IBM Watson: Difference between revisions

IBM Watson
Operators	IBM
Location	Thomas J. Watson Research Center, New York, USA
Architecture	2,880 POWER7 processor threads
Memory	16 terabytes of RAM
Speed	80 teraFLOPS
Website	IBM Watson

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 14:29, 2 December 2024

IBM Watson is a computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language.^[1] It was developed as a part of IBM's DeepQA project by a research team, led by principal investigator David Ferrucci.^[2] Watson was named after IBM's founder and first CEO, industrialist Thomas J. Watson.^[3]^[4]

The computer system was initially developed to answer questions on the popular quiz show Jeopardy!^[5] and in 2011, the Watson computer system competed on Jeopardy! against champions Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings,^[3]^[6] winning the first-place prize of US$1 million.^[7]

In February 2013, IBM announced that Watson's first commercial application would be for utilization management decisions in lung cancer treatment, at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, in conjunction with WellPoint (now Elevance Health).^[8]

Description

The high-level architecture of IBM's DeepQA used in Watson^[9]

Watson was created as a question answering (QA) computing system that IBM built to apply advanced natural language processing, information retrieval, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and machine learning technologies to the field of open domain question answering.^[1]

IBM stated that Watson uses "more than 100 different techniques to analyze natural language, identify sources, find and generate hypotheses, find and score evidence, and merge and rank hypotheses."^[10]

In recent years, Watson's capabilities have been extended and the way in which Watson works has been changed to take advantage of new deployment models (Watson on IBM Cloud), evolved machine learning capabilities, and optimized hardware available to developers and researchers. ^{[citation needed]}

Software

Watson uses IBM's DeepQA software and the Apache UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture) framework implementation. The system was written in various languages, including Java, C++, and Prolog, and runs on the SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 operating system using the Apache Hadoop framework to provide distributed computing.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Hardware

The system is workload-optimized, integrating massively parallel POWER7 processors and built on IBM's DeepQA technology,^[14] which it uses to generate hypotheses, gather massive evidence, and analyze data.^[1] Watson employs a cluster of ninety IBM Power 750 servers, each of which uses a 3.5 GHz POWER7 eight-core processor, with four threads per core. In total, the system uses 2,880 POWER7 processor threads and 16 terabytes of RAM.^[14]

According to John Rennie, Watson can process 500 gigabytes (the equivalent of a million books) per second.^[15] IBM master inventor and senior consultant Tony Pearson estimated Watson's hardware cost at about three million dollars.^[16] Its Linpack performance stands at 80 TeraFLOPs, which is about half as fast as the cut-off line for the Top 500 Supercomputers list.^[17] According to Rennie, all content was stored in Watson's RAM for the Jeopardy game because data stored on hard drives would be too slow to compete with human Jeopardy champions.^[15]

Data

The sources of information for Watson include encyclopedias, dictionaries, thesauri, newswire articles and literary works. Watson also used databases, taxonomies and ontologies including DBPedia, WordNet and Yago.^[18] The IBM team provided Watson with millions of documents, including dictionaries, encyclopedias and other reference material, that it could use to build its knowledge.^[19]

Operation

Watson parses questions into different keywords and sentence fragments in order to find statistically related phrases.^[19] Watson's main innovation was not in the creation of a new algorithm for this operation, but rather its ability to quickly execute hundreds of proven language analysis algorithms simultaneously.^[19]^[20] The more algorithms that find the same answer independently, the more likely Watson is to be correct. Once Watson has a small number of potential solutions, it is able to check against its database to ascertain whether the solution makes sense or not.^[19]

Comparison with human players

Watson's basic working principle is to parse keywords in a clue while searching for related terms as responses. This gives Watson some advantages and disadvantages compared with human Jeopardy! players.^[21] Watson has deficiencies in understanding the context of the clues. Watson can read, analyze, and learn from natural language, which gives it the ability to make human-like decisions.^[22] As a result, human players usually generate responses faster than Watson, especially to short clues.^[19] Watson's programming prevents it from using the popular tactic of buzzing before it is sure of its response.^[19] However, Watson has consistently better reaction time on the buzzer once it has generated a response, and is immune to human players' psychological tactics, such as jumping between categories on every clue.^[19]^[23]

In a sequence of 20 mock games of Jeopardy!, human participants were able to use the six to seven seconds that Watson needed to hear the clue and decide whether to signal for responding.^[19] During that time, Watson also has to evaluate the response and determine whether it is sufficiently confident in the result to signal.^[19] Part of the system used to win the Jeopardy! contest was the electronic circuitry that receives the "ready" signal and then examines whether Watson's confidence level was great enough to activate the buzzer. Given the speed of this circuitry compared to the speed of human reaction times, Watson's reaction time was faster than the human contestants except when the human anticipated (instead of reacted to) the ready signal.^[24] After signaling, Watson speaks with an electronic voice and gives the responses in Jeopardy!'s question format.^[19] Watson's voice was synthesized from recordings that actor Jeff Woodman made for an IBM text-to-speech program in 2004.^[25]

The Jeopardy! staff used different means to notify Watson and the human players when to buzz,^[24] which was critical in many rounds.^[23] The humans were notified by a light, which took them tenths of a second to perceive.^[26]^[27] Watson was notified by an electronic signal and could activate the buzzer within about eight milliseconds.^[28] The humans tried to compensate for the perception delay by anticipating the light,^[29] but the variation in the anticipation time was generally too great to fall within Watson's response time.^[23] Watson did not attempt to anticipate the notification signal.^[27]^[29]

History

Development

Since Deep Blue's victory over Garry Kasparov in chess in 1997, IBM had been on the hunt for a new challenge. In 2004, IBM Research manager Charles Lickel, over dinner with coworkers, noticed that the restaurant they were in had fallen silent. He soon discovered the cause of this evening's hiatus: Ken Jennings, who was then in the middle of his successful 74-game run on Jeopardy!. Nearly the entire restaurant had piled toward the televisions, mid-meal, to watch Jeopardy!. Intrigued by the quiz show as a possible challenge for IBM, Lickel passed the idea on, and in 2005, IBM Research executive Paul Horn supported Lickel, pushing for someone in his department to take up the challenge of playing Jeopardy! with an IBM system. Though he initially had trouble finding any research staff willing to take on what looked to be a much more complex challenge than the wordless game of chess, eventually David Ferrucci took him up on the offer.^[30] In competitions managed by the United States government, Watson's predecessor, a system named Piquant, was usually able to respond correctly to only about 35% of clues and often required several minutes to respond.^[31]^[32]^[33] To compete successfully on Jeopardy!, Watson would need to respond in no more than a few seconds, and at that time, the problems posed by the game show were deemed to be impossible to solve.^[19]

In initial tests run during 2006 by David Ferrucci, the senior manager of IBM's Semantic Analysis and Integration department, Watson was given 500 clues from past Jeopardy! programs. While the best real-life competitors buzzed in half the time and responded correctly to as many as 95% of clues, Watson's first pass could get only about 15% correct. During 2007, the IBM team was given three to five years and a staff of 15 people to solve the problems.^[19] John E. Kelly III succeeded Paul Horn as head of IBM Research in 2007.^[34] InformationWeek described Kelly as "the father of Watson" and credited him for encouraging the system to compete against humans on Jeopardy!.^[35] By 2008, the developers had advanced Watson such that it could compete with Jeopardy! champions.^[19] By February 2010, Watson could beat human Jeopardy! contestants on a regular basis.^[36]

During the game, Watson had access to 200 million pages of structured and unstructured content consuming four terabytes of disk storage^[11] including the full text of the 2011 edition of Wikipedia,^[37] but was not connected to the Internet.^[38]^[19] For each clue, Watson's three most probable responses were displayed on the television screen. Watson consistently outperformed its human opponents on the game's signaling device, but had trouble in a few categories, notably those having short clues containing only a few words.^{[citation needed]}

Although the system is primarily an IBM effort, Watson's development involved faculty and graduate students from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute, the University of Texas at Austin, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of Trento,^[9] as well as students from New York Medical College.^[39] Among the team of IBM programmers who worked on Watson was 2001 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? top prize winner Ed Toutant, who himself had appeared on Jeopardy! in 1989 (winning one game).^[40]

Jeopardy!

Preparation

Watson demo at an IBM booth at a trade show

In 2008, IBM representatives communicated with Jeopardy! executive producer Harry Friedman about the possibility of having Watson compete against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter, two of the most successful contestants on the show, and the program's producers agreed.^[19]^[41] Watson's differences with human players had generated conflicts between IBM and Jeopardy! staff during the planning of the competition.^[21] IBM repeatedly expressed concerns that the show's writers would exploit Watson's cognitive deficiencies when writing the clues, thereby turning the game into a Turing test. To alleviate that claim, a third party randomly picked the clues from previously written shows that were never broadcast.^[21] Jeopardy! staff also showed concerns over Watson's reaction time on the buzzer. Originally Watson signaled electronically, but show staff requested that it press a button physically, as the human contestants would.^[42] Even with a robotic "finger" pressing the buzzer, Watson remained faster than its human competitors. Ken Jennings noted, "If you're trying to win on the show, the buzzer is all", and that Watson "can knock out a microsecond-precise buzz every single time with little or no variation. Human reflexes can't compete with computer circuits in this regard."^[23]^[29]^[43] Stephen Baker, a journalist who recorded Watson's development in his book Final Jeopardy, reported that the conflict between IBM and Jeopardy! became so serious in May 2010 that the competition was almost cancelled.^[21] As part of the preparation, IBM constructed a mock set in a conference room at one of its technology sites to model the one used on Jeopardy!. Human players, including former Jeopardy! contestants, also participated in mock games against Watson with Todd Alan Crain of The Onion playing host.^[19] About 100 test matches were conducted with Watson winning 65% of the games.^[44]

To provide a physical presence in the televised games, Watson was represented by an "avatar" of a globe, inspired by the IBM "smarter planet" symbol. Jennings described the computer's avatar as a "glowing blue ball crisscrossed by 'threads' of thought—42 threads, to be precise",^[45] and stated that the number of thought threads in the avatar was an in-joke referencing the significance of the number 42 in Douglas Adams' Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.^[45] Joshua Davis, the artist who designed the avatar for the project, explained to Stephen Baker that there are 36 trigger-able states that Watson was able to use throughout the game to show its confidence in responding to a clue correctly; he had hoped to be able to find forty-two, to add another level to the Hitchhiker's Guide reference, but he was unable to pinpoint enough game states.^[46]

A practice match was recorded on January 13, 2011, and the official matches were recorded on January 14, 2011. All participants maintained secrecy about the outcome until the match was broadcast in February.^[47]

Practice match

In a practice match before the press on January 13, 2011, Watson won a 15-question round against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter with a score of $4,400 to Jennings's $3,400 and Rutter's $1,200, though Jennings and Watson were tied before the final $1,000 question. None of the three players responded incorrectly to a clue.^[48]

First match

The first round was broadcast February 14, 2011, and the second round, on February 15, 2011. The right to choose the first category had been determined by a draw won by Rutter.^[49] Watson, represented by a computer monitor display and artificial voice, responded correctly to the second clue and then selected the fourth clue of the first category, a deliberate strategy to find the Daily Double as quickly as possible.^[50] Watson's guess at the Daily Double location was correct. At the end of the first round, Watson was tied with Rutter at $5,000; Jennings had $2,000.^[49]

Watson's performance was characterized by some quirks. In one instance, Watson repeated a reworded version of an incorrect response offered by Jennings. (Jennings said "What are the '20s?" in reference to the 1920s. Then Watson said "What is 1920s?") Because Watson could not recognize other contestants' responses, it did not know that Jennings had already given the same response. In another instance, Watson was initially given credit for a response of "What is a leg?" after Jennings incorrectly responded "What is: he only had one hand?" to a clue about George Eyser (the correct response was, "What is: he's missing a leg?"). Because Watson, unlike a human, could not have been responding to Jennings's mistake, it was decided that this response was incorrect. The broadcast version of the episode was edited to omit Trebek's original acceptance of Watson's response.^[51] Watson also demonstrated complex wagering strategies on the Daily Doubles, with one bet at $6,435 and another at $1,246.^[52] Gerald Tesauro, one of the IBM researchers who worked on Watson, explained that Watson's wagers were based on its confidence level for the category and a complex regression model called the Game State Evaluator.^[53]

Watson took a commanding lead in Double Jeopardy!, correctly responding to both Daily Doubles. Watson responded to the second Daily Double correctly with a 32% confidence score.^[52]

However, during the Final Jeopardy! round, Watson was the only contestant to miss the clue in the category U.S. Cities ("Its largest airport was named for a World War II hero; its second largest, for a World War II battle"). Rutter and Jennings gave the correct response of Chicago, but Watson's response was "What is Toronto?????" with five question marks appended indicating a lack of confidence.^[52]^[54]^[55] Ferrucci offered reasons why Watson would appear to have guessed a Canadian city: categories only weakly suggest the type of response desired, the phrase "U.S. city" did not appear in the question, there are cities named Toronto in the U.S., and Toronto in Ontario has an American League baseball team.^[56] Chris Welty, who also worked on Watson, suggested that it may not have been able to correctly parse the second part of the clue, "its second largest, for a World War II battle" (which was not a standalone clause despite it following a semicolon, and required context to understand that it was referring to a second-largest airport).^[57] Eric Nyberg, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and a member of the development team, stated that the error occurred because Watson does not possess the comparative knowledge to discard that potential response as not viable.^[55] Although not displayed to the audience as with non-Final Jeopardy! questions, Watson's second choice was Chicago. Both Toronto and Chicago were well below Watson's confidence threshold, at 14% and 11% respectively. Watson wagered only $947 on the question.^[58]

The game ended with Jennings with $4,800, Rutter with $10,400, and Watson with $35,734.^[52]

Second match

During the introduction, Trebek (a Canadian native) joked that he had learned Toronto was a U.S. city, and Watson's error in the first match prompted an IBM engineer to wear a Toronto Blue Jays jacket to the recording of the second match.^[59]

In the first round, Jennings was finally able to choose a Daily Double clue,^[60] while Watson responded to one Daily Double clue incorrectly for the first time in the Double Jeopardy! Round.^[61] After the first round, Watson placed second for the first time in the competition after Rutter and Jennings were briefly successful in increasing their dollar values before Watson could respond.^[61]^[62] Nonetheless, the final result ended with a victory for Watson with a score of $77,147, besting Jennings who scored $24,000 and Rutter who scored $21,600.^[63]

Final outcome

The prizes for the competition were $1 million for first place (Watson), $300,000 for second place (Jennings), and $200,000 for third place (Rutter). As promised, IBM donated 100% of Watson's winnings to charity, with 50% of those winnings going to World Vision and 50% going to World Community Grid.^[64] Similarly, Jennings and Rutter donated 50% of their winnings to their respective charities.^[65]

In acknowledgement of IBM and Watson's achievements, Jennings made an additional remark in his Final Jeopardy! response: "I for one welcome our new computer overlords", paraphrasing a joke from The Simpsons.^[66]^[67] Jennings later wrote an article for Slate, in which he stated:

IBM has bragged to the media that Watson's question-answering skills are good for more than annoying Alex Trebek. The company sees a future in which fields like medical diagnosis, business analytics, and tech support are automated by question-answering software like Watson. Just as factory jobs were eliminated in the 20th century by new assembly-line robots, Brad and I were the first knowledge-industry workers put out of work by the new generation of 'thinking' machines. 'Quiz show contestant' may be the first job made redundant by Watson, but I'm sure it won't be the last.^[45]

Philosophy

Philosopher John Searle argues that Watson—despite impressive capabilities—cannot actually think.^[68] Drawing on his Chinese room thought experiment, Searle claims that Watson, like other computational machines, is capable only of manipulating symbols, but has no ability to understand the meaning of those symbols; however, Searle's experiment has its detractors.^[69]

Match against members of the United States Congress

On February 28, 2011, Watson played an untelevised exhibition match of Jeopardy! against members of the United States House of Representatives. In the first round, Rush D. Holt, Jr. (D-NJ, a former Jeopardy! contestant), who was challenging the computer with Bill Cassidy (R-LA, later Senator from Louisiana), led with Watson in second place. However, combining the scores between all matches, the final score was $40,300 for Watson and $30,000 for the congressional players combined.^[70]

IBM's Christopher Padilla said of the match, "The technology behind Watson represents a major advancement in computing. In the data-intensive environment of government, this type of technology can help organizations make better decisions and improve how government helps its citizens."^[70]

Current and future applications

According to IBM, "The goal is to have computers start to interact in natural human terms across a range of applications and processes, understanding the questions that humans ask and providing answers that humans can understand and justify."^[36] It has been suggested by Robert C. Weber, IBM's general counsel, that Watson may be used for legal research.^[71] The company also intends to use Watson in other information-intensive fields, such as telecommunications, financial services, and government.^[72]

Watson is based on commercially available IBM Power 750 servers that have been marketed since February 2010.^[19]

Commentator Rick Merritt said that "there's another really important reason why it is strategic for IBM to be seen very broadly by the American public as a company that can tackle tough computer problems. A big slice of [IBM's profit] comes from selling to the U.S. government some of the biggest, most expensive systems in the world."^[73]

In 2013, it was reported that three companies were working with IBM to create apps embedded with Watson technology. Fluid is developing an app for retailers, one called "The North Face", which is designed to provide advice to online shoppers. Welltok is developing an app designed to give people advice on ways to engage in activities to improve their health. MD Buyline is developing an app for the purpose of advising medical institutions on equipment procurement decisions.^[74]^[75]

In November 2013, IBM announced it would make Watson's API available to software application providers, enabling them to build apps and services that are embedded in Watson's capabilities. To build out its base of partners who create applications on the Watson platform, IBM consults with a network of venture capital firms, which advise IBM on which of their portfolio companies may be a logical fit for what IBM calls the Watson Ecosystem. Thus far, roughly 800 organizations and individuals have signed up with IBM, with interest in creating applications that could use the Watson platform.^[76]

On January 30, 2013, it was announced that Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute would receive a successor version of Watson, which would be housed at the institute's technology park and be available to researchers and students.^[77] By summer 2013, Rensselaer had become the first university to receive a Watson computer.^[78]

On February 6, 2014, it was reported that IBM plans to invest $100 million in a 10-year initiative to use Watson and other IBM technologies to help countries in Africa address development problems, beginning with healthcare and education.^[79]

On June 3, 2014, three new Watson Ecosystem partners were chosen from more than 400 business concepts submitted by teams spanning 18 industries from 43 countries. "These bright and enterprising organizations have discovered innovative ways to apply Watson that can deliver demonstrable business benefits", said Steve Gold, vice president, IBM Watson Group. The winners were Majestyk Apps with their adaptive educational platform, FANG (Friendly Anthropomorphic Networked Genome);^[80]^[81] Red Ant with their retail sales trainer;^[82] and GenieMD^[83] with their medical recommendation service.^[84]

On July 9, 2014, Genesys Telecommunications Laboratories announced plans to integrate Watson to improve their customer experience platform, citing the sheer volume of customer data to analyze.^[85]

Watson has been integrated with databases including Bon Appétit magazine to perform a recipe generating platform.^[86]

Watson is being used by Decibel, a music discovery startup, in its app MusicGeek which uses the supercomputer to provide music recommendations to its users. The use of Watson has also been found in the hospitality industry. Go Moment uses Watson for its Rev1 app, which gives hotel staff a way to quickly respond to questions from guests.^[87] Arria NLG has built an app that helps energy companies stay within regulatory guidelines, making it easier for managers to make sense of thousands of pages of legal and technical jargon.

OmniEarth, Inc. uses Watson computer vision services to analyze satellite and aerial imagery, along with other municipal data, to infer water usage on a property-by-property basis, helping districts in California improve water conservation efforts.^[88]

In September 2016, Condé Nast started using Watson to help build and strategize social influencer campaigns for brands. Using software built by IBM and Influential, Condé Nast's clients will be able to know which influencer's demographics, personality traits and more best align with a marketer and the audience it is targeting.^[89]

In February 2017, Rare Carat, a New York City-based startup and e-commerce platform for buying diamonds and diamond rings, introduced an IBM Watson-powered chatbot called "Rocky" to assist novice diamond buyers through the daunting process of purchasing a diamond. As part of the IBM Global Entrepreneur Program, Rare Carat received the assistance of IBM in the development of the Rocky Chat Bot.^[90]^[91]^[92] In May 2017, IBM partnered with the Pebble Beach Company to use Watson as a concierge.^[93] Watson technology was added to an app developed by Pebble Beach and was used to guide visitors around the resort. The mobile app was designed by IBM iX and hosted on the IBM Cloud. It uses Watson's Conversation applications programming interface.

In November 2017, in Mexico City, the Experience Voices of Another Time was opened at the National Museum of Anthropology using IBM Watson as an alternative to visiting a museum.^[94]

Healthcare

In healthcare, Watson has been used to analyze medical data and assist doctors in making diagnoses and treatment decisions, including in areas such as oncology and radiology.^[95] Watson's natural language, hypothesis generation, and evidence-based learning capabilities are being investigated to see how Watson may contribute to clinical decision support systems.^[96] To aid physicians in the treatment of their patients, once a physician has posed a query to the system describing symptoms and other related factors, Watson first parses the input to identify the most important pieces of information; then mines patient data to find facts relevant to the patient's medical and hereditary history; then examines available data sources to form and test hypotheses;^[96] and finally provides a list of individualized, confidence-scored recommendations.^[97] The sources of data that Watson uses for analysis can include treatment guidelines, electronic medical record data, notes from healthcare providers, research materials, clinical studies, journal articles and patient information.^[96] Despite being developed and marketed as a "diagnosis and treatment advisor", Watson has never been actually involved in the medical diagnosis process, only in assisting with identifying treatment options for patients who have already been diagnosed.^[98] An analysis of 1,000 difficult patient cases reviewed by cancer researcher Ned Sharpless found that Watson made the same recommendations as human doctors in 99% of cases.^[99]

In February 2011, it was announced that IBM would be partnering with Nuance Communications for a research project to develop a commercial product during the next 18 to 24 months, designed to exploit Watson's clinical decision support capabilities. Physicians at Columbia University would help to identify critical issues in the practice of medicine where the system's technology may be able to contribute, and physicians at the University of Maryland would work to identify the best way that a technology like Watson could interact with medical practitioners to provide the maximum assistance.^[100]

In September 2011, IBM and WellPoint (now Anthem) announced a partnership to utilize Watson to help suggest treatment options to physicians.^[101] Then, in February 2013, IBM and WellPoint gave Watson its first commercial application, for utilization management decisions in lung cancer treatment at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center.^[8]

IBM announced a partnership with Cleveland Clinic in October 2012. The company has sent Watson to the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, where it will increase its health expertise and assist medical professionals in treating patients. The medical facility will utilize Watson's ability to store and process large quantities of information to help speed up and increase the accuracy of the treatment process. "Cleveland Clinic's collaboration with IBM is exciting because it offers us the opportunity to teach Watson to 'think' in ways that have the potential to make it a powerful tool in medicine", said C. Martin Harris, MD, chief information officer of Cleveland Clinic.^[102]

In 2013, IBM and MD Anderson Cancer Center began a pilot program to further the center's "mission to eradicate cancer".^[103]^[104] However, after spending $62 million, the project did not meet its goals and it has been stopped.^[105]

On February 8, 2013, IBM announced that oncologists at the Maine Center for Cancer Medicine and Westmed Medical Group in New York have started to test Watson in an effort to recommend treatment for lung cancer.^[106]

On July 29, 2016, IBM and Manipal Hospitals^[107]^[108]^[109] (a leading hospital chain in India) announced the launch of IBM Watson for Oncology, for cancer patients. This product provides information and insights to physicians and cancer patients to help them identify personalized, evidence-based cancer care options. Manipal Hospitals is the second hospital^[110] in the world to adopt this technology and first in the world to offer it to patients online as an expert second opinion through their website.^[107]^[111] Manipal discontinued this contract in December 2018. ^{[citation needed]}

On January 7, 2017, IBM and Fukoku Mutual Life Insurance entered into a contract for IBM to deliver analysis to compensation payouts via its IBM Watson Explorer AI, which resulted in the loss of 34 jobs. The company said it would speed up compensation payout analysis via analyzing claims and medical records, and increase productivity by 30%. The company also said it would save ¥140m in running costs.^[112]

Several startups in the healthcare space have been effectively using seven business model archetypes to take solutions based on IBM Watson to the marketplace. These archetypes depends on the value generate for the target user (e.g. patient focus vs. healthcare provider and payer focus) and value capturing mechanisms (e.g. providing information or connecting stakeholders).^[113]

By 2022, IBM Watson Health was generating about a billion dollars in annual gross revenue,^[114] but was facing a lack of profitability and increased competition. One expert assessed to CNN that "IBM was clearly not gaining much traction in the healthcare market". A 2021 post from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) titled "What Happened To Watson Health?" described the portfolio management challenges of IBM Watson Health given the number of acquisitions involved in the Watson Health division creation in 2015, as well as technical limitations that existed at the time regarding where the Watson AI framework could be deployed.^[115] In February 2021, the Wall Street Journal reported that Watson Health was exploring a sale.^[116] On January 21, 2022, IBM announced the sell-off of its Watson Health unit to Francisco Partners.^[117]

IBM Watson Group

On January 9, 2014, IBM announced it was creating a business unit around Watson, led by senior vice president Michael Rhodin.^[118] IBM Watson Group will have headquarters in New York City's Silicon Alley and will employ 2,000 people. IBM has invested $1 billion to get the division going. Watson Group will develop three new cloud-delivered services: Watson Discovery Advisor, Watson Engagement Advisor, and Watson Explorer. Watson Discovery Advisor will focus on research and development projects in pharmaceutical industry, publishing, and biotechnology, Watson Engagement Advisor will focus on self-service applications using insights on the basis of natural language questions posed by business users, and Watson Explorer will focus on helping enterprise users uncover and share data-driven insights based on federated search more easily.^[118] The company is also launching a $100 million venture fund to spur application development for "cognitive" applications. According to IBM, the cloud-delivered enterprise-ready Watson has seen its speed increase 24 times over—a 2,300 percent improvement in performance and its physical size shrank by 90 percent—from the size of a master bedroom to three stacked pizza boxes.^[118] IBM CEO Virginia Rometty said she wants Watson to generate $10 billion in annual revenue within ten years.^[119] In 2017, IBM and MIT established a new joint research venture in artificial intelligence. IBM invested $240 million to create the MIT–IBM Watson AI Lab in partnership with MIT, which brings together researchers in academia and industry to advance AI research, with projects ranging from computer vision and NLP to devising new ways to ensure that AI systems are fair, reliable and secure.^[120] In March 2018, IBM's CEO Ginni Rometty proposed "Watson's Law," the "use of and application of business, smart cities, consumer applications and life in general."^[121]

Chefs Watson

Watson helped a team of chefs create five new poutines for the 2015 La Poutine Week food festival in Toronto and Montreal. It analyzed the demographics and popular cuisines of the cities and drew from a database of tens of thousands of recipes to create fusion pairings for each city.^[122] IBM and Bon Appétit magazine co-created an AI cooking app known as Chef Watson.^[123]

Chatbot

Watson is being used via IBM partner program as a chatbot to provide the conversation for children's toys.^[124]

Building codes

In 2015, the engineering firm ENGEO created an online service via the IBM partner program named GoFetchCode. GoFetchCode applies Watson's natural language processing and question-answering capabilities to the International Code Council's model building codes.^[125]

Teaching assistant

IBM Watson is being used for several projects relating to education, and has entered partnerships with Pearson Education, Blackboard, Sesame Workshop and Apple.^[126]^[127]

In its partnership with Pearson, Watson is being made available inside electronic text books to provide natural language, one-on-one tutoring to students on the reading material.^[128]

As an individual using the free Watson APIs available to the public, Ashok Goel, a professor at Georgia Tech, used Watson to create a virtual teaching assistant to assist students in his class.^[129] Initially, Goel did not reveal the nature of "Jill", which was created with the help of a few students and IBM. Jill answered questions where it had a 97% certainty of an accurate answer, with the remainder being answered by human assistants.^[130]

The research group of Sabri Pllana developed an assistant for learning parallel programming using the IBM Watson.^[131] A survey with a number of novice parallel programmers at the Linnaeus University indicated that such assistants will be welcomed by students that learn parallel programming.

Weather forecasting

In August 2016, IBM announced it would be using Watson for weather forecasting.^[132] Specifically, the company announced they would use Watson to analyze data from over 200,000 Weather Underground personal weather stations, as well as data from other sources, as a part of Project Deep Thunder.^[133]

Fashion

IBM Watson together with Marchesa designed a dress that changed the colour of the fabric depending on the mood of the audience. The dress lit up in different colours based on the sentiment of Tweets about the dress. Tweets were passed through a Watson tone analyzer and then sent back to a small computer inside the waist of the dress.^[134]

Tax preparation

On February 5–6, 2017, tax preparation company H&R Block began nationwide use of a Watson-based program.^[135]

Advertising

In September 2017, IBM announced that with its acquisition of The Weather Company's advertising sales division, and a partnership with advertising neural network Cognitiv, Watson will provide AI-powered advertising solutions.^[136]^[137]^[138]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "DeepQA Project: FAQ". IBM. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
^ Ferrucci, David; Levas, Anthony; Bagchi, Sugato; Gondek, David; Mueller, Erik T. (2013-06-01). "Watson: Beyond Jeopardy!". Artificial Intelligence. 199: 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.artint.2012.06.009.
^ ^a ^b Hale, Mike (February 8, 2011). "Actors and Their Roles for $300, HAL? HAL!". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
^ "The DeepQA Project". IBM Research. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
^ "Dave Ferrucci at Computer History Museum – How It All Began and What's Next". IBM Research. December 1, 2011. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
^ Loftus, Jack (April 26, 2009). "IBM Prepping 'Watson' Computer to Compete on Jeopardy!". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
^ "IBM's "Watson" Computing System to Challenge All Time Henry Lambert Jeopardy! Champions". Sony Pictures Television. December 14, 2010. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Upbin, Bruce (February 8, 2013). "IBM's Watson Gets Its First Piece Of Business In Healthcare". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Ferrucci, D.; et al. (2010). "Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project". AI Magazine. 31 (3): 59–79. doi:10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2303. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ "Watson, A System Designed for Answers: The Future of Workload Optimized Systems Design". IBM Systems and Technology. February 2011. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Jackson, Joab (February 17, 2011). "IBM Watson Vanquishes Human Jeopardy Foes". PC World. IDG News. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
^ Takahashi, Dean (February 17, 2011). "IBM researcher explains what Watson gets right and wrong". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
^ Novell (February 2, 2011). "Watson Supercomputer to Compete on 'Jeopardy!' – Powered by SUSE Linux Enterprise Server on IBM POWER7". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 21, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Is Watson the smartest machine on earth?". Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Maryland Baltimore County. February 10, 2011. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Rennie, John (February 14, 2011). "How IBM's Watson Computer Excels at Jeopardy!". PLoS blogs. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ Lucas, Mearian (February 21, 2011). "Can anyone afford an IBM Watson supercomputer? (Yes)". Computerworld. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ "Top500 List – November 2013". Top500.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
^ Ferrucci, David; et al. "The AI Behind Watson – The Technical Article". AI Magazine (Fall 2010). Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Thompson, Clive (June 16, 2010). "Smarter Than You Think: What Is I.B.M.'s Watson?". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
^ "Will Watson Win On Jeopardy!?". Nova ScienceNOW. Public Broadcasting Service. January 20, 2011. Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Needleman, Rafe (February 18, 2011). "Reporters' Roundtable: Debating the robobrains". CNET. Retrieved February 18, 2011.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Russo-Spena, Tiziana; Mele, Cristina; Marzullo, Marialuisa (2018). "Practising Value Innovation through Artificial Intelligence: The IBM Watson Case". Journal of Creating Value. 5 (1): 11–24. doi:10.1177/2394964318805839. ISSN 2394-9643. S2CID 56759835.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Jeopardy! Champ Ken Jennings". The Washington Post. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Gondek, David (January 10, 2011). "How Watson "sees," "hears," and "speaks" to play Jeopardy!". IBM Research News. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ Avery, Lise (February 14, 2011). "Interview with Actor Jeff Woodman, Voice of IBM's Watson Computer" (MP3). Anything Goes!!. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
^ Kosinski, Robert J. (2008). "A Literature Review on Reaction Time". Clemson University. Archived from the original on March 17, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Baker (2011), p. 174.
^ Baker (2011), p. 178.
^ ^a ^b ^c Strachan, Alex (February 12, 2011). "For Jennings, it's a man vs. man competition". The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
^ Baker (2011), pp. 6–8.
^ Baker (2011), p. 30.
^ Radev, Dragomir R.; Prager, John; Samn, Valerie (2000). "Ranking potential answers to natural language questions" (PDF). Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
^ Prager, John; Brown, Eric; Coden, Annie; Radev, Dragomir R. (July 2000). "Question-answering by predictive annotation" (PDF). Proceedings, 23rd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
^ Leopold, George (July 18, 2007). "IBM's Paul Horn retires, Kelly named research chief". EE Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ Babcock, Charles (October 14, 2015). "IBM Cognitive Colloquium Spotlights Uncovering Dark Data". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Brodkin, Jon (February 10, 2010). "IBM's Jeopardy-playing machine can now beat human contestants". Network World. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ Zimmer, Ben (February 17, 2011). "Is It Time to Welcome Our New Computer Overlords?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
^ Raz, Guy (January 28, 2011). "Can a Computer Become a Jeopardy! Champ?". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 28, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
^ "Medical Students Offer Expertise to IBM's Jeopardy!-Winning Computer Watson as It Pursues a New Career in Medicine" (PDF). InTouch. 18. New York Medical College: 4. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-23.
^ "'Millionaire' quiz whiz Toutant had passion for trivia, Austin's arts scene". Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
^ Stelter, Brian (December 14, 2010). "I.B.M. Supercomputer 'Watson' to Challenge 'Jeopardy' Stars". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
^ Baker (2011), p. 171.
^ Flatow, Ira (February 11, 2011). "IBM Computer Faces Off Against 'Jeopardy' Champs". Talk of the Nation. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
^ Sostek, Anya (February 13, 2011). "Human champs of 'Jeopardy!' vs. Watson the IBM computer: a close match". Pittsburgh Post Gazette. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jennings, Ken (February 16, 2011). "My Puny Human Brain". Slate. Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
^ Baker (2011), p. 117.
^ Baker (2011), pp. 232–258.
^ Dignan, Larry (January 13, 2011). "IBM's Watson wins Jeopardy practice round: Can humans hang?". ZDnet. Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "The IBM Challenge Day 1". Jeopardy. Season 27. Episode 23. February 14, 2011.
^ Lenchner, Jon (February 3, 2011). "Knowing what it knows: selected nuances of Watson's strategy". IBM Research News. IBM. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
^ Johnston, Casey (February 15, 2011). "Jeopardy: IBM's Watson almost sneaks wrong answer by Trebek". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Computer crushes the competition on 'Jeopardy!'". Associated Press. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ Tesauro, Gerald (February 13, 2011). "Watson's wagering strategies". IBM Research News. IBM. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
^ Staff (February 15, 2011). "IBM's computer wins 'Jeopardy!' but... Toronto?". CTV News. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Robertson, Jordan; Borenstein, Seth (February 16, 2011). "For Watson, Jeopardy! victory was elementary". The Globe and Mail. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
^ Hamm, Steve (February 15, 2011). "Watson on Jeopardy! Day Two: The Confusion over and Airport Clue". A Smart Planet Blog. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ Johnston, Casey (February 15, 2011). "Creators: Watson has no speed advantage as it crushes humans in Jeopardy". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ "IBM Watson: Final Jeopardy! And the Future of Watson". YouTube. 16 February 2011.
^ Oberman, Mira (February 17, 2011). "Computer creams human Jeopardy! champions". Vancouver Sun. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
^ Johnston, Casey (February 17, 2011). "Bug lets humans grab Daily Double as Watson triumphs on Jeopardy". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Upbin, Bruce (February 17, 2011). "IBM's Supercomputer Watson Wins It All With $367 Bet". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ Oldenburg, Ann (February 17, 2011). "Ken Jennings: 'My puny brain' did just fine on 'Jeopardy!'". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ "Show 6088 – The IBM Challenge, Day 2". Jeopardy!. February 16, 2011. Syndicated.
^ "World Community Grid to benefit from Jeopardy! competition". World Community Grid. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ "Jeopardy! And IBM Announce Charities To Benefit From Watson Competition". IBM Corporation. January 13, 2011. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ "IBM's Watson supercomputer crowned Jeopardy king". BBC News. February 17, 2011. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
^ Markoff, John (February 16, 2011). "Computer Wins on 'Jeopardy!': Trivial, It's Not". The New York Times. Yorktown Heights, New York. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
^ Searle, John (February 23, 2011). "Watson Doesn't Know It Won on 'Jeopardy!'". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
^ Lohr, Steve (December 5, 2011). "Creating AI based on the real thing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2017..
^ ^a ^b "NJ congressman tops 'Jeopardy' computer Watson". Associated Press. March 2, 2011. Archived from the original on March 7, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
^ Weber, Robert C. (February 14, 2011). "Why 'Watson' matters to lawyers". The National Law Journal. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
^ Nay, Chris (September 6, 2011). "Putting Watson to work: Interview with GM of Watson Solutions Manoj Saxena". Smarter Planet Blog. IBM. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
^ Merritt, Rick (February 14, 2011). "IBM playing Jeopardy with tax dollars". EE Times. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ Dusto, Amy (December 3, 2013). "IBM's Watson computer helps shoppers via a new app". Internet Retailer. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ Comstock, Jonah (November 15, 2013). "With Watson API launch, IBM turns to WellTok for patients, MD Buyline for docs". MobiHealthNews. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ Upbin, Bruce (November 14, 2013). "IBM Opens Up Its Watson Cognitive Computer For Developers Everywhere". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ "IBM's Watson to Join Research Team at Rensselaer". Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. January 30, 2013. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
^ "The Independent Sector: Cultural, Economic and Social Contributions of New York's 100+, Not-for-Profit Colleges and Universities" (PDF). Commission on Independent Colleges and Universities. Summer 2013. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
^ Cocks, Tim (February 6, 2014). "IBM starts rolling out Watson supercomputer in Africa". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ Coolidge, Donald (May 29, 2014). "IBM Watson Mobile Developers Challenge Finalists: Majestyk". Majestyk Apps. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ "Majestyk Apps – An IBM Watson Mobile Developer Challenge Winner". Flickr. June 3, 2014. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ "Red Ant – An IBM Watson Mobile Developer Challenge Winner". Flickr. June 3, 2014. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ "GenieMD – An IBM Watson Mobile Developer Challenge Winner". Flickr. June 3, 2014. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ "IBM Announces Watson Mobile Developer Challenge Winners". IBM News. June 3, 2014. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ All, Ann (July 9, 2014). "Genesys to Put IBM's Watson to Work". Enterprise Apps Today. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ Wilson, Mark (June 30, 2014). "IBM's Watson Is Now A Cooking App With Infinite Recipes". fastcodesign.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ Hardawar, Devindra (5 May 2015). "IBM's big bet on Watson is paying off with more apps and DNA analysis". Engadget. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
^ Griggs, Mary Beth (May 20, 2016). "IBM Watson can help find water wasters in drought-stricken California". Popular Science. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
^ Marty Swant (6 September 2016). "Condé Nast Has Started Using IBM's Watson to Find Influencers for Brands". Adweek. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
^ "Rare Carat Releases World's First Artificial Intelligence Jeweler Using IBM Watson Technology". PRNewswire. February 28, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
^ "Rare Carat's Watson-powered chatbot will help you put a diamond ring on it". TechCrunch. February 15, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
^ "10 ways you may have already used IBM Watson". VentureBeat. March 10, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
^ "IBM Watson to help Pebble Beach create a virtual concierge for guests". VentureBeat. 2017-05-09. Archived from the original on 2017-05-09. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
^ IBM Watson: artificial intelligence arrives at the Museum of Anthropology. Aban Tech. October 31, 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-09-21. Retrieved May 11, 2018 – via Youtube.
^ "IBM Watson is AI for Business". IBM. 9 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Putting Watson to Work: Watson in Healthcare". IBM. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
^ "IBM Watson Helps Fight Cancer with Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatment Suggestions" (PDF). IBM. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
^ Saxena, Manoj (February 13, 2013). "IBM Watson Progress and 2013 Roadmap (Slide 7)". IBM. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
^ "IBM's Jeopardy! Stunt Computer Is Curing Cancer Now". New York Magazine. November 23, 2016.
^ Wakeman, Nick (February 17, 2011). "IBM's Watson heads to medical school". Washington Technology. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ Mathews, Anna Wilde (September 12, 2011). "Wellpoint's New Hire: What is Watson?". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
^ Miliard, Mike (October 30, 2012). "Watson Heads to Medical School: Cleveland Clinic, IBM Send Supercomputer to College". Healthcare IT News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
^ "MD Anderson Taps IBM Watson to Power "Moon Shots" Mission Aimed at Ending Cancer, Starting with Leukemia" (Press release). IBM. Archived from the original on 2017-02-21. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
^ "IBM's Watson Now Tackles Clinical Trials At MD Anderson Cancer Center". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
^ "MD Anderson Benches IBM Watson In Setback For Artificial Intelligence In Medicine". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
^ Leske, Nikola (February 9, 2013). "Doctors Seek Help on Cancer Treatment from IBM Supercomputer". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Manipal Hospitals | Watson for Oncology | Cancer Treatment". watsononcology.manipalhospitals.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
^ "MANIPAL HOSPITALS ANNOUNCES NATIONAL LAUNCH OF IBM WATSON FOR ONCOLOGY". www-03.ibm.com. 2016-07-29. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
^ "Manipal Hospitals is first adopter of IBM Watson in India". www-03.ibm.com. 2015-12-02. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
^ ANI (2016-10-28). "Manipal Hospitals to adopt IBM's 'Watson for Oncology' supercomputer for cancer treatment". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
^ "Hospitals in Asia use Watson supercomputer for cancer treatment". STAT. 2016-08-19. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
^ McCurry, Justin (2017-01-05). "Japanese company replaces office workers with artificial intelligence". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
^ Garbuio, Massimo; Lin, Nidthida (2019). "Artificial Intelligence as a Growth Engine for Health Care Startups: Emerging Business Models". California Management Review. 61 (2): 59–83. doi:10.1177/0008125618811931. S2CID 158219917.
^ Cooper, Laura (2021-02-18). "IBM Explores Sales of IBM Watson Health".
^ Meil, Doug (2021-04-21). "What Happened To Watson Health?". Association for Computing Machinery:BLOG@CACM. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
^ Cooper, Laura (2021-02-18). "IBM explores sale of IBM Watson Health".
^ "IBM is selling off its Watson Health assets". CNN. 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "IBM Watson Group Unveils Cloud-Delivered Watson Services to Transform Industrial R&D, Visualize Big Data Insights and Fuel Analytics Exploration" (Press release). IBM. January 9, 2014. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
^ Ante, Spencer E. (January 9, 2014). "IBM Set to Expand Watson's Reach". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
^ "Inside the Lab". September 2017. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
^ "IBM CEO Rometty Proposes 'Watson's Law': AI In Everything" Archived 2021-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, Adrian Bridgewater, Forbes, March 20, 2018
^ Pelley, Lauren (2 February 2015). "Poutine inventions offer new wheys to eat your curds". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario. pp. E1, E8. ProQuest 1650084755.
^ Kleeman, Alexandra. "Cooking with Chef Watson, I.B.M.'s Artificial-Intelligence App". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
^ Takahashi, Dean (23 February 2015). "Elemental's smart connected toy CogniToys taps IBM's Watson supercomputer for its brains". Venture Beat. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
^ "About Us GoFetchCode". GoFetchCode. 2015-10-21. Archived from the original on 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2017-07-04.
^ Leopold, Todd. "A professor built an AI teaching assistant for his courses — and it could shape the future of education". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Straumsheim, Carl. "'Augmented Intelligence' for Higher Ed". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Plenty, Rebecca (October 25, 2016). "Pearson Taps IBM's Watson as a Virtual Tutor for College Students". No. October 25, 2016. Bloomberg. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Maderer, Jason. "Artificial Intelligence Course Creates AI Teaching Assistant". Georgia Tech News. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ McFarlane, Matt (13 May 2016). "Professor reveals to students that his assistant was an AI all along". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
^ Memeti, Suejb; Pllana, Sabri (January 2018). "PAPA: A parallel programming assistant powered by IBM Watson cognitive computing technology". Journal of Computational Science. 26: 275–284. doi:10.1016/j.jocs.2018.01.001.
^ Jancer, Matt (26 August 2016). "IBM's Watson Takes On Yet Another Job, as a Weather Forecaster". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
^ Booton, Jennifer (15 June 2016). "IBM finally reveals why it bought The Weather Company". Market Watch. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
^ "Cognitive dress by Marchesa and IBM lights up the night at the Met Gala". Business Operations. 2016-10-27. Archived from the original on 2020-06-13. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
^ Moscaritolo, Angela (2 February 2017). "H&R Block Enlists IBM Watson to Find Tax Deductions". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ "Artificial Intelligence Marketing Company". Cognitiv. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
^ Swant, Marty (September 24, 2017). "As IBM Ramps Up Its AI-Powered Advertising, Can Watson Crack the Code of Digital Marketing?". www.adweek.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2019-03-18.
^ "AI is A Rocket About to Launch - Here's How to Get On Board". www.ibm.com. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2019-03-18.

Bibliography

Baker, Stephen (2011). Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to Know Everything. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-48316-0.

External links

Watson homepage
DeepQA homepage
About Watson on Jeopardy.com
Smartest Machine on Earth (PBS NOVA documentary about the making of Watson)
Power Systems
The Watson Trivia Challenge. The New York Times. June 16, 2010.
This is Watson – IBM Journal of Research and Development (published by the IEEE)

J! Archive

Videos

PBS NOVA documentary on the making of Watson
Building Watson – A Brief Overview of the DeepQA Project on YouTube (21:42), IBMLabs
How Watson Answers a Question on YouTube
David Ferrucci, Dan Cerutti and Ken Jennings on IBM's Watson at Singularity Summit 2011 on YouTube
A Computer Called Watson on YouTube – November 15, 2011, David Ferrucci at Computer History Museum, alternate
IBM Watson and the Future of Healthcare on YouTube – 2012
IBM Watson-Introduction and Future Applications on YouTube – IBM at EDGE 2012
IBM Watson for Healthcare on YouTube – Martin Kohn, 2013
IBM Watson playlist, IBMLabs Watson playlist

[ibm-1] "DeepQA Project: FAQ". IBM. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.

[2] Ferrucci, David; Levas, Anthony; Bagchi, Sugato; Gondek, David; Mueller, Erik T. (2013-06-01). "Watson: Beyond Jeopardy!". Artificial Intelligence. 199: 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.artint.2012.06.009.

[NYT_20110208-3] Hale, Mike (February 8, 2011). "Actors and Their Roles for $300, HAL? HAL!". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2011.

[4] "The DeepQA Project". IBM Research. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.

[5] "Dave Ferrucci at Computer History Museum – How It All Began and What's Next". IBM Research. December 1, 2011. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2012.

[6] Loftus, Jack (April 26, 2009). "IBM Prepping 'Watson' Computer to Compete on Jeopardy!". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.

[7] "IBM's "Watson" Computing System to Challenge All Time Henry Lambert Jeopardy! Champions". Sony Pictures Television. December 14, 2010. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013.

[wellpoint-8] Upbin, Bruce (February 8, 2013). "IBM's Watson Gets Its First Piece Of Business In Healthcare". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.

[AIMagazine-9] Ferrucci, D.; et al. (2010). "Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project". AI Magazine. 31 (3): 59–79. doi:10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2303. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2011.

[10] "Watson, A System Designed for Answers: The Future of Workload Optimized Systems Design". IBM Systems and Technology. February 2011. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2015.

[contentpages-11] Jackson, Joab (February 17, 2011). "IBM Watson Vanquishes Human Jeopardy Foes". PC World. IDG News. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.

[12] Takahashi, Dean (February 17, 2011). "IBM researcher explains what Watson gets right and wrong". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.

[13] Novell (February 2, 2011). "Watson Supercomputer to Compete on 'Jeopardy!' – Powered by SUSE Linux Enterprise Server on IBM POWER7". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 21, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[Smartest_Machine_on_Earth-14] "Is Watson the smartest machine on earth?". Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Maryland Baltimore County. February 10, 2011. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.

[rennie-15] Rennie, John (February 14, 2011). "How IBM's Watson Computer Excels at Jeopardy!". PLoS blogs. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.

[16] Lucas, Mearian (February 21, 2011). "Can anyone afford an IBM Watson supercomputer? (Yes)". Computerworld. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[17] "Top500 List – November 2013". Top500.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2014-01-04.

[18] Ferrucci, David; et al. "The AI Behind Watson – The Technical Article". AI Magazine (Fall 2010). Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2013.

[nytmag-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Thompson, Clive (June 16, 2010). "Smarter Than You Think: What Is I.B.M.'s Watson?". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.

[20] "Will Watson Win On Jeopardy!?". Nova ScienceNOW. Public Broadcasting Service. January 20, 2011. Archived from the original on April 14, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2011.

[cnet-21] Needleman, Rafe (February 18, 2011). "Reporters' Roundtable: Debating the robobrains". CNET. Retrieved February 18, 2011.^{[dead link‍]}

[22] Russo-Spena, Tiziana; Mele, Cristina; Marzullo, Marialuisa (2018). "Practising Value Innovation through Artificial Intelligence: The IBM Watson Case". Journal of Creating Value. 5 (1): 11–24. doi:10.1177/2394964318805839. ISSN 2394-9643. S2CID 56759835.

[jenning-23] "Jeopardy! Champ Ken Jennings". The Washington Post. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.

[david-24] Gondek, David (January 10, 2011). "How Watson "sees," "hears," and "speaks" to play Jeopardy!". IBM Research News. Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[25] Avery, Lise (February 14, 2011). "Interview with Actor Jeff Woodman, Voice of IBM's Watson Computer" (MP3). Anything Goes!!. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2011.

[26] Kosinski, Robert J. (2008). "A Literature Review on Reaction Time". Clemson University. Archived from the original on March 17, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[FOOTNOTEBaker2011174-27] Baker (2011), p. 174.

[FOOTNOTEBaker2011178-28] Baker (2011), p. 178.

[strachan-29] Strachan, Alex (February 12, 2011). "For Jennings, it's a man vs. man competition". The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.

[FOOTNOTEBaker20116–8-30] Baker (2011), pp. 6–8.

[FOOTNOTEBaker201130-31] Baker (2011), p. 30.

[32] Radev, Dragomir R.; Prager, John; Samn, Valerie (2000). "Ranking potential answers to natural language questions" (PDF). Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-02-23.

[33] Prager, John; Brown, Eric; Coden, Annie; Radev, Dragomir R. (July 2000). "Question-answering by predictive annotation" (PDF). Proceedings, 23rd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-02-23.

[Leopold2007-34] Leopold, George (July 18, 2007). "IBM's Paul Horn retires, Kelly named research chief". EE Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.

[Babcock-35] Babcock, Charles (October 14, 2015). "IBM Cognitive Colloquium Spotlights Uncovering Dark Data". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.

[networld-36] Brodkin, Jon (February 10, 2010). "IBM's Jeopardy-playing machine can now beat human contestants". Network World. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2011.

[atlantic20110217-37] Zimmer, Ben (February 17, 2011). "Is It Time to Welcome Our New Computer Overlords?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2011.

[38] Raz, Guy (January 28, 2011). "Can a Computer Become a Jeopardy! Champ?". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 28, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.

[39] "Medical Students Offer Expertise to IBM's Jeopardy!-Winning Computer Watson as It Pursues a New Career in Medicine" (PDF). InTouch. 18. New York Medical College: 4. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-23.

[40] "'Millionaire' quiz whiz Toutant had passion for trivia, Austin's arts scene". Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-23.

[41] Stelter, Brian (December 14, 2010). "I.B.M. Supercomputer 'Watson' to Challenge 'Jeopardy' Stars". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2010.

[FOOTNOTEBaker2011171-42] Baker (2011), p. 171.

[flatow-43] Flatow, Ira (February 11, 2011). "IBM Computer Faces Off Against 'Jeopardy' Champs". Talk of the Nation. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.

[44] Sostek, Anya (February 13, 2011). "Human champs of 'Jeopardy!' vs. Watson the IBM computer: a close match". Pittsburgh Post Gazette. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.

[threads-45] Jennings, Ken (February 16, 2011). "My Puny Human Brain". Slate. Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.

[FOOTNOTEBaker2011117-46] Baker (2011), p. 117.

[FOOTNOTEBaker2011232–258-47] Baker (2011), pp. 232–258.

[PracticeMatch-48] Dignan, Larry (January 13, 2011). "IBM's Watson wins Jeopardy practice round: Can humans hang?". ZDnet. Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.

[1920sJeopardy_Challenge-49] "The IBM Challenge Day 1". Jeopardy. Season 27. Episode 23. February 14, 2011.

[Strategy-50] Lenchner, Jon (February 3, 2011). "Knowing what it knows: selected nuances of Watson's strategy". IBM Research News. IBM. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2011.

[51] Johnston, Casey (February 15, 2011). "Jeopardy: IBM's Watson almost sneaks wrong answer by Trebek". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011.

[Computer_crushes_the_competition_on_'Jeopardy!'-52] "Computer crushes the competition on 'Jeopardy!'". Associated Press. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.

[53] Tesauro, Gerald (February 13, 2011). "Watson's wagering strategies". IBM Research News. IBM. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011.

[TO-54] Staff (February 15, 2011). "IBM's computer wins 'Jeopardy!' but... Toronto?". CTV News. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2011.

[TOinUS-55] Robertson, Jordan; Borenstein, Seth (February 16, 2011). "For Watson, Jeopardy! victory was elementary". The Globe and Mail. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.

[56] Hamm, Steve (February 15, 2011). "Watson on Jeopardy! Day Two: The Confusion over and Airport Clue". A Smart Planet Blog. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[ArsTechnica2-57] Johnston, Casey (February 15, 2011). "Creators: Watson has no speed advantage as it crushes humans in Jeopardy". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[58] "IBM Watson: Final Jeopardy! And the Future of Watson". YouTube. 16 February 2011.

[Trebekintro-59] Oberman, Mira (February 17, 2011). "Computer creams human Jeopardy! champions". Vancouver Sun. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.

[60] Johnston, Casey (February 17, 2011). "Bug lets humans grab Daily Double as Watson triumphs on Jeopardy". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[forbes-61] Upbin, Bruce (February 17, 2011). "IBM's Supercomputer Watson Wins It All With $367 Bet". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[62] Oldenburg, Ann (February 17, 2011). "Ken Jennings: 'My puny brain' did just fine on 'Jeopardy!'". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.

[63] "Show 6088 – The IBM Challenge, Day 2". Jeopardy!. February 16, 2011. Syndicated.

[64] "World Community Grid to benefit from Jeopardy! competition". World Community Grid. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2011.

[65] "Jeopardy! And IBM Announce Charities To Benefit From Watson Competition". IBM Corporation. January 13, 2011. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2011.

[overlord-66] "IBM's Watson supercomputer crowned Jeopardy king". BBC News. February 17, 2011. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.

[overlord2-67] Markoff, John (February 16, 2011). "Computer Wins on 'Jeopardy!': Trivial, It's Not". The New York Times. Yorktown Heights, New York. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2011.

[SearleWSJ-68] Searle, John (February 23, 2011). "Watson Doesn't Know It Won on 'Jeopardy!'". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2011.

[69] Lohr, Steve (December 5, 2011). "Creating AI based on the real thing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2017..

[House_Match-70] "NJ congressman tops 'Jeopardy' computer Watson". Associated Press. March 2, 2011. Archived from the original on March 7, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2011.

[71] Weber, Robert C. (February 14, 2011). "Why 'Watson' matters to lawyers". The National Law Journal. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2011.

[72] Nay, Chris (September 6, 2011). "Putting Watson to work: Interview with GM of Watson Solutions Manoj Saxena". Smarter Planet Blog. IBM. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.

[times-73] Merritt, Rick (February 14, 2011). "IBM playing Jeopardy with tax dollars". EE Times. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.

[74] Dusto, Amy (December 3, 2013). "IBM's Watson computer helps shoppers via a new app". Internet Retailer. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[75] Comstock, Jonah (November 15, 2013). "With Watson API launch, IBM turns to WellTok for patients, MD Buyline for docs". MobiHealthNews. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[76] Upbin, Bruce (November 14, 2013). "IBM Opens Up Its Watson Cognitive Computer For Developers Everywhere". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[77] "IBM's Watson to Join Research Team at Rensselaer". Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. January 30, 2013. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[78] "The Independent Sector: Cultural, Economic and Social Contributions of New York's 100+, Not-for-Profit Colleges and Universities" (PDF). Commission on Independent Colleges and Universities. Summer 2013. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[79] Cocks, Tim (February 6, 2014). "IBM starts rolling out Watson supercomputer in Africa". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[80] Coolidge, Donald (May 29, 2014). "IBM Watson Mobile Developers Challenge Finalists: Majestyk". Majestyk Apps. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[81] "Majestyk Apps – An IBM Watson Mobile Developer Challenge Winner". Flickr. June 3, 2014. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[82] "Red Ant – An IBM Watson Mobile Developer Challenge Winner". Flickr. June 3, 2014. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[83] "GenieMD – An IBM Watson Mobile Developer Challenge Winner". Flickr. June 3, 2014. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[84] "IBM Announces Watson Mobile Developer Challenge Winners". IBM News. June 3, 2014. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[85] All, Ann (July 9, 2014). "Genesys to Put IBM's Watson to Work". Enterprise Apps Today. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[86] Wilson, Mark (June 30, 2014). "IBM's Watson Is Now A Cooking App With Infinite Recipes". fastcodesign.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.

[87] Hardawar, Devindra (5 May 2015). "IBM's big bet on Watson is paying off with more apps and DNA analysis". Engadget. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.

[88] Griggs, Mary Beth (May 20, 2016). "IBM Watson can help find water wasters in drought-stricken California". Popular Science. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2016.

[89] Marty Swant (6 September 2016). "Condé Nast Has Started Using IBM's Watson to Find Influencers for Brands". Adweek. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.

[90] "Rare Carat Releases World's First Artificial Intelligence Jeweler Using IBM Watson Technology". PRNewswire. February 28, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.

[91] "Rare Carat's Watson-powered chatbot will help you put a diamond ring on it". TechCrunch. February 15, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.

[92] "10 ways you may have already used IBM Watson". VentureBeat. March 10, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.

[93] "IBM Watson to help Pebble Beach create a virtual concierge for guests". VentureBeat. 2017-05-09. Archived from the original on 2017-05-09. Retrieved 2017-05-10.

[94] IBM Watson: artificial intelligence arrives at the Museum of Anthropology. Aban Tech. October 31, 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-09-21. Retrieved May 11, 2018 – via Youtube.

[95] "IBM Watson is AI for Business". IBM. 9 July 2024.

[Watson_in_healthcare-96] "Putting Watson to Work: Watson in Healthcare". IBM. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.

[97] "IBM Watson Helps Fight Cancer with Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatment Suggestions" (PDF). IBM. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.

[98] Saxena, Manoj (February 13, 2013). "IBM Watson Progress and 2013 Roadmap (Slide 7)". IBM. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.

[99] "IBM's Jeopardy! Stunt Computer Is Curing Cancer Now". New York Magazine. November 23, 2016.

[100] Wakeman, Nick (February 17, 2011). "IBM's Watson heads to medical school". Washington Technology. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.

[101] Mathews, Anna Wilde (September 12, 2011). "Wellpoint's New Hire: What is Watson?". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.

[102] Miliard, Mike (October 30, 2012). "Watson Heads to Medical School: Cleveland Clinic, IBM Send Supercomputer to College". Healthcare IT News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.

[103] "MD Anderson Taps IBM Watson to Power "Moon Shots" Mission Aimed at Ending Cancer, Starting with Leukemia" (Press release). IBM. Archived from the original on 2017-02-21. Retrieved 2017-02-20.

[104] "IBM's Watson Now Tackles Clinical Trials At MD Anderson Cancer Center". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2017-09-18.

[105] "MD Anderson Benches IBM Watson In Setback For Artificial Intelligence In Medicine". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2017-09-18.

[106] Leske, Nikola (February 9, 2013). "Doctors Seek Help on Cancer Treatment from IBM Supercomputer". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2013.

[:0-107] "Manipal Hospitals | Watson for Oncology | Cancer Treatment". watsononcology.manipalhospitals.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.

[108] "MANIPAL HOSPITALS ANNOUNCES NATIONAL LAUNCH OF IBM WATSON FOR ONCOLOGY". www-03.ibm.com. 2016-07-29. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.

[109] "Manipal Hospitals is first adopter of IBM Watson in India". www-03.ibm.com. 2015-12-02. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.

[110] ANI (2016-10-28). "Manipal Hospitals to adopt IBM's 'Watson for Oncology' supercomputer for cancer treatment". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.

[111] "Hospitals in Asia use Watson supercomputer for cancer treatment". STAT. 2016-08-19. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.

[112] McCurry, Justin (2017-01-05). "Japanese company replaces office workers with artificial intelligence". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2017-01-29.

[113] Garbuio, Massimo; Lin, Nidthida (2019). "Artificial Intelligence as a Growth Engine for Health Care Startups: Emerging Business Models". California Management Review. 61 (2): 59–83. doi:10.1177/0008125618811931. S2CID 158219917.

[114] Cooper, Laura (2021-02-18). "IBM Explores Sales of IBM Watson Health".

[115] Meil, Doug (2021-04-21). "What Happened To Watson Health?". Association for Computing Machinery:BLOG@CACM. Retrieved 2021-04-21.

[116] Cooper, Laura (2021-02-18). "IBM explores sale of IBM Watson Health".

[117] "IBM is selling off its Watson Health assets". CNN. 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.

[IBMNews-118] "IBM Watson Group Unveils Cloud-Delivered Watson Services to Transform Industrial R&D, Visualize Big Data Insights and Fuel Analytics Exploration" (Press release). IBM. January 9, 2014. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020.

[119] Ante, Spencer E. (January 9, 2014). "IBM Set to Expand Watson's Reach". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2014.

[120] "Inside the Lab". September 2017. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.

[FORBESlaw-121] "IBM CEO Rometty Proposes 'Watson's Law': AI In Everything" Archived 2021-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, Adrian Bridgewater, Forbes, March 20, 2018

[Pelley2015-122] Pelley, Lauren (2 February 2015). "Poutine inventions offer new wheys to eat your curds". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario. pp. E1, E8. ProQuest 1650084755.

[123] Kleeman, Alexandra. "Cooking with Chef Watson, I.B.M.'s Artificial-Intelligence App". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.

[124] Takahashi, Dean (23 February 2015). "Elemental's smart connected toy CogniToys taps IBM's Watson supercomputer for its brains". Venture Beat. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.

[125] "About Us GoFetchCode". GoFetchCode. 2015-10-21. Archived from the original on 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2017-07-04.

[126] Leopold, Todd. "A professor built an AI teaching assistant for his courses — and it could shape the future of education". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.

[127] Straumsheim, Carl. "'Augmented Intelligence' for Higher Ed". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.

[128] Plenty, Rebecca (October 25, 2016). "Pearson Taps IBM's Watson as a Virtual Tutor for College Students". No. October 25, 2016. Bloomberg. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.

[129] Maderer, Jason. "Artificial Intelligence Course Creates AI Teaching Assistant". Georgia Tech News. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2017.

[130] McFarlane, Matt (13 May 2016). "Professor reveals to students that his assistant was an AI all along". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.

[131] Memeti, Suejb; Pllana, Sabri (January 2018). "PAPA: A parallel programming assistant powered by IBM Watson cognitive computing technology". Journal of Computational Science. 26: 275–284. doi:10.1016/j.jocs.2018.01.001.

[132] Jancer, Matt (26 August 2016). "IBM's Watson Takes On Yet Another Job, as a Weather Forecaster". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.

[133] Booton, Jennifer (15 June 2016). "IBM finally reveals why it bought The Weather Company". Market Watch. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.

[134] "Cognitive dress by Marchesa and IBM lights up the night at the Met Gala". Business Operations. 2016-10-27. Archived from the original on 2020-06-13. Retrieved 2020-07-06.

[135] Moscaritolo, Angela (2 February 2017). "H&R Block Enlists IBM Watson to Find Tax Deductions". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

[136] "Artificial Intelligence Marketing Company". Cognitiv. Retrieved 2022-08-23.

[137] Swant, Marty (September 24, 2017). "As IBM Ramps Up Its AI-Powered Advertising, Can Watson Crack the Code of Digital Marketing?". www.adweek.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2019-03-18.

[138] "AI is A Rocket About to Launch - Here's How to Get On Board". www.ibm.com. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2019-03-18.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

v t e Jeopardy!
Concepts	Audition process Broadcast information Strategies and skills of Jeopardy! champions
Tournaments	The Greatest of All Time (2020) National College Championship (2022) Celebrity Jeopardy! (2022–present) Jeopardy! Masters (2023–present)
Hosts	Art Fleming Alex Trebek Ken Jennings Mayim Bialik
Notable contestants	Matt Amodio Colby Burnett Arthur Chu Buzzy Cohen Julia Collins Richard Cordray Karl Coryat Roger Craig Chuck Forrest Jackie Fuchs Red Gibson Victoria Groce Bob Harris James Holzhauer Matt Jackson Alex Jacob Ken Jennings Larissa Kelly Mark Lowenthal David Madden Arthur Phillips Mattea Roach Brad Rutter Amy Schneider Frank Spangenberg Eddie Timanus Jerome Vered Watson Jay Wolpert
Franchise	Jep! Rock & Roll Jeopardy! Sports Jeopardy! Australian version British version
In popular culture	Saturday Night Live sketch series "I Lost on Jeopardy" "What Is... Cliff Clavin?" (Cheers season 8) White Men Can't Jump
Category

v t e Virtual assistants
Active	AliGenie Alexa Alice Bixby Viv Braina Celia Clova Google Assistant Maluuba Siri Voice Mate Watson WolframAlpha Xiaoice
Discontinued	BlackBerry Assistant Cortana Google Now M Microsoft Agent Microsoft Bob Microsoft Voice Command Ms. Dewey Mya Mycroft Office Assistant (Clippy) S Voice Speaktoit Assistant Tafiti Vlingo