Jump to content

Valerie Solanas: Difference between revisions

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
according to this lead
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|American radical feminist (1936–1988)}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2008}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|cs1-dates=ll|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Valerie Solanas
| image = Valerie Solanas by Fred W. McDarrah.jpg
| caption = Solanas in ''[[The Village Voice]]'' newsroom, 1967, by [[Fred W. McDarrah]]
| birth_name = Valerie Jean Solanas
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|4|9}}
| birth_place = [[Ventnor City, New Jersey]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1988|4|25|1936|4|9}}
| death_place = [[San Francisco, California]], U.S.
| occupation = Writer
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[University of Maryland, College Park]]
* [[University of Minnesota]]
* [[University of California, Berkeley]]}}
| children = 1
| movement = [[Radical feminism]]
| signature = Solanas-signature.png
| module =
{{Infobox writer
{{Infobox writer
| name = Alejandro Estevez
| embed = yes
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| pseudonym =
| birthname = Estevez Estevez
| birthdate = {{Birth date|1936|4|9}}
| birthplace = [[Your, Dad]]
| deathdate = {{Death date and age|1988|4|25|1936|4|9}}
| deathplace = [[San Francisco, California]]
| occupation =
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| period =
| period =
| genre =
| genre =
| notableworks = {{plainlist|
| subject =
* ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'' (1967)
| movement = [[Feminist movement]]
* ''[[Up Your Ass (play)|Up Your Ass]]'', a play ({{abbr|wr.|written}} 1965, {{abbr|prem.|premiered}} 2000, {{abbr|publ.|published}} 2014)}}
| notableworks = ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'' (1968)
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influences =
| influenced =
| influenced =
| awards =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| portaldisp =
}}
| criminal_charges = [[Attempted murder]], assault, [[Gun law in the United States|illegal possession of a gun]]; [[Plea deal|plead to]] reckless assault with intent to harm
| criminal_penalty = 3 years' incarceration
}}
}}


'''Valerie Jean Solanas''' (April 9, 1936 – April 25, 1988) was an [[United States|American]] [[radical feminist]] writer, best known for her [[attempted murder]] of [[Andy Warhol]] in 1968. She wrote the ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'' which encouraged male [[gendercide]] and the creation of an [[Separatist feminism|all-female society]].
'''Valerie Jean Solanas''' (April 9, 1936 – April 25, 1988) was an American [[radical feminist]] known for the ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'', which she self-published in 1967, and [[Attempted assassination of Andy Warhol|her attempt to murder]] artist [[Andy Warhol]] in 1968.


On June 3, 1968, Solanas went to [[The Factory]], shot Warhol and art critic [[Mario Amaya]], and attempted to shoot Warhol's manager, [[Frederick W. Hughes|Fred Hughes]]. Solanas was charged with [[attempted murder]], assault, and illegal possession of a firearm. After her release, she continued to promote the ''SCUM Manifesto''. She died in 1988 of [[pneumonia]] in San Francisco.
==Early life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2010}}
Solanas was born in [[Ventnor City, New Jersey]] to Louis Solanas and Dorothy Biondi. She claimed that she regularly suffered [[child sexual abuse|sexual abuse]] at the hands of her father. Her parents divorced when she was 11, and her mother remarried shortly afterwards. Solanas disliked her stepfather and began rebelling against her mother and became a [[truancy|truant]]. Because of her rebellious behavior, her mother sent her to be raised by her grandfather in 1949. Solanas claimed that her grandfather was a violent [[alcoholic]] who often beat her. When she was 15, her grandfather Humped her out, rendering her [[homeless]]. In spite of this, she graduated from high school with her class and earned a degree in [[psychology]] from the [[University of Maryland, College Park]].


== Early life ==
She did nearly a year of graduate work in psychology at [[University of Minnesota]]. In 1953, she gave birth to a son, David. Other details of her life until 1966 are unclear, but it is believed she traveled the country as an itinerant, supporting herself by [[begging]] and [[prostitution]].
Valerie Solanas was born in 1936 in [[Ventnor City, New Jersey]], to Louis Solanas and Dorothy Marie Biondo.<ref>State of California. California Death Index, 1940–1997. Sacramento, CA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Violet|1990|p=184}}.</ref><ref name="Lord">{{harvp|Lord|2010}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Harron|1996|p=xi}}.</ref> Her father was a bartender and her mother a dental assistant.<ref name="Lord" /><ref name="Fahs_3">{{harvp|Fahs|2014|p=3}}.</ref> She had a younger sister, Judith Arlene Solanas Martinez.<ref>{{harvp|Jansen|2011|p=141}}.</ref> Her father was born in [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada, to parents who immigrated from Spain. Her mother was an Italian-American of [[Genoa]]n and [[Sicilian Americans|Sicilian]] descent born in [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="Fahs_3" />


Solanas reported that her father regularly [[child sexual abuse|sexually abused]] her.<ref name="Watson35">{{harvp|Watson|2003|pp=35–36}}.</ref> Her parents divorced when she was young, and her mother remarried shortly afterwards.<ref>{{harvp|Solanas|1996|p=48}}.</ref> Solanas disliked her stepfather and began rebelling against her mother, becoming a [[truancy|truant]]. As a child, she wrote insults for children to use on one another, for the cost of a dime. She beat up a girl in high school who was bothering a younger boy, and also hit a [[nun]].<ref name="Lord" />
==New York City and The Factory==
Solanas arrived in [[Greenwich Village]] in 1966, where she wrote a [[Play (theatre)|play]] titled ''Up Your Ass'' about a [[misandry|man-hating]] prostitute and a [[Begging|panhandler]]. In 1967, she encountered [[Andy Warhol]] outside his studio, [[The Factory]], and asked him to produce her play. Intrigued by the title, he accepted the script for review. According to Factory lore, Warhol, whose films were often shut down by the police for obscenity, thought the script was so [[pornography|pornographic]] that it must be a police trap. He never returned it to Solanas. The script was then lost, not to be found until after Warhol's death, in the bottom of one of his [[stage lighting|lighting]] [[trunk (luggage)|trunk]]s.


Because of her rebellious behavior, Solanas' mother sent her to be raised by her grandparents in 1949. Solanas reported that her grandfather was a violent alcoholic who often beat her. When she was aged 15, she left her grandparents and became homeless.<ref>{{harvp|Buchanan|2011|p=132}}.</ref> In 1953, Solanas gave birth to a son, fathered by a married sailor.<ref>{{harvp|Fahs|2014|pp=23–24}}.</ref>{{Efn|Solanas's cousin claimed the man was a sailor, and that she may have also given birth to a second child before leaving home.<ref name="Fahs2008">{{harvp|Fahs|2008}}.</ref>}} The child, named David, was taken away and she never saw him again.<ref name="Coburn">{{cite web |first=Judith |last=Coburn |date=January 11, 2000 |title=Solanas Lost and Found |work=[[The Village Voice]] |url= http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-01-11/news/solanas-lost-and-found/ |access-date=November 27, 2011 |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121013095242/http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-01-11/news/solanas-lost-and-found/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jobey">{{cite news |first=Liz |last=Jobey, Liz |title=Solanas and Son |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=August 24, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hewitt|2004|p=602}}.</ref>{{Efn|Lord stated that Solanas and her son lived with "a middle-class military couple outside of Washington, D.C." before she went to the University of Maryland. This couple might have paid for her college tuition, according to Lord.<ref name="Lord" />}}
Later that year, Solanas began to telephone Warhol, demanding he return the script of ''Up Your Ass''. When Warhol admitted he had lost it, she began demanding money as payment. Warhol ignored these demands but offered her a role in ''[[I, a Man]]''. In his book ''[[Popism: The Warhol Sixties]]'', Warhol wrote that before she shot him, he thought Solanas was an interesting and funny person, but that her constant demands for attention made her difficult to deal with and ultimately drove him away.


Despite this, Solanas graduated from high school on time and earned a degree in [[psychology]] from the [[University of Maryland, College Park]], where she was in the [[Psi Chi]] Honor Society.<ref>{{harvp|Heller|2008|p=154}}.</ref><ref>Regarding the honor society: {{harvp|Jansen|2011|p=152}}.</ref> While at the University of Maryland, she hosted a call-in radio show where she gave advice on how to combat men.<ref name="Watson35" /> Solanas was an open lesbian, despite the conservative cultural climate of the 1950s.<ref name="Heller2001">{{harvp|Heller|2001}}.</ref>
Warhol did give Solanas a role in a scene in his film ''I, a Man'' (1968–1969). In that film, she and the film's title character (played by [[Tom Baker (American actor)|Tom Baker]]) haggle in an apartment building hallway over whether they should go into her apartment. Solanas dominates the [[Improvisation|improvised]] conversation, leading Baker through a dialogue about everything from "squishy asses", "men's tits", and [[lesbian]] "instinct". Ultimately, she leaves him to fend for himself, explaining "I gotta go beat my meat" as she exits the scene.


Solanas attended the [[University of Minnesota]]'s Graduate School of Psychology, where she worked in the animal research laboratory,<ref name="Nickels2005C">{{harvp|Nickels|2005|pp=15–16}}.</ref> before dropping out and moving to attend [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] for a few courses. It was during this time that she began writing the ''SCUM Manifesto''.<ref name="Jobey" />
During the late 1960s, Solanas wrote and self-published her best-known work, the ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'', a text which reads as a scathing, [[misandry|misandric]] attack on the male sex. SCUM is generally held to be an [[acronym]] of "Society for Cutting Up Men", although it does not appear in the manifesto itself, and is actually a [[backronym]]. The opening words of the Manifesto immediately refer to its directives:


== New York City and the Factory ==
{{cquote|Life in this society being, at best, an utter bore and no aspect of society being at all relevant to women, there remains to civic-minded, responsible, thrill-seeking females only to overthrow the government, eliminate the money system, institute complete automation and destroy the male sex. It is now technically feasible to reproduce without the aid of males (or, for that matter, females) and to produce only females. We must begin immediately to do so... The male is a biological accident.}}
[[File:Warhol silver trunk 03.jpg|thumb|right|alt=silver painted trunk within a Plexiglas vitrine|This prop trunk, used in [[Andy Warhol]]'s Silver [[The Factory|Factory]], is where the copy of the "Up Your Ass" script Solanas gave Warhol was eventually found after Warhol's death in 1987.]]


In the mid-1960s, Solanas moved to New York City and supported herself through [[begging]] and [[Prostitution in the United States|prostitution]].<ref name="Heller2001" /><ref>{{harvp|Hamilton|2002|pp=264 ''ff''}}.</ref> In 1965, she wrote two works: an autobiographical<ref>{{harvp|Solanas|1968|p=89}}.</ref> short story, "A Young Girl's Primer on How to Attain the Leisure Class",<!--Some sources title this work "A Young Girl's Primer or How to Attain the Leisure Class", but the original typed version uses "on", not "or".--> and a play, ''[[Up Your Ass (play)|Up Your Ass]]'',{{Efn|The original title of the work is ''Up Your Ass, or, From the Cradle to the Boat, or, The Big Suck, or, Up from the Slime''.<ref name="Lord" /><ref name="Fahs2008" />}} about a young prostitute.<ref name="Heller2001" /> According to James Martin Harding, the play is "based on a plot about a woman who 'is a man-hating hustler and panhandler' and who&nbsp;... ends up killing a man."<ref name="CuttingPerfs-p168">{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=168}}.</ref> Harding describes it as more a "provocation than&nbsp;... a work of dramatic literature"<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=169}}.</ref> and "rather adolescent and contrived".<ref name="CuttingPerfs-p168" /> The short story was published in [[Cavalier (magazine)|''Cavalier'' magazine]] in July 1966.<ref>{{harvp|Watson|2003|p=447}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |title=For 2¢: Pain |journal=[[Cavalier (magazine)|Cavalier]] |date=July 1966 |pages=38–40, 76–77}}</ref> ''Up Your Ass'' remained unpublished until 2014.<ref>{{cite book |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |date=March 31, 2014 |title=Up Your Ass |publisher=VandA.ePublishing |asin=B00JE6N2UG}}</ref>
===Attempted assassination of Andy Warhol===
On June 3, 1968, she arrived at The Factory and waited for Warhol in the lobby area. When he arrived with a couple of friends, she produced a handgun and shot at Warhol three times, hitting him once. She then shot art critic [[Mario Amaya]] and also tried to shoot Warhol's manager, Fred Hughes, but her gun jammed as the elevator arrived. Hughes suggested she take it and she did, leaving the Factory. Warhol barely survived; he never fully recovered and for the rest of his life wore a [[corset]] to prevent his injuries from worsening.


In 1967, Solanas called [[pop art]]ist [[Andy Warhol]] at his studio, [[The Factory]], and asked him to produce ''Up Your Ass''. According to Warhol, he thought the title was "wonderful" and he invited her to come over with it.<ref name="Warhol 1980">{{Cite book |last=Warhol |first=Andy |url= https://archive.org/details/popismwarhol60s0000warh/mode/2up?q=valerie |title=Popism: The Warhol '60s |date=1980 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |isbn=978-0-15-173095-7 |location=New York |pages=271}}</ref> He accepted the script for review, told Solanas it was "well typed", and promised to read it.<ref name="Nickels2005C" /> However, when he read the script he thought it was so pornographic that it must have been a police trap.<ref name="Warhol 1980" /> Solanas later contacted Warhol about the script and when she was told that he had lost it, she started demanding money.<ref name="Warhol 1980" /> She was staying at the [[Hotel Chelsea|Chelsea Hotel]] and told Warhol that she needed money for rent so he offered to pay her $25 to appear in his film ''[[I, a Man]]'' (1967).<ref name="Warhol 1980" /><ref name="Nickels2005C" />
That evening, Solanas turned herself in to Officer William Schmalix and was charged with [[attempted murder]] and other offenses. Solanas made statements to the arresting officer and at the [[arraignment]] hearing that Warhol had "too much control" over her and that Warhol was planning to steal her work. Pleading guilty, she received a three-year sentence in a psychiatric hospital. Warhol refused to testify against her.


In her role in ''I, a Man'', Solanas leaves the film's title character, played by [[Tom Baker (American actor)|Tom Baker]], to fend for himself, explaining, "I gotta go beat my meat" as she exits the scene.<ref>{{Cite video |people=Warhol, Andy (Director) |date=1967 |url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0220569 |title=I, a Man |medium=Motion picture}}</ref> She was satisfied with her experience working with Warhol and her performance in the film, and brought [[Maurice Girodias]], the founder of [[Olympia Press]], to see it. Girodias described her as being "very relaxed and friendly with Warhol". Solanas also had a nonspeaking role in Warhol's film ''[[Bike Boy]]'' (1967).<ref>{{harvp|Kaufman|Ortenberg|Rosset|2004|p=201}}.</ref>
The attack had a profound impact on Warhol and his art, and The Factory scene became much more tightly controlled afterward. For the rest of his life, Warhol lived in fear that Solanas would attack him again. "It was the Cardboard Andy, not the Andy I could love and play with," said close friend and collaborator [[Billy Name]]. "He was so sensitized you couldn't put your hand on him without him jumping. I couldn't even love him anymore, because it hurt him to touch him."<ref>[http://www.factorymade.org/fm/reviews.html Making the Scene: Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties by Steven Watson], Dennis Drabelle, ''[[Washington Post]]'' book review, November 16, 2003.</ref> While his friends were actively hostile towards Solanas, Warhol himself preferred not to discuss her.


=== ''SCUM Manifesto'' ===
One of the few public pronouncements in her favor was distributed by Ben Morea, of [[Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers]]/Black Mask fame. It was later re-printed as an appendix in the Olympia Press edition of her manifesto.
{{Main|SCUM Manifesto}}


In 1967, Solanas self-published her best-known work, the ''SCUM Manifesto'', a scathing critique of [[Patriarchy|patriarchal culture]]. The manifesto's opening words are:<ref>{{harvp|Solanas|1967|p=1}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|DeMonte|2010|p=178}}.</ref>
It is widely believed that Solanas suffered from [[paranoid schizophrenia]] at the time of the shooting.<ref>[http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,1432425,00.html Valerie Jean Solanas (1936-88)] ''The Guardian''</ref><ref>Bockris, Victor. ''Warhol: The Biography''. Da Capo Press (2003) ISBN 030681272X</ref> A psychiatrist who evaluated her shortly thereafter concluded that she was "a Schizophrenic Reaction, [[paranoia|paranoid]] type with marked [[clinical depression|depression]] and potential for acting out."<ref>Harron and Minahan. ''I Shot Andy Warhol''. Grove Press (1996) ISBN 0802134912</ref> As a result, many of her detractors derided her as a "crazed lesbian".<ref>{{Cite news|title='Shooting from the hip': Valerie Solanas, SCUM and the apocalyptic politics of radical feminism|last=Third|first=Amanda |date=2006-10|publisher=''Hecate''}}</ref>


{{Blockquote|text=<!-- The quotation marks within the quotation are in the original. -->"Life" in this "society" being, at best, an utter bore and no aspect of "society" being at all relevant to women, there remains to civic-minded, responsible, thrill-seeking females only to overthrow the government, eliminate the money system, institute complete automation and eliminate the male sex.}}
In 2009, Margo Feiden, a former Broadway producer and playwright, claimed that she had been visited by Solanas on the morning of the shooting. According to interviews with ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]'' magazine, Feiden received a manuscript from Solanas but refused to stage it.<ref>Barron, James (June 23, 2009).''[http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/a-manuscript-a-confrontation-a-shooting/ A Manuscript, a Confrontation, a Shooting]'', [[New York Times]], retrieved on 2009-07-06</ref> Feiden believes that Solanas "did that shooting as a publicity stunt to be famous, so that I would produce her play."<ref>O'Brien, Glenn. ''[http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/history-rewrite/ History Rewrite]'', ''[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]'' magazine, retrieved on 2009-07-06</ref> Feiden said that she tried to avert the shooting by calling a relative of Warhol and authorities and that nobody took her calls seriously.<ref>[http://podcast.cbc.ca/mp3/qpodcast_20090706.mp3 Q: The Podcast for Monday July 6, 2009], [[Jian Ghomeshi]] interviews Margo Feiden, [[CBC Radio]]</ref>


Some authors have argued that the ''Manifesto'' is a [[SCUM Manifesto#As parody and satire|parody and satirical work]] targeting patriarchy. According to Harding, Solanas described herself as "a social propagandist",<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=152}}, citing {{harvp|Frank|1996|p=211}}.</ref> but she denied that the work was "a put on"<ref name="Marmorstein_9">{{harvp|Marmorstein|1968|p=9}}.</ref> and insisted that her intent was "dead serious".<ref name="Marmorstein_9" /> The ''Manifesto'' has been translated into over a dozen languages and is excerpted in several [[feminism|feminist]] anthologies.<ref>{{harvp|Hewitt|2004|p=603}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Morgan|1970|pp=514–519}}.</ref><ref>See also {{harvp|Rich|1993|p=17}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Heller|2008|p=165}}, citing as excerpting ''SCUM Manifesto'':<br />{{cite book |editor1-last=Kolmar |editor1-first=Wendy |editor2-last=Bartkowski |editor2-first=Frances |title=Feminist Theory: A Reader |location=Mountain View, California |publisher=Mayfield |date=2000}}<br /> {{cite book |editor1-last=Albert |editor1-first=Judith Clavir |editor2-last=Albert |editor2-first=Stewart Edward |title=The Sixties Papers: Documents of a Rebellious Decade |date=1984}}</ref>
==After assassination attempt==
Feminist [[Robin Morgan]] (later editor of [[Ms. magazine|''Ms.'' magazine]]) demonstrated for Solanas' release from prison. [[Ti-Grace Atkinson]], the [[New York]] chapter president of the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW), described Solanas as "the first outstanding champion of [[women's rights]]."<ref name=solanas1996>{{Cite book| last=Solanas| first=Valerie| editor=| title=SCUM Manifesto (2nd edition)| publisher=AK Press| month=August | year=1996| isbn=1-873176-44-9}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Another member, [[Florynce Kennedy]], represented Solanas at her trial, calling her "one of the most important spokeswomen of the feminist movement."<ref name=solanas1996/>


While living at the [[Hotel Chelsea|Chelsea Hotel]], Solanas introduced herself to Girodias, a fellow resident of the hotel. In August 1967, Girodias and Solanas signed<ref>{{harvp|Harron|1996|p=xxi}}.</ref> an informal contract stating that she would give Girodias her "next writing, and other writings".<ref name="Baer-Outlaw-p202">{{harvp|Kaufman|Ortenberg|Rosset|2004|p=202}}.</ref> In exchange, Girodias paid her $500.<ref name="Baer-Outlaw-p202" /><ref>{{harvp|Watson|2003|p=334}}.</ref><ref name="BaerAbt-p51">{{harvp|Baer|1996|p=51}}.</ref> Solanas took this to mean that Girodias would own her work.<ref name="BaerAbt-p51" /> She told [[Paul Morrissey]] that "everything I write will be his. He's done this to me&nbsp;.... He's screwed me!"<ref name="BaerAbt-p51" /> Solanas intended to write a novel based on the ''SCUM Manifesto'' and believed that a conspiracy was behind Warhol's failure to return the ''Up Your Ass'' script. She suspected that he was coordinating with Girodias to steal her work.
After her release from prison in 1971, she persisted in [[stalking]] Warhol and others over the telephone, however, she was arrested again. An interview with her was published in the ''[[Village Voice]]'' in 1977. She denied that the ''SCUM Manifesto'' was ever meant to be taken literally.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith |first=Howard |title=Valerie Solanas Interview |work=[[Village Voice]] |page=32 |date=1977-07-25 |accessdate=2006-12-22}}</ref> Solanas drifted into obscurity and was in and out of [[mental institution|mental hospitals]].


===Later life===
=== Shooting ===
{{main|Attempted assassination of Andy Warhol}}
[[Ultra Violet (Isabelle Collin Dufresne)|Ultra Violet]], according to her somewhat unreliable report,<ref>Violet, Ultra. ''Famous For 15 Minutes: My Years With Andy Warhol''. N.Y.: Avon Books (1st Avon Books Trade Printing Apr. 1990, &copy; 1988) (ISBN 0-380-70843-4), p. v (Disclaimer) (esp. "I have taken artistic license in conveying both reality and essence" & "<nowiki>[</nowiki>s<nowiki>]</nowiki>ome conversations . . . are not intended . . . as verbatim quotes.").</ref> interviewed her.{{When|date=September 2010}} Solanas was then known as Onz Loh and apparently had not written anything other than SCUM Manifesto. Solanas stated that the August 1968 version of the Manifesto had many errors, unlike her own printed version of October 1967, and that the book had not sold well. She also reported that, until told by Ultra, she was unaware of Andy Warhol's death.<ref>''Famous For 15 Minutes'', op. cit., pp. 183&ndash;189. (Ultra objects, at p. 189, to assassination; for a possible contrast in her views, see ''id.'', p. 241, for another near-killing of Andy Warhol.)</ref>
[[File:Andy Warhol by Jack Mitchell.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Warhol]]]]
According to an unquoted source in ''The Outlaw Bible of American Literature'', on June 3, 1968, at {{nowrap|9:00 am}}, Solanas reportedly arrived at the Hotel Chelsea and asked for Girodias at the desk, only to be told he was gone for the weekend. She remained at the hotel for three hours before heading to the [[Grove Press]], where she asked for [[Barney Rosset]], who was also not available.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p202-3">{{harvp|Kaufman|Ortenberg|Rosset|2004|pp=202–203}}.</ref> In her 2014 biography of Solanas, Breanne Fahs argues that it is unlikely that she appeared at the Chelsea Hotel looking for Girodias, speculating that Girodias may have fabricated the account in order to boost sales for the ''SCUM Manifesto'', which he had published.<ref name="Fahs_133">{{harvp|Fahs|2014|p=133}}.</ref>


Fahs states that "the more likely story&nbsp;... places Valerie at the [[Actors Studio]] at 432 West Forty-Fourth Street early that morning".<ref name="Fahs_133-134" /> Actress [[Sylvia Miles]] states that Solanas appeared at the Actors Studio looking for [[Lee Strasberg]], asking to leave a copy of ''Up Your Ass'' for him.<ref name="Fahs_133-134">{{harvp|Fahs|2014|pp=133–134}}.</ref> Miles said that Solanas "had a different look, a bit tousled, like somebody whose appearance is the last thing on her mind".<ref name="Fahs_133" /> Miles told Solanas that Strasberg would not be in until the afternoon, accepted the script, and then "shut the door because I knew she was trouble. I didn't know what sort of trouble, but I knew she was trouble."<ref name="Fahs_133" />
===Death===
On April 25, 1988, at the age of 52, Solanas died of [[pneumonia]] at the [[Hotel Bristol]] in the [[Tenderloin, San Francisco, California|Tenderloin district]] of [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Steven|title=Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=2003|pages=425|isbn=0-679-42372-9}}</ref> More than 30 years after the loss of ''Up Your Ass'', it was re-discovered. In 2000, the play premiered in San Francisco, only blocks from the hotel where she died.<ref name="moore">{{Cite news|title=A Shot at the Stage |first=Michael Scott |last=Moore |date=January 19, 2000 |accessdate=2008-03-10 |periodical=[[SF Weekly]] |url=http://search.sfweekly.com/2000-01-19/culture/a-shot-at-the-stage/ |postscript=<!--None--> }}</ref>


Fahs records that Solanas then traveled to producer [[Margo Feiden]]'s (then Margo Eden) residence in [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn]], as she believed that Feiden would be willing to produce ''Up Your Ass''. As related to Fahs, Solanas talked to Feiden for almost four hours, trying to convince her to produce the play and discussing her vision for a world without men. Throughout this time, Feiden repeatedly refused to produce the play. According to Feiden, Solanas then pulled out her gun, and when Feiden again refused to commit to producing the play, she responded, "Yes, you will produce the play because I'll shoot Andy Warhol and that will make me famous and the play famous, and then you'll produce it." As she was leaving Feiden's residence, Solanas handed Feiden a partial copy of an earlier draft of the play and other personal papers.<ref>{{harvp|Fahs|2014|at=
==Legacy==
[https://books.google.com/books?id=h9ZWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT323 footnote 198]}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Fahs|2014|pp=134–137}}.</ref>
{{Trivia|date=December 2009}}
*The movie ''[[I Shot Andy Warhol]]'', was based on her life, and starred [[Lili Taylor]] as Solanas and [[Jared Harris]] as Warhol.
*Warhol's friends [[Lou Reed]] and [[John Cale]] recorded the song "I Believe" about Solanas for their album ''[[Songs for Drella]]'', with the lyrics "I believe/I would've pulled the switch on her myself."
*The [[Manic Street Preachers]] used an excerpt from the ''S.C.U.M. Manifesto'' in the [[liner notes]] of their debut album, ''[[Generation Terrorists]]'' (1992). Their song [[The Holy Bible (album)|Of Walking Abortion]] is also named after a line from the same work.
*On [[Matmos]]' 2006 album ''[[The Rose Has Teeth in the Mouth of a Beast]]'', one of the tracks was called "Tract for Valerie Solanas" and featured excerpts of the ''S.C.U.M. Manifesto''.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Tract for Valerie Solanas| url=http://www.brainwashed.com/matmos/discog/ole677.html| accessdate=August 5, 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060726095004/http://www.brainwashed.com/matmos/discog/ole677.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = July 26, 2006}}</ref>
*[[Sara Stridsberg]] received [[The Nordic Council's Literature Prize]] of 2007 for her semi-fictional biography of Valerie Solanas' life called ''Drömfakulteten'' (literally ''The Dream Faculty'').
* The 1970s Liverpool new wave band [[Big in Japan (band)|Big in Japan]] released a song entitled "Society For Cutting Up Men", about the Warhol shooting on [[Zoo Records]] compilations.
* ''[[The Venture Bros.]]'' episode "[[Viva Los Muertos!]]" featured a character named Val who directly quotes the ''S.C.U.M. Manifesto'' throughout the episode.
* Solanas was the subject of the [[Luke Haines]] song "Mr & Mrs Solanas".
* Belgian indie band [[The Valerie Solanas (band)|The Valerie Solanas]] chose their name as a reference to Solanas, jokingly claiming to be "the only survivors from Valerie Solanas' world of [[Amazons]].


Fahs describes how Feiden then "frantically called her local police precinct, Andy Warhol's precinct, police headquarters in [[Lower Manhattan]], and the offices of [[Mayor of New York City|Mayor]] [[John Lindsay]] and [[Governor of New York|Governor]] [[Nelson Rockefeller]] to report what happened and inform them that Solanas was on her way at that very moment to shoot Andy Warhol".<ref name="Fahs_137">{{harvp|Fahs|2014|p=137}}.</ref> In some instances, the police responded that "You can't arrest someone because you believe she is going to kill Andy Warhol", and even asked Feiden, "Listen lady, how would you know what a real gun looked like?"<ref name="Fahs_137" /> In a 2009 interview with James Barron of ''[[The New York Times]]'', Feiden said that she knew Solanas intended to kill Warhol, but could not prevent it.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barron |first=James |date=June 23, 2009 |title=A Manuscript, a Confrontation, a Shooting |url= http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/a-manuscript-a-confrontation-a-shooting/ |access-date=July 6, 2009 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>{{Efn|"The ''Times'' does not present Ms. Fieden's account as definitive&nbsp;... [but] consider[s] this just one angle of the story".<ref name="not_definitive">[http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/a-manuscript-a-confrontation-a-shooting/#comment-467927 Collins, Nicole, comment 3, June 23, 2009, 10:03 am], as accessed June 13, 2013.</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://podcast.cbc.ca/mp3/qpodcast_20090706.mp3 |last=Ghomeshi |first=Jian |title=Q: The Podcast |work=CBC Radio 1 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Company]] |access-date=July 7, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121105050737/http://podcast.cbc.ca/mp3/qpodcast_20090706.mp3 |archive-date=November 5, 2012}} Interview of Margo Feiden overall approx. 1:14–18:56 from start; fragment approx. 5:06–5:45 from start (based on CBC.ca link before Archive.org link provided here).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Brien |first=Glenn |title=History Rewrite |journal=Interview Magazine |date=March 24, 2009 |pages=1–3 |url= http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/history-rewrite/ |access-date=October 18, 2012}}</ref> (A ''New York Times'' assistant Metro editor responded to an online comment regarding the story, saying that the ''Times'' "does not present the account as definitive".)<ref name="not_definitive" />
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


Solanas proceeded to the Factory and waited outside. Morrissey arrived and asked her what she was doing there, and she replied, "I'm waiting for Andy to get money."<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p203">{{harvp|Kaufman|Ortenberg|Rosset|2004|p=203}}.</ref> Morrissey tried to get rid of her by telling her that Warhol was not coming in that day, but she told him she would wait. At {{nowrap|2:00 pm}} Solanas went up into the studio. Morrissey told her again that Warhol was not coming in and that she had to leave. She left but rode the elevator up and down until Warhol finally boarded it.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p202-3" />
==External links==

Solanas entered [[The Factory]] with Warhol, who complimented her on her appearance, as she was uncharacteristically wearing makeup. Morrissey told her to leave, threatening to "beat the hell" out of her and throw her out otherwise.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p203" /> The phone rang and Warhol answered while Morrissey went to the bathroom. While Warhol was on the phone, Solanas fired at him three times. Her first two shots missed, but the third went through his [[spleen]], [[stomach]], [[liver]], [[esophagus]], and [[lung|lungs]].<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p202-3" /> She then shot art critic [[Mario Amaya]] in the [[hip]]. Solanas further tried to shoot [[Frederick W. Hughes|Fred Hughes]], Warhol's manager, but her gun jammed.<ref name="Harding2010C">{{harvp|Harding|2010|pp=151–173}}.</ref> Hughes asked her to leave, which she did, leaving behind a paper bag with her address book on a table.<ref name="Harding2010C" /> Warhol was taken to [[Cabrini Medical Center|Columbus–Mother Cabrini Hospital]], where he underwent a successful five-hour operation.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p202-3" /><ref>{{harvp|Dillenberger|2001|p=31}}.</ref>

Later that day, Solanas turned herself in to police, gave up her gun, and confessed to the shooting,<ref>{{harvp|Baer|1996|p=53}}.</ref> telling an officer that Warhol "had too much control in my life".<ref name="Harding2010B">{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=152}}.</ref> She was fingerprinted and charged with [[felonious assault]] and possession of a deadly weapon.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p204">{{harvp|Kaufman|Ortenberg|Rosset|2004|p=204}}.</ref> The next morning, the New York ''[[New York Daily News|Daily News]]'' ran the front-page headline: "Actress Shoots Andy Warhol". Solanas demanded a retraction of the statement that she was an actress. The ''Daily News'' changed the headline in its later edition and added a quote from Solanas stating, "I'm a writer, not an actress."<ref name="Harding2010B" />

At her arraignment in [[Manhattan Criminal Court]], Solanas denied shooting Warhol because he would not produce her play but said "it was for the opposite reason",<ref name="ActressDefiant-col1">{{cite news |last1=Faso |first1=Frank |first2=Henry |last2=Lee |date=June 5, 1968 |title=Actress defiant: 'I'm not sorry' |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |volume=49 |issue=297 |page=42}}</ref> that "he has a legal claim on my works".<ref name="ActressDefiant-col1" /> She told the judge that "it's not often that I shoot somebody. I didn't do it for nothing. Warhol had tied me up, lock, stock, and barrel. He was going to do something to me which would have ruined me."<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p204" /> She declared that she wanted to represent herself<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p204" /> and she insisted that she "was right in what I did! I have nothing to regret!"<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p204" /> The judge struck Solanas' comments from the court record<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p204" /> and had her admitted to [[Bellevue Hospital]] for psychiatric observation.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p204" />

=== Trial ===
{{Quote box |width=26em |align=right |bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |halign=left |quote=I consider that a moral act. And I consider it immoral that I missed. I should have done target practice.|source = — Valerie Solanas on her assassination attempt on Andy Warhol<ref name="replies">{{cite journal |title=Valerie Solanas replies |date=August 1, 1977 |journal=The Village Voice |volume=XXII |issue=31 |page=29}}</ref><ref name="Third">{{harvp|Third|2006}}.</ref>}}
After a cursory evaluation, Solanas was declared mentally unstable and transferred to the prison ward of [[Elmhurst Hospital Center|Elmhurst Hospital]].<ref>{{harvp|Fahs|2014|p=198}}.</ref> She appeared at [[New York Supreme Court]] on June 13, 1968. [[Florynce Kennedy]] represented her and asked for a writ of {{lang|la|[[habeas corpus]]}}, arguing that Solanas was being held inappropriately at Elmhurst. The judge denied the motion and Solanas returned to Elmhurst. On June 28, Solanas was indicted on charges of [[attempted murder]], assault, and illegal possession of a firearm. She was declared "incompetent" in August and sent to [[Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane]].<ref>{{harvp|Fahs|2014|p=221}}.</ref> That same month, Olympia Press published the ''SCUM Manifesto'' with essays by Girodias and Krassner.<ref name="KaufmanRosset2004C-p204" />

In January 1969, Solanas underwent psychiatric evaluation and was diagnosed with chronic [[paranoid schizophrenia]].<ref name="Watson35" /> In June, she was deemed fit to stand trial. She represented herself without an attorney and pleaded guilty to "reckless assault with intent to harm".<ref name="Jansen153">{{harvp|Jansen|2011|p=153}}.</ref><ref name="AKPress55">{{harvp|Solanas|1996|p=55}}.</ref> Solanas was sentenced to three years in prison, with one year of time served.<ref name="Jansen153" /><ref name="AKPress55" />

== After murder attempt ==
The shooting of Warhol propelled Solanas into the public spotlight, prompting a flurry of commentary and opinions in the media. Robert Marmorstein, writing in ''[[The Village Voice]]'', declared that Solanas "has dedicated the remainder of her life to the avowed purpose of eliminating every single male from the face of the earth".<ref name="Marmorstein_9" /> [[Norman Mailer]] called her the "[[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre]] of feminism".<ref name="Nickels2005D" />

[[Ti-Grace Atkinson]], the New York chapter president of the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW), described Solanas as "the first outstanding champion of women's rights"<ref name="Nickels2005D">{{harvp|Nickels|2005|p=17}}.</ref> and "a 'heroine' of the feminist movement",<ref name="Friedan_109">{{harvp|Friedan|1976|p=109}}.</ref><ref name="Friedan_138">{{harvp|Friedan|1998|p=138}}.</ref> and "smuggled [her manifesto]&nbsp;... out of the mental hospital where Solanas was confined".<ref name="Friedan_109" /><ref name="Friedan_138" /> According to [[Betty Friedan]], the NOW board rejected Atkinson's statement.<ref name="Friedan_138" /> Atkinson left NOW and founded another feminist organization.<ref>{{harvp|Willis|1992|p=124}}.</ref> According to Friedan, "the media continued to treat Ti-Grace as a leader of the women's movement, despite its repudiation of her".<ref>{{harvp|Friedan|1998|p=139}}.</ref> Kennedy, another NOW member, called Solanas "one of the most important spokeswomen of the feminist movement."<ref name="Nickels2005C" /><ref>{{harvp|Solanas|1996|p=54}}.</ref>

English professor [[Dana Heller]] argued that Solanas was "very much aware of feminist organizations and activism",<ref name="Heller_160">{{harvp|Heller|2008|p=160}}.</ref> but "had no interest in participating in what she often described as 'a [[civil disobedience]] [[luncheon]] club.'"<ref name="Heller_160" /> Heller also stated that Solanas could "reject mainstream [[liberal feminism]] for its blind adherence to cultural codes of feminine politeness and decorum which the ''SCUM Manifesto'' identifies as the source of women's debased social status".<ref name="Heller_160" />

=== Aggravated assault ===
After Solanas was released from the New York State Prison for Women in 1971,<ref>{{harvp|Buchanan|2011|p=48}}.</ref> she [[Stalking|stalked]] Warhol and others over the telephone.<ref name="AKPress55" /> In November 1971, Solanas [[Recidivism|was arrested again]] for aggravated assault after threatening [[Barney Rosset]], editor of ''[[Evergreen Review]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brilliant, Damaged & Damaging: Revisiting Valerie Solanas, Andy Warhol's Would-Be Killer |url= https://www.out.com/entertainment/art-books/2014/03/28/valerie-solanas-woman-wrote-scum-shot-andy-warhol |access-date=October 25, 2024 |website=www.out.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=James |date=February 23, 2017 |title='Rosset: My Life in Publishing and How I Fought Censorship' |url= https://www.sfgate.com/books/article/Rosset-My-Life-in-Publishing-and-How-I-Fought-10953953.php |website=SF Gate}}</ref> She was subsequently institutionalized several times and then drifted into obscurity.<ref>{{harvp|Solanas|1996|pp=55–56}}.</ref>

=== Later life ===
Solanas may have intended to write an eponymous autobiography.<ref>{{harvp|Winkiel|1999|p=74}}.</ref> In a 1977 ''Village Voice'' interview,<ref name="Heller_151">{{harvp|Heller|2008|p=151}}.</ref> she announced a book with her name as the title.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Howard |author1-link=Howard Smith (director) |last2=Van der Horst |first2=Brian |title=Valerie Solanas Interview |department="Scenes" column |work=The Village Voice |volime=XXII |issue=30 |date=July 25, 1977 |ate=p. 32, col. 2}}</ref> The book, possibly intended as a parody, was supposed to deal with the "conspiracy" that led to her imprisonment.<ref name="Heller_151" /> In a corrective 1977 ''Village Voice'' interview, Solanas said the book would not be autobiographical other than a small portion and that it would be about many things, include proof of statements in the manifesto, and would "deal {{em|very}} intensively with the subject of bullshit", but she said nothing about parody.<ref name="replies" />

In the mid-1970s, according to Heller, Solanas was "apparently homeless" in New York City,<ref name="Heller_164">{{harvp|Heller|2008|p=164}}.</ref> "continued to defend her political beliefs and the ''SCUM Manifesto''",<ref name="Heller_164" /> and "actively promoted" her new ''Manifesto'' revision.<ref name="Heller_164" /> In the late 1980s, [[Isabelle Collin Dufresne|Ultra Violet]] tracked down Solanas in [[northern California]] and interviewed her over the phone.<ref>{{harvp|Violet|1990|p=v}}.</ref> According to Ultra Violet, Solanas had changed her name to Onz Loh and stated that the August 1968 version of the ''Manifesto'' had many errors, unlike her own printed version of October 1967, and that the book had not sold well. Solanas said that until she was informed by Violet, she was unaware of Warhol's death in 1987.<ref>{{harvp|Violet|1990|pp=183–189}}.</ref>{{Efn|Violet objected to assassination;<ref>{{harvp|Violet|1990|p=189}}.</ref> for a possible contrast in her views and another near-killing of Warhol, see: {{harvp|Violet|1990|p=241}}.}}

== Death ==
[[File:Grave of Valerie Jean Solanas - Stierch.JPG|thumb|The grave of Valerie Jean Solanas at Saint Marys Catholic Church Cemetery, Fairfax County, Virginia]]
On April 25, 1988, at the age of 52, Valerie Solanas died of [[pneumonia]] at the [[Hotel Bristol|Bristol Hotel]] in the [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin district]] of San Francisco.<ref>{{harvp|Watson|2003|p=425}}.</ref> A building superintendent at the hotel, not on duty that night, had a vague memory of Solanas: "Once, he had to enter her room, and he saw her typing at her desk. There was a pile of typewritten pages beside her. What she was writing and what happened to the manuscript remain a mystery."<ref name="Coburn" /><ref>{{harvp|Harron|1996|p=xxxi}}.</ref> Her mother burned all her belongings posthumously.<ref name="Coburn" />

== Legacy ==
=== Popular culture ===
Composer [[Pauline Oliveros]] released "To Valerie Solanas and [[Marilyn Monroe]] in Recognition of Their Desperation" in 1970. In the work, Oliveros seeks to explore how, "Both women seemed to be desperate and caught in the traps of inequality: Monroe needed to be recognized for her talent as an actress. Solanas wished to be supported for her own creative work."<ref>{{cite web |first=Pauline |last=Oliveros |title=To Valerie Solanas and Marilyn Monroe in Recognition of Their Desperation (1970) |url= http://www.deeplistening.org/site/content/valerie-solanas-and-marilyn-monroe-recognition-their-desperation-1970-0 |publisher=Deep Listening |date=September 1970 |access-date=November 27, 2011 |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170813231042/http://www.deeplistening.org/site/content/valerie-solanas-and-marilyn-monroe-recognition-their-desperation-1970-0 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pauline Oliveros |publisher=Roaratorio |url= http://roaratorio.com/21.html |access-date=November 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005046/http://roaratorio.com/21.html |archive-date=April 26, 2012}}</ref>

Actress [[Lili Taylor]] played Solanas in the film ''[[I Shot Andy Warhol]]'' (1996), which focused on Solanas's assassination attempt on Warhol (played by [[Jared Harris]]). Taylor won Special Recognition for Outstanding Performance at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] for her role.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rich |first=B. Ruby |date=1996 |title=I Shot Andy Warhol |work=Archives |publisher=[[Sundance Institute]] |url= http://history.sundance.org/films/1347 |access-date=November 27, 2011}}</ref> The film's director, [[Mary Harron]], requested permission to use songs by [[The Velvet Underground]] but was denied by [[Lou Reed]], who feared that Solanas would be glorified in the film. Six years before the film's release, Reed and [[John Cale]] included a song about Solanas, "I Believe", on their [[concept album]] about Warhol, ''[[Songs for Drella]]'' (1990). In "I Believe", Reed sings, "I believe life's serious enough for retribution&nbsp;... I believe being sick is no excuse. And I believe I would've pulled the switch on her myself." Reed believed Solanas was to blame for Warhol's death from a [[gallbladder]] infection twenty years after she shot him.<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Schaub |date=November 2003 |title=The 'Idiot Madness' of Valerie Solanis |work=[[Bookslut]] |url= http://www.bookslut.com/propaganda/2003_11_000965.php |access-date=November 27, 2011 |archive-date=August 19, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130819164243/http://www.bookslut.com/propaganda/2003_11_000965.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Up Your Ass'' was rediscovered in 1999 and produced in 2000 by [[George Coates|George Coates Performance Works]] in San Francisco. The copy Warhol had lost was found in a trunk of lighting equipment owned by Billy Name. Coates learned about the rediscovered manuscript while at an exhibition at [[The Andy Warhol Museum]] marking the 30th anniversary of the shooting. Coates turned the piece into a musical with an all-female cast. Coates consulted with Solanas' sister, Judith, while writing the piece, and sought to create a "very funny satirist" out of Solanas, not just showing her as Warhol's attempted assassin.<ref name="Coburn" /><ref name="Carr">{{cite web |first=C. |last=Carr |title=SCUM Goddess |url= http://www.villagevoice.com/arts/scum-goddess-7141341 |work=The Village Voice |date=July 22, 2003 |access-date=August 13, 2015}}</ref>

Solanas' life has inspired three plays. ''Valerie Shoots Andy'' (2001), by Carson Kreitzer, starred two actors playing a younger (Heather Grayson) and an older (Lynne McCollough) Solanas.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Neil |last=Genzlinger |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/01/theater/theater-review-writer-one-day-would-be-killer-next-reliving-warhol-shooting.html |title=Theater Review: A Writer One Day, a Would-be Killer the Next – Reliving the Warhol Shooting |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 1, 2001 |access-date=November 27, 2011}}</ref> ''Tragedy in Nine Lives'' (2003), by Karen Houppert, examined the encounter between Solanas and Warhol as a [[Greek tragedy]] and starred [[Juliana Francis]] as Solanas.<ref name="Carr" /> In 2011, ''Pop!'', a musical by Maggie-Kate Coleman and Anna K. Jacobs, focused mainly on Warhol (played by Tom Story). Rachel Zampelli played Solanas and sang "Big Gun", described as the "evening's strongest number" by ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Peter |last=Marks |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/theater-review-pop-paints-bold-portrait-of-warhol-and-his-inner-circle/2011/07/19/gIQAjEgaOI_story.html |title=Theater review: 'Pop!' paints bold portrait of Warhol and his inner circle |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=Nash Holdings |location=Washington, DC |date=July 19, 2011 |access-date=November 27, 2011}}</ref>

Swedish author [[Sara Stridsberg]] wrote a [[semi-fiction]]al novel about Solanas called {{lang|de|Drömfakulteten}} ('The Dream Faculty'), published in 2006. The book's narrator visits Solanas toward the end of her life at the Bristol Hotel. Stridsberg was awarded the [[Nordic Council's Literature Prize]] for the book.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007 |title=Sara Stridsberg wins the Literature Prize |work=News |publisher=Norden |url= http://www.norden.org/en/news-and-events/news/sara-stridsberg-wins-the-literature-prize |access-date=November 27, 2011 |archive-date=May 7, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140507090527/http://www.norden.org/en/news-and-events/news/sara-stridsberg-wins-the-literature-prize |url-status=dead}}</ref> The novel was later translated into and published in English under the title ''Valerie, or, The Faculty of Dreams: A Novel'' in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374151911 |title=Valerie &#124; Sara Stridsberg &#124; Macmillan |publisher=Us.macmillan.com |date=2019 |access-date=August 7, 2019}}</ref>

In 2006 Solanas was featured in eleventh episode of the second season [[Adult Swim]] show [[The Venture Bros.|The Venture Bros]] as part of a group called The Groovy Gang. The group was a parody of the [[Scooby-Doo|Scooby Gang]] from [[Scooby-Doo]] and was made up of parodies of Solanas ([[Velma Dinkley|Velma]]), [[Ted Bundy]] ([[Fred Jones (Scooby-Doo)|Fred]]), [[David Berkowitz]] ([[Shaggy Rogers|Shaggy]]), [[Patty Hearst]] ([[Daphne Blake|Daphne]]), and [[David Berkowitz|Groovy]] ([[Scooby-Doo (character)|Scooby]]). In the episode she is voiced by [[Joanna P. Adler|Joanna Adler]]. Most of her lines in the episode are quotes from the SCUM Manifesto.

Solanas was featured in a 2017 episode of the [[FX (TV channel)|FX]] series ''[[American Horror Story: Cult]]'', "[[Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag]]". She was played by [[Lena Dunham]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Laura |last=Bradley |url= https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/08/american-horror-story-cult-spoilers |title=How ''American Horror Story: Cult'' Will Change the ''A.H.S.'' Game |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |location=New York |date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> The episode portrayed Solanas as the instigator of most of the [[Zodiac Killer]] murders.

=== Influence and analysis ===
Author James Martin Harding explained that, by declaring herself independent from Warhol, after her arrest she "aligned herself with the historical [[avant-garde]]'s rejection of the traditional structures of bourgeois theater"/<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=153}}.</ref> and that her anti-patriarchal "militant hostility&nbsp;... pushed the avant-garde in radically new directions".<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|pp=29, 30, 31, 33, 153}}.</ref> Harding believed that Solanas' assassination attempt on Warhol was its own theatrical performance.<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|loc=chap.&nbsp;6, esp. pp.&nbsp;151–158; and see pp. 21, 24, 26, 29, 63 & 178}}.</ref> At the shooting, she left on a table at the Factory a paper bag containing a gun, her address book, and a [[sanitary napkin]].<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=151}}.</ref> Harding stated that leaving behind the sanitary napkin was part of the performance,<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|pp=151–153}}.</ref> and called "attention to basic feminine experiences that were {{sic|publi|cally}} taboo and tacitly elided within avant-garde circles".<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|pp=152, 153}}.</ref>

Feminist philosopher [[Avital Ronell]] compared Solanas to an array of people: [[John and Lorena Bobbitt|Lorena Bobbitt]], a "girl [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]", [[Medusa]], the [[Unabomber]], and [[Medea]].<ref>{{harvp|Ronell|2004}}.</ref> Ronell believed that Solanas was threatened by the hyper-feminine women of the Factory that Warhol liked and felt lonely because of the rejection she felt due to her own [[butch and femme|butch]] [[androgyny]]. She believed Solanas was ahead of her time, living in a period before feminist and lesbian activists such as the [[Guerrilla Girls]] and the [[Lesbian Avengers]].<ref name="Nickels2005D" />

Solanas has also been credited with instigating [[radical feminism]].<ref name="Third" /> [[Catherine Lord]] wrote that "the feminist movement would not have happened without Valerie Solanas".<ref name="Lord" /> Lord believed that the reissuing of the ''SCUM Manifesto'' and the disowning of Solanas by "women's liberation politicos" triggered a wave of radical feminist publications. According to [[Vivian Gornick]], many of the [[women's liberation]] activists who initially distanced themselves from Solanas changed their minds a year later, developing the first wave of radical feminism.<ref name="Lord" /> At the same time, perceptions of Warhol were transformed from largely nonpolitical into political martyrdom because the motive for the shooting was political, according to Harding and [[Victor Bockris]].<ref>{{harvp|Harding|2010|p=172}}, citing: {{cite book |last=Bockris |first=Victor |title=The Life and Death of Andy Warhol |page=236}}</ref> Solanas' idiosyncratic views on gender are a focus of [[Andrea Long Chu|Andrea Long Chu's]] 2019 book, [[Females (Chu book)|''Females'']].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lorusso |first1=Melissa |title=In 'Females,' The State Is Less a Biological Condition Than an Existential One |url= https://www.npr.org/2019/10/30/774365692/in-females-the-state-is-less-a-biological-condition-than-an-existential-one |website=NPR |access-date=June 27, 2020 |date=October 30, 2019}}</ref>

Fahs describes Solanas as a contradiction that "alienates her from the feminist movement", arguing that Solanas never wanted to be "in movement" but nevertheless fractured the feminist movement by provoking NOW members to disagree about her case. Many contradictions are seen in Solanas' lifestyle as a lesbian who sexually serviced men, her claim to be [[asexuality|asexual]], a rejection of [[queer culture]], and a non-interest in working with others despite a dependency on others.<ref name="Fahs2008" /> Fahs also brings into question the contradictory stories of Solanas' life. She is described as a victim, a rebel, and a desperate loner, yet her cousin says she worked as a [[waitress]] in her late 20s and 30s, not primarily as a prostitute, and friend Geoffrey LaGear said she had a "groovy childhood". Solanas also kept in touch with her father throughout her life, despite claiming that he sexually abused her. Fahs believes that Solanas embraced these contradictions as a key part of her identity.<ref name="Fahs2008" />

In 2018, ''[[The New York Times]]'' started a series of delayed [[obituary|obituaries]] of significant individuals whose importance the paper's obituary writers had not recognized at the time of their deaths. In June 2020, they started a series of obituaries on LGBTQ individuals, and on June 26, they profiled Solanas.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/obituaries/valerie-solanas-overlooked.html |title=Overlooked No More: Valerie Solanas, Radical Feminist Who Shot Andy Warhol |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 26, 2020 |last=Wertheim |first=Bonnie |quote=Overlooked is a series of obituaries about remarkable people whose deaths, beginning in 1851, went unreported in ''The Times''. This month we’re adding the stories of important L.G.B.T.Q. figures.}}</ref>

Alice Echols stated that Solanas' "unabashed [[misandry]]" was not typical within most radical feminist groups during the latter's time.<ref>{{harvp|Echols|1989|p=104–105}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Echols|1989|p=104}}.</ref>

== Works ==
* ''Up Your Ass'' (1965){{Efn|Although ''Up Your Ass'' was written in 1965, it was not produced as a play until 2000, and was not published until 2014 (as a [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] ebook).<ref>{{cite book |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |date=March 31, 2014 |title=Up Your Ass |publisher=VandA.ePublishing |asin=B00JE6N2UG}}</ref>}}
* "A Young Girl's Primer on How to Attain the Leisure Class", ''[[Cavalier (magazine)|Cavalier]]'' (1966)
* ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'' (1967)

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|32em}}
* {{cite book |last=Baer |first=Freddie |date=1996 |chapter=About Valerie Solanas |pages=48–57 |editor-last=Solanas |editor-first=Valerie |title=SCUM Manifesto |location=Edinburgh |publisher=AK Press |isbn=978-1-873176-44-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Buchanan |first=Paul D. |date=2011 |title=Radical Feminists: A Guide to an American Subculture |publisher=Greenwood |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-59884-356-9}}
* {{cite book |last=DeMonte |first=Alexandra |date=2010 |chapter=Feminism: Second-wave |editor-last=Chapman |editor-first=Roger |title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices |location=Armonk, New York |publisher=M.&nbsp;E. Sharpe |isbn=978-1-84972-713-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Dillenberger |first=Jane Daggett |date=2001 |title=The Religious Art of Andy Warhol |publisher=Continuum |location=New York |isbn=978-0826413345}}
* {{cite book |last=Echols |first=Alice |date=1989 |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=9780816617869 |url= https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo/page/104/mode/2up}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fahs |first=Breanne |date=Fall 2008 |title=The radical possibilities of Valerie Solanas |journal=[[Feminist Studies]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=591–617 |jstor=20459223}}
* {{cite book |last=Fahs |first=Breanne |date=2014 |title=Valerie Solanas: The Defiant Life of the Woman Who Wrote SCUM (and Shot Andy Warhol) |publisher=The Feminist Press |location=New York |url= https://www.feministpress.org/books-n-z/valer |isbn=978-1558618480}}
* {{cite book |last=Frank |first=Marcie |date=1996 |chapter=Popping off Warhol: From the gutter to the underground and beyond |pages=[https://archive.org/details/popoutqueerwarho00jenn/page/210 210–223] |editor1-first=Jennifer |editor1-last=Doyle |editor2-first=Jonathan |editor2-last=Flatley |editor3-first=José Esteban |editor3-last=Muñoz |title=Pop Out: Queer Warhol |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/popoutqueerwarho00jenn |chapter-url-access=registration |location=Durham, North Carolina |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-1741-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Friedan |first=Betty |date=1976 |title=It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-46398-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Friedan |first=Betty |date=1998 |orig-date=1963 |title=It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-46885-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Neil A. |date=2002 |title=Rebels and Renegades: A Chronology of Social and Political Dissent in the United States |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-93639-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Harding |first=James Martin |date=2010 |title=Cutting Performances: Collage Events, Feminist Artists, and the American Avant-Garde |location=Ann Arbor |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=978-0-472-11718-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Harron |first=Mary |date=1996 |chapter=Introduction: On Valerie Solanas |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ishotandywarhol00harr/page/ vii–xxxi] |editor1-first=Mary |editor1-last=Harron |editor2-first=Daniel |editor2-last=Minahan |title=I Shot Andy Warhol |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-3491-2 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/ishotandywarhol00harr/page/}}
* {{cite journal |last=Heller |first=Dana |date=2001 |title=Shooting Solanas: Radical feminist history and the technology of failure |journal=[[Feminist Studies]] |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=167–189 |jstor=3178456 |doi=10.2307/3178456 |hdl=2027/spo.0499697.0027.113 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Heller |first=Dana |date=2008 |chapter=Shooting Solanas: Radical feminist history and the technology of failure |pages=151–168 |editor1-first=Victoria |editor1-last=Hesford |editor2-first=Lisa |editor2-last=Diedrich |title=Feminist Time against Nation Time: Gender, Politics, and the Nation-State in an Age of Permanent War |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-1123-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Hewitt |first=Nancy A. |date=2004 |chapter=Solanas, Valerie |editor1-first=Susan |editor1-last=Ware |editor2-first=Stacy Lorraine |editor2-last=Braukman |title=Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-01488-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Jansen |first=Sharon L. |date=2011 |title=Reading Women's Worlds from Christine de Pizan to Doris Lessing: A Guide to Six Centuries of Women Writers Imagining Rooms of Their Own |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-11066-3}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kaufman |editor1-first=Alan |editor2-last=Ortenberg |editor2-first=Neil |editor3-last=Rosset |editor3-first=Barney |date=2004 |title=The Outlaw Bible of American Literature |publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-56025-550-5 |url-access=registration |url= https://archive.org/details/outlawbibleofame0000unse}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lord |first1=Catherine |date=2010 |title=Wonder waif meets super neuter |journal=[[October (journal)|October]] |volume=132 |issue=132 |pages=135–136 |doi=10.1162/octo.2010.132.1.135 |s2cid=57566909}}
* {{cite journal |last=Marmorstein |first=Robert |date=June 13, 1968 |title=A winter memory of Valerie Solanis [''sic'']: Scum goddess |journal=The Village Voice |volume=XIII |issue=35 |pages=9–10, 20}}
* {{cite book |last=Morgan |first=Robin |date=1970 |title=Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From the Women's Liberation Movement |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-70539-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/sisterhoodispowe00vint}}
* {{cite book |last=Nickels |first=Thom |date=2005 |title=Out in History: Collected Essays |publisher=STARbooks Press |isbn=978-1-891855-58-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rich |first=B. Ruby |author-link=B. Ruby Rich |date=1993 |title=Manifesto destiny: Drawing a bead on Valerie Solanas |journal=Voice Literary Supplement |volume=119 |pages=16–17}}
* {{cite book |last=Ronell |first=Avital |author-link=Avital Ronell |date=2004 |chapter=Deviant payback: The aims of Valerie Solanas |pages=1–32 |editor-last=Solanas |editor-first=Valerie |title=SCUM Manifesto |publisher=Verso |location=London |isbn=978-1-85984-553-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |date=1967 |title=SCUM Manifesto |publisher=self-published}}
* {{cite book |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |date=1968 |title=SCUM Manifesto |publisher=Olympia Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Solanas |first=Valerie |date=1996 |title=SCUM Manifesto |publisher=AK Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-1-873176-44-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Third |first1=Amanda |date=2006 |title='Shooting from the hip': Valerie Solanas, SCUM and the apocalyptic politics of radical feminism |journal=[[Hecate (journal)|Hecate]] |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=104–132}}
* {{cite book |last=Violet |first=Ultra |date=1990 |title=Famous for 15 Minutes: My Years with Andy Warhol |publisher=Avon Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-380-70843-7}}
* {{cite book |author1-link=Steven Watson (author) |last=Watson |first=Steven |date=2003 |title=Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties |publisher=Pantheon Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-679-42372-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Willis |first=Ellen |date=1992 |chapter=Radical feminism and feminist radicalism |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nomorenicegirlsc00will/page/117 117–150] |title=No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |isbn=978-0-8195-5250-1 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nomorenicegirlsc00will/page/117}}
* {{cite book |last=Winkiel |first=Laura |date=1999 |chapter=The 'sweet assassin' and the performative politics of ''SCUM Manifesto'' |pages=62–86 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Patricia Juliana |title=The Queer Sixties |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92169-5}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf=135325}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Valerie Solanas}}
* ''[http://www.womynkind.org/valbio.htm About Valerie Solanas]'', by Freddie Baer (1999)
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140429044932/http://www.feministpress.org/books/breanne-fahs/valerie-solanas Valerie Solanas The Defiant Life of the Woman Who Wrote SCUM (and Shot Andy Warhol)]'', by Breanne Fahs (2014)
* ''[http://www.villagevoice.com/theater/0108,solomon,22438,11.html Whose Soiree Now?]'', by Alisa Solomon ([[Village Voice]], February 2001)
* [http://www.womynkind.org/valbio.htm About Valerie Solanas] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141017211938/http://www.womynkind.org/valbio.htm |date=October 17, 2014}}, by Freddie Baer (1999)
* ''[http://www.villagevoice.com/theater/0330,carr,45699,11.html SCUM Goddess]'', by C. Carr ([[Village Voice]], July 2003)
* "[http://www.villagevoice.com/theater/0108,solomon,22438,11.html Whose Soiree Now?]" ({{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080614145826/http://www.villagevoice.com/theater/0108,solomon,22438,11.html |date=June 14, 2008}}), by Alisa Solomon (''[[The Village Voice]]'', February 2001)
* ''[http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,1432425,00.html Valerie Jean Solanas (1936-88)]'' ([[Guardian Unlimited]], March 2005)
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050817015943/http://geocities.com/WestHollywood/Village/6982/solanas.html Valerie Solanas bibliography]
* ''[http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,1432425,00.html Valerie Jean Solanas (1936–88)]'' ([[Guardian Unlimited]], March 2005)
* {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050817015943/http://geocities.com/WestHollywood/Village/6982/solanas.html |date=August 17, 2005 |title=Valerie Solanas bibliography}}
* {{IMDB name|0812640}}
* {{Find a Grave|14927731}}
* {{IMDb name|0812640}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120622192115/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2010/05/andy_warhol_sho.php "The Shot That Shattered the Velvet Underground"], written June 6, 1968, from ''The Village Voice'' archives.
* ''[http://www.nndb.com/people/212/000025137/ NNDB reference with picture]'': NNDB
<!-- See the talk page for the Wikisource URL on the SCUM Manifesto. The Manifesto is under copyright. Until we have a link to someone with explicit permission to republish the Manifesto on the web, we will not link to unlawful copies. Please see Talk page for progress on this. User:Somercet -->
<!-- See the talk page for the Wikisource URL on the SCUM Manifesto. The Manifesto is under copyright. Until we have a link with explicit permission to republish the Manifesto that fits Wikimedia Foundation's legal requirements, we will not link to the text of a copy, as that would be a copyright violation. Please see Talk page for progress on this. -->

{{Radical feminism}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Solanas, Valerie
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 9, 1936
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Ventnor City, New Jersey]]
| DATE OF DEATH = April 25, 1988
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[San Francisco, California]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanas, Valerie}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanas, Valerie}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1968 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:20th-century American criminals]]
[[Category:Misandry]]
[[Category:20th-century American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:American people convicted of attempted murder]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:American prostitutes]]
[[Category:American failed assassins]]
[[Category:American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:American female criminals]]
[[Category:American feminist writers]]
[[Category:American feminist writers]]
[[Category:American lesbian writers]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American women writers]]
[[Category:American people convicted of attempted murder]]
[[Category:Anarcha-feminists]]
[[Category:American people of Canadian descent]]
[[Category:Beggars]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
[[Category:American people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:Failed assassins]]
[[Category:American prostitutes]]
[[Category:Lesbian writers]]
[[Category:American women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:LGBT people from the United States]]
[[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:People from Atlantic County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Criminals from California]]
[[Category:Criminals from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in California]]
[[Category:Lesbian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Lesbian feminists]]
[[Category:Lesbian prostitutes]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from New Jersey]]
[[Category:People associated with The Factory]]
[[Category:People from Ventnor City, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People with schizophrenia]]
[[Category:People with schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Sex segregation]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of New York (state)]]
[[Category:Warhol Superstars]]
[[Category:Radical feminists]]
[[Category:Writers from California]]
[[Category:Stalking]]
[[Category:University of Maryland, College Park alumni]]
[[Category:University of Maryland, College Park alumni]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota alumni]]

[[Category:Writers from California]]
[[ca:Valerie Solanas]]
[[Category:Writers from New Jersey]]
[[da:Valerie Solanas]]
[[de:Valerie Solanas]]
[[et:Valerie Solanas]]
[[es:Valerie Solanas]]
[[fr:Valerie Solanas]]
[[it:Valerie Solanas]]
[[he:ואלרי סולאנס]]
[[lt:Valerie Solanas]]
[[nl:Valerie Solanas]]
[[no:Valerie Solanas]]
[[nn:Valerie Solanas]]
[[pt:Valerie Solanas]]
[[ru:Соланас, Валери]]
[[fi:Valerie Solanas]]
[[sv:Valerie Solanas]]
[[tr:Valerie Solanas]]

Latest revision as of 01:13, 23 December 2024

Valerie Solanas
Solanas in The Village Voice newsroom, 1967, by Fred W. McDarrah
Born
Valerie Jean Solanas

(1936-04-09)April 9, 1936
Ventnor City, New Jersey, U.S.
DiedApril 25, 1988(1988-04-25) (aged 52)
San Francisco, California, U.S.
Education
OccupationWriter
MovementRadical feminism
Criminal chargesAttempted murder, assault, illegal possession of a gun; plead to reckless assault with intent to harm
Criminal penalty3 years' incarceration
Children1
Writing career
Notable works
Signature

Valerie Jean Solanas (April 9, 1936 – April 25, 1988) was an American radical feminist known for the SCUM Manifesto, which she self-published in 1967, and her attempt to murder artist Andy Warhol in 1968.

On June 3, 1968, Solanas went to The Factory, shot Warhol and art critic Mario Amaya, and attempted to shoot Warhol's manager, Fred Hughes. Solanas was charged with attempted murder, assault, and illegal possession of a firearm. After her release, she continued to promote the SCUM Manifesto. She died in 1988 of pneumonia in San Francisco.

Early life

[edit]

Valerie Solanas was born in 1936 in Ventnor City, New Jersey, to Louis Solanas and Dorothy Marie Biondo.[1][2][3][4] Her father was a bartender and her mother a dental assistant.[3][5] She had a younger sister, Judith Arlene Solanas Martinez.[6] Her father was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to parents who immigrated from Spain. Her mother was an Italian-American of Genoan and Sicilian descent born in Philadelphia.[5]

Solanas reported that her father regularly sexually abused her.[7] Her parents divorced when she was young, and her mother remarried shortly afterwards.[8] Solanas disliked her stepfather and began rebelling against her mother, becoming a truant. As a child, she wrote insults for children to use on one another, for the cost of a dime. She beat up a girl in high school who was bothering a younger boy, and also hit a nun.[3]

Because of her rebellious behavior, Solanas' mother sent her to be raised by her grandparents in 1949. Solanas reported that her grandfather was a violent alcoholic who often beat her. When she was aged 15, she left her grandparents and became homeless.[9] In 1953, Solanas gave birth to a son, fathered by a married sailor.[10][a] The child, named David, was taken away and she never saw him again.[12][13][14][b]

Despite this, Solanas graduated from high school on time and earned a degree in psychology from the University of Maryland, College Park, where she was in the Psi Chi Honor Society.[15][16] While at the University of Maryland, she hosted a call-in radio show where she gave advice on how to combat men.[7] Solanas was an open lesbian, despite the conservative cultural climate of the 1950s.[17]

Solanas attended the University of Minnesota's Graduate School of Psychology, where she worked in the animal research laboratory,[18] before dropping out and moving to attend Berkeley for a few courses. It was during this time that she began writing the SCUM Manifesto.[13]

New York City and the Factory

[edit]
silver painted trunk within a Plexiglas vitrine
This prop trunk, used in Andy Warhol's Silver Factory, is where the copy of the "Up Your Ass" script Solanas gave Warhol was eventually found after Warhol's death in 1987.

In the mid-1960s, Solanas moved to New York City and supported herself through begging and prostitution.[17][19] In 1965, she wrote two works: an autobiographical[20] short story, "A Young Girl's Primer on How to Attain the Leisure Class", and a play, Up Your Ass,[c] about a young prostitute.[17] According to James Martin Harding, the play is "based on a plot about a woman who 'is a man-hating hustler and panhandler' and who ... ends up killing a man."[21] Harding describes it as more a "provocation than ... a work of dramatic literature"[22] and "rather adolescent and contrived".[21] The short story was published in Cavalier magazine in July 1966.[23][24] Up Your Ass remained unpublished until 2014.[25]

In 1967, Solanas called pop artist Andy Warhol at his studio, The Factory, and asked him to produce Up Your Ass. According to Warhol, he thought the title was "wonderful" and he invited her to come over with it.[26] He accepted the script for review, told Solanas it was "well typed", and promised to read it.[18] However, when he read the script he thought it was so pornographic that it must have been a police trap.[26] Solanas later contacted Warhol about the script and when she was told that he had lost it, she started demanding money.[26] She was staying at the Chelsea Hotel and told Warhol that she needed money for rent so he offered to pay her $25 to appear in his film I, a Man (1967).[26][18]

In her role in I, a Man, Solanas leaves the film's title character, played by Tom Baker, to fend for himself, explaining, "I gotta go beat my meat" as she exits the scene.[27] She was satisfied with her experience working with Warhol and her performance in the film, and brought Maurice Girodias, the founder of Olympia Press, to see it. Girodias described her as being "very relaxed and friendly with Warhol". Solanas also had a nonspeaking role in Warhol's film Bike Boy (1967).[28]

SCUM Manifesto

[edit]
Main article: SCUM Manifesto

In 1967, Solanas self-published her best-known work, the SCUM Manifesto, a scathing critique of patriarchal culture. The manifesto's opening words are:[29][30]

"Life" in this "society" being, at best, an utter bore and no aspect of "society" being at all relevant to women, there remains to civic-minded, responsible, thrill-seeking females only to overthrow the government, eliminate the money system, institute complete automation and eliminate the male sex.

Some authors have argued that the Manifesto is a parody and satirical work targeting patriarchy. According to Harding, Solanas described herself as "a social propagandist",[31] but she denied that the work was "a put on"[32] and insisted that her intent was "dead serious".[32] The Manifesto has been translated into over a dozen languages and is excerpted in several feminist anthologies.[33][34][35][36]

While living at the Chelsea Hotel, Solanas introduced herself to Girodias, a fellow resident of the hotel. In August 1967, Girodias and Solanas signed[37] an informal contract stating that she would give Girodias her "next writing, and other writings".[38] In exchange, Girodias paid her $500.[38][39][40] Solanas took this to mean that Girodias would own her work.[40] She told Paul Morrissey that "everything I write will be his. He's done this to me .... He's screwed me!"[40] Solanas intended to write a novel based on the SCUM Manifesto and believed that a conspiracy was behind Warhol's failure to return the Up Your Ass script. She suspected that he was coordinating with Girodias to steal her work.

Shooting

[edit]
Main article: Attempted assassination of Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol

According to an unquoted source in The Outlaw Bible of American Literature, on June 3, 1968, at 9:00 am, Solanas reportedly arrived at the Hotel Chelsea and asked for Girodias at the desk, only to be told he was gone for the weekend. She remained at the hotel for three hours before heading to the Grove Press, where she asked for Barney Rosset, who was also not available.[41] In her 2014 biography of Solanas, Breanne Fahs argues that it is unlikely that she appeared at the Chelsea Hotel looking for Girodias, speculating that Girodias may have fabricated the account in order to boost sales for the SCUM Manifesto, which he had published.[42]

Fahs states that "the more likely story ... places Valerie at the Actors Studio at 432 West Forty-Fourth Street early that morning".[43] Actress Sylvia Miles states that Solanas appeared at the Actors Studio looking for Lee Strasberg, asking to leave a copy of Up Your Ass for him.[43] Miles said that Solanas "had a different look, a bit tousled, like somebody whose appearance is the last thing on her mind".[42] Miles told Solanas that Strasberg would not be in until the afternoon, accepted the script, and then "shut the door because I knew she was trouble. I didn't know what sort of trouble, but I knew she was trouble."[42]

Fahs records that Solanas then traveled to producer Margo Feiden's (then Margo Eden) residence in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as she believed that Feiden would be willing to produce Up Your Ass. As related to Fahs, Solanas talked to Feiden for almost four hours, trying to convince her to produce the play and discussing her vision for a world without men. Throughout this time, Feiden repeatedly refused to produce the play. According to Feiden, Solanas then pulled out her gun, and when Feiden again refused to commit to producing the play, she responded, "Yes, you will produce the play because I'll shoot Andy Warhol and that will make me famous and the play famous, and then you'll produce it." As she was leaving Feiden's residence, Solanas handed Feiden a partial copy of an earlier draft of the play and other personal papers.[44][45]

Fahs describes how Feiden then "frantically called her local police precinct, Andy Warhol's precinct, police headquarters in Lower Manhattan, and the offices of Mayor John Lindsay and Governor Nelson Rockefeller to report what happened and inform them that Solanas was on her way at that very moment to shoot Andy Warhol".[46] In some instances, the police responded that "You can't arrest someone because you believe she is going to kill Andy Warhol", and even asked Feiden, "Listen lady, how would you know what a real gun looked like?"[46] In a 2009 interview with James Barron of The New York Times, Feiden said that she knew Solanas intended to kill Warhol, but could not prevent it.[47][d][49][50] (A New York Times assistant Metro editor responded to an online comment regarding the story, saying that the Times "does not present the account as definitive".)[48]

Solanas proceeded to the Factory and waited outside. Morrissey arrived and asked her what she was doing there, and she replied, "I'm waiting for Andy to get money."[51] Morrissey tried to get rid of her by telling her that Warhol was not coming in that day, but she told him she would wait. At 2:00 pm Solanas went up into the studio. Morrissey told her again that Warhol was not coming in and that she had to leave. She left but rode the elevator up and down until Warhol finally boarded it.[41]

Solanas entered The Factory with Warhol, who complimented her on her appearance, as she was uncharacteristically wearing makeup. Morrissey told her to leave, threatening to "beat the hell" out of her and throw her out otherwise.[51] The phone rang and Warhol answered while Morrissey went to the bathroom. While Warhol was on the phone, Solanas fired at him three times. Her first two shots missed, but the third went through his spleen, stomach, liver, esophagus, and lungs.[41] She then shot art critic Mario Amaya in the hip. Solanas further tried to shoot Fred Hughes, Warhol's manager, but her gun jammed.[52] Hughes asked her to leave, which she did, leaving behind a paper bag with her address book on a table.[52] Warhol was taken to Columbus–Mother Cabrini Hospital, where he underwent a successful five-hour operation.[41][53]

Later that day, Solanas turned herself in to police, gave up her gun, and confessed to the shooting,[54] telling an officer that Warhol "had too much control in my life".[55] She was fingerprinted and charged with felonious assault and possession of a deadly weapon.[56] The next morning, the New York Daily News ran the front-page headline: "Actress Shoots Andy Warhol". Solanas demanded a retraction of the statement that she was an actress. The Daily News changed the headline in its later edition and added a quote from Solanas stating, "I'm a writer, not an actress."[55]

At her arraignment in Manhattan Criminal Court, Solanas denied shooting Warhol because he would not produce her play but said "it was for the opposite reason",[57] that "he has a legal claim on my works".[57] She told the judge that "it's not often that I shoot somebody. I didn't do it for nothing. Warhol had tied me up, lock, stock, and barrel. He was going to do something to me which would have ruined me."[56] She declared that she wanted to represent herself[56] and she insisted that she "was right in what I did! I have nothing to regret!"[56] The judge struck Solanas' comments from the court record[56] and had her admitted to Bellevue Hospital for psychiatric observation.[56]

Trial

[edit]

I consider that a moral act. And I consider it immoral that I missed. I should have done target practice.

— Valerie Solanas on her assassination attempt on Andy Warhol[58][59]

After a cursory evaluation, Solanas was declared mentally unstable and transferred to the prison ward of Elmhurst Hospital.[60] She appeared at New York Supreme Court on June 13, 1968. Florynce Kennedy represented her and asked for a writ of habeas corpus, arguing that Solanas was being held inappropriately at Elmhurst. The judge denied the motion and Solanas returned to Elmhurst. On June 28, Solanas was indicted on charges of attempted murder, assault, and illegal possession of a firearm. She was declared "incompetent" in August and sent to Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane.[61] That same month, Olympia Press published the SCUM Manifesto with essays by Girodias and Krassner.[56]

In January 1969, Solanas underwent psychiatric evaluation and was diagnosed with chronic paranoid schizophrenia.[7] In June, she was deemed fit to stand trial. She represented herself without an attorney and pleaded guilty to "reckless assault with intent to harm".[62][63] Solanas was sentenced to three years in prison, with one year of time served.[62][63]

After murder attempt

[edit]

The shooting of Warhol propelled Solanas into the public spotlight, prompting a flurry of commentary and opinions in the media. Robert Marmorstein, writing in The Village Voice, declared that Solanas "has dedicated the remainder of her life to the avowed purpose of eliminating every single male from the face of the earth".[32] Norman Mailer called her the "Robespierre of feminism".[64]

Ti-Grace Atkinson, the New York chapter president of the National Organization for Women (NOW), described Solanas as "the first outstanding champion of women's rights"[64] and "a 'heroine' of the feminist movement",[65][66] and "smuggled [her manifesto] ... out of the mental hospital where Solanas was confined".[65][66] According to Betty Friedan, the NOW board rejected Atkinson's statement.[66] Atkinson left NOW and founded another feminist organization.[67] According to Friedan, "the media continued to treat Ti-Grace as a leader of the women's movement, despite its repudiation of her".[68] Kennedy, another NOW member, called Solanas "one of the most important spokeswomen of the feminist movement."[18][69]

English professor Dana Heller argued that Solanas was "very much aware of feminist organizations and activism",[70] but "had no interest in participating in what she often described as 'a civil disobedience luncheon club.'"[70] Heller also stated that Solanas could "reject mainstream liberal feminism for its blind adherence to cultural codes of feminine politeness and decorum which the SCUM Manifesto identifies as the source of women's debased social status".[70]

Aggravated assault

[edit]

After Solanas was released from the New York State Prison for Women in 1971,[71] she stalked Warhol and others over the telephone.[63] In November 1971, Solanas was arrested again for aggravated assault after threatening Barney Rosset, editor of Evergreen Review.[72][73] She was subsequently institutionalized several times and then drifted into obscurity.[74]

Later life

[edit]

Solanas may have intended to write an eponymous autobiography.[75] In a 1977 Village Voice interview,[76] she announced a book with her name as the title.[77] The book, possibly intended as a parody, was supposed to deal with the "conspiracy" that led to her imprisonment.[76] In a corrective 1977 Village Voice interview, Solanas said the book would not be autobiographical other than a small portion and that it would be about many things, include proof of statements in the manifesto, and would "deal very intensively with the subject of bullshit", but she said nothing about parody.[58]

In the mid-1970s, according to Heller, Solanas was "apparently homeless" in New York City,[78] "continued to defend her political beliefs and the SCUM Manifesto",[78] and "actively promoted" her new Manifesto revision.[78] In the late 1980s, Ultra Violet tracked down Solanas in northern California and interviewed her over the phone.[79] According to Ultra Violet, Solanas had changed her name to Onz Loh and stated that the August 1968 version of the Manifesto had many errors, unlike her own printed version of October 1967, and that the book had not sold well. Solanas said that until she was informed by Violet, she was unaware of Warhol's death in 1987.[80][e]

Death

[edit]
The grave of Valerie Jean Solanas at Saint Marys Catholic Church Cemetery, Fairfax County, Virginia

On April 25, 1988, at the age of 52, Valerie Solanas died of pneumonia at the Bristol Hotel in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco.[82] A building superintendent at the hotel, not on duty that night, had a vague memory of Solanas: "Once, he had to enter her room, and he saw her typing at her desk. There was a pile of typewritten pages beside her. What she was writing and what happened to the manuscript remain a mystery."[12][83] Her mother burned all her belongings posthumously.[12]

Legacy

[edit]
[edit]

Composer Pauline Oliveros released "To Valerie Solanas and Marilyn Monroe in Recognition of Their Desperation" in 1970. In the work, Oliveros seeks to explore how, "Both women seemed to be desperate and caught in the traps of inequality: Monroe needed to be recognized for her talent as an actress. Solanas wished to be supported for her own creative work."[84][85]

Actress Lili Taylor played Solanas in the film I Shot Andy Warhol (1996), which focused on Solanas's assassination attempt on Warhol (played by Jared Harris). Taylor won Special Recognition for Outstanding Performance at the Sundance Film Festival for her role.[86] The film's director, Mary Harron, requested permission to use songs by The Velvet Underground but was denied by Lou Reed, who feared that Solanas would be glorified in the film. Six years before the film's release, Reed and John Cale included a song about Solanas, "I Believe", on their concept album about Warhol, Songs for Drella (1990). In "I Believe", Reed sings, "I believe life's serious enough for retribution ... I believe being sick is no excuse. And I believe I would've pulled the switch on her myself." Reed believed Solanas was to blame for Warhol's death from a gallbladder infection twenty years after she shot him.[87]

Up Your Ass was rediscovered in 1999 and produced in 2000 by George Coates Performance Works in San Francisco. The copy Warhol had lost was found in a trunk of lighting equipment owned by Billy Name. Coates learned about the rediscovered manuscript while at an exhibition at The Andy Warhol Museum marking the 30th anniversary of the shooting. Coates turned the piece into a musical with an all-female cast. Coates consulted with Solanas' sister, Judith, while writing the piece, and sought to create a "very funny satirist" out of Solanas, not just showing her as Warhol's attempted assassin.[12][88]

Solanas' life has inspired three plays. Valerie Shoots Andy (2001), by Carson Kreitzer, starred two actors playing a younger (Heather Grayson) and an older (Lynne McCollough) Solanas.[89] Tragedy in Nine Lives (2003), by Karen Houppert, examined the encounter between Solanas and Warhol as a Greek tragedy and starred Juliana Francis as Solanas.[88] In 2011, Pop!, a musical by Maggie-Kate Coleman and Anna K. Jacobs, focused mainly on Warhol (played by Tom Story). Rachel Zampelli played Solanas and sang "Big Gun", described as the "evening's strongest number" by The Washington Post.[90]

Swedish author Sara Stridsberg wrote a semi-fictional novel about Solanas called Drömfakulteten ('The Dream Faculty'), published in 2006. The book's narrator visits Solanas toward the end of her life at the Bristol Hotel. Stridsberg was awarded the Nordic Council's Literature Prize for the book.[91] The novel was later translated into and published in English under the title Valerie, or, The Faculty of Dreams: A Novel in 2019.[92]

In 2006 Solanas was featured in eleventh episode of the second season Adult Swim show The Venture Bros as part of a group called The Groovy Gang. The group was a parody of the Scooby Gang from Scooby-Doo and was made up of parodies of Solanas (Velma), Ted Bundy (Fred), David Berkowitz (Shaggy), Patty Hearst (Daphne), and Groovy (Scooby). In the episode she is voiced by Joanna Adler. Most of her lines in the episode are quotes from the SCUM Manifesto.

Solanas was featured in a 2017 episode of the FX series American Horror Story: Cult, "Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag". She was played by Lena Dunham.[93] The episode portrayed Solanas as the instigator of most of the Zodiac Killer murders.

Influence and analysis

[edit]

Author James Martin Harding explained that, by declaring herself independent from Warhol, after her arrest she "aligned herself with the historical avant-garde's rejection of the traditional structures of bourgeois theater"/[94] and that her anti-patriarchal "militant hostility ... pushed the avant-garde in radically new directions".[95] Harding believed that Solanas' assassination attempt on Warhol was its own theatrical performance.[96] At the shooting, she left on a table at the Factory a paper bag containing a gun, her address book, and a sanitary napkin.[97] Harding stated that leaving behind the sanitary napkin was part of the performance,[98] and called "attention to basic feminine experiences that were publically [sic] taboo and tacitly elided within avant-garde circles".[99]

Feminist philosopher Avital Ronell compared Solanas to an array of people: Lorena Bobbitt, a "girl Nietzsche", Medusa, the Unabomber, and Medea.[100] Ronell believed that Solanas was threatened by the hyper-feminine women of the Factory that Warhol liked and felt lonely because of the rejection she felt due to her own butch androgyny. She believed Solanas was ahead of her time, living in a period before feminist and lesbian activists such as the Guerrilla Girls and the Lesbian Avengers.[64]

Solanas has also been credited with instigating radical feminism.[59] Catherine Lord wrote that "the feminist movement would not have happened without Valerie Solanas".[3] Lord believed that the reissuing of the SCUM Manifesto and the disowning of Solanas by "women's liberation politicos" triggered a wave of radical feminist publications. According to Vivian Gornick, many of the women's liberation activists who initially distanced themselves from Solanas changed their minds a year later, developing the first wave of radical feminism.[3] At the same time, perceptions of Warhol were transformed from largely nonpolitical into political martyrdom because the motive for the shooting was political, according to Harding and Victor Bockris.[101] Solanas' idiosyncratic views on gender are a focus of Andrea Long Chu's 2019 book, Females.[102]

Fahs describes Solanas as a contradiction that "alienates her from the feminist movement", arguing that Solanas never wanted to be "in movement" but nevertheless fractured the feminist movement by provoking NOW members to disagree about her case. Many contradictions are seen in Solanas' lifestyle as a lesbian who sexually serviced men, her claim to be asexual, a rejection of queer culture, and a non-interest in working with others despite a dependency on others.[11] Fahs also brings into question the contradictory stories of Solanas' life. She is described as a victim, a rebel, and a desperate loner, yet her cousin says she worked as a waitress in her late 20s and 30s, not primarily as a prostitute, and friend Geoffrey LaGear said she had a "groovy childhood". Solanas also kept in touch with her father throughout her life, despite claiming that he sexually abused her. Fahs believes that Solanas embraced these contradictions as a key part of her identity.[11]

In 2018, The New York Times started a series of delayed obituaries of significant individuals whose importance the paper's obituary writers had not recognized at the time of their deaths. In June 2020, they started a series of obituaries on LGBTQ individuals, and on June 26, they profiled Solanas.[103]

Alice Echols stated that Solanas' "unabashed misandry" was not typical within most radical feminist groups during the latter's time.[104][105]

Works

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Solanas's cousin claimed the man was a sailor, and that she may have also given birth to a second child before leaving home.[11]
  2. ^ Lord stated that Solanas and her son lived with "a middle-class military couple outside of Washington, D.C." before she went to the University of Maryland. This couple might have paid for her college tuition, according to Lord.[3]
  3. ^ The original title of the work is Up Your Ass, or, From the Cradle to the Boat, or, The Big Suck, or, Up from the Slime.[3][11]
  4. ^ "The Times does not present Ms. Fieden's account as definitive ... [but] consider[s] this just one angle of the story".[48]
  5. ^ Violet objected to assassination;[81] for a possible contrast in her views and another near-killing of Warhol, see: Violet (1990), p. 241.
  6. ^ Although Up Your Ass was written in 1965, it was not produced as a play until 2000, and was not published until 2014 (as a Kindle ebook).[106]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ State of California. California Death Index, 1940–1997. Sacramento, CA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.
  2. ^ Violet (1990), p. 184.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Lord (2010).
  4. ^ Harron (1996), p. xi.
  5. ^ a b Fahs (2014), p. 3.
  6. ^ Jansen (2011), p. 141.
  7. ^ a b c Watson (2003), pp. 35–36.
  8. ^ Solanas (1996), p. 48.
  9. ^ Buchanan (2011), p. 132.
  10. ^ Fahs (2014), pp. 23–24.
  11. ^ a b c d Fahs (2008).
  12. ^ a b c d Coburn, Judith (January 11, 2000). "Solanas Lost and Found". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  13. ^ a b Jobey, Liz, Liz (August 24, 1996). "Solanas and Son". The Guardian.
  14. ^ Hewitt (2004), p. 602.
  15. ^ Heller (2008), p. 154.
  16. ^ Regarding the honor society: Jansen (2011), p. 152.
  17. ^ a b c Heller (2001).
  18. ^ a b c d Nickels (2005), pp. 15–16.
  19. ^ Hamilton (2002), pp. 264 ff.
  20. ^ Solanas (1968), p. 89.
  21. ^ a b Harding (2010), p. 168.
  22. ^ Harding (2010), p. 169.
  23. ^ Watson (2003), p. 447.
  24. ^ Solanas, Valerie (July 1966). "For 2¢: Pain". Cavalier: 38–40, 76–77.
  25. ^ Solanas, Valerie (March 31, 2014). Up Your Ass. VandA.ePublishing. ASIN B00JE6N2UG.
  26. ^ a b c d Warhol, Andy (1980). Popism: The Warhol '60s. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-15-173095-7.
  27. ^ Warhol, Andy (Director) (1967). I, a Man (Motion picture).
  28. ^ Kaufman, Ortenberg & Rosset (2004), p. 201.
  29. ^ Solanas (1967), p. 1.
  30. ^ DeMonte (2010), p. 178.
  31. ^ Harding (2010), p. 152, citing Frank (1996), p. 211.
  32. ^ a b c Marmorstein (1968), p. 9.
  33. ^ Hewitt (2004), p. 603.
  34. ^ Morgan (1970), pp. 514–519.
  35. ^ See also Rich (1993), p. 17.
  36. ^ Heller (2008), p. 165, citing as excerpting SCUM Manifesto:
    Kolmar, Wendy; Bartkowski, Frances, eds. (2000). Feminist Theory: A Reader. Mountain View, California: Mayfield.
    Albert, Judith Clavir; Albert, Stewart Edward, eds. (1984). The Sixties Papers: Documents of a Rebellious Decade.
  37. ^ Harron (1996), p. xxi.
  38. ^ a b Kaufman, Ortenberg & Rosset (2004), p. 202.
  39. ^ Watson (2003), p. 334.
  40. ^ a b c Baer (1996), p. 51.
  41. ^ a b c d Kaufman, Ortenberg & Rosset (2004), pp. 202–203.
  42. ^ a b c Fahs (2014), p. 133.
  43. ^ a b Fahs (2014), pp. 133–134.
  44. ^ Fahs (2014), footnote 198.
  45. ^ Fahs (2014), pp. 134–137.
  46. ^ a b Fahs (2014), p. 137.
  47. ^ Barron, James (June 23, 2009). "A Manuscript, a Confrontation, a Shooting". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  48. ^ a b Collins, Nicole, comment 3, June 23, 2009, 10:03 am, as accessed June 13, 2013.
  49. ^ Ghomeshi, Jian. "Q: The Podcast". CBC Radio 1. Canadian Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2009. Interview of Margo Feiden overall approx. 1:14–18:56 from start; fragment approx. 5:06–5:45 from start (based on CBC.ca link before Archive.org link provided here).
  50. ^ O'Brien, Glenn (March 24, 2009). "History Rewrite". Interview Magazine: 1–3. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  51. ^ a b Kaufman, Ortenberg & Rosset (2004), p. 203.
  52. ^ a b Harding (2010), pp. 151–173.
  53. ^ Dillenberger (2001), p. 31.
  54. ^ Baer (1996), p. 53.
  55. ^ a b Harding (2010), p. 152.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g Kaufman, Ortenberg & Rosset (2004), p. 204.
  57. ^ a b Faso, Frank; Lee, Henry (June 5, 1968). "Actress defiant: 'I'm not sorry'". New York Daily News. Vol. 49, no. 297. p. 42.
  58. ^ a b "Valerie Solanas replies". The Village Voice. XXII (31): 29. August 1, 1977.
  59. ^ a b Third (2006).
  60. ^ Fahs (2014), p. 198.
  61. ^ Fahs (2014), p. 221.
  62. ^ a b Jansen (2011), p. 153.
  63. ^ a b c Solanas (1996), p. 55.
  64. ^ a b c Nickels (2005), p. 17.
  65. ^ a b Friedan (1976), p. 109.
  66. ^ a b c Friedan (1998), p. 138.
  67. ^ Willis (1992), p. 124.
  68. ^ Friedan (1998), p. 139.
  69. ^ Solanas (1996), p. 54.
  70. ^ a b c Heller (2008), p. 160.
  71. ^ Buchanan (2011), p. 48.
  72. ^ "Brilliant, Damaged & Damaging: Revisiting Valerie Solanas, Andy Warhol's Would-Be Killer". www.out.com. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
  73. ^ Sullivan, James (February 23, 2017). "'Rosset: My Life in Publishing and How I Fought Censorship'". SF Gate.
  74. ^ Solanas (1996), pp. 55–56.
  75. ^ Winkiel (1999), p. 74.
  76. ^ a b Heller (2008), p. 151.
  77. ^ Smith, Howard; Van der Horst, Brian (July 25, 1977). "Valerie Solanas Interview". "Scenes" column. The Village Voice. No. 30. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |ate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |volime= ignored (help)
  78. ^ a b c Heller (2008), p. 164.
  79. ^ Violet (1990), p. v.
  80. ^ Violet (1990), pp. 183–189.
  81. ^ Violet (1990), p. 189.
  82. ^ Watson (2003), p. 425.
  83. ^ Harron (1996), p. xxxi.
  84. ^ Oliveros, Pauline (September 1970). "To Valerie Solanas and Marilyn Monroe in Recognition of Their Desperation (1970)". Deep Listening. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  85. ^ "Pauline Oliveros". Roaratorio. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  86. ^ Rich, B. Ruby (1996). "I Shot Andy Warhol". Archives. Sundance Institute. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  87. ^ Schaub, Michael (November 2003). "The 'Idiot Madness' of Valerie Solanis". Bookslut. Archived from the original on August 19, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  88. ^ a b Carr, C. (July 22, 2003). "SCUM Goddess". The Village Voice. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  89. ^ Genzlinger, Neil (March 1, 2001). "Theater Review: A Writer One Day, a Would-be Killer the Next – Reliving the Warhol Shooting". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  90. ^ Marks, Peter (July 19, 2011). "Theater review: 'Pop!' paints bold portrait of Warhol and his inner circle". The Washington Post. Washington, DC: Nash Holdings. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  91. ^ "Sara Stridsberg wins the Literature Prize". News. Norden. 2007. Archived from the original on May 7, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  92. ^ "Valerie | Sara Stridsberg | Macmillan". Us.macmillan.com. 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  93. ^ Bradley, Laura (August 29, 2017). "How American Horror Story: Cult Will Change the A.H.S. Game". Vanity Fair. New York: Condé Nast. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  94. ^ Harding (2010), p. 153.
  95. ^ Harding (2010), pp. 29, 30, 31, 33, 153.
  96. ^ Harding (2010), chap. 6, esp. pp. 151–158; and see pp. 21, 24, 26, 29, 63 & 178.
  97. ^ Harding (2010), p. 151.
  98. ^ Harding (2010), pp. 151–153.
  99. ^ Harding (2010), pp. 152, 153.
  100. ^ Ronell (2004).
  101. ^ Harding (2010), p. 172, citing: Bockris, Victor. The Life and Death of Andy Warhol. p. 236.
  102. ^ Lorusso, Melissa (October 30, 2019). "In 'Females,' The State Is Less a Biological Condition Than an Existential One". NPR. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  103. ^ Wertheim, Bonnie (June 26, 2020). "Overlooked No More: Valerie Solanas, Radical Feminist Who Shot Andy Warhol". The New York Times. Overlooked is a series of obituaries about remarkable people whose deaths, beginning in 1851, went unreported in The Times. This month we're adding the stories of important L.G.B.T.Q. figures.
  104. ^ Echols (1989), p. 104–105.
  105. ^ Echols (1989), p. 104.
  106. ^ Solanas, Valerie (March 31, 2014). Up Your Ass. VandA.ePublishing. ASIN B00JE6N2UG.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Library resources about
Valerie Solanas
By Valerie Solanas
Wikiquote has quotations related to Valerie Solanas.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valerie Solanas.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Valerie_Solanas&oldid=1264689029"