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{{Islam}}
{{Short description|Holidays in Islam}}
[[File:Sholakia_Eidgah_Maidan_08.jpg|thumb|right|Eid celebration in [[Sholakia]]. The largest [[Eid prayers|Eid congregation]].]]
There are two main '''holidays in Islam''', [[Eid Al-Fitr]] and [[Eid Al-Adha]]. The way that holidays are recognized can vary across cultures, as well as across sects of Islam, [[Sunni]] and [[Shia]]. Muslim holidays generally follow the [[lunar calendar]], and thus move each year relative to the [[solar calendar]]. The [[Islamic calendar]] has 12 months and 354–355 days. Sunni and Shia lunar calendars do not always coincide: sometimes a Shia holiday and the same Sunni holiday occur on two different days, typically two successive ones. Islamic dates are based on a lunar calendar, and may vary by 1–2 days from what is predicted below.
{{Islam |religion}}
There are two main holidays in [[Islam]] that are celebrated by [[Muslim]]s worldwide: [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]]. The timing of both holidays are set by the lunar [[Islamic calendar]], which is based upon the cycle of the moon, and so is different from the more common, European, solar-based [[Gregorian calendar]]. Every year, the Gregorian dates of the Islamic holidays change.


Both Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha follow a period of 10 holy days or nights: the last 10 nights of [[Ramadan]] for Eid al-Fitr, and the first 10 days of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] for Eid al-Adha. The [[Night of Power]] (Arabic: لیلة القدر, <small>[[Romanization of Arabic|romanized]]</small>: Laylat al-Qadr), one of the last 10 nights of Ramadan, is the holiest night of the year.{{cn|date=October 2023}} Conversely, the [[Day of Arafah]], the day before Eid al-Adha, is the holiest day of the Islamic year.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
== Religious festive day ==
=== Ashura ===
{{main|Day of Ashura}}
Ashura is commemorated by [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'a Muslims]] on the ninth and tenth days of [[Muharram]] on the Islamic Calendar. Ashura is an Arabic word meaning "ten", and according to [[Sunni]] schools of thought it is a day of optional fasting. Jews in the city of Madina fasted only one day, on [[Yom Kippur]], the 10th of [[Tishrei]] because they believe that Prophet Moses fasted on this day; so the Prophet Muhammad would fast too, to express the continuity of Islam and brotherhood with the earlier Prophet. According to Islamic tradition, [[Prophet Muhammad]] fasted along with the neighboring Jewish communities on this occasion, and according to narrations, Prophet Muhammad fasted on the 10th of Muharram and said that if he (SAW) lived to the next year he(SAW) would also fast the 9th Muharram (Hazrat Ibn Abbas (Radiyallahu 'anh) relates that when the Holy Nabi (Sall Allahu alaihi wa Aalihi wa Sallim) said: "If I survive till next year, I will definitely observe fast on the 9th of Muharram (as well)." [Sahih Muslim] .


There are a number of other days of note as well as festivals, some common to all Muslims, others specific to [[Shia Islam]] or branches thereof.
By Islamic tradition, this day commemorates God saving [[Moses]] and the [[Israelites]] from Pharaoh in [[Egypt]] as they crossed the [[Red Sea]] (the [[The Exodus|Exodus]] day). According to [[Judaism]], the Israelites left Egypt on the first day of [[Passover]], and they crossed the Sea of Reeds seven days later on the 21st of [[Nisan]], both of which are celebrated as holidays with meals.


Additionally, Friday is considered the holiest day of the week, and in Islamic tradition, is considered a celebration in itself. [[Friday prayer|Friday Prayers]] (Juma) are congregational prayers held in [[mosque]]s, and Muslims are encouraged to wear clean and refined clothes, perfume, and bathe. It is customary to eat special meals with family on this day.
According to Shi'a tradition, 10 Muharram is also the day on which Muhammad's grandson, [[Husayn ibn Ali]], was martyred in the [[Battle of Karbala]].


==Holidays==
=== Laylat ul Isra and Miraj ===
{{main|Lailat al Miraj}}
{{Main|Eid al-Fitr|Eid al-Adha}}
Eid al-Fitr is celebrated at the end of [[Ramadan]] (a month of fasting during daylight hours), and Muslims may perform acts of [[zakat]] (charity) on the occasion, which begins after the new moon is sighted for the beginning of the month of [[Shawwal]]. Celebration begins with prayers on the morning of 1 Shawwal, followed by breakfast, and often celebratory meals throughout the day.
Laylat ul [[Isra and Mi'raj]] is Arabic for the “Night of the Journey and Ascension”. It is on 27th of [[Rajab]]. It is the night when Muhammad was, according to Hadiths, taken to “the furthest mosque” (generally understood to be [[Jerusalem]]) on a [[Buraq]] (a beast resembling horse with wings; some people consider it a [[cherub]]) and ascended to the highest level of the heavens. It is said that he negotiated with God about the number of prayers, which started at fifty a day, but on his way down he met Moses, who asked him to ask for a reduction in the number because the requirement was difficult for Muhammad's people. Muhammad returned to God and several times asked for, and was granted a reduction of five prayers, until the number was reduced to five in total, with the blessing that if they were properly performed, the performers would be credited with fifty prayers instead of five. The event of this Night has also been described in Quran in Part 15 the beginning of Surah Isra.


Eid al-Adha is celebrated on the tenth day of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], when the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage takes place which lasts for four days. Muslims may perform an act of zakat and friendship by slaughtering a sheep or cow and distributing the meat to family, friends, and the poor. Muslims are also encouraged to be especially friendly and reach out to one another during this period.<ref>{{Cite book|last=الشحيمي|first=محمد|title=العيد فرحة وآداب|publisher=[[دائرة الشؤون الإسلامية والعمل الخيري]]|year=2014|isbn=978-9948-499-99-2|location=دبي، الامارات العربية المتحدة}}</ref>
=== Laylat al-Qadr ===
{{main|Laylat al-Qadr}}
Laylat al-Qadr is Arabic for “The Night of Power”. It falls on one of the last ten days of [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]] on an odd numbered day. It is considered the holiest night of the year, since it is the night in which the Qur'an was first revealed. It is also considered ''better than a thousand months'' [Qur'an [[Al-Qadr|97]]:1–3]. It is said that if a person performs voluntary worship on this night, that worship is equal to a thousand months or approximately 80 years.


== Religious practice ==
==Religious practices==
=== Fasting ===
===Fasting===
[[File:Fanous Ramadan.jpg|thumb|The [[Fanoos]], a lantern used in homes, mosques and streets during Ramadan]]
{{main|Ramadan}}
{{Main|Ramadan}}
[[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]] is the month in which Muslims must fast from dawn to sunset. This is meant to feel how the poor people are without food or water. In addition, Muslims close their bodies off from earthly demands by denying themselves food and drink. This in turn allows for the nourishment of the soul.
Muslims celebrate when they believe the [[Quran]] was first revealed to Muhammed by fasting from dawn to sunset during [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]], the ninth month of the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=No god but God : the origins and evolution of Islam|last=Reza|first=Aslan|date=2011|publisher=Delacorte Press|isbn=9780385739757|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=118–119|oclc=614990718}}</ref> Fasting is considered a purifying experience so that Muslims can gain compassion and deepen their faith in [[God in Islam|God]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ramadan0000aloi|title=Ramadan|last=Molly.|first=Aloian|date=2009|publisher=Crabtree|isbn=978-0778742852|location=New York|oclc=227911610|url-access=registration}}</ref> Those with certain health conditions such as diabetes, and children are exempt from fasting. Travelers, and women who are menstruating or nursing a baby, are exempt from fasting but are required to fast later.{{cn|date=October 2023}}


===Pilgrimage===
Fasting is more than just the mere denial of food and drink. Muslims must also abstain from smoking and sexual contact. In addition, there are culture-specific beliefs regarding the watching of television, listening to music, and the perusal of any secular vice that does not in some way enhance spirituality.
====Hajj====
{{Main|Hajj}}


=== Pilgrimage ===
====Umrah====
{{Main|Umrah}}
==== Hajj ====
{{main|Hajj}}


==== Umrah ====
====Eid====
{{main|Umrah}}
{{ramadan}}


==Dates of holidays and other days of note==
== Calendar ==
The Islamic calendar is based on the [[orbital period|synodic period]] of the [[Lunar phase|Moon's revolution]] around the Earth, approximately 29{{1/2}} days. The Islamic calendar alternates months of 29 and 30 days (which begin with the new moon). Twelve of these months make up an Islamic year, which is 11 days shorter than the Gregorian year. Some Gregorian dates may vary slightly from those given, and may also vary by country. See [[Islamic calendar#Astronomical considerations|Islamic calendar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Calendar|url=http://islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/|website=IslamicFinder|access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Special Islamic Days|url=http://islamicfinder.org/special-islamic-days/|website=IslamicFinder|access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Umrah Packages 2025 |url=https://hajartravels.com/affordable-umrah-packages/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |publisher=Hajar Travels}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! Holiday name!! Hijri date !! 1445 AH
! Festive day<ref>Dates based on the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia</ref>
! 1431 AH
!1446 AH
! 1432 AH
! 1433 AH
! 1434 AH
! 1435 AH
|-
|-
| [[Islamic New Year]]
| align="left" | [[Islamic New Year]] || align="left" | 1 Muḥarram || 19 July 2023
|7 July 2024
| align=right | 18 December 2009
| align=right | 7 December 2010
| align=right | 26 November 2011
| align=right | 15 November 2012
| align=right | 4 November 2013
|-
|-
| align="left" | [[Ashura]] || align="left" | 10 Muḥarram || 28 July 2023
| [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]]
|17 July 2024
| align=right | 27 December 2009
| align=right | 16 December 2010
| align=right | 5 December 2011
| align=right | 24 November 2012
| align=right | 13 November 2013
|-
|-
| align="left" | [[Arbaʽeen]]{{efn|name=Shia|Primarily observed by Shias.}} || align="left" | 20 or 21 Ṣafar{{efn|Observed 40 days after Ashura.}} || 6 Sep. 2023
| [[Mawlid an-Nabi]]
|26 Aug. 2024
| align=right | 26 February 2010
| align=right | 15 February 2011
| align=right | 4 February 2012
| align=right | 24 January 2013
| align=right | 13 January 2014
|-
|-
| align="left" | [[Akhiri Chahar Shambah]]{{efn|Primarily observed by Muslims in Iran and Indian subcontinent.}} || align="left" | Last Wednesday of Ṣafar ||
| [[Lailat al Miraj#Modern observance|Laylat al-Miraj]]
|
| align=right | 9 July 2010
| align=right | 29 June 2011
| align=right | 17 June 2012
| align=right | 6 June 2013
| align=right | 26 May 2014
|-
|-
| align="left" | [[Eid-e-Shuja']] (Eid-e-Zahra){{efn|name=Twelver|Primarily observed by [[Twelver|Twelver Shias]].}} || align="left" | 9 Rabī‘ al-Awwal || 24 Sep. 2023
| [[Mid-Sha'ban|Laylat al-Baraat]]
|
| align=right | 27 July 2010
| align=right | 16 July 2011
| align=right | 5 July 2012
| align=right | 24 June 2013
| align=right | 13 June 2014
|-
|-
| align="left" | [[Mawlid|Mawlid an-Nabī]]<br />(Birthday of [[Muhammad]]){{efn|Not observed by Wahhabis, Deobandis and Ahl-i-Hadith}}|| align="left" | 12 Rabī‘ al-Awwal || 27 Sep. 2023
| [[Ramadan]]<ref name="moon">These dates can be advanced or delayed by one day, depending on the first sighting of the lunar crescent in Saudi Arabia</ref>
|15 Sep. 2024
| align=right | 11 August 2010
| align=right | 1 August 2011
| align=right | 20 July 2012
| align=right | 9 July 2013
| align=right | 28 June 2014
|-
|-
| align="left" | Baptism of Muhammad{{efn|Mostly observed in the [[Sahel]]}} || align="left" | 19 Rabī‘ al-Awwal || 4 Oct. 2023
| [[Laylat al-Qadr]]<ref name="moon" />
|22 Sep. 2024
| align=right | 6 September 2010
| align=right | 27 August 2011
| align=right | 15 August 2012
| align=right | 4 August 2013
| align=right | 24 July 2014
|-
|-
| align="left" | Beginning the Three Holy Months || align="left" | 1 Rajab || 13 January 2024
| [[Eid al-Fitr]]<ref name="moon" />
|
| align=right | 10 September 2010
| align=right | 30 August 2011
| align=right | 19 August 2012
| align=right | 8 August 2013
| align=right | 28 July 2014
|-
|-
| align="left" | [[Laylat al-Raghaib]] || align="left" | 2 Rajab || 14 January 2024
| [[Eid al-Adha]]<ref name="moon" />
|
| align=right | 16 November 2010
|-
| align=right | 6 November 2011
| align="left" | Birthday of [[Ali|‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib]]{{efn|name=Shia}} || align="left" | [[13 Rajab]] || 25 Jan. 2024
| align=right | 26 October 2012
|
| align=right | 15 October 2013
|-
| align=right | 4 October 2014
| align="left" | [[Isra and Mi'raj|Laylat al-Mi'raj]] || align="left" | 26 Rajab or 27 Rajab{{efn|There is some disagreement about this date; see [[Isra and Mi'raj#Modern Muslim observance|Isra and Mi'raj]].}} || 7-8 Feb. 2024
|
|-
| align="left" | [[Mid-Sha'ban|Laylat al-Bara'at]] || align="left" | 15 Sha‘bān || 25 Feb. 2024
|
|-
| align="left" | Birthday of [[Hujjat-Allah imam al-Mahdi|Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdī]]{{efn|name=Twelver|Primarily observed by [[Twelver|Twelver Shias]].}} || align="left" | 15 Sha‘bān || 25 Feb. 2024
|
|-
| align="left" | First day of [[Ramadan|Ramaḍān]] || align="left" | 1 Ramaḍān || 11 Mar. 2024
|
|-
| align="left" | '''[[Qadr Night|Laylat al-Qadr]]''' || align="left" | 21, 23, 25, 27, or 29 Ramaḍān{{efn|Most often observed on 23 Ramaḍān by Shias and 27 Ramaḍān by Sunnis; see [[Qadr Night#Date|Laylat al-Qadr]].}} || between<br />29 Mar. & 8 Apr. 2024
|
|-
| align="left" | [[Chaand Raat]]{{efn|Primarily observed in [[South Asia]].}} || align="left" | 29 or 30 Ramaḍān{{efn|Observed on the last evening of Ramaḍān; see [[Chaand Raat#Background|Chaand Raat]].}} || 9 Apr. 2024
|
|-
| align="left" | '''[[Eid al-Fitr]]''' || align="left" | '''1 Shawwāl''' || '''10 Apr. 2024'''
|30 March 2025
|-
| align="left" | [[Hajj]] || align="left" | 8–13 Dhū al-Ḥijja || 14–19 June 2024
|
|-
| align="left" | '''[[Day of Arafah]]''' || align="left" | 9 Dhū al-Ḥijja || 15 June 2024
|5 June 2025
|-
| align="left" | '''[[Eid al-Adha]]''' || align="left" | '''10 Dhū al-Ḥijja''' || '''16 June 2024'''
|6 June 2025
|-
| align="left" | [[Event of Ghadir Khumm|Eid al-Ghadeer]]{{efn|name=Shia}} || align="left" | 18 Dhū al-Ḥijja || 24 June 2024
|
|-
| align="left" | [[Event of Mubahala|Eid al-Mubahalah]]{{efn|name=Shia}} || align="left" | 24 Dhū al-Ḥijja || 30 June 2024
|
|}
|}


===Notes to table===
<references />
{{Notelist|45em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Leaman, Oliver, "Festivals of Love", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp.&nbsp;197–199.


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/islam/ummalqura.htm The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia] (with date converter valid from 1937 to 2077)
* [http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia] (with date converter valid from 1937 to 2077)


{{Eid}}
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Muslimholidays}}
{{Muslimholidays}}
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Time in religion and mythology}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Muslim Holidays}}
[[Category:Religious holidays]]
[[Category:Islamic holy days| ]]
[[Category:Islamic holy days| ]]
[[Category:Religious holidays]]

[[ar:عيد إسلامي]]
[[ca:Celebracions islàmiques]]
[[da:Islamiske helligdage]]
[[de:Islamische Festtage]]
[[es:Días festivos musulmanes]]
[[fr:Fêtes islamiques]]
[[hi:मुस्लिम त्यौहार]]
[[he:חגים ומועדים באסלאם]]
[[ml:ഇസ്ലാമിലെ ആഘോഷങ്ങൾ]]
[[ms:Perayaan Islam]]
[[no:Islamske høytider]]
[[uz:Islomiy bayramlar]]
[[ro:Bairam]]
[[ru:Исламские праздники]]
[[sq:Festat Islame]]
[[simple:Muslim occasions]]
[[tt:Ислам бәйрәмнәре]]
[[tr:İslami bayramlar]]
[[uk:Ісламські свята]]

Latest revision as of 11:13, 19 October 2024

Eid celebration in Sholakia. The largest Eid congregation.
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There are two main holidays in Islam that are celebrated by Muslims worldwide: Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. The timing of both holidays are set by the lunar Islamic calendar, which is based upon the cycle of the moon, and so is different from the more common, European, solar-based Gregorian calendar. Every year, the Gregorian dates of the Islamic holidays change.

Both Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha follow a period of 10 holy days or nights: the last 10 nights of Ramadan for Eid al-Fitr, and the first 10 days of Dhu al-Hijjah for Eid al-Adha. The Night of Power (Arabic: لیلة القدر, romanized: Laylat al-Qadr), one of the last 10 nights of Ramadan, is the holiest night of the year.[citation needed] Conversely, the Day of Arafah, the day before Eid al-Adha, is the holiest day of the Islamic year.[citation needed]

There are a number of other days of note as well as festivals, some common to all Muslims, others specific to Shia Islam or branches thereof.

Additionally, Friday is considered the holiest day of the week, and in Islamic tradition, is considered a celebration in itself. Friday Prayers (Juma) are congregational prayers held in mosques, and Muslims are encouraged to wear clean and refined clothes, perfume, and bathe. It is customary to eat special meals with family on this day.

Holidays

[edit]
Main articles: Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha

Eid al-Fitr is celebrated at the end of Ramadan (a month of fasting during daylight hours), and Muslims may perform acts of zakat (charity) on the occasion, which begins after the new moon is sighted for the beginning of the month of Shawwal. Celebration begins with prayers on the morning of 1 Shawwal, followed by breakfast, and often celebratory meals throughout the day.

Eid al-Adha is celebrated on the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, when the Hajj pilgrimage takes place which lasts for four days. Muslims may perform an act of zakat and friendship by slaughtering a sheep or cow and distributing the meat to family, friends, and the poor. Muslims are also encouraged to be especially friendly and reach out to one another during this period.[1]

Religious practices

[edit]

Fasting

[edit]
The Fanoos, a lantern used in homes, mosques and streets during Ramadan
Main article: Ramadan

Muslims celebrate when they believe the Quran was first revealed to Muhammed by fasting from dawn to sunset during Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar.[2] Fasting is considered a purifying experience so that Muslims can gain compassion and deepen their faith in God.[3] Those with certain health conditions such as diabetes, and children are exempt from fasting. Travelers, and women who are menstruating or nursing a baby, are exempt from fasting but are required to fast later.[citation needed]

Pilgrimage

[edit]

Hajj

[edit]
Main article: Hajj

Umrah

[edit]
Main article: Umrah

Eid

[edit]

Dates of holidays and other days of note

[edit]

The Islamic calendar is based on the synodic period of the Moon's revolution around the Earth, approximately 291⁄2 days. The Islamic calendar alternates months of 29 and 30 days (which begin with the new moon). Twelve of these months make up an Islamic year, which is 11 days shorter than the Gregorian year. Some Gregorian dates may vary slightly from those given, and may also vary by country. See Islamic calendar.[4][5][6]

Holiday name Hijri date 1445 AH 1446 AH
Islamic New Year 1 Muḥarram 19 July 2023 7 July 2024
Ashura 10 Muḥarram 28 July 2023 17 July 2024
Arbaʽeen[a] 20 or 21 Ṣafar[b] 6 Sep. 2023 26 Aug. 2024
Akhiri Chahar Shambah[c] Last Wednesday of Ṣafar
Eid-e-Shuja' (Eid-e-Zahra)[d] 9 Rabī‘ al-Awwal 24 Sep. 2023
Mawlid an-Nabī
(Birthday of Muhammad)[e]		 12 Rabī‘ al-Awwal 27 Sep. 2023 15 Sep. 2024
Baptism of Muhammad[f] 19 Rabī‘ al-Awwal 4 Oct. 2023 22 Sep. 2024
Beginning the Three Holy Months 1 Rajab 13 January 2024
Laylat al-Raghaib 2 Rajab 14 January 2024
Birthday of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib[a] 13 Rajab 25 Jan. 2024
Laylat al-Mi'raj 26 Rajab or 27 Rajab[g] 7-8 Feb. 2024
Laylat al-Bara'at 15 Sha‘bān 25 Feb. 2024
Birthday of Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdī[d] 15 Sha‘bān 25 Feb. 2024
First day of Ramaḍān 1 Ramaḍān 11 Mar. 2024
Laylat al-Qadr 21, 23, 25, 27, or 29 Ramaḍān[h] between
29 Mar. & 8 Apr. 2024
Chaand Raat[i] 29 or 30 Ramaḍān[j] 9 Apr. 2024
Eid al-Fitr 1 Shawwāl 10 Apr. 2024 30 March 2025
Hajj 8–13 Dhū al-Ḥijja 14–19 June 2024
Day of Arafah 9 Dhū al-Ḥijja 15 June 2024 5 June 2025
Eid al-Adha 10 Dhū al-Ḥijja 16 June 2024 6 June 2025
Eid al-Ghadeer[a] 18 Dhū al-Ḥijja 24 June 2024
Eid al-Mubahalah[a] 24 Dhū al-Ḥijja 30 June 2024

Notes to table

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Primarily observed by Shias.
  2. ^ Observed 40 days after Ashura.
  3. ^ Primarily observed by Muslims in Iran and Indian subcontinent.
  4. ^ a b Primarily observed by Twelver Shias.
  5. ^ Not observed by Wahhabis, Deobandis and Ahl-i-Hadith
  6. ^ Mostly observed in the Sahel
  7. ^ There is some disagreement about this date; see Isra and Mi'raj.
  8. ^ Most often observed on 23 Ramaḍān by Shias and 27 Ramaḍān by Sunnis; see Laylat al-Qadr.
  9. ^ Primarily observed in South Asia.
  10. ^ Observed on the last evening of Ramaḍān; see Chaand Raat.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ الشحيمي, محمد (2014). العيد فرحة وآداب. دبي، الامارات العربية المتحدة: دائرة الشؤون الإسلامية والعمل الخيري. ISBN 978-9948-499-99-2.
  2. ^ Reza, Aslan (2011). No god but God : the origins and evolution of Islam (1st ed.). New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 9780385739757. OCLC 614990718.
  3. ^ Molly., Aloian (2009). Ramadan. New York: Crabtree. ISBN 978-0778742852. OCLC 227911610.
  4. ^ "Islamic Calendar". IslamicFinder. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  5. ^ "Special Islamic Days". IslamicFinder. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  6. ^ "Umrah Packages 2025". Hajar Travels. Retrieved 26 June 2024.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Leaman, Oliver, "Festivals of Love", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 197–199.
[edit]
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