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{{Short description|Genus of shrubs in the family Rutaceae}}
{{Redirect|Ruta|the Polish village|Ruta, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Ruta chalepensis11.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ruta chalepensis]]'', fringed rue
| taxon = Ruta
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = [[#Species|See text]].
}}
[[File:Ruta angustifolia MHNT.BOT.2008.1.4.jpg|thumb|''Ruta angustifolia'' – [[MHNT]]]]


'''''Ruta''''' (commonly known as '''rue''') is a genus of strongly scented [[evergreen]] [[subshrub]]s, 20–60 cm tall, in the family [[Rutaceae]], native to the [[Mediterranean]] region, [[Macaronesia]] and southwest [[Asia]]. About ten species are accepted in the genus. The most well-known species is ''[[Ruta graveolens]]'' ('''rue''' or '''common rue''').
{{wiktionarypar|rue}}


The [[leaf|leaves]] are bipinnate or tripinnate, with a feathery appearance, and green to strongly glaucous blue-green in colour. The [[flower]]s are yellow, with 4–5 [[petal]]s, about 1 cm diameter, and borne in cymes. The [[fruit]] is a 4–5-lobed capsule, containing numerous [[seed]]s.
{{taxobox
|name = Rue
|image = Ruta chalepensis11.jpg
|image_caption = [[Ruta chalepensis|Fringed Rue]]
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Sapindales]]
|familia = [[Rutaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Rutoideae]]
|tribus = [[Ruteae]]<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=oumyfO-NHuUC |first=Armen |last=Takhtajan |title=Flowering Plants |edition=2 |year=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781402096082 |page=375}}</ref>
|genus = '''''Ruta'''''
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = Between 8–40 species, including:<br/>
''Ruta angustifolia''—[[Egyptian Rue]]<br/>
''Ruta chalepensis''—[[Ruta chalepensis|Fringed Rue]]<br/>
''Ruta corsica''—[[Corsican Rue]]<br/>
''Ruta graveolens''—[[Common Rue]]<br/>
''Ruta montana''—[[Mountain Rue]]
|}}


==Species==
'''Rue''' (''Ruta'') is a genus of strongly scented [[evergreen]] [[subshrub]]s 20–60&nbsp;cm tall, in the family [[Rutaceae]], native to the [[Mediterranean]] region, [[Macaronesia]] and southwest [[Asia]]. There are perhaps 8 to 40 species in the genus. A well-known species is the [[Common Rue]].
{{As of|2021|September}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepted ten species:<ref name="POWO_35941-1">{{cite web |title=''Ruta'' L&period; |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:35941-1 |access-date=2021-09-15 }}</ref>

*''[[Ruta angustifolia]]'' <small>Pers.</small>
The [[leaf|leaves]] are bipinnate or tripinnate, with a feathery appearance, and green to strongly glaucous blue-green in colour. The [[flower]]s are yellow, with 4–5 [[petal]]s, about 1&nbsp;cm diameter, and borne in cymes. The [[fruit]] is a 4–5 lobed capsule, containing numerous [[seed]]s.
*''[[Ruta chalepensis]]'' <small>L.</small>

*''[[Ruta corsica]]'' <small>DC.</small>
It is very bitter. It was used extensively in Middle Eastern cuisine in olden days, as well as in many ancient Roman recipes (according to [[Apicius]]), and it is still used in northern Africa. In [[Italy]] rue leaves are sometimes added to [[grappa]] to obtain ''grappa alla ruta''.
*''[[Ruta graveolens]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Ruta lamarmorae]]'' <small>Bacch., Brullo & Giusso</small>
*''[[Ruta lindsayi]]'' <small>Turrill</small>
*''[[Ruta microcarpa]]'' <small>Svent.</small>
*''[[Ruta montana]]'' <small>(L.) L.</small>
*''[[Ruta oreojasme]]'' <small>Webb</small>
*''[[Ruta pinnata]]'' <small>L.f.</small>


==Medicinal uses==
==Medicinal uses==
[[File:Effet de la rue officinale.jpg|thumb|175px|left|Effect of the common rue on skin in hot weather]]
[[File:Effet de la rue officinale.jpg|thumb|left|Effect of common rue on skin in hot weather]]
According to ''The Oxford Book of Health Foods'', extracts from rue have been used to treat eyestrain, sore eyes, and as an insect repellent. Rue has been used internally as an [[antispasmodic]], as a treatment for [[menstrual]] problems, as an [[abortifacient]], and as a sedative.<ref name="oxford">Vaughan, John Griffith & Judd, Patricia Ann, Judd, ''The Oxford Book of Health Food'', page 137, 2003. [http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&sig=jyXko0OXVkIJI8bw95j3SaAMV0k&id=mMl9vwVDxigC&ots=xEccjmk4qw#PPA137,M1 available online] ISBN 0198504594</ref>
Extracts from rue have been used to treat [[eyestrain]], [[sore eyes]], and as [[insect repellent]].<ref name="VaughanJudd2006">{{cite book | author1=J. G. Vaughan | author2=P. A. Judd | title=The Oxford Book of Health Foods | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WX7bHY98LAQC | year=2006 | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280680-2}}</ref>{{medrs|date=September 2012}} Rue has been used internally as an [[antispasmodic]], as a treatment for [[menstrual]] problems, as an [[abortifacient]], and as a [[sedative]].<ref name="oxford">{{cite book | author1=J. G. Vaughan | author2=P. A. Judd | title=The Oxford Book of Health Foods|publisher=Oxford University Press |page = [https://archive.org/details/oxfordbookofheal0000vaug/page/137 137] | year = 2003 | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordbookofheal0000vaug | url-access=registration | isbn = 0-19-850459-4}}</ref>{{medrs|date=September 2012}}
''Ruta graveolens'' and ''Ruta chalepensis'' are often confused in scientific literature.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kannan R, Babu UV |title=Identity and pharmacognosy of Ruta graveolens Linn |journal=Anc Sci Life |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=16–9 |date=July 2012 |pmid=23929988 |pmc=3733200 |doi=10.4103/0257-7941.113792 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Traditional uses==
===Precautions===
Since medieval times, rue has been used as an additive to wines (both white and red) to enhance its flavour and its keeping properties. The Dutch name ''wijnruit'', translates as wine rue. In Italy, rue is added to [[grappa]] to produce Grappa alla Ruta. Rue's toxicity has long been known but since it appears to be slight it has been used as an additive in wine for a long time.
Caution should be taken with using rue topically. Applied to the skin with sun exposure, the oil and leaves can cause blistering. Rue oil can cause severe stomach pain, vomiting and convulsions and may be fatal.<ref name="pmid17303046">{{cite journal
|author=Eickhorst K, DeLeo V, Csaposs J
|title=Rue the herb: Ruta graveolens--associated phytophototoxicity
|journal=Dermatitis
|volume=18
|issue=1
|pages=52–5
|year=2007
|pmid=17303046
|doi=10.2310/6620.2007.06033
}}</ref> Some people are much more sensitive than others.


In Brazil, according to [[Folklore|folk tradition]] said to have been brought by [[West Africa|West African]] [[Slavery in Brazil|slaves]], the rue plant – locally called ''arruda,'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] – is claimed to protect against the [[evil eye]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=altoastral |title=Faça 5 simpatias com arruda para abrir caminhos e proteção |url=https://www.terra.com.br/vida-e-estilo/horoscopo/esoterico/faca-5-simpatias-com-arruda-para-abrir-caminhos-e-protecao,77d6be358d385690ff9767f581b1f99dn25iyfi9.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Terra |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
==Literary references==
Rue is mentioned in the Bible, Luke 11.42: "But woe unto you, Pharisees! For ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs".


Traditionally, it has various health benefits including, digestive aid as it helps in stimulating digestion and alleviating stomach issues. Its anti-inflammatory properties help in curing joints pain and arthritis. It is used to regulate menstrual cycle and helps in relieve menstrual cramps. It also helps in reducing muscle spasms and cramps.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamzi |date=2024-06-03 |title=Ruda: The Herb of Protection and Healing |url=https://hdmovieplug.com/ruda-the-herb-of-protection-and-healing/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=HDMOVIEPLUG |language=en-US}}</ref>
Rue is well known for its symbolic meaning of regret and it is sometimes been called "herb-of-grace" in literary works. It is one of the flowers distributed by the mad [[Ophelia (character)|Ophelia]] in [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'' (IV.5):


==Precautions==
:"There's [[fennel]] for you, and [[Aquilegia|columbines]]:
Caution should be taken with using rue topically. Applied to the skin [[Phototoxicity|with sun exposure]], the oil and leaves can cause blistering.<ref name="pmid17303046">{{cite journal |first1=Kimberly |last1=Eickhorst |first2=Vincent |last2=DeLeo |first3= Joan |last3=Csaposs |year=2007 |title=Rue the herb: ''Ruta graveolens''-associated phytophototoxicity |journal=[[Dermatitis (journal)|Dermatitis]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=52–55 |pmid=17303046 |doi=10.2310/6620.2007.06033}}</ref> Some people are much more sensitive than others. Exposure to common rue, or herbal preparations derived from it, can cause severe [[phytophotodermatitis]], which results in burn-like blisters on the skin.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 19671699 | year = 2009 | last1 = Arias-Santiago | first1 = SA | last2 = Fernández-Pugnaire | first2 = MA | last3 = Almazán-Fernández | first3 = FM | last4 = Serrano-Falcón | first4 = C | last5 = Serrano-Ortega | first5 = S | title = Phytophotodermatitis due to Ruta graveolens prescribed for fibromyalgia | volume = 48 | issue = 11 | pages = 1401 | doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/kep234 | journal = Rheumatology| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17667834 | year = 2007 | last1 = Furniss | first1 = D | last2 = Adams | first2 = T | title = Herb of grace: An unusual cause of phytophotodermatitis mimicking burn injury | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 767–769 | doi = 10.1097/BCR.0B013E318148CB82 | journal = Journal of Burn Care & Research}}</ref><ref name="pmid17303046"/><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 10515113 | year = 1999 | last1 = Wessner | first1 = D | last2 = Hofmann | first2 = H | last3 = Ring | first3 = J | title = Phytophotodermatitis due to Ruta graveolens applied as protection against evil spells | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | page = 232 | journal = Contact Dermatitis | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06145.x| s2cid = 45280728 }}</ref> The mechanism of action is currently unknown.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Naghibi Harat |first1=Z. |last2=Kamalinejad |first2=M. |last3=Sadeghi |first3=M. R. |last4=Sadeghipour |first4=H. R. |last5=Eshraghian |first5=M. R. |date=2009-05-10 |title=A Review on Ruta graveolens L. Its Usage in Traditional Medicine and Modern Research Data |url=http://jmp.ir/article-1-360-en.html |journal=Journal of Medicinal Plants |language=en |volume=8 |issue=30 |pages=1–19}}</ref>
:there's rue for you; and here's some for me:
:we may call it herb-grace o' Sundays:
:O you must wear your rue with a difference..."

It was also planted by the gardener in Shakespeare's ''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]'' to mark the spot where the Queen wept upon hearing news of Richard's capture (III.4.104–105):

:"Here did she fall a tear, here in this place
:I'll set a bank of rue, sour herb of grace."

[[File:Tacuin Rue35.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Illustration in the Tacuinum Sanitatis]]

Rue is considered a [[Symbols of Lithuania|national herb of Lithuania]] and it is the most frequently referred herb in Lithuanian folk songs, as an attribute of young girls, associated with virginity and maidenhood.

In [[mythology]], the [[basilisk]], whose breath could cause plants to wilt and stones to crack, had no effect on rue. [[Weasels]] who were bitten by the basilisk would retreat and eat rue in order to recover and return to fight.

In the novel ''[[The Hunger Games]]'', the female tribute from District 11 is named Rue.

The [[Tacuinum Sanitatis]], a medieval handbook on wellness, lists these properties of rue:

<blockquote>
*''Nature:'' Warm and dry in the third degree.
*''Optimum:'' That which is grown near a fig tree.
*''Usefulness:'' It sharpens the eyesight and dissipates flatulence.
*''Dangers:'' It augments the sperm and dampens the desire for coitus.
*''Neutralization of the Dangers:'' With foods that multiply the sperm.
</blockquote>

==Songs associated with rue==

"[[Chervona Ruta (song)|Chervona Ruta]]" (Червона Рута—"Red Rue")—a song, written by [[Volodymyr Ivasyuk]], a popular Ukrainian poet and composer. Pop singer [[Sofia Rotaru]] performed the song in 1971. Recently Rotaru performed in a rap arrangement.

The [[progressive metal]] band [[Symphony X]] named a song "Absinthe and Rue" on their first album, ''[[Symphony X (album)|Symphony X]]'', and [[Kathleen Battle]], American soprano, has recorded the song cycle "Honey and Rue" written by composer Andre Previn in collaboration with the Nobel Laureate Toni Morrison.

Many traditional English folk songs use rue to symbolise regret. Often it is paired with thyme: thyme used to symbolise virginity, and rue the regret supposed to follow its loss.

"''Una Matica de Ruda''" is a traditional [[Sephardic]] wedding song, dating back to the [[Middle Ages]].

==See also==
* [[Harmal]] (''Peganum harmala''), an unrelated plant also known as "Syrian rue"


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q165250}}
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[[Category:Ruta| ]]
[[Category:Ruta| ]]
[[Category:Rutaceae genera]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]

[[ca:Ruda]]
[[es:Ruta (planta)]]
[[eo:Ruto]]
[[fa:سداب]]
[[fr:Ruta]]
[[hsb:Ruta]]
[[io:Ruto]]
[[la:Ruta]]
[[lt:Rūta]]
[[pl:Ruta]]
[[pt:Ruta]]
[[ru:Рута]]
[[sv:Vinrutesläktet]]
[[zh:芸香属]]

Latest revision as of 22:34, 17 September 2024

For other uses, see Ruta (disambiguation).

Ruta
Ruta chalepensis, fringed rue
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Subfamily: Rutoideae
Genus: Ruta
L.
Species

See text.

Ruta angustifolia – MHNT

Ruta (commonly known as rue) is a genus of strongly scented evergreen subshrubs, 20–60 cm tall, in the family Rutaceae, native to the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia and southwest Asia. About ten species are accepted in the genus. The most well-known species is Ruta graveolens (rue or common rue).

The leaves are bipinnate or tripinnate, with a feathery appearance, and green to strongly glaucous blue-green in colour. The flowers are yellow, with 4–5 petals, about 1 cm diameter, and borne in cymes. The fruit is a 4–5-lobed capsule, containing numerous seeds.

Species

[edit]

As of September 2021, Plants of the World Online accepted ten species:[1]

Medicinal uses

[edit]
Effect of common rue on skin in hot weather

Extracts from rue have been used to treat eyestrain, sore eyes, and as insect repellent.[2][unreliable medical source?] Rue has been used internally as an antispasmodic, as a treatment for menstrual problems, as an abortifacient, and as a sedative.[3][unreliable medical source?] Ruta graveolens and Ruta chalepensis are often confused in scientific literature.[4]

Traditional uses

[edit]

Since medieval times, rue has been used as an additive to wines (both white and red) to enhance its flavour and its keeping properties. The Dutch name wijnruit, translates as wine rue. In Italy, rue is added to grappa to produce Grappa alla Ruta. Rue's toxicity has long been known but since it appears to be slight it has been used as an additive in wine for a long time.

In Brazil, according to folk tradition said to have been brought by West African slaves, the rue plant – locally called arruda, in Portuguese – is claimed to protect against the evil eye.[5]

Traditionally, it has various health benefits including, digestive aid as it helps in stimulating digestion and alleviating stomach issues. Its anti-inflammatory properties help in curing joints pain and arthritis. It is used to regulate menstrual cycle and helps in relieve menstrual cramps. It also helps in reducing muscle spasms and cramps.[6]

Precautions

[edit]

Caution should be taken with using rue topically. Applied to the skin with sun exposure, the oil and leaves can cause blistering.[7] Some people are much more sensitive than others. Exposure to common rue, or herbal preparations derived from it, can cause severe phytophotodermatitis, which results in burn-like blisters on the skin.[8][9][7][10] The mechanism of action is currently unknown.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ruta L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  2. ^ J. G. Vaughan; P. A. Judd (2006). The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280680-2.
  3. ^ J. G. Vaughan; P. A. Judd (2003). The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-19-850459-4.
  4. ^ Kannan R, Babu UV (July 2012). "Identity and pharmacognosy of Ruta graveolens Linn". Anc Sci Life. 32 (1): 16–9. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.113792. PMC 3733200. PMID 23929988.
  5. ^ altoastral. "Faça 5 simpatias com arruda para abrir caminhos e proteção". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-10-28.
  6. ^ Hamzi (2024-06-03). "Ruda: The Herb of Protection and Healing". HDMOVIEPLUG. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  7. ^ a b Eickhorst, Kimberly; DeLeo, Vincent; Csaposs, Joan (2007). "Rue the herb: Ruta graveolens-associated phytophototoxicity". Dermatitis. 18 (1): 52–55. doi:10.2310/6620.2007.06033. PMID 17303046.
  8. ^ Arias-Santiago, SA; Fernández-Pugnaire, MA; Almazán-Fernández, FM; Serrano-Falcón, C; Serrano-Ortega, S (2009). "Phytophotodermatitis due to Ruta graveolens prescribed for fibromyalgia". Rheumatology. 48 (11): 1401. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kep234. PMID 19671699.
  9. ^ Furniss, D; Adams, T (2007). "Herb of grace: An unusual cause of phytophotodermatitis mimicking burn injury". Journal of Burn Care & Research. 28 (5): 767–769. doi:10.1097/BCR.0B013E318148CB82. PMID 17667834.
  10. ^ Wessner, D; Hofmann, H; Ring, J (1999). "Phytophotodermatitis due to Ruta graveolens applied as protection against evil spells". Contact Dermatitis. 41 (4): 232. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06145.x. PMID 10515113. S2CID 45280728.
  11. ^ Naghibi Harat, Z.; Kamalinejad, M.; Sadeghi, M. R.; Sadeghipour, H. R.; Eshraghian, M. R. (2009-05-10). "A Review on Ruta graveolens L. Its Usage in Traditional Medicine and Modern Research Data". Journal of Medicinal Plants. 8 (30): 1–19.
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