Józef Sułkowski: Difference between revisions
Fixed a capitalization error |
m Disambiguating links to Antoni Sułkowski (link changed to Antoni Sułkowski (chancellor)) using DisamAssist. |
||
(39 intermediate revisions by 33 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Polish Nobleman and General in French Army}} |
|||
{{More sources needed|date=December 2013}} |
|||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}} |
|||
{{Infobox military person |
{{Infobox military person |
||
| name = |
| name = Józef Sułkowski |
||
| image = |
| image = Józef Sułkowski.PNG |
||
| caption = Józef Sułkowski by [[Antoni Brodowski]] |
| caption = Józef Sułkowski by [[Antoni Brodowski]] |
||
| |
| birth_date = c. 1770 |
||
| |
| death_date = 22 October 1798 |
||
| placeofburial_label = |
| placeofburial_label = |
||
| placeofburial = |
| placeofburial = |
||
| |
| birth_place = Palatinate of [[Poznań]] |
||
| |
| death_place = [[Cairo]], [[Ottoman Egypt]] |
||
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> |
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> |
||
| nickname = |
| nickname = |
||
| birth_name = |
| birth_name = |
||
| allegiance =[[Kingdom of France]], <br>[[First French Republic]] |
| allegiance = [[Kingdom of France]], <br>[[First French Republic]] |
||
| branch =Army |
| branch = Army |
||
| serviceyears = |
| serviceyears = |
||
| rank =Captain |
| rank = Captain |
||
| servicenumber = |
| servicenumber = |
||
| unit = |
| unit = |
||
| commands = |
| commands = |
||
| battles =[[French Revolutionary Wars]] |
| battles = {{tree list}} |
||
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] |
|||
** [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars|Italian campaigns]] |
|||
** [[French Campaign in Egypt and Syria|Egyptian campaign]]{{DOW}} |
|||
{{tree list/end}} |
|||
| battles_label = |
| battles_label = |
||
| awards = |
|||
| |
| awards = |
||
| |
| relations = |
||
| laterwork = |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
''' |
'''Józef Sułkowski''' ({{Langx|fr|Joseph Sulkowski}}; 1770 or 1773 – 22 October 1798, [[Cairo]], Egypt) was a Polish captain in the [[French Revolutionary Army]] and friend and aide de camp to [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte. He also became friends with [[Muiron]], [[Vivant Denon]], [[Lazare Carnot]], Augereau, and Bourienne. His name is engraved on the [[Arc de Triomphe]], on the 28th column, as ''SULKOSKY''. |
||
==Life== |
==Life== |
||
=== Origins === |
|||
The origins of Sułkowski, and even the date of his birth, remain unclear. It is known that he came from and was raised in the noble [[Sułkowski family]] of the [[Sulima (coat of arms)|Sulima]] coat of arms. The identity of his parents has not been definitively established to this day. According to the most likely version, conveyed by his guardian, Prince {{Ill|August Kazimierz Sułkowski|pl}}, he was the son of Teodor Sułkowski and his wife, Julia Quelisk, and was born on January 18, 1773, in [[Győr|Raab]], Hungary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Czeppe |first=Maria |last2=Nieuważny |first2=Andrzej |last3=Pawlikowski |first3=Jarosław |title=Józef Sułkowski |url=https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/jozef-sulkowski-1773-1798 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl |language=pl}}</ref> |
|||
Historian [[Szymon Askenazy]] claims that Sułkowski was born out of wedlock as the son of {{Ill|Franciszek de Paula Sułkowski|pl}} and Marguerite Sophie de Fléville, later the second wife of Teodor Sułkowski. According to [[Władysław Konopczyński]], his father was Franciszek de Paula, but his mother was [[Maria Karolina Radziwiłł]], who was divorced at the time. [[Tadeusz Korzon]] pointed to [[Antoni Sułkowski (chancellor)|Antoni Sułkowski]] as his father.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
=== Austria === |
|||
Teodor Sułkowski served in the Austrian army, where he achieved the rank of colonel. He also owned an estate in Raab, Hungary. After the death of his first wife, Julia Quelisc, on December 31, 1773, he retired from military service and settled in [[Tokaj]], and later in [[Bielsko]]. He remarried Marguerite Sophie de Fléville, the daughter of Leopold Guiot, a lawyer from [[Nancy, France|Nancy]].<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
It is likely that shortly after the death of his first wife, he entrusted his two children, Teodora and Józef, to the care of his cousin, Prince Aleksander Antoni Sułkowski, at his [[Vienna|Viennese]] court.<ref name=":0" /> In 1777, Prince August Sułkowski, the brother of Aleksander, took Teodor's two children to Poland.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
===Poland=== |
|||
Teodora was placed in a boarding school in Warsaw, while Józef Sułkowski was sent to [[Rydzyna]] under the care of the Piarist Ildefons Zawadzki and Michał Sokolnicki. From 1779, Józef traveled across Europe with Prince August, visiting [[Paris]], [[Naples]], [[the Netherlands]], [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]], [[Spain]], and [[Portugal]]. August considered him a child prodigy, affectionately calling him "Don Pepi" and envisioning a scholarly career for him. Upon their return to Poland, August granted him a Maltese commandery with a lifelong pension.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
Sułkowski began his military service in 1783 as a cadet in the [[10th Regiment of Foot]] stationed in Rydzyna. During his stay in Saint Petersburg, he received the rank of officer aspirant in the Horse Guards Regiment from Empress [[Catherine II]]. In November 1786, he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1789, the regiment was relocated to Warsaw. Sułkowski witnessed the adoption of the Constitution of May 3rd, which he already regarded as not radical enough, a view he expressed in his work ''Le dernier Cri d'un citoyen polonais''.<ref name=":0" /> During this period, he also fell into conflict with Antoni Sułkowski, who, after the death of Prince August Sułkowski, managed his estate and effectively sought to deprive Józef of any inheritance.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
He participated in the [[Polish–Russian War of 1792]]. He carried reports from General [[Józef Judycki]] to the Commander-in-Chief of the Lithuanian Army, Prince Ludwig of Württemberg. From June 1792, he fought in the vanguard of General [[Michał Zabiełło]]'s troops, under the command of Michał Wedelstedt, where he distinguished himself as a capable commander and brave soldier. After the king joined the [[Targowica Confederation]] and Antoni Sułkowski was appointed Grand Chancellor of the Crown, he decided, influenced by his friend Piotr Maleszewski, to leave for France, where he arrived at the beginning of 1793.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
===French service and Kościuszko Uprising=== |
|||
In France, he wrote down his war memoirs and was soon granted citizenship. It is possible that at this time he married the daughter of the French orientalist [[Jean Michel de Venture de Paradis|Jean-Michel de Venture de Paradis]], whose sister Maleszewski had married. Sułkowski planned to make a name for himself in the French service in order to better assist in the fight for Polish independence.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
He enlisted in the French diplomatic service as an expert on Polish affairs. In May 1793, he went to Venice. From there he travelled to India to help train the troops of the Sultan [[Tipu Sahib]] and organise the anti-English rebellion in [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]. His journey was interrupted by English agents in [[Aleppo]].<ref name=":0" /> He then travelled to Istanbul, where he attended a Jacobin meeting. On hearing of the outbreak of the [[Kościuszko Uprising]], he travelled to Poland on 17 October 1794.<ref name=":0" /> On 21 October, in [[Bucharest]], he learned of the defeat at Maciejowice, but nevertheless continued his journey towards Lviv. Troubled by Austrian agents, he turned back and returned via Bucharest to Istanbul in January 1795. In November, he was again in Paris. On 1 May 1795 he was assigned to the [[Army of Italy (France)|Army of Italy]] commanded by [[General Bonaparte]].<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
===Italy=== |
===Italy=== |
||
On 28 June he arrived in [[Livorno]], Bonaparte assigning him to General [[André Masséna]]'s division where he was given the post of aide-de-camp with the rank of captain. He then served with Gen [[Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier]] at the [[Siege of Mantua (1796–97)|siege of Mantua]] and under Bonaparte himself at [[Battle of Castiglione|Castiglione]]. He then intervened with Bonaparte on behalf of [[Michał Kleofas Ogiński]] in the Polish cause. His war-time merits were recognised, and on 27 October he became one of Bonaparte's five aides-de-camp. He took part in the subsequent battles. On 15 November, at the [[Battle of Arcole]], he was wounded. He took part in the Tyrolean campaign, the campaign against the [[Papal States]], the capture of Venice.<ref name=":0" /> |
|||
A fine strategist, he played an important role in the first [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars|Italian campaign]]. It was his bravery that led to the capture of the Saint-George batteries. He was wounded at the [[battle of Arcole]]. |
|||
===Malta=== |
|||
On arrival of the French fleet at Malta, Sulkowski distinguished himself to Napoleon during the [[French invasion of Malta|capture of Malta]]. |
|||
===Egypt=== |
===Egypt=== |
||
After is arrival in Egypt 1 July 1798, Napoleon provisionally promoted him to chef d'escadrons on 6 July 1798. The following month on 11 August he was badly wounded the [[El Salheya|Battle of Salahieh]]. Afterwards he was named a member of the [[Institut d'Égypte]].<ref name="Jensen">{{cite web |last1=Jensen |first1=Nathan D. |title=Józef Sułkowski |url=https://www.frenchempire.net/biographies/sulkowski/ |website=frenchempire.net |access-date=26 September 2024 |date=June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Michaud |title=Biographie Universelle, Ancienne, et Moderne |date=1840 |publisher=Paris, Chez Michaud Frères, 1812-1862) |edition=LXXXIII:87. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4BEJAAAAQAAJ |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref> |
|||
He died in the revolt of Cairo on 22 October 1798 |
He died in the [[revolt of Cairo]] on 22 October 1798, his body could not be buried properly and was left to rot and be eaten by animals. On hearing of his death Bonaparte showed remorse and, asked why he did not honour him more when he was alive, replied "On first meeting him, I saw in him a commander in chief". Dying too young, Carnot would have seen in him a potential replacement for the future emperor. Shortly before his death, he had married one of the daughters of Venture de Paradis, an old military interpreter and scientist on the Egyptian expedition. |
||
==References== |
|||
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
|||
| NAME = Sulkowski |
|||
⚫ | |||
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
|||
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
|||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1770 |
|||
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Palatinate of [[Poznań]] |
|||
⚫ | |||
| DATE OF DEATH = 22 October 1798 |
|||
⚫ | |||
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Cairo]], Egypt |
|||
}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
[[Category:1798 deaths]] |
[[Category:1798 deaths]] |
||
[[Category:Polish military personnel]] |
[[Category:Polish military personnel]] |
||
Line 51: | Line 83: | ||
[[Category:French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]] |
[[Category:French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]] |
||
[[Category:French Republican military leaders killed in the French Revolutionary Wars]] |
[[Category:French Republican military leaders killed in the French Revolutionary Wars]] |
||
[[Category:Recipients of the Virtuti Militari]] |
|||
[[ |
[[Category:Sułkowski family|Joseph]] |
||
[[Category:Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe]] |
|||
[[fr:Joseph Sulkowski]] |
|||
⚫ | |||
[[ru:Сулковский, Юзеф]] |
Latest revision as of 13:19, 9 November 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2013) |
Józef Sułkowski | |
---|---|
Born | c. 1770 Palatinate of Poznań |
Died | 22 October 1798 Cairo, Ottoman Egypt |
Allegiance | Kingdom of France, First French Republic |
Service | Army |
Rank | Captain |
Battles / wars |
Józef Sułkowski (French: Joseph Sulkowski; 1770 or 1773 – 22 October 1798, Cairo, Egypt) was a Polish captain in the French Revolutionary Army and friend and aide de camp to Napoleon Bonaparte. He also became friends with Muiron, Vivant Denon, Lazare Carnot, Augereau, and Bourienne. His name is engraved on the Arc de Triomphe, on the 28th column, as SULKOSKY.
Life
[edit]Origins
[edit]The origins of Sułkowski, and even the date of his birth, remain unclear. It is known that he came from and was raised in the noble Sułkowski family of the Sulima coat of arms. The identity of his parents has not been definitively established to this day. According to the most likely version, conveyed by his guardian, Prince August Kazimierz Sułkowski , he was the son of Teodor Sułkowski and his wife, Julia Quelisk, and was born on January 18, 1773, in Raab, Hungary.[1]
Historian Szymon Askenazy claims that Sułkowski was born out of wedlock as the son of Franciszek de Paula Sułkowski and Marguerite Sophie de Fléville, later the second wife of Teodor Sułkowski. According to Władysław Konopczyński, his father was Franciszek de Paula, but his mother was Maria Karolina Radziwiłł, who was divorced at the time. Tadeusz Korzon pointed to Antoni Sułkowski as his father.[1]
Austria
[edit]Teodor Sułkowski served in the Austrian army, where he achieved the rank of colonel. He also owned an estate in Raab, Hungary. After the death of his first wife, Julia Quelisc, on December 31, 1773, he retired from military service and settled in Tokaj, and later in Bielsko. He remarried Marguerite Sophie de Fléville, the daughter of Leopold Guiot, a lawyer from Nancy.[1]
It is likely that shortly after the death of his first wife, he entrusted his two children, Teodora and Józef, to the care of his cousin, Prince Aleksander Antoni Sułkowski, at his Viennese court.[1] In 1777, Prince August Sułkowski, the brother of Aleksander, took Teodor's two children to Poland.[1]
Poland
[edit]Teodora was placed in a boarding school in Warsaw, while Józef Sułkowski was sent to Rydzyna under the care of the Piarist Ildefons Zawadzki and Michał Sokolnicki. From 1779, Józef traveled across Europe with Prince August, visiting Paris, Naples, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal. August considered him a child prodigy, affectionately calling him "Don Pepi" and envisioning a scholarly career for him. Upon their return to Poland, August granted him a Maltese commandery with a lifelong pension.[1]
Sułkowski began his military service in 1783 as a cadet in the 10th Regiment of Foot stationed in Rydzyna. During his stay in Saint Petersburg, he received the rank of officer aspirant in the Horse Guards Regiment from Empress Catherine II. In November 1786, he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1789, the regiment was relocated to Warsaw. Sułkowski witnessed the adoption of the Constitution of May 3rd, which he already regarded as not radical enough, a view he expressed in his work Le dernier Cri d'un citoyen polonais.[1] During this period, he also fell into conflict with Antoni Sułkowski, who, after the death of Prince August Sułkowski, managed his estate and effectively sought to deprive Józef of any inheritance.[1]
He participated in the Polish–Russian War of 1792. He carried reports from General Józef Judycki to the Commander-in-Chief of the Lithuanian Army, Prince Ludwig of Württemberg. From June 1792, he fought in the vanguard of General Michał Zabiełło's troops, under the command of Michał Wedelstedt, where he distinguished himself as a capable commander and brave soldier. After the king joined the Targowica Confederation and Antoni Sułkowski was appointed Grand Chancellor of the Crown, he decided, influenced by his friend Piotr Maleszewski, to leave for France, where he arrived at the beginning of 1793.[1]
French service and Kościuszko Uprising
[edit]In France, he wrote down his war memoirs and was soon granted citizenship. It is possible that at this time he married the daughter of the French orientalist Jean-Michel de Venture de Paradis, whose sister Maleszewski had married. Sułkowski planned to make a name for himself in the French service in order to better assist in the fight for Polish independence.[1]
He enlisted in the French diplomatic service as an expert on Polish affairs. In May 1793, he went to Venice. From there he travelled to India to help train the troops of the Sultan Tipu Sahib and organise the anti-English rebellion in Mysore. His journey was interrupted by English agents in Aleppo.[1] He then travelled to Istanbul, where he attended a Jacobin meeting. On hearing of the outbreak of the Kościuszko Uprising, he travelled to Poland on 17 October 1794.[1] On 21 October, in Bucharest, he learned of the defeat at Maciejowice, but nevertheless continued his journey towards Lviv. Troubled by Austrian agents, he turned back and returned via Bucharest to Istanbul in January 1795. In November, he was again in Paris. On 1 May 1795 he was assigned to the Army of Italy commanded by General Bonaparte.[1]
Italy
[edit]On 28 June he arrived in Livorno, Bonaparte assigning him to General André Masséna's division where he was given the post of aide-de-camp with the rank of captain. He then served with Gen Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier at the siege of Mantua and under Bonaparte himself at Castiglione. He then intervened with Bonaparte on behalf of Michał Kleofas Ogiński in the Polish cause. His war-time merits were recognised, and on 27 October he became one of Bonaparte's five aides-de-camp. He took part in the subsequent battles. On 15 November, at the Battle of Arcole, he was wounded. He took part in the Tyrolean campaign, the campaign against the Papal States, the capture of Venice.[1]
Malta
[edit]On arrival of the French fleet at Malta, Sulkowski distinguished himself to Napoleon during the capture of Malta.
Egypt
[edit]After is arrival in Egypt 1 July 1798, Napoleon provisionally promoted him to chef d'escadrons on 6 July 1798. The following month on 11 August he was badly wounded the Battle of Salahieh. Afterwards he was named a member of the Institut d'Égypte.[2][3] He died in the revolt of Cairo on 22 October 1798, his body could not be buried properly and was left to rot and be eaten by animals. On hearing of his death Bonaparte showed remorse and, asked why he did not honour him more when he was alive, replied "On first meeting him, I saw in him a commander in chief". Dying too young, Carnot would have seen in him a potential replacement for the future emperor. Shortly before his death, he had married one of the daughters of Venture de Paradis, an old military interpreter and scientist on the Egyptian expedition.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Czeppe, Maria; Nieuważny, Andrzej; Pawlikowski, Jarosław. "Józef Sułkowski". www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ Jensen, Nathan D. (June 2018). "Józef Sułkowski". frenchempire.net. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
- ^ Michaud (1840). Biographie Universelle, Ancienne, et Moderne (LXXXIII:87. ed.). Paris, Chez Michaud Frères, 1812-1862). Retrieved 26 September 2024.
- 1770s births
- 1798 deaths
- Polish military personnel
- Kościuszko insurgents
- People of the Polish–Russian War of 1792
- French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
- French Republican military leaders killed in the French Revolutionary Wars
- Recipients of the Virtuti Militari
- Sułkowski family
- Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe