
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[[File:Miami Metrorail Hitachi train 20190117.jpg|thumb|[[Metrorail (Miami-Dade County)|Miami Metrorail]], the state's only [[rapid transit]] system. About 15% of Miami residents use public transit daily.]] |
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[[File:Newskyway.jpg|thumb|[[Jacksonville Skyway]], one of the few [[people mover]] systems in use in the U.S. today, especially outside of an airport setting]] |
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* Miami: Miami's public transportation is served by [[Miami-Dade Transit]] that runs [[Miami Metrorail|Metrorail]], a [[heavy rail]] [[rapid transit]] system, [[Miami-Dade Metromover|Metromover]], a [[people mover]] train system in [[Downtown Miami]], and [[Miami-Dade Transit#Metrobus|Metrobus]], Miami's bus system. Metrorail runs throughout [[Miami-Dade County]] and has two lines and 23 stations connecting to Downtown Miami's Metromover and [[Tri-Rail]]. Metromover has three lines and 21 stations throughout [[Downtown Miami]]. Outside of Miami-Dade County, public transit in the [[Miami metropolitan area]] is served by [[Broward County Transit]] and [[Palm Tran]]; intercounty [[commuter rail]] service is provided by [[Tri-Rail]], with 18 stations including the region's three international airports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miamidade.gov/transit/metrorail.asp|title=Metrorail—Miami-Dade County|first=Miami-Dade County Online|last=Services|website=Miamidade.gov|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111065006/http://www.miamidade.gov/transit/metrorail.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* Orlando: Orlando is served by the [[SunRail]] commuter train, which runs on a {{convert|32|mi}} ({{convert|61|mi}} when complete) line including four stops in downtown. [[Lynx (Orlando)|Lynx bus]] serves the greater Orlando area in [[Orange County, Florida|Orange]], [[Seminole County, Florida|Seminole]], and [[Osceola County, Florida|Osceola]] counties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunrail.com/|title=SunRail—A Better Way To Go|website=sunrail.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126145254/https://sunrail.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* Tampa: Tampa and its surrounding area use the [[Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority]] system ("HART"). In addition, downtown Tampa has continuous trolley services in the form of a [[heritage trolley]] powered by [[Tampa Electric Company]]. Pinellas County and St. Petersburg provide similar services through the [[Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority]] or "PSTA". The beaches of [[Pinellas County, Florida|Pinellas County]] also have a continuous trolley bus. Downtown St. Petersburg has a trolley system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gohart.org/|title=Home—Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority|website=Gohart.org|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214071818/http://www.gohart.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.psta.net/|title=Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority—PSTA|website=Psta.net|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=April 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423081919/https://www.psta.net/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* Jacksonville: Jacksonville is served by the [[Jacksonville Skyway]], an automated people mover [[monorail]] connecting the [[Florida State College at Jacksonville|Florida State College]] downtown campus, the Northbank central business district, Convention Center, and Southbank locations. The system includes eight stops connected by two lines. [[Jacksonville Transportation Authority|JTA]] bus has 180 vehicles with 56 lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jtafla.com/schedules/skyway/|title=Jacksonville Transportation Authority—Skyway|website=Jtafla.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=October 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035036/https://www.jtafla.com/schedules/skyway/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Sports== |
==Sports== |
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{{Main|Sports in Florida}} |
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[[File:AAArena Night.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[American Airlines Arena]] in [[Miami]], homecourt of the [[Miami Heat]].]] |
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{{See also|Sports teams in Florida}} |
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[[File:TDWaterhouseCentre.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Amway Arena]] in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], homecourt of the [[Orlando Magic]].]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:American Airlines Arena, Miami, FL, jjron 29.03.2012.jpg|thumb|[[Kaseya Center]] in [[Miami]]]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:BankAtlanticCenterCrop.JPG|thumb|[[Amerant Bank Arena]] in [[Sunrise, Florida|Sunrise]]]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:LoanDepot Park.jpg|thumb|[[LoanDepot Park]] in [[Little Havana]], home field of the [[Florida Marlins]] of [[Major League Baseball]]]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:Green flag at Daytona.JPG|thumb|[[Daytona International Speedway]], home to various auto racing events, including the [[Daytona 500]]]] |
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Florida has three [[National Football League|NFL]] teams, two [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] teams, two [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] teams, two [[National Hockey League|NHL]] teams, and two [[Major League Soccer|MLS]] teams. Florida gained its first permanent major-league professional sports team in 1966 when the [[American Football League]] added the [[Miami Dolphins]]. Florida has given professional sports franchises some subsidies in the form of tax breaks since 1991.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Michael |last=Peltier |title=Lawmaker's bill would fine teams that black out games |url=http://www.cbs12.com/news/nfl-4736484-fasano-teams.html |newspaper=[[Florida Today]] |location=Melbourne, Florida |pages=4B |date=November 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117104716/http://www.cbs12.com/news/nfl-4736484-fasano-teams.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013 }}</ref><!--soft copy is ''not'' the same as hard copy but is similar in content--> |
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[[File:TropGround.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Tropicana Field]] in [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], home of the [[Tampa Bay Rays]].]] |
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[[File:Daytona-International-Speedway-July-1-2005.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Daytona International Speedway]] in [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]].]] |
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{{See also|Florida Sports Hall of Fame|List of sports teams in Florida}} |
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About half of all [[Major League Baseball]] teams conduct [[spring training]] in the state, with teams informally organized into the "[[Grapefruit League]]". Throughout MLB history, other teams have held spring training in Florida. |
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Most [[Major League Baseball]]'s [[spring training]], and nearly 2/3 of all [[MLB]] teams have a spring training presence in the state. Yet Florida did not have a permanent major-league-level professional sports team until the [[American Football League]] added the [[Miami Dolphins]] in 1966. The state now has three [[National Football League|NFL]] teams, two [[MLB]] teams, two [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] teams, and two [[National Hockey League|NHL]] teams. |
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[[NASCAR]] (headquartered in [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]]) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at [[Daytona International Speedway]] in February, featuring the [[Daytona 500]]. Daytona also has the [[Coke Zero Sugar 400]] NASCAR race weekend in August. NASCAR also has a race weekend at [[Homestead-Miami Speedway]] in [[Homestead, Florida|Homestead]] in October. The [[24 Hours of Daytona]] is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races. The [[Grand Prix of St. Petersburg]] and [[Grand Prix of Miami (Indycar)|Grand Prix of Miami]] have held [[IndyCar]] races as well. |
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Three of the [[Arena Football League (2010)|Arena Football League]]'s teams are in Florida. |
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Florida is a major [[golf]] hub. The [[Professional Golfers' Association of America|PGA of America]] is headquartered in [[Palm Beach Gardens, Florida|Palm Beach Gardens]], the [[PGA Tour]] is headquartered in [[Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida|Ponte Vedra Beach]] (a Jacksonville suburb) and the [[LPGA]] is headquartered in Daytona Beach. [[The Players Championship]], [[WGC-Cadillac Championship]], [[Arnold Palmer Invitational]], [[Honda Classic]] and [[Valspar Championship]] are [[PGA Tour]] rounds. |
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[[Golf]], [[tennis]], and [[auto racing]] are popular. |
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Florida has teams in all five American major league sports. Florida's most recent major-league team, [[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]], began play in MLS in 2020.<ref>[https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2018/01/29/miami-mls-expansion-team-begin-play-2020 "Miami MLS expansion team to begin play in 2020"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204011959/https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2018/01/29/miami-mls-expansion-team-begin-play-2020 |date=February 4, 2021 }}, MLSsoccer.com, January 29, 2018.</ref> |
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Minor league [[baseball]], [[American football|football]], [[basketball]], [[ice hockey]], [[football (soccer)|soccer]] and [[indoor football]] teams are based in Florida. Florida's universities have a number of [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|collegiate sport]] teams. |
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The [[Miami Masters]] is an [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]] and [[WTA Premier tournaments|WTA Premier]] tennis event, whereas the [[Delray Beach International Tennis Championships]] is an [[ATP World Tour 250]] event. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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!Club |
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!League |
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!Venue |
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!Championships |
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|- |
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|[[Miami Dolphins]] |
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|[[National Football League]] |
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|[[Sun Life Stadium]] (Miami) |
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|2 ([[Super Bowl VII|1972]], [[Super Bowl VIII|1973]]) |
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|- |
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|[[Miami Heat]] |
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|National Basketball Association |
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|[[American Airlines Arena]] (Miami) |
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|1 ([[NBA Finals 2006|2006]]) |
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|- |
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|[[Florida Marlins]] |
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|Major League Baseball |
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|Sun Life Stadium (Miami) |
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|2 ([[1997 World Series|1997]], [[2003 World Series|2003]]) |
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|- |
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|[[Florida Panthers]] |
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|National Hockey League |
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|[[BankAtlantic Center]] ([[Sunrise, Florida|Sunrise]]) |
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|0 |
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|- |
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|[[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] |
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|National Football League |
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|[[Raymond James Stadium]] (Tampa) |
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|1 ([[Super Bowl XXXVII|2003]]) |
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|- |
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|[[Tampa Bay Rays]] |
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|Major League Baseball |
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|[[Tropicana Field]] (St. Petersburg) |
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|0 |
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|- |
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|[[Tampa Bay Lightning]] |
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|National Hockey League |
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|[[St. Pete Times Forum]] (Tampa) |
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|1 ([[2004 Stanley Cup Finals|2004]]) |
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|- |
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|[[Orlando Magic]] |
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|National Basketball Association |
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|[[Amway Center]] (Orlando) |
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|0 |
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|- |
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|[[Jacksonville Jaguars]] |
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|National Football League |
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|[[EverBank Field]] |
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|0 |
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|} |
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There are minor league baseball, [[American football|football]], basketball, [[ice hockey]], soccer and [[indoor American football|indoor football]] teams based in Florida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stateofflorida.com/professional-sports.aspx|title=State of Florida.com—Florida Professional Sports Teams|website=Stateofflorida.com|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=October 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023200533/https://www.stateofflorida.com/professional-sports.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ben Hill Griffin Stadium]] is the largest football stadium in Florida, the [[List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums|12th-largest]] stadium in [[college football]], and the [[List of stadiums by capacity|18th-largest]] stadium in the world, as measured by its official [[seating capacity]] of 88,548—though, it has often held over 90,000 for Florida's home football games. |
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===Spring training=== |
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{{See|Spring training}} |
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Florida is the traditional home for [[Major League Baseball]] spring training, with teams informally organized into the "[[Grapefruit League]]." For 2010, Florida will host the following major league teams for spring training: |
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Florida's universities have a number of [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|collegiate sport]] programs. Major college football programs include the [[Florida State Seminoles]] and [[Miami Hurricanes]] of the [[Atlantic Coast Conference]], and the [[Florida Gators]] of the [[Southeastern Conference]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2018/8/22/17717562/florida-college-football-history-coaches-explain|title=Florida's 7 FBS head coaches explain college football's most chaotic state|website=Sbnation.com|date=August 22, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2022|archive-date=April 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409043332/https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2018/8/22/17717562/florida-college-football-history-coaches-explain|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1996, Florida has added four additional teams to the ranks of [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|Division I FBS]]: [[UCF Knights]], [[South Florida Bulls]], [[Florida Atlantic Owls]] and [[FIU Panthers]]. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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==State symbols== |
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!Club |
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{{Main|List of Florida state symbols}} |
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!Location |
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[[File:Orange juice-State beverage of Florida.jpg|thumb|[[Orange juice]], the [[List of U.S. state beverages|state beverage]]]] |
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|- |
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[[File:Florida_license_plate_In_God_We_Trust.jpg|thumb|The "[[In God We Trust]]" motto on [[Vehicle registration plates of Florida|Florida license plate]] with an [[Orange (fruit)|orange blossom]], the [[List of U.S. state and territory flowers|state flower]]]] |
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|[[Atlanta Braves]] |
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[[File:Florida panther (7013874693).jpg|thumb|The [[Florida panther]], the [[List of U.S. state mammals|state animal]]]] |
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|[[Disney's Wide World of Sports Complex|Walt Disney World]] |
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[[File:Jamaican tall Coconuts.JPG|thumb|[[Coconut|Coconut palms]], the state palm tree, in [[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]]]] |
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|- |
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The majority of the symbols were chosen after 1950; only the two oldest symbols—the [[state flower]] (chosen in 1909), and the [[List of U.S. state birds|state bird]] (chosen in 1927)<!--, and the [[state nickname]] (chosen in 1970)-->—are not listed in the 2010 [[Florida Statutes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?Mode=View%20Statutes&Submenu=1&Tab=statutes&CFID=33448909&CFTOKEN=67441032 |title=The 2010 Florida Statutes |publisher=[[Florida Legislature]] |access-date=May 21, 2011 |archive-date=May 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517120206/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?Mode=View%20Statutes&Submenu=1&Tab=statutes&CFID=158130341&CFTOKEN=97891679 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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|[[Baltimore Orioles]] |
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|[[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]] |
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|- |
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|[[Boston Red Sox]] |
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|[[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]] |
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|- |
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|[[Detroit Tigers]] |
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|[[Lakeland, Florida|Lakeland]] |
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|- |
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|'''[[Florida Marlins]]''' |
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|[[Jupiter, Florida|Jupiter]] |
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|- |
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|[[Houston Astros]] |
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|[[Kissimmee, Florida|Kissimmee]] |
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|- |
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|[[Minnesota Twins]] |
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|[[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]] |
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|- |
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|[[New York Mets]] |
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|[[Port St. Lucie, Florida|Port St. Lucie]] |
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|- |
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|[[New York Yankees]] |
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|[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] |
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|- |
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|[[Philadelphia Phillies]] |
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|[[Clearwater, Florida|Clearwater]] |
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|- |
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|[[Pittsburgh Pirates]] |
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|[[Bradenton, Florida|Bradenton]] |
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|- |
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|[[St. Louis Cardinals]] |
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|[[Jupiter, Florida|Jupiter]] |
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|- |
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|'''[[Tampa Bay Rays]]''' |
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|[[Port Charlotte, Florida|Port Charlotte]] |
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|- |
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|[[Toronto Blue Jays]] |
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|[[Dunedin, Florida|Dunedin]] |
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|- |
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|[[Washington Nationals]] |
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|[[Viera, Florida|Viera]] |
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|} |
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}} |
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===Auto-racing tracks=== |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state amphibians|Amphibian]]''': [[Hyla gratiosa|Barking tree frog]] |
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* [[Daytona International Speedway]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state mammals|Animal]]''': [[Florida panther]] |
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* [[Homestead-Miami Speedway]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state songs|Anthem]]''': "[[Florida (Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky)]]" |
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* [[Sebring International Raceway]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state beverages|Beverage]]''': [[Orange juice]] |
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* [[Streets of St. Petersburg]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state birds|Bird]]''': [[Northern mockingbird]] |
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* [[Walt Disney World Speedway]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state birds|Bird]]''': [[American flamingo]] |
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* '''[[Festival]]''': "[[Little Havana#Calle Ocho Festival|Calle Ocho-Open House 8]]" |
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* '''[[State fish|Fish{{break}}(fresh water)]]''': [[Florida largemouth bass]] |
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* '''[[State fish|Fish{{break}}(salt water)]]''': [[Atlantic sailfish]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state flowers|Flower]]''': [[Orange (fruit)|Orange blossom]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state foods|Fruit]]''': [[Orange (fruit)|Orange]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|Gem]]''': [[Moonstone (gemstone)|Moonstone]] |
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* '''[[State horse|Horse]]''': [[Florida Cracker Horse]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state insects|Insect]]''': [[Heliconius charithonia|Zebra longwing]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state mammals|Mammal{{break}}(salt water)]]''': [[Common bottlenose dolphin]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state mammals|Mammal{{break}}(marine)]]''': [[Florida manatee]] |
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* '''[[State motto|Motto]]''': "[[In God We Trust]]" |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state nicknames|Nickname]]''': The Sunshine State |
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* '''[[Arecaceae|Palm Tree]]''': [[Coconut palm]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state foods|Pie]]''': [[Key lime pie]] |
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* '''[[Play (theatre)|Play]]''': ''[[Cross and Sword]]'' |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state reptiles|Reptile]]''': [[American alligator]] |
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* '''[[State reptile|Reptile{{break}}(salt water)]]''': [[Loggerhead sea turtle]] |
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* '''[[Rodeo]]''': [[Silver Spurs Rodeo]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state shells|Shell]]''': [[Triplofusus papillosus|Horse conch]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state soils|Soil]]''': [[Myakka (soil)|Myakka soil]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state songs|Song]]''': "[[Old Folks at Home]]" |
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* '''[[National Day|State day/week]]''': [[Pascua Florida]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones|Stone]]''': [[Lace agate|Agatized coral]] |
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* '''[[Tortoise]]''': [[Gopher tortoise]] |
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* '''[[List of U.S. state trees|Tree]]''': [[Sabal palmetto]] |
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* '''[[Wildflower]]''': [[Coreopsis|Tickseed]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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==Sister states== |
==Sister states== |
||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" |
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{| class="wikitable" |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
!style=background: |
!style=background:bisque|Sister jurisdiction |
||
!style=background: |
!style=background:bisque|Country |
||
!style=background:bisque|Year<ref name="2001PDF"/> |
|||
!style=background:navajowhite|Year<ref name=2001PDF>{{Cite web|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080627165012/http://internationalaffairs.flgov.com/pdf/sister.pdf |archivedate=June 27, 2008 |publisher=State of Florida|url=http://internationalaffairs.flgov.com/pdf/sister.pdf|format=PDF|title=Florida Sister City/Sister State Directory 2001|year=2001 |accessdate=August 19, 2010}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
||[[ |
||[[Languedoc-Roussillon]]||{{Flagu|France}}||1989 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
||[[Taiwan Province]]||{{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Taiwan|Taiwan, R.O.C.]]||1992 |
|||
||[[Languedoc-Roussillon]]||{{Flag icon|France}} France||1989 |
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|- |
|- |
||
||[[ |
||[[Wakayama Prefecture]]||{{Flagu|Japan}}||1995 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
||[[Western Cape]]||{{Flagu|South Africa}}||1995 |
|||
||[[Taiwan Province]]||{{Flag icon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan|Taiwan, R.O.C.]]||1992 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
||[[ |
||[[Nueva Esparta]]||{{Flagu|Venezuela}}||1999 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
||[[ |
||[[Gyeonggi-do|Kyonggi]]||{{Flagu|South Korea}}||2000 |
||
|} |
|} |
||
{{clear}} |
|||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
{{Portal |
{{Portal|Florida|United States}} |
||
* [[Index of Florida-related articles]] |
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* [[List of people from Florida]] |
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{{Clear}} |
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* [[Outline of Florida]] |
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* [[Ships named ''Florida'']] |
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==Notes== |
|||
{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="1870census">{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1870e-02.pdf |title=Compendium of the Ninth Census:Population, with race |publisher=US Census Bureau |page=14 |access-date=December 3, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808224024/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1870e-02.pdf |archive-date=August 8, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="2001PDF">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627165012/http://internationalaffairs.flgov.com/pdf/sister.pdf |archive-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=State of Florida|url=http://internationalaffairs.flgov.com/pdf/sister.pdf|title=Florida Sister City/Sister State Directory 2001|year=2001 |access-date=August 19, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="DoE-profile">{{cite web |url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=FL |title=State Energy Profiles: Florida |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |access-date=January 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107073030/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=FL |archive-date=January 7, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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<ref name="minwage">{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/whd/state/tipped.htm#Florida |title=Florida's Minimum Wage Rates |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |date=October 15, 2009 |access-date=November 8, 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="pnsweather">{{cite web|url=http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl6997 |title=Pensacola FAA ARPT, Florida—Climate Summary |publisher=Southeast Regional Climate Center |access-date=January 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118011757/http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?fl6997 |archive-date=January 18, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<!-- Not in use |
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<ref name="About Phosphate">{{cite web|url=http://www.phosphateflorida.com/mosaic.asp?page=about_phosphate |title=About Phosphate |publisher=[[The Mosaic Company]] |access-date=November 17, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070923012437/http://www.phosphateflorida.com/mosaic.asp?page=about_phosphate |archive-date = September 23, 2007}}</ref> |
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<!-- Not in use |
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<ref name="America's 25 Weakest Housing Markets">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.forbes.com/realestate/2009/01/07/housing-cities-realestate-forbeslife-cx_do_0107realestateweak.html |title=America's 25 Weakest Housing Markets |author=Orr, Deborah |periodical=Forbes |date=January 7, 2009 |access-date=January 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122022234/http://www.forbes.com/realestate/2009/01/07/housing-cities-realestate-forbeslife-cx_do_0107realestateweak.html |archive-date=January 22, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Article 2, Section 9, Constitution of the State of Florida">{{cite web |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Constitution#A2S09 |title=Article 2, Section 9, Constitution of the State of Florida |publisher=State of Florida |access-date=September 14, 2018 |date=1988 |archive-date=September 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203652/https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Constitution#A2S09 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<!-- Not in use |
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<ref name="Beaches get pumped up">{{Cite news|first=Jim |last=Waymer |title=Beaches get pumped up |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100215/NEWS01/2150312/Beaches-get-pumped-up |work=Florida Today |location=Melbourne, Florida |page=13A |date=February 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217092145/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100215/NEWS01/2150312/Beaches-get-pumped-up |archive-date=February 17, 2010 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Census Bureau: 1 in 3 Virginians Pays Plenty for Housing">{{Cite news |url=http://www.sungazette.net/articles/2009/10/16/quarterly_real_estate_guide/re790d.txt |title=Census Bureau: 1 in 3 Virginians Pays Plenty for Housing |work=Arlington Sun Gazette |date=October 15, 2009 |last=McCaffrey |first=Scott |access-date=October 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20101120124359/http://www.sungazette.net/articles/2009/10/16/quarterly_real_estate_guide/re790d.txt |archive-date=November 20, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Claude Roy Kirk Jr.">{{cite web|url=http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/museum/collections/governors/about.cfm?id=43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202150529/http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/museum/collections/governors/about.cfm?id=43 |archive-date=December 2, 2008 |title=Claude Roy Kirk, Jr. |publisher=Office of Cultural and Historic Programs, State of Florida |access-date=February 26, 2008}}</ref> |
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<!-- Not in use |
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<ref name="Commodity Profile: Citrus">{{cite web|url=http://aic.ucdavis.edu/profiles/Citrus-2006.pdf |title=Commodity Profile: Citrus |publisher=Agricultural Issues Center, [[University of California]] |access-date=November 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331082917/http://aic.ucdavis.edu/profiles/Citrus-2006.pdf |archive-date=March 31, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="County Medicaid tab rises, could get worse">{{Cite news|first=Will |last=Hobson |title=County Medicaid tab rises, could get worse |url=http://www.newsherald.com/articles/tab-80645-city-worse.html |work=The Miami Herald |date=January 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817132244/http://www.newsherald.com/articles/tab-80645-city-worse.html |archive-date=August 17, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Crop Profile for Celery in Florida">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/FLCelery.html |title=Crop Profile for Celery in Florida |publisher=NSF Center for Integrated Pest Management, [[North Carolina State University]] |access-date=November 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809071738/http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/FLCelery.html |archive-date=August 9, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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<ref name="E. J. Gurney, 82, Senator Who Backed Nixon">{{Cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E4DD1E39F930A15756C0A960958260 |title=E. J. Gurney, 82, Senator Who Backed Nixon |last=Thomas |first=Robert McG Jr. |date=May 23, 1996 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 26, 2008 |archive-date=September 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919042856/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E4DD1E39F930A15756C0A960958260 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Energy Consumption by Source and Total Consumption per Capita, Ranked by State, 2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_sum/html/pdf/rank_use_per_cap.pdf |title=Energy Consumption by Source and Total Consumption per Capita, Ranked by State, 2004 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Energy]] |access-date=January 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115102441/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_sum/html/pdf/rank_use_per_cap.pdf |archive-date=January 15, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Florida's Geological History">{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW208 |first=Ginger M. |last=Allen |author2=Main, Martin B |title=Florida's Geological History |date=May 2005 |website=Florida Cooperative Extension Service |publisher=University of Florida |access-date=January 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204183821/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw208 |archive-date=December 4, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Florida1">{{cite web |url=http://www.270towin.com/states/Florida |title=Florida |date=January 2, 2010 |publisher=270towin.com |access-date=January 2, 2010 |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128211209/https://www.270towin.com/states/florida |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Historical Census Browser: 1960 US Census">{{cite web|title=Historical Census Browser: 1960 US Census |website=University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center |publisher=[[University of Virginia Library]] |year=2004 |url=http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/start.php?year=V1960 |access-date=August 29, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808165831/http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/start.php?year=V1960 |archive-date=August 8, 2007 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Industry overview">{{cite web|url=http://www.hoovers.com/chemical-manufacturing---agricultural-/--ID__161--/free-ind-fr-profile-basic.xhtml |title=Industry overview |date=March 25, 2010 |work=First research |publisher=[[Hoover's]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214155711/http://www.hoovers.com/chemical-manufacturing---agricultural-/--ID__161--/free-ind-fr-profile-basic.xhtml |archive-date=February 14, 2010 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Locals to protest fish regulation">{{Cite news|first=Wayne T. |last=Price |title=Locals to protest fish regulation |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100223/BUSINESS/2230313/Locals-to-protest-fish-regulations |work=Florida Today |location=Melbourne, Florida |page=8C |date=February 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207052954/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100223/BUSINESS/2230313/Locals-to-protest-fish-regulations |archive-date=February 7, 2015 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Military-friendly bill cruise">{{Cite news|first=Jim|last=Ash|title=Military-friendly bill cruise| work=Florida Today|location=Melbourne, Florida|page= 9B|date=April 15, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="More earthquakes than usual? Not really.">{{Cite news|first=Margaret Webb|last=Presler|title=More earthquakes than usual? Not really| work=KidsPost| location=Washington D.C.|page= C10|date=April 14, 2010}}</ref>--> |
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<!--url does not contain box statistics that print edition does and is included for info only--> |
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<ref name="Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States">From the 1601 publication by the pre-eminent historian of 16th-century Spanish exploration in America, [[Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas]], in {{Cite book|title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/namesofland0000unse |url-access=registration |last= Stewart|first=George |author-link=George R. Stewart|year=1945 |publisher= Random House|location=New York |pages= [https://archive.org/details/namesofland0000unse/page/11 11]–12 |isbn=978-1-59017-273-5}}</ref> |
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<ref name="New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot">{{Cite news|first=Peter |last=Slevin |title=New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/29/AR2010042904970.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Washington, D.C. |page=A4 |date=April 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110131615/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/29/AR2010042904970.html |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="New laws include auto inspection repeal">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aJoTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SgYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6830,6180921&dq=state+auto+inspection+florida+history |title=New laws include auto inspection repeal |date=September 27, 1981 |website=Ocala Star-Banner }}</ref>--> |
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<ref name="No to noncourt foreclosures">{{Cite news|first=Eric |last=Enrique |title=No to noncourt foreclosures |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100227/COLUMNISTS0205/100226017/1138/opinion/No+to+noncourt+foreclosures |work=Florida Today |location=Melbourne, Florida |page=13A |date=February 27, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316131252/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100227/COLUMNISTS0205/100226017/1138/opinion/No%2Bto%2Bnoncourt%2Bforeclosures |archive-date=March 16, 2015 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Not all alien invaders are from outer space">{{cite web|url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/invasive/4fireant.html |title=Not all alien invaders are from outer space |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=December 3, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016203026/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/invasive/4fireant.html |archive-date=October 16, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>--> |
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<!--unused ref name="Official: Design rules haven't cost Palm Bay new businesses">{{cite web |url=http://m.floridatoday.com/news.jsp?key=201475 |title=Official: Design rules haven't cost Palm Bay new businesses |website=Florida Today |date=April 23, 2009 |access-date=August 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821061223/http://m.floridatoday.com/news.jsp?key=201475 |archive-date=August 21, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref--> |
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<ref name="Our views:Playing with fire">{{Cite news|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20090320/OPINION/90319027/1006/NEWS01 |title=Our views:Playing with fire |work=[[Florida Today]] |date=March 20, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316145607/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20090320/OPINION/90319027/1006/NEWS01 |archive-date=March 16, 2015 }}</ref> |
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<!--ref name="Population and Population Centers by State: 2000">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |title=Population and Population Centers by State: 2000 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=November 17, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100223204810/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date = February 23, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref--> |
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<ref name="Record number of panthers killed by vehicles in 2009">{{Cite news |url=http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2009/dec/29/16-record-number-panthers-killed-vehicles-2009/ |title=Record number of panthers killed by vehicles in 2009 |last=Williams Hale |first=Leslie |work=[[Naples News]] |date=December 29, 2009 |access-date=January 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205105129/http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2009/dec/29/16-record-number-panthers-killed-vehicles-2009/ |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Retired Military Personnel">{{Cite news|title=Retired Military Personnel| work=The Intercom| publisher=Military Officers Association of Cape Canaveral|location=Patrick Air Force Base, Florida|page= 4|date=June 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="State creates season for hunting pythons">{{Cite news |title=State creates season for hunting pythons |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100222/BREAKINGNEWS/100222008/Officials-set-new-python-hunting-season |work=Florida Today |location=Melbourne, Florida |page=6B |date=February 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224102357/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20100222/BREAKINGNEWS/100222008/Officials-set-new-python-hunting-season |archive-date=February 24, 2010 }}</ref>--> |
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<ref name="Study of Disputed Florida Ballots Finds Justices Did Not Cast the Deciding Vote">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/politics/12VOTE.html | title=Study of Disputed Florida Ballots Finds Justices Did Not Cast the Deciding Vote | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | first1=Ford | last1=Fessenden | first2=John M. | last2=Broder | date=November 12, 2001 | access-date=February 16, 2017 | archive-date=August 31, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831061950/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/politics/12VOTE.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|title=Florida's Split: Will It Play in the Panhandle?|last=Navarro|first=Mireya|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E1D81330F932A1575AC0A96E958260|date=September 21, 1998|access-date=May 2, 2010|archive-date=February 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220154033/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/21/us/florida-s-split-will-it-play-in-the-panhandle.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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<ref name="The Washington Times">{{cite web|title=As I-4 corridor goes, so goes Florida |last=Lengell |first=Sean |website=The Washington Times |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20080128/NATION/3421225/1001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131084327/http://washingtontimes.com/article/20080128/NATION/3421225/1001 |archive-date=January 31, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Tide's toxins trouble lungs ashore">{{Cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2005/03/28/tides_toxins_trouble_lungs_ashore/ |title=Tide's toxins trouble lungs ashore |last=Daley |first=Beth |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=March 28, 2005 |access-date=December 3, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216042000/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2005/03/28/tides_toxins_trouble_lungs_ashore/ |archive-date=February 16, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Voter Registration by Party Affiliation and County">{{cite web |url=http://election.dos.state.fl.us/voterreg/registration.asp |title=Voter Registration by Party Affiliation and County |date=January 2008 |publisher=Florida Department of State |access-date=February 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124083756/http://election.dos.state.fl.us/voterreg/registration.asp |archive-date=November 24, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Whale habitat could grow">{{Cite news|first=Jim |last=Waymer |title=Whale habitat could grow |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20091228/NEWS01/912280303/1086/Whale+habitat+could+grow |work=Florida Today |location=Melbourne, Florida |page=1A |date=December 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231040804/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20091228/NEWS01/912280303/1086/Whale%2Bhabitat%2Bcould%2Bgrow |archive-date=December 31, 2009 }}</ref>--> |
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<ref name="William C. Cramer, 81, a Leader Of G.O.P. Resurgence in South">{{Cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03EFDF1131F934A15753C1A9659C8B63 |title=William C. Cramer, 81, a Leader of G.O.P. Resurgence in South |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |date=October 27, 2003 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 26, 2008 |archive-date=September 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919042944/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03EFDF1131F934A15753C1A9659C8B63 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="archives1">{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/2000_certificates/vote_florida.html |title=Florida Certificate of Vote |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919083339/http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/2000_certificates/vote_florida.html |archive-date=September 19, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<ref name="archives2000">{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/votes/2000.html |title=U.S. Electoral College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121105847/http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/votes/2000.html |archive-date=November 21, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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<!--unused<ref name="thearda">{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/12_2000.asp|title=State Membership Reports |access-date=June 15, 2010 |work= thearda.com |archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5uNhSejbd?url=http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/12_2000.asp |archive-date = November 20, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref--> |
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<!--unused<ref name="Bullet Train Work Begins With Soil in I-4 Median">{{cite web|url=http://www.theledger.com/article/20100720/NEWS/7205036/1338 |title=Bullet Train Work Begins With Soil in I-4 Median |work=[[The Ledger]]|location=Lakeland, Florida|date=July 20, 2010 |access-date=August 2, 2010}}</ref>--> |
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<!--unused<ref name="Environmental Studies">{{cite web|url=http://www.floridahighspeedrail.org/Environmental_Studies.html |title=Environmental Studies |publisher=Floridahighspeedrail.org |date=May 20, 2010 |access-date=August 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616015122/http://floridahighspeedrail.org/Environmental_Studies.html |archive-date=June 16, 2010 }}</ref>--> |
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<!--unused<ref name="Lakeland Brief Mar 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.floridahighspeedrail.org/uploads/LAKELAND_FHSR_PRESENTATION_MARCH_2010.pdf |title=Florida High Speed Rail Update: Regional Rail Briefing March 24, 2010, Lakeland |access-date=April 7, 2010 |date=March 2010 |format=PDF |publisher=Florida Department of Transportation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616020935/http://floridahighspeedrail.org/uploads/LAKELAND_FHSR_PRESENTATION_MARCH_2010.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2010 }}</ref>--> |
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}} |
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* Mahon, John K.; Brent R. Weisman (1996). "Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Peoples". In Gannon, Michael (Ed.). ''The New History of Florida'', pp. 183–206. University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|0-8130-1415-8}}. |
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==Bibliography== |
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* Viviana Díaz Balsera and Rachel A. May (eds.), ''La Florida: Five Hundred Years of Hispanic Presence.'' Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2014. |
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* Dunn, Hampton., and Paul Eugen Camp. ''Collecting Florida: the Hampton Dunn Collection and Other Floridiana'', Special Collections Department, University of South Florida Libraries. Tampa Florida: University of South Florida Libraries, 2006. |
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* Michael Gannon (ed.), ''The History of Florida.'' Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2013. |
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* Levine Jacki. 2023. ''Once Upon a Time in Florida : Stories of Life in the Land of Promises.'' St. Petersburg FL: Florida Humanities. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Sister project links|Florida}} |
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{{Sister project links|Florida|voy=Florida}} |
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{{osmrelation|162050}} |
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* [http://www.myflorida.com/ State website] |
* [http://www.myflorida.com/ State website] |
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* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/florida/index.html Florida State Guide, from the Library of Congress] |
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* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Florida}} |
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* [http://www. |
* [http://www.floridamemory.com/ Florida Memory Project]. Over 300,000 photographs and documents from the State Library & Archives of Florida. |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502174501/http://floridamemory.com/collections/spanishlandgrants/ Online collection of the Spanish Land Grants] |
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* {{Wikitravel}} |
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* [http://www.floridamemory.com/ Florida Memory Project] Over 300,000 photographs and documents from the State Library & Archives of Florida |
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* [http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/SpanishLandGrants/ Online collection of the Spanish Land Grants.] |
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* [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=FL USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Florida] |
* [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=FL USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Florida] |
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* [http://www.protectingourwater.org/ Florida Rivers and Watersheds—Florida DEP] |
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* [http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/UFDC/ University of Florida Digital Collections] Digital collections of texts and images, including Florida aerial photography, ephemeral photographs and postcards, letters, and more |
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* [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12000.html U.S. Census Bureau] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120814085519/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12000.html U.S. Census Bureau] |
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* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/ |
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=12&StateName=Florida Economic and farm demographics fact sheet from the USDA] |
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* [ |
* [https://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=FL Energy & Environmental Data For Florida] |
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* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/bfly/zebra_longwing.htm ''Heliconius charitonia'', zebra longwing]. Florida state butterfly, on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures web site. |
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* [http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Florida List of searchable databases produced by Florida state agencies] hosted by the [http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Main_Page American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120515123847/http://cake.fiu.edu/Trends/ TerraFly Property Value and Aerial Imagery Spatio-temporal animation Real Estate Trends in Florida] |
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* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/bfly/zebra_longwing.htm ''Heliconius charitonia'', zebra longwing] Florida state butterfly, on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site |
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* [http://godort.libguides.com/floridadbs List of searchable databases produced by Florida state agencies] hosted by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20091013010530/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Main_Page American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable] |
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* [http://quarriesandbeyond.org/states/fl/florida.html Florida stone quarry information on Stone Quarries and Beyond] |
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* [http://quarriesandbeyond.org/states/fl/fl-structures.html#augustine “Scenes in Florida,” in ''Picturesque America'', with Illustrations, by Harry Fenn, 1872], on Stone Quarries and Beyond. |
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* [http://www.florida.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page.org Florida Wiki] |
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* [http://www.protectingourwater.org/ Florida Rivers and Watersheds - Florida DEP] |
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Latest revision as of 19:58, 22 December 2024
Florida (/ˈflɒrɪdə/ , FLORR-ih-də; Spanish: [floˈɾiða]) is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Straits of Florida and Cuba to the south. About two-thirds of Florida occupies a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. It has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, spanning approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), not including its many barrier islands. It is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of over 21 million, it is the third-most populous state in the United States and ranks eighth in population density as of 2020. Florida spans 65,758 square miles (170,310 km2), ranking 22nd in area among the states. The Miami metropolitan area, anchored by the cities of Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach, is the state's largest metropolitan area, with a population of 6.138 million; the most populous city is Jacksonville. Florida's other major population centers include Tampa Bay, Orlando, Cape Coral, and the state capital of Tallahassee.
Various Native American tribes have inhabited Florida for at least 14,000 years. In 1513, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León became the first known European to make landfall, calling the region La Florida (land of flowers) ([la floˈɾiða]). Florida subsequently became the first area in the continental U.S. to be permanently settled by Europeans, with the settlement of St. Augustine, founded in 1565, being the oldest continuously inhabited city. Florida was frequently attacked and coveted by Great Britain before Spain ceded it to the U.S. in 1819 in exchange for resolving the border dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas. Florida was admitted as the 27th state on March 3, 1845, and was the principal location of the Seminole Wars (1816–1858), the longest and most extensive of the American Indian Wars. The state seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861, becoming one of the seven original Confederate States, and was readmitted to the Union after the Civil War on June 25, 1868.
Since the mid-20th century, Florida has experienced rapid demographic and economic growth. Its economy, with a gross state product (GSP) of $1.647 trillion, is the fourth largest of any U.S. state and the 15th-largest in the world; the main sectors are tourism, hospitality, agriculture, real estate, and transportation. Florida is world-renowned for its beach resorts, amusement parks, warm and sunny climate, and nautical recreation; attractions such as Walt Disney World, the Kennedy Space Center, and Miami Beach draw tens of millions of visitors annually. Florida is a popular destination for retirees, seasonal vacationers, and both domestic and international migrants; it hosts nine out of the ten fastest-growing communities in the U.S. The state's close proximity to the ocean has shaped its culture, identity, and daily life; its colonial history and successive waves of migration are reflected in African, European, Indigenous, Latino, and Asian influences. Florida has attracted or inspired some of the most prominent American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes, especially in golf, tennis, auto racing, and water sports. Florida has been considered a battleground state in American presidential elections, particularly those in 2000 and 2016.
Florida's climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. It is the only state besides Hawaii to have a tropical climate, and the only continental state with both a tropical climate, located at the southern portion of the state, and a coral reef. Florida has several unique ecosystems, including Everglades National Park, the largest tropical wilderness in the U.S. and among the largest in the Americas. Unique wildlife include the American alligator, American crocodile, American flamingo, roseate spoonbill, Florida panther, bottlenose dolphin, and manatee. The Florida Reef is the only living coral barrier reef in the continental United States, and the third-largest coral barrier reef system in the world, after the Great Barrier Reef and the Belize Barrier Reef.
History
Paleo-Indians entered Florida at least 14,000 years ago.[12] By the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major groups of people living in Florida included the Apalachee of the Florida Panhandle, the Timucua of northern and central Florida, the Ais of the central Atlantic coast, the Mayaimi of the Lake Okeechobee area, the Tequesta of southeastern Florida, and the Calusa of southwest Florida.[13]
European arrival
Florida was the first region of what is now the contiguous United States to be visited and settled by Europeans. The earliest known European explorers came with Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2, 1513. He named it Florida (colloquially la Florida) in recognition of the flowery, verdant landscape and because it was the Easter season, which the Spaniards called Pascua Florida (Festival of Flowers). The following day they came ashore to seek information and take possession of this new land.[14][15] The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is mythical and appeared only long after his death.[16]
In May 1539, Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet (21 m), with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult.[17] Europeans introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Castilian language, and more to Florida.[18] Spain established several settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it one of the first settlements in Florida, but it was mostly abandoned by 1561.
In 1564–1565, there was a French settlement at Fort Caroline, in present Duval County, which was destroyed by the Spanish.[19] Today a reconstructed version of the fort stands in its location within Jacksonville.
In 1565, the settlement of St. Augustine (San Agustín) was established under the leadership of admiral and governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, creating what would become the oldest, continuously occupied European settlements in the continental U.S. and establishing the first generation of Floridanos and the Government of Florida.[20] The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville, and Miguel Rodríguez, a white Segovian, occurred in 1565 in St. Augustine. It is the first recorded Christian marriage in the continental United States.[21]
Some Floridanos married or had unions with Pensacola, Creek, or African women, both slave and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of mestizos and mulattoes. The Spanish encouraged slaves from the Thirteen Colonies to come to Florida as a refuge, promising freedom in exchange for conversion to Catholicism. King Charles II of Spain issued a royal proclamation freeing all slaves who fled to Florida and accepted conversion and baptism. Most went to the area around St. Augustine, but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-black militia unit defending Florida as early as 1683.[22]
The geographical area of Spanish claims in Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north and French claims to the west. English colonists and buccaneers launched several attacks on St. Augustine in the 17th and 18th centuries, razing the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Spain built the Castillo de San Marcos in 1672 and Fort Matanzas in 1742 to defend Florida's capital city from attacks, and to maintain its strategic position in the defense of the Captaincy General of Cuba and the Spanish West Indies.
In 1738, the governor of Florida Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St. Augustine, a fortified town for escaped slaves to whom Montiano granted citizenship and freedom in return for their service in the Florida militia, and which became the first free black settlement legally sanctioned in North America.[23][24]
In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. The trade was done as part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris which ended the Seven Years' War. Spain was granted Louisiana from France due to their loss of Florida. A large portion of the Florida population left, taking along large portions of the remaining Indigenous population with them to Cuba.[25] The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point called Wacca Pilatka, now the core of Downtown Jacksonville, and formerly referred to by the British name "Cow Ford", reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.[26][27][28]
The British divided and consolidated the Florida provinces (Las Floridas) into East Florida and West Florida, a division the Spanish Crown kept after the brief British period.[29] The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to Florida, reports of its natural wealth were published in England. A number of British settlers who were described as being "energetic and of good character" moved to Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England. There was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda. This was the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County. The British constructed good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits, as well as the export of lumber.[30][31]
The British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas, and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This was the first introduction of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today, including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government.[30][31] Neither East Florida nor West Florida sent any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence. Florida remained a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.[32]
Spain regained both East and West Florida after Britain's defeat in the Revolutionary War and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles in 1783, and continued the provincial divisions until 1821.[33]
Statehood and Indian removal
Defense of Florida's northern border with the United States was minor during the second Spanish period. The region became a haven for escaped slaves and a base for Indian attacks against U.S. territories, and the U.S. pressed Spain for reform.
Americans of English and Scots Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Though technically not allowed by the government authorities, they were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to immigrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers.[34]
These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish governance, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the garrison at Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana) and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the "Bonnie Blue Flag".
In 1810, parts of West Florida were annexed by the proclamation of President James Madison, who claimed the region as part of the Louisiana Purchase. These parts were incorporated into the newly formed Territory of Orleans. The U.S. annexed the Mobile District of West Florida to the Mississippi Territory in 1812. Spain continued to dispute the area, though the United States gradually increased the area it occupied. In 1812, a group of settlers from Georgia, with de facto support from the U.S. federal government, attempted to overthrow the Floridan government in the province of East Florida. The settlers hoped to convince Floridians to join their cause and proclaim independence from Spain, but the settlers lost their tenuous support from the federal government and abandoned their cause by 1813.[35]
Traditionally, historians argued that Seminoles based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements and offering havens for runaway slaves. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States now effectively controlled East Florida. Control was necessary according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them."[36]
More recent historians describe that after U.S. independence, settlers in Georgia increased pressure on Seminole lands, and skirmishes near the border led to the First Seminole War (1816–1819). The United States purchased Florida from Spain by the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) and took possession in 1821. The Seminole were moved out of their rich farmland in northern Florida and confined to a large reservation in the interior of the Florida peninsula by the Treaty of Moultrie Creek (1823). Passage of the Indian Removal Act (1830) led to the Treaty of Payne's Landing (1832), which called for the relocation of all Seminole to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma).[37] Some resisted, leading to the Second Seminole War, the bloodiest war against Native Americans in United States history. By 1842, most Seminoles and Black Seminoles, facing starvation, were removed to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Perhaps fewer than 200 Seminoles remained in Florida after the Third Seminole War (1855–1858), having taken refuge in the Everglades, from where they never surrendered to the US. They fostered a resurgence in traditional customs and a culture of staunch independence.[38]
Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or troops due to the devastation caused by the Peninsular War. Madrid, therefore, decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821.[39] President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821, to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance.[40] On behalf of the U.S. government, Andrew Jackson, whom Jacksonville is named after, served as a military commissioner with the powers of governor of the newly acquired territory for a brief period.[41] On March 30, 1822, the U.S. Congress merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory.[42]
By the early 1800s, Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the U.S. government to remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles offered sanctuary to blacks, and these became known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminoles left at this time.
Some Seminoles remained, and the U.S. Army arrived in Florida, leading to the Second Seminole War (1835–1842). Following the war, approximately 3,000 Seminole and 800 Black Seminole were removed to Indian Territory. A few hundred Seminole remained in Florida in the Everglades.
On March 3, 1845, only one day before the end of President John Tyler's term in office, Florida became the 27th state,[43] admitted as a slave state and no longer a sanctuary for runaway slaves. Initially its population grew slowly.[44]
As European settlers continued to encroach on Seminole lands, the United States intervened to move the remaining Seminoles to the West. The Third Seminole War (1855–1858) resulted in the forced removal of most of the remaining Seminoles, although hundreds of Seminole Indians remained in the Everglades.[45]
The first settlements and towns in South Florida were founded much later than those in the northern part of the state. The first permanent European settlers arrived in the early 19th century. People came from the Bahamas to South Florida and the Keys to hunt for treasure from the ships that ran aground on the treacherous Great Florida Reef. Some accepted Spanish land offers along the Miami River. At about the same time, the Seminole Indians arrived, along with a group of runaway slaves. The area was affected by the Second Seminole War, during which Major William S. Harney led several raids against the Indians. Most non-Indian residents were soldiers stationed at Fort Dallas. It was the most devastating Indian war in American history, causing almost a total loss of population in Miami.
After the Second Seminole War ended in 1842, William English re-established a plantation started by his uncle on the Miami River. He charted the "Village of Miami" on the south bank of the Miami River and sold several plots of land. In 1844, Miami became the county seat, and six years later a census reported there were ninety-six residents in the area.[46] The Third Seminole War was not as destructive as the second, but it slowed the settlement of southeast Florida. At the end of the war, a few of the soldiers stayed.
Civil War and Reconstruction
American settlers began to establish cotton plantations in north Florida, which required numerous laborers, which they supplied by buying slaves in the domestic market. By 1860, Florida had only 140,424 people, of whom 44% were enslaved. There were fewer than 1,000 free African Americans before the American Civil War.[47]
On January 10, 1861, nearly all delegates in the Florida Legislature approved an ordinance of secession,[48][49] declaring Florida to be "a sovereign and independent nation"—an apparent reassertion to the preamble in Florida's Constitution of 1838, in which Florida agreed with Congress to be a "Free and Independent State". The ordinance declared Florida's secession from the Union, allowing it to become one of the founding members of the Confederate States.
The Confederacy received little military help from Florida; the 15,000 troops it offered were generally sent elsewhere. Instead of troops and manufactured goods, Florida did provide salt and, more importantly, beef to feed the Confederate armies. This was particularly important after 1864, when the Confederacy lost control of the Mississippi River, thereby losing access to Texas beef.[50][51] The largest engagements in the state were the Battle of Olustee, on February 20, 1864, and the Battle of Natural Bridge, on March 6, 1865. Both were Confederate victories.[52] The war ended in 1865.
Following the American Civil War, Florida's congressional representation was restored on June 25, 1868, albeit forcefully after Reconstruction and the installation of unelected government officials under the final authority of federal military commanders. After the Reconstruction period ended in 1876, white Democrats regained power in the state legislature. In 1885, they created a new constitution, followed by statutes through 1889 that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites.[53]
In the pre-automobile era, railroads played a key role in the state's development, particularly in coastal areas. In 1883, the Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad connected Pensacola and the rest of the Panhandle to the rest of the state. In 1884 the South Florida Railroad (later absorbed by Atlantic Coast Line Railroad) opened full service to Tampa. In 1894 the Florida East Coast Railway reached West Palm Beach; in 1896 it reached Biscayne Bay near Miami. Numerous other railroads were built all over the interior of the state.
20th century
Florida's economy has been based primarily upon agricultural products such as citrus fruits, strawberries, nuts, sugarcane and cattle.[54] The boll weevil devastated cotton crops during the early 20th century.[55][56]
Until the mid-20th century, Florida was the least-populous state in the southern United States. In 1900, its population was only 528,542, of whom nearly 44% were African American, the same proportion as before the Civil War.[57] Forty thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population levels in Florida, left the state in the Great Migration. They left due to lynchings and racial violence and for better opportunities in the North and the West.[58] Disfranchisement for most African Americans in the state persisted until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s gained federal legislation in 1965 to enforce protection of their constitutional suffrage.
In response to racial segregation in Florida, a number of protests occurred in Florida during the 1950s and 1960s as part of the Civil Rights Movement. In 1956–1957, students at Florida A&M University organized a bus boycott in Tallahassee to mimic the Montgomery bus boycott and succeeded in integrating the city's buses.[59] Students also held sit-ins in 1960 in protest of segregated seating at local lunch counters, and in 1964 an incident at a St. Augustine motel pool, in which the owner poured acid into the water during a demonstration, influenced the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.[60]
Economic prosperity in the 1920s stimulated tourism to Florida and related development of hotels and resort communities. Combined with its sudden elevation in profile was the Florida land boom of the 1920s, which brought a brief period of intense land development. In 1925, the Seaboard Air Line broke the FEC's southeast Florida monopoly and extended its freight and passenger service to West Palm Beach; two years later it extended passenger service to Miami. Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928, followed by the Great Depression, brought that period to a halt. Florida's economy did not fully recover until the military buildup for World War II.
In 1939, Florida was described as "still very largely an empty State."[61] Subsequently, the growing availability of air conditioning, the climate, and a low cost of living made the state a haven. Migration from the Rust Belt and the Northeast sharply increased Florida's population after 1945.
In the 1960s, many refugees from Cuba, fleeing Fidel Castro's communist regime, arrived in Miami at the Freedom Tower, where the federal government used the facility to process, document and provide medical and dental services for the newcomers. As a result, the Freedom Tower was also called the "Ellis Island of the South".[62] In recent decades, more migrants have come for the jobs in a developing economy.
21st century
With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.[63] The population of Florida has boomed in recent years with the state being the recipient of the largest number of out-of-state movers in the country as of 2019.[64] Florida's growth has been widespread, as cities throughout the state have continued to see population growth.[65]
In 2012, the killing of Trayvon Martin, a young black man, by George Zimmerman in Sanford drew national attention to Florida's stand-your-ground laws, and sparked African American activism, including the Black Lives Matter movement.[66]
After Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017, a large population of Puerto Ricans began moving to Florida to escape the widespread destruction. Hundreds of thousands of Puerto Ricans arrived in Florida after Maria dissipated, with nearly half of them arriving in Orlando and large populations also moving to Tampa, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach.[67]
A handful of high-profile mass shootings have occurred in Florida in the 21st century. In June 2016, a gunman killed 49 people at a gay nightclub in Orlando. It is the deadliest incident in the history of violence against LGBT people in the United States, as well as the deadliest terrorist attack in the U.S. since the September 11 attacks in 2001, and it was the deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting. In February 2018, 17 people were killed in a school shooting at Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, leading to new gun control regulations at both the state and federal level.[68]
On June 24, 2021, a condominium in Surfside, Florida, near Miami collapsed, killing at least 97 people.[69] The Surfside collapse is tied with the Knickerbocker Theatre collapse as the third-deadliest structural engineering failure in United States history, behind the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse and the collapse of the Pemberton Mill.[70][71]
Geography
Much of Florida is on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle, extending along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is the only state that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Florida also is the southernmost of the 48 contiguous states, Hawaii being the only one of the fifty states reaching farther south. Florida is west of the Bahamas and 90 miles (140 km) north of Cuba. Florida is one of the largest states east of the Mississippi River, and only Alaska and Michigan are larger in water area. The water boundary is 3 nautical miles (3.5 mi; 5.6 km) offshore in the Atlantic Ocean[72] and 9 nautical miles (10 mi; 17 km) offshore in the Gulf of Mexico.[72]
At 345 feet (105 m) above mean sea level, Britton Hill is the highest point in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state.[73] Much of the state south of Orlando lies at a lower elevation than northern Florida, and is fairly level. Much of the state is at or near sea level. Some places, such as Clearwater have promontories that rise 50 to 100 ft (15 to 30 m) above the water. Much of Central and North Florida, typically 25 mi (40 km) or more away from the coastline, have rolling hills with elevations ranging from 100 to 250 ft (30 to 76 m). The highest point in peninsular Florida (east and south of the Suwannee River), Sugarloaf Mountain, is a 312-foot (95 m) peak in Lake County.[74] On average, Florida is the flattest state in the United States.[75]
Lake Okeechobee, the largest lake in Florida, is the tenth-largest natural freshwater lake among the 50 states of the United States and the second-largest natural freshwater lake contained entirely within the contiguous 48 states, after Lake Michigan.[76] The longest river within Florida is the St. Johns River, at 310 miles (500 km) long. The drop in elevation from its headwaters South Florida to its mouth in Jacksonville is less than 30 feet (9.1 m).
Climate
The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa), while areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate (Köppen: Aw, Am, and Af).[77] Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32–34 °C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid-January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in north Florida to above 60 °F (16 °C) from Miami on southward. With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.[78][79]
In the summer, high temperatures in the state rarely exceed 100 °F (37.8 °C). Several record cold maxima have been in the 30s °F (−1 to 4 °C) and record lows have been in the 10s (−12 to −7 °C). These temperatures normally extend at most a few days at a time in the northern and central parts of Florida. South Florida rarely dips below freezing.[80] The hottest temperature ever recorded in Florida was 109 °F (43 °C), which was set on June 29, 1931, in Monticello. The coldest temperature was −2 °F (−19 °C), on February 13, 1899, just 25 miles (40 km) away, in Tallahassee.[81][82]
Due to its subtropical and tropical climate, Florida rarely receives measurable snowfall.[83] On rare occasions, a combination of cold moisture and freezing temperatures can result in snowfall in the farthest northern regions like Jacksonville, Gainesville or Pensacola. Frost, which is more common than snow, sometimes occurs in the panhandle.[84] The USDA Plant hardiness zones for the state range from zone 8a (no colder than 10 °F or −12 °C) in the inland western panhandle to zone 11b (no colder than 45 °F or 7 °C) in the lower Florida Keys.[85] Fog also occurs all over the state or climate of Florida.[86]
Average high and low temperatures for various Florida cities | ||||||||||||
°F | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Jacksonville[87] | 65/42 | 68/45 | 74/50 | 79/55 | 86/63 | 90/70 | 92/73 | 91/73 | 87/69 | 80/61 | 74/51 | 67/44 |
Miami[88] | 76/60 | 78/62 | 80/65 | 83/68 | 87/73 | 89/76 | 91/77 | 91/77 | 89/76 | 86/73 | 82/68 | 78/63 |
Orlando[89] | 71/49 | 74/52 | 78/56 | 83/60 | 88/66 | 91/72 | 92/74 | 92/74 | 90/73 | 85/66 | 78/59 | 73/52 |
Pensacola[90] | 61/43 | 64/46 | 70/51 | 76/58 | 84/66 | 89/72 | 90/74 | 90/74 | 87/70 | 80/60 | 70/50 | 63/45 |
Tallahassee[91] | 64/39 | 68/42 | 74/47 | 80/52 | 87/62 | 91/70 | 92/72 | 92/72 | 89/68 | 82/57 | 73/48 | 66/41 |
Tampa[92] | 70/51 | 73/54 | 77/58 | 81/62 | 88/69 | 90/74 | 90/75 | 91/76 | 89/74 | 85/67 | 78/60 | 72/54 |
°C | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Jacksonville | 18/6 | 20/7 | 23/10 | 26/13 | 30/17 | 32/21 | 33/23 | 33/23 | 31/21 | 27/16 | 23/11 | 19/7 |
Miami | 24/16 | 26/17 | 27/18 | 28/20 | 31/23 | 32/24 | 33/25 | 33/25 | 32/24 | 30/23 | 28/20 | 26/17 |
Orlando | 22/9 | 23/11 | 26/13 | 28/16 | 31/19 | 33/22 | 33/23 | 33/23 | 32/23 | 29/19 | 26/15 | 23/11 |
Pensacola | 16/6 | 18/8 | 21/11 | 24/14 | 29/19 | 32/22 | 32/23 | 32/23 | 31/21 | 27/16 | 21/10 | 17/7 |
Tallahassee | 18/4 | 20/6 | 23/8 | 27/11 | 31/17 | 33/21 | 33/22 | 33/22 | 32/20 | 28/14 | 23/9 | 19/5 |
Tampa | 21/11 | 23/12 | 25/14 | 27/17 | 31/21 | 32/23 | 32/24 | 33/24 | 32/23 | 29/19 | 26/16 | 22/12 |
Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country.[93] Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state,[94] in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn.[95] A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.[96]
Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per area (when including waterspouts),[97] but they do not typically reach the intensity of those in the Midwest and Great Plains. Hail often accompanies the most severe thunderstorms.[98]
Hurricanes pose a severe threat each year from June 1 to November 30, particularly from August to October. Florida is the most hurricane-prone state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. Of the category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas.[99]
From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—category 3 and above.[99] It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm.[100]
In 1992, Florida was the site of what was then the costliest weather disaster in U.S. history, Hurricane Andrew, which caused more than $25 billion in damages when it struck during August; it held that distinction until 2005, when Hurricane Katrina surpassed it, and it has since been surpassed by six other hurricanes. Andrew is the second-costliest hurricane in Florida's history.[101]
Fauna
Florida is host to many types of wildlife, including:
- Marine mammals: bottlenose dolphin, short-finned pilot whale, North Atlantic right whale, West Indian manatee
- Mammals: Florida panther, northern river otter, mink, eastern cottontail rabbit, marsh rabbit, raccoon, striped skunk, squirrel, white-tailed deer, Key deer, bobcats, red fox, gray fox, coyote, wild boar, Florida black bear, nine-banded armadillos, Virginia opossum
- Reptiles: eastern diamondback and pygmy rattlesnakes, gopher tortoise, green and leatherback sea turtles,[102] brown anoles, and eastern indigo snake. In 2012, there were about one million American alligators and 1,500 crocodiles.[103]
- Birds: peregrine falcon,[104] bald eagle, American flamingo,[105] crested caracara, snail kite, osprey, white and brown pelicans, sea gulls, whooping and sandhill cranes, roseate spoonbill, American white ibis, Florida scrub jay (state endemic), and others. One subspecies of wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo osceola, is found only in Florida.[106] The state is a wintering location for many species of eastern North American birds.
- As a result of climate change, there have been small numbers of several new species normally native to cooler areas to the north: snowy owls, snow buntings, harlequin ducks, and razorbills. These have been seen in the northern part of the state.[107]
- Invertebrates: carpenter ants, termites, American cockroach, Africanized bees, the Miami blue butterfly, and the grizzled mantis.
Florida also has more than 1,500 nonnative animal species.[108] Some exotic species living in Florida include the Burmese python, green iguana, veiled chameleon, Argentine black and white tegu, peacock bass, Mayan cichlid, lionfish, white-nosed coati, rhesus macaque, vervet monkey, Cuban tree frog, cane toad, Indian peafowl, monk parakeet and tui parakeet. Some of these nonnative species do not pose a threat to any native species, but some do threaten the native species of Florida by living in the state and eating them.[109]
Flora
The state has more than 26,000 square miles (67,000 km2) of forests, covering about half of the state's land area.[110]
There are about 3,000 types of wildflowers in Florida.[111] This is the third-most diverse state in the union, behind California and Texas, both larger states.[112] In Florida, wild populations of coconut palms extend up the East Coast from Key West to Jupiter Inlet, and up the West Coast from Marco Island to Sarasota. Many of the smallest coral islands in the Florida Keys are known to have abundant coconut palms sprouting from coconuts deposited by ocean currents. Coconut palms are cultivated north of south Florida to roughly Cocoa Beach on the East Coast and the Tampa Bay area on the West Coast.[113]
On the east coast of the state, mangroves have normally dominated the coast from Cocoa Beach southward; salt marshes from St. Augustine northward. From St. Augustine south to Cocoa Beach, the coast fluctuates between the two, depending on the annual weather conditions.[107] All three mangrove species flower in the spring and early summer. Propagules are produced from late summer through early autumn.[114] Florida mangrove plant communities covered an estimated 430,000 to 540,000 acres (1,700 to 2,200 km2) in Florida in 1981. Ninety percent of the Florida mangroves are in southern Florida, in Collier, Lee, Miami-Dade and Monroe counties.
Reef
The Florida Reef is the only living coral barrier reef in the continental United States.[115] It is also the third-largest coral barrier reef system in the world, after the Great Barrier Reef and the Belize Barrier Reef.[116] The reef lies a little bit off of the coast of the Florida Keys. A lot of the reef lies within John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park, which was the first underwater park in the United States.[117] The park contains a lot of tropical vegetation, marine life, and seabirds. The Florida Reef extends into other parks and sanctuaries as well including Dry Tortugas National Park, Biscayne National Park, and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Almost 1,400 species of marine plants and animals, including more than 40 species of stony corals and 500 species of fish, live on the Florida Reef.[118] The Florida Reef, being a delicate ecosystem like other coral reefs, faces many threats including overfishing, plastics in the ocean, coral bleaching, rising sea levels, and changes in sea surface temperature.
Environmental issues
Florida is a low per capita energy user.[119] As of 2008[update], it is estimated that approximately 4% of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources.[120] Florida's energy production is 6% of the U.S. total energy output, while total production of pollutants is lower, with figures of 6% for nitrogen oxide, 5% for carbon dioxide, and 4% for sulfur dioxide.[120] Wildfires in Florida occur at all times of the year.[121]
All potable water resources have been controlled by the state government through five regional water authorities since 1972.[122]
Red tide has been an issue on the southwest coast of Florida, as well as other areas. While there has been a great deal of conjecture over the cause of the toxic algae bloom, there is no evidence that it is being caused by pollution or that there has been an increase in the duration or frequency of red tides.[123] Red tide is now killing off wildlife or Tropical fish and coral reefs putting all in danger.[124]
The Florida panther is close to extinction. A record 23 were killed in 2009, mainly by automobile collisions, leaving about 100 individuals in the wild. The Center for Biological Diversity and others have therefore called for a special protected area for the panther to be established.[125] Manatees are also dying at a rate higher than their reproduction.[126] American flamingos are rare to see in Florida due to being hunted in the 1900s, where it was to a point considered completely extirpated. Now the flamingos are reproducing toward making a comeback to South Florida since it is adamantly considered native to the state and also are now being protected.[127][128]
Much of Florida has an elevation of less than 12 feet (3.7 m), including many populated areas. Therefore, it is susceptible to rising sea levels associated with global warming.[129] The Atlantic beaches that are vital to the state's economy are being washed out to sea due to rising sea levels caused by climate change. The Miami Beach area, close to the continental shelf, is running out of accessible offshore sand reserves.[130] Elevated temperatures can damage coral reefs, causing coral bleaching. The first recorded bleaching incident on the Florida Reef was in 1973. Incidents of bleaching have become more frequent in recent decades, in correlation with a rise in sea surface temperatures. White band disease has also adversely affected corals on the Florida Reef.[131]
Geology
The Florida peninsula is a porous plateau of karst limestone sitting atop bedrock, known as the Florida Platform.
The largest deposits of potash in the United States are found in Florida.[133] The largest deposits of rock phosphate in the country are found in Florida.[133] Most of this is in Bone Valley.[134]
Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents.[135] The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna.[136] While there are sinkholes in much of the state, modern sinkholes have tended to be in West-Central Florida.[137][138] Everglades National Park covers 1,509,000 acres (6,110 km2), throughout Dade, Monroe, and Collier counties in Florida.[139] The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.[140] Winter Park Sinkhole, in central Florida, appeared May 8, 1981. It was approximately 350 feet (107 m) wide and 75 feet (23 m) deep. It was one of the largest recent sinkholes to form in the United States. It is now known as Lake Rose.[141] The Econlockhatchee River (Econ River for short) is an 54.5-mile-long (87.7 km)[142] north-flowing blackwater tributary of the St. Johns River, the longest river in the U.S. state of Florida. The Econ River flows through Osceola, Orange, and Seminole counties in Central Florida, just east of the Orlando Metropolitan Area (east of State Road 417). It is a designated Outstanding Florida Waters.[143]
Earthquakes are rare because Florida is not located near any tectonic plate boundaries.[144]
Regions
Cities and towns
The largest metropolitan area in the state as well as the entire southeastern United States is the Miami metropolitan area, with about 6.06 million people. The Tampa Bay area, with more than 3.02 million, is the second-largest; the Orlando metropolitan area, with more than 2.44 million, is third; and the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with more than 1.47 million, is fourth.[145]
Florida has 22 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Forty-three of Florida's 67 counties are in an MSA.
The legal name in Florida for a city, town or village is "municipality". In Florida there is no legal difference between towns, villages and cities.[146]
Florida is a highly urbanized state, with 89 percent of its population living in urban areas in 2000, compared to 79 percent across the U.S.[147]
In 2012, 75% of the population lived within 10 miles (16 km) of the coastline.[148]
Rank | Name | County | Pop. | Rank | Name | County | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jacksonville Miami |
1 | Jacksonville | Duval | 949,611 | 11 | Pembroke Pines | Broward | 171,178 | Tampa Orlando |
2 | Miami | Miami-Dade | 442,241 | 12 | Hollywood | Broward | 153,067 | ||
3 | Tampa | Hillsborough | 384,959 | 13 | Gainesville | Alachua | 141,085 | ||
4 | Orlando | Orange | 307,573 | 14 | Miramar | Broward | 134,721 | ||
5 | St. Petersburg | Pinellas | 258,308 | 15 | Coral Springs | Broward | 134,394 | ||
6 | Hialeah | Miami-Dade | 223,109 | 16 | Palm Bay | Brevard | 119,760 | ||
7 | Port St. Lucie | St. Lucie | 204,851 | 17 | West Palm Beach | Palm Beach | 117,415 | ||
8 | Tallahassee | Leon | 196,169 | 18 | Clearwater | Pinellas | 117,292 | ||
9 | Cape Coral | Lee | 194,016 | 19 | Lakeland | Polk | 112,641 | ||
10 | Fort Lauderdale | Broward | 182,760 | 20 | Pompano Beach | Broward | 112,046 |
Demographics
Population
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1830 | 34,730 | — | |
1840 | 54,477 | 56.9% | |
1850 | 87,445 | 60.5% | |
1860 | 140,424 | 60.6% | |
1870 | 187,748 | 33.7% | |
1880 | 269,493 | 43.5% | |
1890 | 391,422 | 45.2% | |
1900 | 528,542 | 35.0% | |
1910 | 752,619 | 42.4% | |
1920 | 968,470 | 28.7% | |
1930 | 1,468,211 | 51.6% | |
1940 | 1,897,414 | 29.2% | |
1950 | 2,771,305 | 46.1% | |
1960 | 4,951,560 | 78.7% | |
1970 | 6,789,443 | 37.1% | |
1980 | 9,746,324 | 43.6% | |
1990 | 12,937,926 | 32.7% | |
2000 | 15,982,378 | 23.5% | |
2010 | 18,801,310 | 17.6% | |
2020 | 21,538,187 | 14.6% | |
2024 (est.) | 23,372,215 | [152] | 8.5% |
Sources: 1910–2020[153] |
The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the population of Florida was 21,477,737 on July 1, 2019, a 14.24% increase since the 2010 United States census.[154] The population of Florida in the 2010 census was 18,801,310.[155] Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state in the U.S. in the 12-month period ending July 1, 2012.[156] In 2010, the center of population of Florida was located between Fort Meade and Frostproof. The center of population has moved less than 5 miles (8 km) to the east and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in Polk County since the 1960 census.[157] The population exceeded 19.7 million by December 2014, surpassing the population of the state of New York for the first time, making Florida the third most populous state.[158][159] The Florida population was 21,477,737 residents or people according to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2019 Population Estimates Program.[160] By the 2020 census, its population increased to 21,538,187.
In 2010, undocumented immigrants constituted an estimated 5.7% of the population. This was the sixth highest percentage of any U.S. state.[161][b] There were an estimated 675,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010.[162] Florida has banned sanctuary cities.[163]
The top countries of origin for Florida's immigrants were Cuba, Haiti, Colombia, Mexico and Jamaica in 2018.[164]
According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 25,959 homeless people in Florida.[165][166]
Racial composition | 1970[167] | 1990[167] | 2000[168] | 2010[169] | 2020[170][171] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 6.6% | 12.2% | 16.8% | 22.5% | 26.5% |
Black or African American alone | 15.3% | 13.6% | 14.6% | 16.0% | 15.1% |
Asian alone | 0.2% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 3.0% |
Native American alone | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.4% |
Two or more races | — | — | 2.3% | 2.5% | 16.5% |
White alone, not Hispanic or Latino | 77.9% | 73.2% | 65.4% | 57.9% | 51.5% |
White alone | 84.2% | 83.1% | 78.0% | 75.0% | 57.7% |
In 2010, 6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity).[172][173] Many of these were of English or Scotch-Irish descent, whose families have lived in the state for so long they choose to identify as having "American" ancestry or do not know their ancestry.[174][175][176][177][178][179] In the 1980 United States census, the largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming they were of English or mostly English American ancestry.[180] Some of their ancestry dated to the original thirteen colonies.
As of 2010[update], those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population. Out of the 57.9%, the largest groups were 12.0% German (2,212,391), 10.7% Irish (1,979,058), 8.8% English (1,629,832), 6.6% Italian (1,215,242), 2.8% Polish (511,229), and 2.7% French (504,641).[172][173] White Americans of all European backgrounds are present in all areas of the state. In 1970, non-Hispanic whites constituted nearly 80% of Florida's population.[167] Those of English and Irish ancestry are present in large numbers in all the urban/suburban areas across the state. Some native white Floridians, especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as "Florida crackers"; others see the term as a derogatory one. Like whites in most other states of the southern U.S., they descend mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers.[181]
As of 2010, those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population. Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban, and 4.5% (847,550) Puerto Rican.[151] Florida's Hispanic population includes large communities of Cuban Americans in Miami and Tampa, Puerto Ricans in Orlando and Tampa, and Mexican/Central American migrant workers. The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile. Florida has a large and diverse Hispanic population, with Cubans and Puerto Ricans being the largest groups in the state. Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida where there is a long-standing and affluent Cuban community.[182] Florida has the second-largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the U.S.[183] Puerto Ricans are more widespread throughout the state, though the heaviest concentrations are in the Orlando area of Central Florida.[184] Florida has one of the largest and most diverse Hispanic/Latino populations in the country, especially in South Florida around Miami, and to a lesser degree Central Florida. Aside from the dominant Cuban and Puerto Rican populations, there are also large populations of Mexicans, Colombians, Venezuelans and Dominicans, among numerous other groups, as most Latino groups have sizable numbers in the state.
As of 2010[update], those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population, which includes African Americans. Out of the 16.0%, 4.0% (741,879) were West Indian or Afro-Caribbean American.[172][173][151] During the early 1900s, black people made up nearly half of the state's population.[185] In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s. They moved for jobs, better education for their children and the chance to vote and participate in society. By 1960, the proportion of African Americans in the state had declined to 18%.[186] Conversely, large numbers of northern whites moved to the state.[187] Today, large concentrations of black residents can be found throughout Florida. Aside from blacks descended from African slaves brought to the southern U.S., there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Afro-Latino immigrant origins, especially in the Miami/South Florida area.[188] Florida has the largest West Indian population of any state, originating from many Caribbean countries, with Haitian Americans being the most numerous.
In 2016, Florida had the highest percentage of West Indians in the United States at 4.5%, with 2.3% (483,874) from Haitian ancestry, 1.5% (303,527) Jamaican, and 0.2% (31,966) Bahamian, with the other West Indian groups making up the rest.[189]
As of 2010[update], those of Asian ancestry accounted for 2.4% of Florida's population.[172][173]
As of 2011, Florida contains the highest percentage of people over 65 (17.3%) in the U.S.[190] There were 186,102 military retirees living in the state in 2008.[191] About two-thirds of the population was born in another state, the second-highest in the U.S.[192]
In 2020, Hispanic and Latinos of any race(s) made up 26.5% of the population, while Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders made up 0.1% of all Broward County residents.[193]
Languages
In 1988, English was affirmed as the state's official language in the Florida Constitution. Spanish is also widely spoken, especially as immigration has continued from Latin America.[194] About 20% percent of the population speaks Spanish as their first language, while 27% speaks a mother language other than English. More than 200 first languages other than English are spoken at home in the state.[195][196]
The most common languages spoken in Florida as a first language in 2010 are:[195]
- 73% English
- 20% Spanish
- 2% Haitian Creole
- Other languages less than 1% each
Religion
Florida is mostly Christian (70%),[197] although there is a large irreligious and relatively significant Jewish community. Protestants account for almost half of the population, but the Catholic Church is the largest single denomination in the state mainly due to its large Hispanic population and other groups like Haitians. Protestants are very diverse, although Baptists, Methodists, Pentecostals and nondenominational Protestants are the largest groups. Smaller Christian groups include The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses. There is also a sizable Jewish community in South Florida. This is the largest Jewish population in the southern U.S. and the third-largest in the U.S. behind those of New York and California.[198]
In 2010, the three largest denominations in Florida were the Catholic Church, the Southern Baptist Convention, and the United Methodist Church.[199]
The Pew Research Center survey in 2014 gave the following religious makeup of Florida:[200]
Governance
The basic structure, duties, function, and operations of the government of the State of Florida are defined by the Florida Constitution, which establishes the basic law of the state and guarantees various rights and freedoms of the people. As with the American federal government and all other state governments, Florida's government consists of three separate branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The legislature enacts bills, which, if signed by the governor, become law.
The Florida Legislature comprises the Florida Senate, which has 40 members, and the Florida House of Representatives, which has 120 members. The governor of Florida is Ron DeSantis. The Florida Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and six justices.
Florida has 67 counties. Some reference materials may show only 66 because Duval County is consolidated with the City of Jacksonville. There are 379 cities in Florida (out of 411) that report regularly to the Florida Department of Revenue, but there are other incorporated municipalities that do not. The primary revenue source for cities and counties is property tax; properties with unpaid taxes are subject to tax sales, which are held at the county level in May and are highly popular, due to the extensive use of online bidding sites.
The state government's primary revenue source is sales tax. Florida is one of eight states that do not impose a personal income tax.
There were 800 federal corruption convictions from 1988 to 2007, more than any other state.[201]
In a 2020 study, Florida was ranked as the 11th hardest state for citizens to vote in.[202] In April 2022, the legislature passed and the governor signed a new election law prohibiting Floridians from using ranked-choice voting in all federal, state and municipal elections.[203]
Florida retains the death penalty. Authorized methods of execution include the electric chair and lethal injection.[204]
Elections history
From 1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964. The following year, Congress passed and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities in order to prevent the discrimination and disenfranchisement which had excluded most of them for decades from the political process.
From the 1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats, who together with other Democrats of the Solid South, exercised considerable control in Congress. They have gained slightly less federal money from national programs than they have paid in taxes.[205] Since the 1970s, conservative white voters in the state have largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party. Though the majority of registered voters in Florida were Democrats,[206] it continued to support Republican presidential candidates through 2004, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South.
In the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections, Barack Obama carried the state as a northern Democrat, attracting high voter turnout, especially among the young, independents, and minority voters, of whom Hispanics comprise an increasingly large proportion. 2008 marked the first time since 1944, when Franklin D. Roosevelt carried the state for the fourth time, that Florida was carried by a Northern Democrat for president.
The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast,[207] where demographic changes were underway. In this period, African Americans were still disenfranchised by the state's constitution and discriminatory practices; in the 19th century, they had made up most of the Republican Party. Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states. In 1966, Claude R. Kirk Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election.[208] In 1968, Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US senator.[209] In 1970, Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat and maintained dominance for years.
Florida is sometimes considered a bellwether state in presidential elections because every candidate who won the state from 1996 until 2016 won the election.[210] The 2020 election broke that streak when Donald Trump won Florida but lost the election.
In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as "snowbirds".[211] South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area became dominated by both racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state. The Daytona Beach area is similar demographically and the city of Orlando has a large Hispanic population, which has often favored Democrats. Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida, including Jacksonville and the panhandle and particularly in the more rural and suburban areas. This is characteristic of its voter base throughout the Deep South.[211]
The fast-growing I-4 corridor area, which runs through Central Florida and connects the cities of Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters. The area has often been seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion, making it the biggest swing area in the state. Since the late 20th century, the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state in federal presidential elections.[212]
Historically, the Democratic Party maintained an edge in voter registration, both statewide and in the state's three most populous counties, Miami-Dade County, Broward County, and Palm Beach County.[213][when?]
2000–present
In 2000, George W. Bush won the U.S. presidential election by a margin of 271–266 in the Electoral College.[214] Of the 271 electoral votes for Bush, 25 were cast by electors from Florida.[215] The Florida results were contested and a recount was ordered by the court, with the results settled in a Supreme Court decision, Bush v. Gore.
Reapportionment following the 2010 United States census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives.[216] The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010; it accepted a new map in early December 2015.
The political make-up of congressional and legislative districts has enabled Republicans to control the governorship and most statewide elective offices, and 17 of the state's 27 seats in the 2012 House of Representatives.[217] Florida has been listed as a swing state in presidential elections since 1952, voting for the losing candidate only twice in that period of time.[218]
In the closely contested 2000 election, the state played a pivotal role.[214][215][219][220][221][222] Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore, around 500 votes separated the two candidates for the all-decisive Florida electoral votes that landed Bush the election win. Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states. A 2002 study in the American Sociological Review concluded that "if the state's 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida—and the presidency—by more than 80,000 votes."[223]
In 2008, delegates of both the Republican Florida primary election and Democratic Florida primary election were stripped of half of their votes when the conventions met in August due to violation of both parties' national rules.
In the 2010 elections, Republicans solidified their dominance statewide, by winning the governor's mansion, and maintaining firm majorities in both houses of the state legislature. They won four previously Democratic-held seats to create a 19–6 Republican majority delegation representing Florida in the federal House of Representatives.
In 2010, more than 63% of state voters approved the initiated Amendments 5 and 6 to the state constitution, to ensure more fairness in districting. These have become known as the Fair District Amendments. As a result of the 2010 United States Census, Florida gained two House of Representative seats in 2012.[216] The legislature issued revised congressional districts in 2012, which were immediately challenged in court by supporters of the above amendments.
The court ruled in 2014, after lengthy testimony, that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering. After this was appealed, in July 2015 the Florida Supreme Court ruled that lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn. On December 2, 2015, a 5–2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts, some of which was drawn by challengers. Their ruling affirmed the map previously approved by Leon County Judge Terry Lewis, who had overseen the original trial. It particularly makes changes in South Florida. There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts.[224]
Party | Registered voters | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
Republican | 5,633,700 | 39.46% | |
Democratic | 4,497,119 | 31.50% | |
Unaffiliated | 3,719,066 | 26.05% | |
Minor parties | 428,587 | 3.00% | |
Total | 14,278,472 | 100.00% |
According to The Sentencing Project, the effect of Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is such that in 2014, "[m]ore than one in ten Floridians—and nearly one in four African-American Floridians—are [were] shut out of the polls because of felony convictions", although they had completed sentences and parole/probation requirements.[226]
The state switched back to the GOP in the 2016 presidential election, and again in 2020, when Donald Trump headed the party's ticket both times. 2020 marked the first time Florida sided with the eventual loser of the presidential election since 1992.
In the 2018 elections, the ratio of Republican to Democratic representation fell from 16:11 to 14:13. The U.S. Senate election between Democratic incumbent senator Bill Nelson and then governor Rick Scott was close, with 49.93% voting for the incumbent and 50.06% voting for the former governor. Republicans also held onto the governorship in a close race between Republican candidate Ron DeSantis and Democratic candidate Andrew Gillum, with 49.6% voting for DeSantis and 49.3% voting for Gillum. In 2022, incumbent Governor DeSantis won reelection by a landslide against Democrat Charlie Crist. The unexpectedly large margin of victory led many pundits to question Florida's perennial status as a swing state, and instead identify it as a red state.[227]
In November 2021, for the first time in Florida's history, the total number of registered Republican voters exceeded the number of registered Democrats.[228]
Statutes
In 1972, the state made personal injury protection auto insurance mandatory for drivers, becoming the second in the U.S. to enact a no-fault insurance law.[229] The ease of receiving payments under this law is seen as precipitating a major increase in insurance fraud.[230] Auto insurance fraud was the highest in the U.S. in 2011, estimated at close to $1 billion.[231] Fraud is particularly centered in the Miami-Dade and Tampa areas.[232][233][234]
Capital punishment is applied in Florida.[235] If a person committing a predicate felony directly contributed to the death of the victim then the person will be charged with murder in the first degree. The only two sentences available for that statute are life imprisonment and the death penalty.[236][237] If a person commits a predicate felony, but was not the direct contributor to the death of the victim then the person will be charged with murder in the second degree. The maximum prison term is life.[236][237] In 1995, the legislature modified Chapter 921 to provide that felons should serve at least 85% of their sentence.[238][239]
Florida approved its lottery by amending the constitution in 1984. It approved slot machines in Broward and Miami-Dade County in 2004. It has disapproved casinos (outside of sovereign Seminole and Miccosukee tribal areas) three times: 1978, 1986, and 1994.[240]
Taxation
Tax is collected by the Florida Department of Revenue.
Economy
The economy of the state of Florida is the fourth-largest in the United States, with a $1.647 trillion gross state product (GSP) as of 2024.[241] If Florida were a sovereign nation (2024), it would rank as the world's 15th-largest economy according to the International Monetary Fund, ahead of Spain and behind South Korea.[241][242][243] In the 20th century, tourism, industry, construction, international banking, biomedical and life sciences, healthcare research, simulation training, aerospace and defense, and commercial space travel have contributed to the state's economic development.[244]
Tourism is a large portion of Florida's economy. Florida is home to the world's most visited theme park, the Magic Kingdom.[245] Florida is also home to the largest single-site employer in the United States, Walt Disney World.[246] PortMiami is the largest passenger port in the world and one of the largest cargo ports in the United States.[247] Beach towns have many visitors too as Florida is known around the world for its beaches.
Agriculture is another large part of the Florida economy. Florida is the number one grower of oranges for juice,[248] mangoes,[249] fresh tomatoes,[250] sugar,[251] sweet corn, green beans,[252] beans, cucumbers, watermelons, and more.[253] Florida is also the second biggest producer of strawberries, avocadoes, grapefruit, and peppers in the U.S.[253][254]
Other large sectors of Florida's economy include finance, government and military (especially in Jacksonville and Pensacola),[255] healthcare, aerospace (especially in the Space Coast), mining (especially for phosphate in Bone Valley), fishing, trade, real estate, and tech (especially in Miami, Orlando, and Tampa in the 2020s).
Healthcare
There were 2.7 million Medicaid patients in Florida in 2009. The governor has proposed adding $2.6 billion to care for the expected 300,000 additional patients in 2011.[256] The cost of caring for 2.3 million clients in 2010 was $18.8 billion.[257] This is nearly 30% of Florida's budget.[258] Medicaid paid for 60% of all births in Florida in 2009. The state has a program for those not covered by Medicaid.
In 2013, Florida refused to participate in providing coverage for the uninsured under the Affordable Care Act, colloquially called Obamacare. The Florida legislature also refused to accept additional Federal funding for Medicaid, although this would have helped its constituents at no cost to the state. As a result, Florida is second only to Texas in the percentage of its citizens without health insurance.[259]
In 2022, the largest hospital network in Florida is HCA Healthcare[260] and the second largest is AdventHealth.[261][262] In 2023, the largest hospitals in Florida were Jackson Memorial Hospital, AdventHealth Orlando, Tampa General Hospital, UF Health Shands Hospital and Baptist Hospital of Miami.[263]
Mayo Clinic hosts one of its three major U.S. campuses in Jacksonville. The practice specializes in treating difficult cases through tertiary care and destination medicine.
Architecture
Florida has the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings, both in the United States and in the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami metropolitan area, especially Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination.[264] A unique architectural design found only in Florida is the post-World War II Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District.[265]
Being of early importance as a regional center of banking and finance, the architecture of Jacksonville displays a wide variety of styles and design principles. Many of the state's earliest skyscrapers were constructed in Jacksonville, dating as far back as 1902,[266] and last holding a state height record from 1974 to 1981.[267] The city is endowed with one of the largest collections of Prairie School buildings outside of the Midwest.[268] Jacksonville is also noteworthy for its collection of Mid-Century modern architecture.[269]
Some sections of the state feature architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival.[270] A notable collection of these styles can be found in St. Augustine, the oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement within the borders of the United States.[271]
Education
In 2020, Florida was ranked the third best state in the U.S. for K-12 education, outperforming other states in 15 out of 18 metrics in Education Week's 2020 Quality Counts report.[272] In terms of K-12 Achievement, which measures progress in areas such as academic excellence and graduation rates, the state was graded "B−" compared to a national average of C.[272] Florida's higher education was ranked first and pre-K-12 was ranked 27th best nationwide by U.S. News & World Report.[273]
Primary and secondary education
Florida spent $8,920 for each student in 2016, and was 43rd in the U.S. in expenditures per student.[274]
Florida's primary and secondary school systems are administered by the Florida Department of Education. School districts are organized within county boundaries. Each school district has an elected Board of Education that sets policy, budget, goals, and approves expenditures. Management is the responsibility of a Superintendent of schools.
The Florida Department of Education is required by law to train educators in teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL).[275]
While Florida's public schools suffer from more than 5,000 unoccupied teacher positions, according to Karla Hernández, teacher and president of United Teachers of Dade, decisions made by the DeSantis administration will make the situation worse. She referred to its blocking of an Advanced Placement African American studies course,[276] book bans and removing some lessons in courses as "really scary moments in the state of Florida".[277]
In 2023, the state of Florida approved a public school curriculum including videos produced by conservative advocacy group PragerU, likening climate change skeptics to those who fought Communism and Nazism, implying renewable energy harms the environment, and saying global warming occurs naturally.[278] DeSantis has called climate change "leftwing stuff".[278]
In August 2023, restrictions have been placed on the teaching of Shakespearean plays and literature by Florida teachers in order to comply with state law.[279][280][281]
Higher education
The State University System of Florida was founded in 1905, and is governed by the Florida Board of Governors. During the 2019 academic year, 346,604 students attended one of these twelve universities.[282] In 2016, Florida charged the second lowest tuition in the U.S. for four-year programs, at $26,000 for in-state students and $86,000 for out-of-state students; this compares with an average of $34,800 for in-state students.[283]
As of 2020, three Florida universities are among the top 10 largest universities by enrollment in the United States: The University of Central Florida in Orlando (2nd), the University of Florida in Gainesville (4th), and Florida International University in Miami (8th).
The Florida College System comprises 28 public community and state colleges with 68 campuses spread out throughout the state. In 2016, enrollment exceeded 813,000 students.[284]
The Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida is an association of 30 private, educational institutions in the state.[285] This Association reported that their member institutions served more than 158,000 students in the fall of 2020.[286]
The University of Miami in Coral Gables is one of the top private research universities in the U.S. Florida's first private university, Stetson University in DeLand, was founded in 1883.
As of 2023, three universities in Florida are members of the Association of American Universities: University of Florida, University of Miami and University of South Florida.[287]
Transportation
Highways
Florida's highway system contains 1,495 mi (2,406 km) of interstate highway, and 10,601 mi (17,061 km) of non-interstate highway, such as state highways and U.S. Highways. Florida's interstates, state highways, and U.S. Highways are maintained by the Florida Department of Transportation.[288]
In 2011, there were about 9,000 retail gas stations in the state. Floridians consumed 21 million gallons of gasoline daily in 2011, ranking it third in national use behind California and Texas.[289] As of 2024, motorists in Florida have one of the highest rates of car insurance in the U.S.[290][291] 24% are uninsured.[292]
Drivers between 15 and 19 years of age averaged 364 car crashes a year per ten thousand licensed Florida drivers in 2010. Drivers 70 and older averaged 95 per 10,000 during the same time frame. A spokesperson for the non-profit Insurance Institute stated "Older drivers are more of a threat to themselves."[293]
Intercity bus travel, which utilizes Florida's highway system, is provided by Greyhound, Megabus, and Amtrak Thruway.
Before the construction of routes under the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, Florida began construction of a long cross-state toll road, Florida's Turnpike. The first section, from Fort Pierce south to the Golden Glades Interchange was completed in 1957. After a second section north through Orlando to Wildwood (near present-day The Villages), and a southward extension around Miami to Homestead, it was finished in 1974.
Florida's primary interstate routes include:
- I-4, which spans 133 miles, bisects the state, connecting Tampa, Lakeland, Orlando, and Daytona Beach, connecting with I-75 in Tampa and I-95 in Daytona Beach.
- I-10, which spans 362 miles in Florida, traverses the panhandle, connecting Pensacola, Tallahassee, Lake City, and Jacksonville, with interchanges with I-75 in Lake City and I-95 in Jacksonville. It is the southernmost east–west interstate in the United States terminating in Santa Monica with a total length of 2460 miles.
- I-75, which spans 470 miles in Florida, enters the state near Lake City (45 miles (72 km) west of Jacksonville) and continues southward through Gainesville, Ocala, Tampa's eastern suburbs, Bradenton, Sarasota, Fort Myers and Naples, where it crosses the "Alligator Alley" as a toll road to Fort Lauderdale before turning southward and terminating in Hialeah/Miami Lakes having interchanges with I-10 in Lake City and I-4 in Tampa. It is the second longest north–south interstate with a total length of 1786 miles and terminates at the Canadian border at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.
- I-95, which spans 382 miles in Florida, enters the state near Jacksonville and continues along the Atlantic Coast through Daytona Beach, the Melbourne/Titusville, Palm Bay, Vero Beach, Fort Pierce, Port Saint Lucie, Stuart, West Palm Beach, and Fort Lauderdale, before terminating in Downtown Miami. It has interchanges with I-10 in Jacksonville and I-4 in Daytona Beach, and there are four auxiliary routes associated with the interstate. It is the longest north–south interstate with a total length of 1924 miles and terminates at the Canadian border northeast of Houlton, Maine.
Airports
Florida has 131 public airports.[295] Florida's seven large hub and medium hub airports, as classified by the FAA,[296] are the following:
City served | Code | Airport name | FAA Category |
Enplanements |
---|---|---|---|---|
Orlando | MCO | Orlando International Airport | Large Hub | 21,565,448 |
Miami | MIA | Miami International Airport | Large Hub | 20,709,225 |
Fort Lauderdale | FLL | Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood Int'l Airport | Large Hub | 15,817,043 |
Tampa | TPA | Tampa International Airport | Large Hub | 9,548,580 |
Fort Myers | RSW | Southwest Florida International Airport | Medium Hub | 4,364,224 |
West Palm Beach | PBI | Palm Beach International Airport | Medium Hub | 3,110,450 |
Jacksonville | JAX | Jacksonville International Airport | Medium Hub | 2,701,861 |
Intercity rail
- Brightline is a diesel–electric higher-speed rail system.[297] Service runs from MiamiCentral station in downtown Miami to the Orlando International Airport Intermodal Terminal in Orlando with stops in West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Fort Lauderdale, and Aventura.
- Florida is also served by Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada. The busiest Amtrak train stations in Florida in 2011 were: Sanford (259,944), Orlando (179,142), Tampa Union Station (140,785), Miami (94,556), and Jacksonville (74,733).[298] Sanford, in Greater Orlando, is the southern terminus of the Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C. Until 2005, Orlando was also the eastern terminus of the Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles. Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami. MiamiCentral in Greater Downtown Miami and the Miami Intermodal Center near Miami International Airport are major hubs for rapid transit, commuter rail, intercity rail, and buses.
Public transit
- Miami: Miami's public transportation is served by Miami-Dade Transit that runs Metrorail, a heavy rail rapid transit system, Metromover, a people mover train system in Downtown Miami, and Metrobus, Miami's bus system. Metrorail runs throughout Miami-Dade County and has two lines and 23 stations connecting to Downtown Miami's Metromover and Tri-Rail. Metromover has three lines and 21 stations throughout Downtown Miami. Outside of Miami-Dade County, public transit in the Miami metropolitan area is served by Broward County Transit and Palm Tran; intercounty commuter rail service is provided by Tri-Rail, with 18 stations including the region's three international airports.[299]
- Orlando: Orlando is served by the SunRail commuter train, which runs on a 32 miles (51 km) (61 miles (98 km) when complete) line including four stops in downtown. Lynx bus serves the greater Orlando area in Orange, Seminole, and Osceola counties.[300]
- Tampa: Tampa and its surrounding area use the Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority system ("HART"). In addition, downtown Tampa has continuous trolley services in the form of a heritage trolley powered by Tampa Electric Company. Pinellas County and St. Petersburg provide similar services through the Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority or "PSTA". The beaches of Pinellas County also have a continuous trolley bus. Downtown St. Petersburg has a trolley system.[301][302]
- Jacksonville: Jacksonville is served by the Jacksonville Skyway, an automated people mover monorail connecting the Florida State College downtown campus, the Northbank central business district, Convention Center, and Southbank locations. The system includes eight stops connected by two lines. JTA bus has 180 vehicles with 56 lines.[303]
Sports
Florida has three NFL teams, two MLB teams, two NBA teams, two NHL teams, and two MLS teams. Florida gained its first permanent major-league professional sports team in 1966 when the American Football League added the Miami Dolphins. Florida has given professional sports franchises some subsidies in the form of tax breaks since 1991.[304]
About half of all Major League Baseball teams conduct spring training in the state, with teams informally organized into the "Grapefruit League". Throughout MLB history, other teams have held spring training in Florida.
NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February, featuring the Daytona 500. Daytona also has the Coke Zero Sugar 400 NASCAR race weekend in August. NASCAR also has a race weekend at Homestead-Miami Speedway in Homestead in October. The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races. The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and Grand Prix of Miami have held IndyCar races as well.
Florida is a major golf hub. The PGA of America is headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens, the PGA Tour is headquartered in Ponte Vedra Beach (a Jacksonville suburb) and the LPGA is headquartered in Daytona Beach. The Players Championship, WGC-Cadillac Championship, Arnold Palmer Invitational, Honda Classic and Valspar Championship are PGA Tour rounds.
Florida has teams in all five American major league sports. Florida's most recent major-league team, Inter Miami, began play in MLS in 2020.[305]
The Miami Masters is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and WTA Premier tennis event, whereas the Delray Beach International Tennis Championships is an ATP World Tour 250 event.
There are minor league baseball, football, basketball, ice hockey, soccer and indoor football teams based in Florida.[306] Ben Hill Griffin Stadium is the largest football stadium in Florida, the 12th-largest stadium in college football, and the 18th-largest stadium in the world, as measured by its official seating capacity of 88,548—though, it has often held over 90,000 for Florida's home football games.
Florida's universities have a number of collegiate sport programs. Major college football programs include the Florida State Seminoles and Miami Hurricanes of the Atlantic Coast Conference, and the Florida Gators of the Southeastern Conference.[307] Since 1996, Florida has added four additional teams to the ranks of Division I FBS: UCF Knights, South Florida Bulls, Florida Atlantic Owls and FIU Panthers.
State symbols
The majority of the symbols were chosen after 1950; only the two oldest symbols—the state flower (chosen in 1909), and the state bird (chosen in 1927)—are not listed in the 2010 Florida Statutes.[308]
- Amphibian: Barking tree frog
- Animal: Florida panther
- Anthem: "Florida (Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky)"
- Beverage: Orange juice
- Bird: Northern mockingbird
- Bird: American flamingo
- Festival: "Calle Ocho-Open House 8"
- Fish
(fresh water): Florida largemouth bass - Fish
(salt water): Atlantic sailfish - Flower: Orange blossom
- Fruit: Orange
- Gem: Moonstone
- Horse: Florida Cracker Horse
- Insect: Zebra longwing
- Mammal
(salt water): Common bottlenose dolphin - Mammal
(marine): Florida manatee - Motto: "In God We Trust"
- Nickname: The Sunshine State
- Palm Tree: Coconut palm
- Pie: Key lime pie
- Play: Cross and Sword
- Reptile: American alligator
- Reptile
(salt water): Loggerhead sea turtle - Rodeo: Silver Spurs Rodeo
- Shell: Horse conch
- Soil: Myakka soil
- Song: "Old Folks at Home"
- State day/week: Pascua Florida
- Stone: Agatized coral
- Tortoise: Gopher tortoise
- Tree: Sabal palmetto
- Wildflower: Tickseed
Sister states
Sister jurisdiction | Country | Year[309] |
---|---|---|
Languedoc-Roussillon | France | 1989 |
Taiwan Province | Taiwan, R.O.C. | 1992 |
Wakayama Prefecture | Japan | 1995 |
Western Cape | South Africa | 1995 |
Nueva Esparta | Venezuela | 1999 |
Kyonggi | South Korea | 2000 |
See also
- Index of Florida-related articles
- List of people from Florida
- Outline of Florida
- Ships named Florida
Notes
- ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988
- ^ Behind Nevada, Arizona, New Jersey, California and Texas
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Bibliography
- Viviana Díaz Balsera and Rachel A. May (eds.), La Florida: Five Hundred Years of Hispanic Presence. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2014.
- Dunn, Hampton., and Paul Eugen Camp. Collecting Florida: the Hampton Dunn Collection and Other Floridiana, Special Collections Department, University of South Florida Libraries. Tampa Florida: University of South Florida Libraries, 2006.
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- Levine Jacki. 2023. Once Upon a Time in Florida : Stories of Life in the Land of Promises. St. Petersburg FL: Florida Humanities.
External links
- State website
- Florida State Guide, from the Library of Congress
- Florida Memory Project. Over 300,000 photographs and documents from the State Library & Archives of Florida.
- Online collection of the Spanish Land Grants
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Florida
- Florida Rivers and Watersheds—Florida DEP
- U.S. Census Bureau
- Economic and farm demographics fact sheet from the USDA
- Energy & Environmental Data For Florida
- Heliconius charitonia, zebra longwing. Florida state butterfly, on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures web site.
- TerraFly Property Value and Aerial Imagery Spatio-temporal animation Real Estate Trends in Florida
- List of searchable databases produced by Florida state agencies hosted by the American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable
- Florida
- 1845 establishments in the United States
- Former Spanish colonies
- Peninsulas of Florida
- Southern United States
- States and territories established in 1845
- States of the Confederate States of America
- States of the East Coast of the United States
- States of the Gulf Coast of the United States
- States of the United States
- Contiguous United States