Counties of China: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|none}} |
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{{More footnotes|date=January 2018}} |
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{{expand Chinese|date=March 2023|topic=gov}} |
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{{Infobox subdivision type |
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| name = County<br>{{nobold|{{lang-zh|s=县|labels=no}}}}<br>{{lang-zh|p=Xiàn|labels=no}} |
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| alt_name = |
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| map = [[File:China Counties.png|330px]] |
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| caption = |
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| category = Third level [[administrative division]] of a [[unitary state]] |
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| territory = [[China|People's Republic of China]] |
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| upper_unit = [[Prefecture-level divisions of China|Prefectures]], [[Province-level divisions of China|Provinces]] |
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| start_date = |
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| current_number = 1,319 (1,307 controlled, 11 claimed) |
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| number_date = 2023 |
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| population_range = |
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| area_range = |
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| government = Various, [[Government of China|Central Government]] |
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| subdivision = [[Towns of China|Town]], [[Townships of China|Township]] |
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}} |
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{{Infobox Chinese|order=st|pic=|title=County |
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|t=縣|s=县|p=Xiàn |
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|tib=རྫོང་།<br/>(formerly 宗 in Chinese)|wylie=rdzong|zwpy=Zong |
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|zha=Yen |
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|mong=ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ|monr=siyan|mon=Шянь |
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|uig=ناھىيە|uly=Nahiye|uyy=Nah̡iyə|sgs=Naĥiyə |
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|hangul = 현|rr=hyeon|mr=hyŏn |
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|lang1=Kazakh|lang1_content={{lang|kk-Arab|اۋدان}}<Br>{{lang|kk|аудан}}<br>{{transl|kk|audan}} |
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|lang2=Kyrgyz|lang2_content={{lang|ky-Arab|وودان}}<Br>{{lang|ky|оодан}}<br>{{transl|ky|oodan}} |
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|mnc=ᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ|mnc_v=hiyan |
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}} |
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{{Administrative levels and divisions of China sidebar}} |
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'''Counties''' ({{lang-zh|t=縣|s=县|hp=Xiàn}}) are found in the [[County-level divisions of China|third level]] of the administrative hierarchy in [[Provinces of China|provinces]] and [[Autonomous regions of China|autonomous regions]] and the second level in [[Direct-controlled municipality#People's Republic of China|municipalities]] and [[Hainan]], a level that is known as "'''county level'''" and also contains [[autonomous county|autonomous counties]], [[county-level city|county-level cities]], [[Banners of Inner Mongolia|banners]], [[Banners of Inner Mongolia#Autonomous banners|autonomous banners]] and [[District (China)#Ethnic districts|city districts]]. There are 1,355 counties in [[mainland China]] out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions. |
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The term ''xian'' is sometimes translated as "'''district'''" or "'''prefecture'''" when put in the context of [[History of China|Chinese history]]. |
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==History== |
== History == |
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{{see also|Counties of Taiwan{{!}}Counties of the Republic of China}} |
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''Xian'' have existed since the [[Warring States Period]], and were set up nation-wide by the [[Qin Dynasty]]. The number of counties in [[China proper]] gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As [[Qin Shi Huang]] reorganized the counties after his unification, there were about 1000. Under the Eastern [[Han Dynasty]], the number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when the [[Sui dynasty]] abolished the [[Commandery (China)|commandery]] level (郡 jùn), which was the level just above counties, and demoted some commanderies to counties. The current number of [[counties]] mostly resembled that of the later years of [[Qing Dynasty]]. Changes of location and names of counties in [[Chinese history]] have been a major field of research in [[Chinese historical geography]], especially from the 1960s to the 1980s. |
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''Xian'' have existed since the [[Warring States period]] and were set up nationwide by the [[Qin dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hsu |first=Cho-yun |translator-last1=Baker |translator-first1=Timothy D. Jr. |translator-last2=Duke |translator-first2=Michael S. |year=2012 |orig-year=2006 |title=China: A New Cultural History |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=102 |isbn=9780231159203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Goodman |editor-first=David S.G. |year=2015 |title=Handbook of the Politics of China |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Limited |page=159 |isbn=9781782544364}}</ref> The number of counties in [[China proper]] gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As [[Qin Shi Huang]] reorganized the counties after his unification, there were about 1,000. Under the Eastern [[Han dynasty]], the number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when the [[Sui dynasty]] abolished the [[Commandery (China)|commandery]] level (郡 jùn), which was the level just above counties, and demoted some commanderies to counties. The current number of [[counties]] mostly resembled that of the later years of [[Qing dynasty]]. Changes of location and names of counties in [[History of China|Chinese history]] have been a major field of research in Chinese historical geography, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} |
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In Imperial China, the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of the imperial bureaucratic structure |
In Imperial China, the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of the imperial bureaucratic structure;{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} in other words, it was the lowest level that the government reached. Government below the county level was often undertaken through informal non-bureaucratic means, varying between dynasties. The head of a county was the [[county magistrate|magistrate]], who oversaw both the day-to-day operations of the county as well as civil and criminal cases. |
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During the Republican period, counties were the second level administrative divisions of its provinces. After the Chinese Civil War, counties became subordinate to prefectural level cities while the previous structure is retained. The counties became directly governed by the [[Executive Yuan]] after the provinces became streamlined in 1998, but they were fully abolished in 2018. |
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==People's Republic of China== |
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{{main|List of county-level divisions of China}} |
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== Autonomous counties == |
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See [[Political divisions of China]] for how counties fit into the PRC administrative hierarchy. |
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{{Main|Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China}} |
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Autonomous counties ({{zh|labels=no |s=自治县 |p=zìzhìxiàn}}) are a special class of counties in [[mainland China]] reserved for non-[[Han Chinese]] [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]]. Autonomous counties are found all over China, and are given, by law, more legislative power than regular counties. |
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===Autonomous counties=== |
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{{Main|Autonomous county}} |
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Autonomous counties (自治县 [[Pinyin]]: zìzhìxiàn) are a special class of counties in [[mainland China]] reserved for non-[[Han Chinese]] [[List of Chinese nationalities|ethnic minorities]]. Autonomous counties are found all over China, and are given, by law, more legislative power than regular counties. |
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There are 117 autonomous counties in |
There are 117 autonomous counties in mainland China. |
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== |
== Government == |
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As the [[Communist Party |
As the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) is central to directing government policy in mainland China, every level of administrative division has a local CCP committee. A county's{{Clarify|reason=Country's what?|date=June 2023}} is called the [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|secretary]] ({{lang|zh-hans|中共县委书记}}), the ''de facto'' highest office of the county. Policies are carried out via the [[Central People's Government|people's government]] of the county, and its head is called the county governor ({{lang|zh-hans|县长}}). The governor is often also one of the deputy secretaries in the CCP Committee. |
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== |
== See also == |
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* {{C|Counties of China}} — historical |
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{{Administrative divisions of the Republic of China sidebar}} |
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* [[List of counties in the People's Republic of China]] |
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* [[List of county-level divisions of China]] |
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* [[History of the administrative divisions of China (disambiguation)|History of the administrative divisions of China]] |
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* [[Attached county]], a former sort of ''xian'' in late Imperial China |
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* [[County (Taiwan)]] |
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== References == |
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In ROC's administrative divisions '''counties,''' or '''Sian''' or '''Hsian,''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: '''縣''') are officially found in the second level; however, the streamlining of [[Taiwan Province]] has effectively made the county the first level below the [[Government of the Republic of China|Republic of China central government]]'s rule. Within [[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian Province]] the county is still the second level. There are 18 counties administered by the Republic of China, including 16 in Taiwan Province and two in Fujian Province. |
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=== Citations === |
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{{Reflist}} |
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=== Sources === |
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In [[Taiwan Province]]: |
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{{refbegin}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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* {{citation |first = T'ung-tsu |last = Ch'u |author-link = Qu Tongzu |title = Local Government in China under the Ch'ing |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] |year = 1962 |ref = none }} |
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! Romanization!![[Chinese character|Chinese]]!![[Tongyong Pinyin]]!![[Hanyu Pinyin]]!![[Wade-Giles]]!![[POJ]]!!Capital!!Capital in Chinese |
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{{refend}} |
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|- |
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| ||彰化縣||Jhanghuà||Zhānghuà||Chang1-hua4||Chiong-hòa-koān||[[Changhua City]]||彰化市 |
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| [[Chiayi County]]||嘉義縣||Jiayì||Jiāyì||Chia1-i4||Ka-gī-koān||[[Taibao City]]||太保市 |
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|[[Hsinchu County]]||新竹縣||Sinjhú||Xīnzhú||Hsin1-chu2|| ||[[Zhubei City]]||竹北市 |
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|[[Hualien County]]||花蓮縣||Hualián||Huālián||Hua1-lien2||Hoa-liân-koān||[[Hualien City]]||花蓮市 |
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| [[Kaohsiung County]]||高雄縣||Gaosyóng||Gāoxióng||Kao1-hsiung2|| ||[[Fengshan City]]||鳳山市 |
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|[[Miaoli County]]||苗栗縣||Miáolì||Miáolì||Miao2-li4|| ||[[Miaoli City]]||苗栗市 |
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| [[Nantou County]]||南投縣||Nántóu||Nántóu||Nan2-t'ou2|| ||[[Nantou City]]||南投市 |
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|[[File:Flag of Penghu County.png|35px]] [[Penghu County]] (Pescadores)||澎湖縣||Pénghú||Pénghú||P'eng2-hu2|| ||[[Magong City]]||馬公市 |
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| [[Pingtung County]]||屏東縣||Píngdong||Píngdōng||P'ing2-tung1|| ||[[Pingtung City]]||屏東市 |
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| [[Taichung County]]||臺中縣, 台中縣||Táijhong||Táizhōng||T'ai2-chung1|| ||[[Fengyuan City]]||豐原市 |
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|[[Tainan County]]||臺南縣, 台南縣||Táinán||Táinán||T'ai2-nan2|| ||[[Xingying City]]||新營市 |
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| [[Taipei County]]||臺北縣, 台北縣||Táiběi||Táiběi||T'ai2-pei3|| ||[[Banqiao City]]||板橋市 |
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| [[Taitung County]]||臺東縣, 台東縣||Táidong||Táidōng||T'ai2-tung1|| ||[[Taitung City]]||台東市 |
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| [[Taoyuan County, Taiwan|Taoyuan County]]||桃園縣||Táoyuán||Táoyuán||T'ao2-yüan2|| ||[[Taoyuan City]]||桃園市 |
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| [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan County]]||宜蘭縣||Yílán||Yílán||I2-lan2||Gî-lân-koān||[[Yilan City]]||宜蘭市 |
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| [[Yunlin County]]||雲林縣||Yúnlín||Yúnlín||Yün2-lin2|| ||[[Douliu City]]||斗六市 |
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|} |
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In [[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian Province]] (Wade-Giles: Fuchien): |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! Romanization!![[Chinese character|Chinese]]!![[Tongyong Pinyin]]!![[Hanyu Pinyin]]!![[Wade-Giles]]!!Capital!!Capital in Chinese |
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|- |
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| Lienchiang County ([[Matsu Islands|Matsu]])||連江縣||Liánjiang||Liánjiāng||Lien2-chiang1||[[Nangan|Nangan Township]]||南竿鄉 |
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| [[Kinmen County]]||金門縣||Jinmén||Jīnmén||Chin1-men2||[[Chincheng, Kinmen|Jincheng Township]]||金城鎮 |
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|} |
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{{-}} |
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==See also== |
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* [[County]] |
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{{ |
{{authority control}} |
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{{Articles on third-level administrative divisions of countries}} |
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[[Category:Counties of China| ]] |
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{{coord missing}} |
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[[Category:County-level divisions of the People's Republic of China| 01]] |
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[[Category:Administrative divisions |
[[Category:Administrative divisions of China]] |
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[[Category:Administrative divisions of the Republic of China]] |
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[[Category:Counties of China]] |
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[[Category:County-level divisions of the People's Republic of China]] |
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[[fr:Xian (subdivision de la RPC)]] |
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[[ko:현 (행정 구역)]] |
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[[nl:Arrondissement (China)]] |
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[[ja:県 (中華人民共和国)]] |
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[[no:Fylke (Kina)]] |
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[[pt:Condados da China]] |
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[[vi:Huyện (Trung Quốc)]] |
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[[zh-classical:縣]] |
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[[zh-yue:縣]] |
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[[zh:县]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:15, 23 September 2024
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2018) |
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (March 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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| County 县 Xiàn | |
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| Category | Third level administrative division of a unitary state |
| Location | People's Republic of China |
| Found in | Prefectures, Provinces |
| Number | 1,319 (1,307 controlled, 11 claimed) (as of 2023) |
| Government |
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| Subdivisions | |
| County | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 县 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 縣 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Tibetan name | |||||||||
| Tibetan | རྫོང་། (formerly 宗 in Chinese) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Zhuang name | |||||||||
| Zhuang | Yen | ||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul | 현 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Mongolian name | |||||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Шянь | ||||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Uyghur name | |||||||||
| Uyghur | ناھىيە | ||||||||
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| Manchu name | |||||||||
| Manchu script | ᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ | ||||||||
| Möllendorff | hiyan | ||||||||
| Kazakh name | |||||||||
| Kazakh | اۋدان аудан audan | ||||||||
| Kyrgyz name | |||||||||
| Kyrgyz | وودان оодан oodan | ||||||||
| Administrative divisions of China |
|---|
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History: before 1912, 1912–49, 1949–present Administrative division codes |
Counties (simplified Chinese: 县; traditional Chinese: 縣; pinyin: Xiàn) are found in the third level of the administrative hierarchy in provinces and autonomous regions and the second level in municipalities and Hainan, a level that is known as "county level" and also contains autonomous counties, county-level cities, banners, autonomous banners and city districts. There are 1,355 counties in mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions.
The term xian is sometimes translated as "district" or "prefecture" when put in the context of Chinese history.
History
[edit]Xian have existed since the Warring States period and were set up nationwide by the Qin dynasty.[1][2] The number of counties in China proper gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As Qin Shi Huang reorganized the counties after his unification, there were about 1,000. Under the Eastern Han dynasty, the number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when the Sui dynasty abolished the commandery level (郡 jùn), which was the level just above counties, and demoted some commanderies to counties. The current number of counties mostly resembled that of the later years of Qing dynasty. Changes of location and names of counties in Chinese history have been a major field of research in Chinese historical geography, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s.[citation needed]
In Imperial China, the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of the imperial bureaucratic structure;[citation needed] in other words, it was the lowest level that the government reached. Government below the county level was often undertaken through informal non-bureaucratic means, varying between dynasties. The head of a county was the magistrate, who oversaw both the day-to-day operations of the county as well as civil and criminal cases.
During the Republican period, counties were the second level administrative divisions of its provinces. After the Chinese Civil War, counties became subordinate to prefectural level cities while the previous structure is retained. The counties became directly governed by the Executive Yuan after the provinces became streamlined in 1998, but they were fully abolished in 2018.
Autonomous counties
[edit]Autonomous counties (自治县; zìzhìxiàn) are a special class of counties in mainland China reserved for non-Han Chinese ethnic minorities. Autonomous counties are found all over China, and are given, by law, more legislative power than regular counties.
There are 117 autonomous counties in mainland China.
Government
[edit]As the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is central to directing government policy in mainland China, every level of administrative division has a local CCP committee. A county's[clarification needed] is called the secretary (中共县委书记), the de facto highest office of the county. Policies are carried out via the people's government of the county, and its head is called the county governor (县长). The governor is often also one of the deputy secretaries in the CCP Committee.
See also
[edit]- Counties of China — historical
- List of counties in the People's Republic of China
- List of county-level divisions of China
- History of the administrative divisions of China
- Attached county, a former sort of xian in late Imperial China
- County (Taiwan)
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Hsu, Cho-yun (2012) [2006]. China: A New Cultural History. Translated by Baker, Timothy D. Jr.; Duke, Michael S. Columbia University Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780231159203.
- ^ Goodman, David S.G., ed. (2015). Handbook of the Politics of China. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. p. 159. ISBN 9781782544364.
Sources
[edit]- Ch'u, T'ung-tsu (1962), Local Government in China under the Ch'ing, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press