Public Relations Society of America: Difference between revisions

Public Relations Society of America
Abbreviation	PRSA
Predecessor	American Council on Public Relations and; National Association of Public Relations Council
Formation	1947 (agreement); February 4, 1948; 76 years ago (charter granted)
Type	Not-for-profit trade and business association
Headquarters	New York, New York
Region served	The United States, Argentina, Colombia, Peru and Puerto Rico
Membership	30,000
Chair	Joseph Abreu
CEO	Linda Thomas Brooks
Website	www.prsa.org

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The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) is a 501(c)(6) not-for-profit organization trade association serving the public relations and communication community. It was founded in 1947 by combining the American Council on Public Relations and the National Association of Public Relations Councils. That year, it held its first annual conference and award ceremony.

In 1950, the society created its first code of professional standards, and the current PRSA Code of Ethics was last updated in 2000. PRSA also launched an accreditation program and a student society called the Public Relations Student Society of America in 1968.

History

The Public Relations Society of America was formed in 1947 by combining the American Council on Public Relations and the National Association of Public Relations Councils.^[5]^[6]^[7] The society had its first annual conference in Philadelphia,^[8] where Richard Falk was given PRSA's first "annual citation" for advancing the field of public relations.^[9]

Several ethical violations in the field led to discussions about ethics within the society. The society published its first code of conduct and Anvil awards two years later.^[7]^[10] The code of conduct was later ratified in 1959, and PRSA became the only public relations organization with "an enforceable code" ^[11] when a Grievance Board was created in 1962 — a process that remained in place until the Code was substantially revised in 2000.

PRSA merged with the American Public Relations Association in 1961^[10] and started its accreditation program for public relations professionals the next year.^[12]^[13]^[14] The Public Relations Student Society of America (PRSSA) was created in 1967 based on suggestions by Professor Walter Seifer of Ohio State University.^[15]

In the 1970s to early 1980s, PRSA's female membership base increased, coinciding with more women pursuing a career in the field. PRSA had its first female President in 1972^[16] and a second female President in 1983.^[17] In 1981, 78 percent of PRSA's student society were women, up from 38 percent in 1968.^[6] The society grew to 9,000 members by 1981,^[8] up from 4,500 members in 1960.^[12]

In 1977, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) said PRSA's code of conduct inhibited fair competition by requiring members not to solicit clients from other members. It issued a consent order that required PRSA to remove content from its code of conduct that contained sexist language, discouraged soliciting clients from other members, or encouraged price-fixing activities.^[18]^[19]^[20] PRSA's first definition of public relations was created in 1982 as "Public relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other."^[21] In 1986, PRSA's then President Anthony Franco resigned from his post after it was revealed he was accused of insider trading by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.^[22]^[23]^[24] The PRSA's philanthropy arm, the PRSA Foundation, was founded in 1990.^[25]

In 1994, O'Dwyer from the O'Dwyer's PR trade journal alleged that PRSA was violating copyright laws by lending articles from USA Today, The New York Times, O'Dwyer's and others to members. Although O'Dwyer has been a critic of PRSA since the 1970s,^[26] this is often considered the beginning of a long-term dispute between PRSA and O'Dwyer^[27]^[28] that PR News described as a "never-ending back-and-forth."^[29] In 1996 and 2011, O'Dwyer criticized PRSA on issues such as financial transparency, auditing, and spending in the context of proposed increases in membership dues. PRSA said the increases were caused by an increase in services to members.^[30]^[27]

In 2000, PRSA and the Institute for Public Relations signed a mutual declaration saying the two would work together in areas like ethics, education, accreditation, professional development, and new media.^[31] The society started two efforts to revise its definition of public relations in 2003 and 2007, but neither moved forward.^[32] In November 2011, PRSA led a Public Relations Defined initiative to create a crowd-sourced definition of public relations.^[32] 927 submissions were made on PRSA's website filling in the blanks to the statement: "Public relations (does what) with or for (whom) to (do what) for (what purpose)."^[21] The winning definition was "a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics."^[32] According to the Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR), "reactions to the new PRSA definition were mixed and views vigorously debated."^[33]

In 2011, PRSA publicized accusations that O'Dwyer had been eavesdropping on PRSA's conference calls.^[27]^[29] Later that year PRSA started refusing O'Dwyer entrance to their events and sent him a 23-page letter describing his behavior as disruptive and unethical.^[34] The National Press Club tried to negotiate his entrance unsuccessfully.^[34]

Organization

PRSA is organized as a 501(c)(6) not-for-profit organization and governed by a set of bylaws. A chair is nominated each year and elected based on a vote of the Leadership Assembly. The Leadership Assembly consists of one delegate for every 100 members, as well as anyone that holds an elected office. Elected positions within PRSA are held on a volunteer-basis. A board of directors can propose membership fee changes that must be approved by the assembly. The board has the authority to create or dissolve task forces and committees as well as revoke or reward membership status. PRSA's Board of Ethics and Professional Standards and the Universal Accreditation Board make recommendations on the code of conduct and accreditation programs respectively.^[35] PRSA has more than 100 chapters^[36]^[37] in ten districts,^[38] nearly 375 student chapters^[39] and 14 interest groups.^[36] PRSA Miami has the largest endowment of the chapters. The Miami chapter gives a number of awards including a Lifetime Achievement Award and funds scholarships for students in the field of public relations.^[40]^[41]

Since the 1970s, the PRSA has restricted the right to sit in the group's national assembly or to seek election to the national board to those possessing an APR certification. The requirement for the assembly was dropped in 2004, but was maintained for those seeking board membership. In 2010, a revolt led by Richard Edelman and a group calling itself "the Committee for a Democratic PRSA" called for the restriction to be scrapped.^[42] The attempt to overturn the rule was defeated in a vote during that year's session of the assembly.^[43] In 2003 a proposal to amend the society's bylaws to allow non-accredited professionals to run for PRSA's offices was defeated,^[44] but the motion passed the following year.^[45]

Services

PRSA members receive access to a suite of tools that fosters professional development and career growth.^[46] PRSA is a member of the Universal Accreditation Board (UAB) which hosts an accreditation program called APR (accreditation in public relations) that evaluates a PR professional in four categories: research, planning, implementation and evaluation.^[47] Accreditation is usually granted to candidates with five to seven years of experience upon completion of written and oral examinations.^[45]^[48] About 20 percent of PRSA's members are accredited.^[47]

PRSA hosts the Anvil Awards, which are issued based on four components: research, planning, execution, and evaluation.^[49] The Gold Anvil is awarded to individuals.^[50]^[51] The Silver Anvil is awarded for strategy and the Bronze for tactics.^[52]^[53] It also issues awards such as Grand Gold Pick, Rookie of the Year, Lifetime Achievement and PR person of the year.^[54]

PRSA's Public Relations Journal was published from October 1945 to 1995.^[55] Its original mission statement was "to carry articles that deal with fundamental public relations problems, as they currently press for solution." The journal was comparable to a text-heavy academic periodical.^[56] PRSA currently publishes a monthly newspaper, Strategies & Tactics, targeted to communications professionals.^[57]

PRSA Code of Ethics

PRSA publishes a code of ethics that discusses a member's ethical responsibilities to their clients, employers, "the public good,"^[58] and the industry as a whole.^[11] The code was modified in 2000 to focus on education rather enforcement,^[59] but all members are required to annually agree to follow the code as part of the membership process. Additionally, the Board of Directors can decide to ban or revoke membership for individuals who have been "sanctioned by a government agency or convicted in a court of law of an action that fails to comply with the Code."^[58] PRSA membership is voluntary, however, so practitioners are not subject to the code unless they elect to join the organization.

The Code lists the organization's core values of "advocacy," "honesty," "expertise," "independence," "loyalty," and "fairness" along with the PRSA Code Provisions of Conduct regarding the "free flow of information," "competition," "disclosure of information," "safeguarding confidences," "conflicts of interest," and "enhancing the profession". The code expects PRSA members to identify the source of their communications, avoid derogatory methods and avoid abusing insider information.^[60] According to the code of conduct, members should "protect and advance the free flow of accurate and truthful information; foster informed decision-making through open communication... and work to strengthen the public's trust in the profession."^[61] The code states that members "adhere to the highest standards of accuracy and truth."

A story in CBS criticized the code: "Show me a PR person who is 'accurate' and 'truthful,' and I'll show you a PR person who is unemployed."^[62] The code of ethics was revised in 1954, 1959, 1963, 1977, 1983, 1988 and 2000.^[11]^[59] ^[18]^[63]

Research and advocacy

The Public Relations Society of America and the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication commissioned studies in 1975 and 1987 on the state of public relations in education. They found that too many classes were taught by educators with little or no experience in the field and that most needed a post-graduate degree. The studies established Several standards in education, including that 75 percent of coursework for PR professionals be outside the major.^[64] In 1991, PRSA hosted a Task Force on the Structure and Role of Public Relations, which found that public relations teachers still needed more practical experience. In 1993, PRSA published a Professional Career Guide, which classified skills and knowledge needed at five different levels of someone's career.^[64] PRSA advocates that MBA programs include communications programs so that business executives will be more prepared for a crisis.^[65]

PRSA advocates for the trust, credibility and respect of public relations as a profession,^[66] believing that PR can facilitate open communication that allows for an informed public and supports the democratic process.^[67] In 1999, a National Credibility Index from PRSA found that PR professionals were among the least credible of professions as a spokesperson.^[68] The PRSA objected to the actions of the Redner Group in 2011 when the PR firm threatened to blacklist media that gave Duke Nukem negative reviews.^[69] In 2012, a Senate subcommittee investigated eleven government agencies' communications and advertising spending. PRSA opposed the investigation, presenting that the effort dismissed the value of public relations in government.^[70]

References

^ Heath, Robert Lawrence, ed. (2010). The SAGE Handbook of Public Relations. SAGE. p. 355. ISBN 9781412977814.
^ About PRSA National. (2019). Retrieved from https://contentconnection.prsa.org/about/prsa/overview
^ "Joseph Abreu - PRSA Board of Directors". Retrieved 2024-06-05.
^ "Linda Thomas Brooks". Retrieved 2024-06-05.
^ Public Relations: The Profession and the Practice: Chapter 2:The History of Public Relations (PDF)
^ ^a ^b Pace, Eric (September 11, 1981). "Women In Public Relations". The New York Times. pp. Section D, Page 11, Column 1.
^ ^a ^b Gower, Karla (10 August 2007). Public Relations and the Press: The Troubled Embrace. Northwestern University Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-8101-2434-9. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Epping Man is to Head Public Relations Society". The Telegraph. December 28, 1978. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
^ "Falk Wins National Public Relations Honor". The Milwaukee Sentinel. November 20, 1957. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Public Relations Society of America: Records, 1949-1985". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fitzpatrick, Kathy R. (2002). "Evolving Standards in Public Relations: A Historical Examination of PRSA's Codes of Ethics". Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 17 (2): 89–110. doi:10.1207/S15327728JMME1702_02. ISSN 0890-0523.
^ ^a ^b Porter, Sylvia (Nov 15, 1963). "Policing Public Relations". Meriden Journal. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
^ West, Dick (Dec 1, 1966). "PRSA Hopes for Best". Mid Cities Daily News. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
^ Elliot, Stuart (November 1, 2001). "Struggling to reformulate public relations campaigns after the attacks of Sept. 11". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Pohl, Gayle (2008). "No Mulligans Allowed:Strategically Plotting Your Public Relations Course." Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.
^ "Public Relations Group Elects Woman as Head". The New York Times. November 14, 1972. p. 78.
^ Pace, Eric (September 15, 1981). "Women Increase Public Relations Roles". The New York Times News Service. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Riechert, Bonnie Parnell (August 2005). "PR Sources and Synergies: News Media Discussion of Public Relations and Ethics". Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication in San Antonio, Texas. Among the revisions was the removal of sexist language. Paragraphs that were criticized by the FTC as restraining competition and price fixing were removed.
^ Schorr, Burt (March 4, 1977). "Public Relations Society Draws Ire Of FTC Over Code". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. The Public Relations Society of America is in hot water with the Federal Trade Commission over its code of professional conduct. (subscription required)
^ "Public Relations Society Consents to Halt Actions That FTC Says Cut Competition". The Wall Street Journal. August 19, 1977. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. The Public Relations Society of America Inc. agreed to a Federal Trade Commission order that prohibits practices the agency says tended to fix members' fees and restrict competition. (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b Elliott, Stuart (November 20, 2011). "Redefining Public Relations in the Age of Social Media". The New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
^ The Guardian (London). August 28, 1986. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Serafin, Raymond (October 13, 1986). "Pr group adopts exec guidelines". Advertising Age. p. 102.
^ Lipman, Joanne (September 26, 1986). "PR Society receives some very bad PR -- from its ex-chief". The Wall Street Journal. pp. Section 1, Page 1, Column 4.
^ Michael B. Goodman; Peter B. Hirsch (January 1, 2010). Corporate Communication: Strategic Adaptation for Global Practice. Peter Lang. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-4331-0621-7.
^ Perlut, Aaron (August 31, 2011). "The Case of Jack O'Dwyer vs. PRSA". Forbes. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bruell, Alexandra (July 19, 2011). "PR Group Accuses Writer of Phone Hacking". AdAge. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
^ Walls, Jeannette. "Copyrights And Wrongs." Esquire 126.4 (1996): 28. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 27 Oct. 2012.
^ ^a ^b "PR's Own Phone Hacking Scandal: O'Dwyer Fires Back at PRSA". PR News. July 21, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
^ Tannenbaum, Jeffrey (October 30, 1996). "Who's Afraid of a little bad press? Try the Public Relations Society". The Wall Street Journal. pp. Section B, Page 1, Column 1.
^ Shelton, Ed (April 14, 2000). "IPR signs co-operation pact with US PR society". PRWeek.
^ ^a ^b ^c Elliott, Stuart (March 1, 2012). "Public Relations Defined, After an Energetic Public Discussion". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ "About PR". CIPR. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Garcia, Tonya (October 20, 2011). "PRSA and O'Dwyer: Can't We All Just Get Along". PR News. Archived from the original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
^ "Public Relations Society of America Bylaws" (PDF). PRSA. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Adams, Mary Pat. "Colorado Chapter of PRSA celebrates 50-year History". Advertising & Marketing Review. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
^ "PRSA Chapter List". Public Relations Society of America Inc.
^ "More Than 100 U.S.-Based Chapters". PRSA. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
^ About PRSA. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.prsa.org/about/about-prsa/
^ Valdes, Karina (8 October 2024). "Communication students and faculty honored by PRSA Miami chapter". UM School of Communication. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
^ "Professional Awards". PRSA Miami.
^ O'Dwyer, Jack (11 May 2010). "PRSA Leaders Revolt Vs. APRs". O'Dwyer's. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
^ "PRSA Leaders Tackle APR Controversy in Pre-Conference Leadership Assembly Vote". Bulldog Reporter. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2014.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Hood, Julia (November 3, 2002). "PRSA Announces Plans for Restructuring". PRWeek.
^ ^a ^b Herskovits, Beth (November 1, 2004). "PRSA Changes Rules on APR Accreditation". PRWeek.
^ "Membership - Public Relations Society of America". Public Relations Society of America. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
^ ^a ^b Keeney, Daniel (September 2, 2010). "Should PRSA Board Service be tied to Public Relations Accreditation?". SYS-CON. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
^ Buffalo News. June 5, 2003. pp. Business. E4. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Scipio, Philip (August 4, 1997). "Diebold Gets IR Silver Anvil Award". Investor Relations Business.
^ "Ofield Dukes: Renowned public relations specialist dies at 79". Milwaukee Courier. December 17, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
^ "Gold Anvil Award", Individual Awards, PRSA, retrieved December 27, 2012
^ Dougherty, Philip (March 27, 1986). "Silver Anvil Winners Announced by Judges". The New York Times. pp. Section D, Page 23, Column 3.
^ "Silver and Bronze Anvil Awards FAQ", awards, PRSA, retrieved December 26, 2012
^ "Colorado PRSA presents Gold Pick Awards". Denver Business Journal. May 7, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
^ Hallahan, Kirk (January 1998). "Guide to Research About Public Relations". Archived from the original on 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
^ Gower, Karla K. "Rediscovering Women In Public Relations." Journalism History 27.1 (2001): 14. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 29 Oct. 2012.
^ "Strategies & Tactics". Retrieved 2023-07-31.
^ ^a ^b "PRSA Code of Ethics". Public Relations Society of America. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
^ ^a ^b Fitzpatrick, Kathy R. (2002). "From Enforcement to Education: The Development of PRSA's Member Code of Ethics 2000". Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 17 (2): 111–135. doi:10.1207/S15327728JMME1702_03. ISSN 0890-0523.
^ Skoloda, David (January 16, 1969). "Code Polices Public Relations Abuses". The Milwaukee Journal. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
^ Sommer, Susan. "PRSA Alaska Plays Vital Role At 35." Alaska Business Monthly 28.1 (2012): 34-35. Business Source Complete. Web. 29 Oct. 2012.
^ "The Flak Over Flacks". CBS News. May 7, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
^ Parkinson, Michael (2001). "The PRSA code of professional standards and member code of ethics: Why they are neither professional nor ethical". Public Relations Quarterly via HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 2016-03-28. In October of 2000 the PRSA Assembly approved a new PRSA Member Code of Ethics. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b Fischer, Rick. "Rethinking Public Relations Curricula: Evolution Of Thought 1975-1999." Public Relations Quarterly 45.2 (2000): 16-20. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 29 Oct. 2012.
^ "Public Relations: Coming to a B-School Near You". BusinessWeek. December 7, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Jack, Bernstein (October 5, 1987). "Fooling with the media is risky". Advertising Age. p. 70.
^ McCormick, Gary. "Political Front Groups Have It Backward". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
^ "PRSA Releases Credibility Study". Investor Relations Business. July 19, 1999.
^ Sebastian, Michael (June 16, 2011). "PRSA says threatening to blacklist media 'certainly not what comprises ethical PR'". Ragans. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Sebastian, Michael (March 15, 2012). "PRSA to Senate: Don't use the PR industry as a 'punching bag'". PR Daily. Retrieved September 8, 2012.

External links

s publication

[1] Heath, Robert Lawrence, ed. (2010). The SAGE Handbook of Public Relations. SAGE. p. 355. ISBN 9781412977814.

[2] About PRSA National. (2019). Retrieved from https://contentconnection.prsa.org/about/prsa/overview

[3] "Joseph Abreu - PRSA Board of Directors". Retrieved 2024-06-05.

[4] "Linda Thomas Brooks". Retrieved 2024-06-05.

[mc-5] Public Relations: The Profession and the Practice: Chapter 2:The History of Public Relations (PDF)

[three-6] Pace, Eric (September 11, 1981). "Women In Public Relations". The New York Times. pp. Section D, Page 11, Column 1.

[Gower2007-7] Gower, Karla (10 August 2007). Public Relations and the Press: The Troubled Embrace. Northwestern University Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-8101-2434-9. Retrieved 27 October 2012.

[telegraph-8] "Epping Man is to Head Public Relations Society". The Telegraph. December 28, 1978. Retrieved October 25, 2012.

[9] "Falk Wins National Public Relations Honor". The Milwaukee Sentinel. November 20, 1957. Retrieved October 25, 2012.

[wis-10] "Public Relations Society of America: Records, 1949-1985". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved October 27, 2012.

[fitzpatrick-history-11] Fitzpatrick, Kathy R. (2002). "Evolving Standards in Public Relations: A Historical Examination of PRSA's Codes of Ethics". Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 17 (2): 89–110. doi:10.1207/S15327728JMME1702_02. ISSN 0890-0523.

[ugh-12] Porter, Sylvia (Nov 15, 1963). "Policing Public Relations". Meriden Journal. Retrieved September 8, 2012.

[13] West, Dick (Dec 1, 1966). "PRSA Hopes for Best". Mid Cities Daily News. Retrieved September 8, 2012.

[blah-14] Elliot, Stuart (November 1, 2001). "Struggling to reformulate public relations campaigns after the attacks of Sept. 11". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2012.

[15] Pohl, Gayle (2008). "No Mulligans Allowed:Strategically Plotting Your Public Relations Course." Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.

[16] "Public Relations Group Elects Woman as Head". The New York Times. November 14, 1972. p. 78.

[17] Pace, Eric (September 15, 1981). "Women Increase Public Relations Roles". The New York Times News Service. Retrieved October 24, 2012.

[Riechert-2005-18] Riechert, Bonnie Parnell (August 2005). "PR Sources and Synergies: News Media Discussion of Public Relations and Ethics". Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication in San Antonio, Texas. Among the revisions was the removal of sexist language. Paragraphs that were criticized by the FTC as restraining competition and price fixing were removed.

[Schorr-1977-19] Schorr, Burt (March 4, 1977). "Public Relations Society Draws Ire Of FTC Over Code". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. The Public Relations Society of America is in hot water with the Federal Trade Commission over its code of professional conduct. (subscription required)

[20] "Public Relations Society Consents to Halt Actions That FTC Says Cut Competition". The Wall Street Journal. August 19, 1977. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. The Public Relations Society of America Inc. agreed to a Federal Trade Commission order that prohibits practices the agency says tended to fix members' fees and restrict competition. (subscription required)

[five-21] Elliott, Stuart (November 20, 2011). "Redefining Public Relations in the Age of Social Media". The New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2012.

[22] The Guardian (London). August 28, 1986. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[23] Serafin, Raymond (October 13, 1986). "Pr group adopts exec guidelines". Advertising Age. p. 102.

[24] Lipman, Joanne (September 26, 1986). "PR Society receives some very bad PR -- from its ex-chief". The Wall Street Journal. pp. Section 1, Page 1, Column 4.

[GoodmanHirsch2010-25] Michael B. Goodman; Peter B. Hirsch (January 1, 2010). Corporate Communication: Strategic Adaptation for Global Practice. Peter Lang. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-4331-0621-7.

[forbsie-26] Perlut, Aaron (August 31, 2011). "The Case of Jack O'Dwyer vs. PRSA". Forbes. Retrieved October 27, 2012.

[adage-27] Bruell, Alexandra (July 19, 2011). "PR Group Accuses Writer of Phone Hacking". AdAge. Retrieved October 27, 2012.

[copy-28] Walls, Jeannette. "Copyrights And Wrongs." Esquire 126.4 (1996): 28. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 27 Oct. 2012.

[PRNesie-29] "PR's Own Phone Hacking Scandal: O'Dwyer Fires Back at PRSA". PR News. July 21, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2012.

[30] Tannenbaum, Jeffrey (October 30, 1996). "Who's Afraid of a little bad press? Try the Public Relations Society". The Wall Street Journal. pp. Section B, Page 1, Column 1.

[31] Shelton, Ed (April 14, 2000). "IPR signs co-operation pact with US PR society". PRWeek.

[twenty-32] Elliott, Stuart (March 1, 2012). "Public Relations Defined, After an Energetic Public Discussion". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2012.

[33] "About PR". CIPR. Retrieved October 27, 2012.

[PRN-34] Garcia, Tonya (October 20, 2011). "PRSA and O'Dwyer: Can't We All Just Get Along". PR News. Archived from the original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2012.

[bylaws-35] "Public Relations Society of America Bylaws" (PDF). PRSA. Retrieved October 27, 2012.

[org-36] Adams, Mary Pat. "Colorado Chapter of PRSA celebrates 50-year History". Advertising & Marketing Review. Retrieved October 27, 2012.

[37] "PRSA Chapter List". Public Relations Society of America Inc.

[38] "More Than 100 U.S.-Based Chapters". PRSA. Retrieved October 27, 2012.

[39] About PRSA. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.prsa.org/about/about-prsa/

[Valdes-40] Valdes, Karina (8 October 2024). "Communication students and faculty honored by PRSA Miami chapter". UM School of Communication. Retrieved 18 October 2024.

[41] "Professional Awards". PRSA Miami.

[42] O'Dwyer, Jack (11 May 2010). "PRSA Leaders Revolt Vs. APRs". O'Dwyer's. Retrieved 26 February 2014.

[43] "PRSA Leaders Tackle APR Controversy in Pre-Conference Leadership Assembly Vote". Bulldog Reporter. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2014.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[44] Hood, Julia (November 3, 2002). "PRSA Announces Plans for Restructuring". PRWeek.

[acc-45] Herskovits, Beth (November 1, 2004). "PRSA Changes Rules on APR Accreditation". PRWeek.

[46] "Membership - Public Relations Society of America". Public Relations Society of America. Retrieved 2017-05-07.

[sys-47] Keeney, Daniel (September 2, 2010). "Should PRSA Board Service be tied to Public Relations Accreditation?". SYS-CON. Retrieved October 29, 2012.

[48] Buffalo News. June 5, 2003. pp. Business. E4. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[one-49] Scipio, Philip (August 4, 1997). "Diebold Gets IR Silver Anvil Award". Investor Relations Business.

[50] "Ofield Dukes: Renowned public relations specialist dies at 79". Milwaukee Courier. December 17, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2012.

[51] "Gold Anvil Award", Individual Awards, PRSA, retrieved December 27, 2012

[two-52] Dougherty, Philip (March 27, 1986). "Silver Anvil Winners Announced by Judges". The New York Times. pp. Section D, Page 23, Column 3.

[53] "Silver and Bronze Anvil Awards FAQ", awards, PRSA, retrieved December 26, 2012

[54] "Colorado PRSA presents Gold Pick Awards". Denver Business Journal. May 7, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2012.

[namesy-55] Hallahan, Kirk (January 1998). "Guide to Research About Public Relations". Archived from the original on 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2007-10-19.

[56] Gower, Karla K. "Rediscovering Women In Public Relations." Journalism History 27.1 (2001): 14. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 29 Oct. 2012.

[57] "Strategies & Tactics". Retrieved 2023-07-31.

[prsa-ethics-58] "PRSA Code of Ethics". Public Relations Society of America. Retrieved 2023-08-15.

[fitzpatrick-enforcement-59] Fitzpatrick, Kathy R. (2002). "From Enforcement to Education: The Development of PRSA's Member Code of Ethics 2000". Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 17 (2): 111–135. doi:10.1207/S15327728JMME1702_03. ISSN 0890-0523.

[code-60] Skoloda, David (January 16, 1969). "Code Polices Public Relations Abuses". The Milwaukee Journal. Retrieved October 25, 2012.

[alaska-61] Sommer, Susan. "PRSA Alaska Plays Vital Role At 35." Alaska Business Monthly 28.1 (2012): 34-35. Business Source Complete. Web. 29 Oct. 2012.

[62] "The Flak Over Flacks". CBS News. May 7, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2012.

[Parkinson-2001-63] Parkinson, Michael (2001). "The PRSA code of professional standards and member code of ethics: Why they are neither professional nor ethical". Public Relations Quarterly via HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on 2016-03-28. In October of 2000 the PRSA Assembly approved a new PRSA Member Code of Ethics. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) (subscription required)

[mass-64] Fischer, Rick. "Rethinking Public Relations Curricula: Evolution Of Thought 1975-1999." Public Relations Quarterly 45.2 (2000): 16-20. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 29 Oct. 2012.

[65] "Public Relations: Coming to a B-School Near You". BusinessWeek. December 7, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.

[66] Jack, Bernstein (October 5, 1987). "Fooling with the media is risky". Advertising Age. p. 70.

[67] McCormick, Gary. "Political Front Groups Have It Backward". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2012.

[68] "PRSA Releases Credibility Study". Investor Relations Business. July 19, 1999.

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